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Studies on Conura Torvina (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) Reproduction and Biology in Relation to Hosts in Brassica Crops

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Studies on Conura Torvina (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) Reproduction and Biology in Relation to Hosts in Brassica Crops Studies on Conura torvina (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) Reproduction and Biology in Relation to Hosts in Brassica Crops. By David N. Gaines Dissertation submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in ENTOMOLOGY Approved: Dr. L. T. Kok, Chair, Entomology Dr. R. L. Pienkowski, Entomology Dr. D. G. Pfeiffer, Entomology Dr. R. D. Fell, Entomology Dr. B. D. Opell, Biology January 24, 1997, Blacksburg Virginia Keywords: Cotesia orobenae, Cotesia rubecula, Pieris rapae, Plutella xylostella, development time, hyperparasite, ovaries, ovarioles, ovulation, oviposition, superparasitism, seasonality, trap plants, trap hosts. Studies on Conura torvina (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) Reproduction and Biology in Relation to Hosts in Brassica Crops. David N. Gaines Abstract Conura torvina (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) is a solitary pupal endoparasite of numerous insect species. In Brassica crops it acts as a parasite of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and was found as a hyperparasite of Cotesia rubecula (Marshall) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and several other parasitoid species. Cotesia rubecula was introduced into Virginia in 1987 as a biological control agent for Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), and because C. torvina was thought to have eliminated this population of C. rubecula, studies of C. torvina’s reproductive biology and behavior were initiated. A study using plants laden with “trap hosts” to detect C. torvina activity in the spring indicated no activity until late June, but proved trap host sampling to be an efficient and effective method of monitoring C. torvina activity. Studies of C. torvina’s ability to reproduce in C. rubecula pupae of different ages indicated that C. torvina can successfully parasitize pupae at all stages of development, but was most successful in young to middle aged pupae. Studies of C. torvina’s host species preference indicated the larger host species such as P. xylostella were preferred. Equal numbers of P. xylostella and C. rubecula were parasitized, but a greater proportion of fertile eggs were laid in P. xylostella. Smaller host species were often ignored. Host dissection studies indicated that caged C. torvina were inefficient at host finding and oviposition. Superparasitism was common, but declined as the females gained oviposition experience. Experienced C. torvina produced an average of 8.25 progenies per day for a period of 12 days when provided with 13 P. xylostella hosts each day. Conura torvina produced up to 14 progenies a day when provided ³ 26 hosts. Dissection of C. torvina ovaries indicated three ovarioles per ovary with a mean of 9.2 and maximum of 15 mature eggs per female. Host dissection indicated that a mean of 18 and maximum of 30 eggs could be laid per day. New eggs were produced as oviposition occurred. Significantly larger eggs were laid in P. xylostella than in C. rubecula, and significantly more eggs were laid in C. rubecula than in P. xylostella. From these data and data from earlier studies I concluded that C. torvina has a poor reproductive ability and its impact as a hyperparasite is limited to the summer months. This makes C. torvina an unlikely cause of C. rubecula’s disappearance. Acknowledgments I would like thank Dr. L. T. Kok for giving me much freedom to design and execute my research. I have also greatly appreciated his prompt attention, guidance and sound advice in matters of research, writing and presentation. I also want to thank my committee members, Dr. R. L. Pienkowski, Dr. B. D. Opell, Dr. D. G. Pfeiffer and Dr. R. D. Fell for their advice in matters of research and writing and their careful review of my work. I also owe gratitude to: Dr. J. R. Bloomquist for research support and advice; Dr. D. E. Mullins for his support in the use of photographic and laboratory equipment; and Dr. Marvin Lentner whose class on Experimental Design and Analysis and advice on statistical software helped me design my research and get through my data. Numerous staff members have also been of great assistance and these are: Eric Day for his support and assistance; Warren Mays and Tom McAvoy who have helped me obtain materials and prepare for research; and Keith Tignor for his assistance with computers and equipment. I would also like to thank friends such as Jarrod Leland, Billy Van Wart, Adam Finkelstein, Mike Kirby, Tom Kuhar, Shane Evans, Cathy Knowles and Brett Marshall whose presence helped me endure the time I spent at Price Hall, and who have also participated in the enjoyment of extracurricular activities. These friends have also contributed valuable assistance at one time or another, particularly Billy whose tremendous knowledge of, and assistance with computers speeded up my work. Finally I would like to thank my mother, Dorothy B. Gaines and father, Richard V. Gaines for their support. Their hospitality and generosity has been valuable in enabling me to escape the academic environment for brief periods of time. iii Table of Contents Page Abstract .......................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................ iii Table of contents ............................................................................................................ iv List of Tables .................................................................................................................. vii List of Figures ................................................................................................................. x Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 Literature review ............................................................................................................ 7 Chapter 1: Trap Plant Sampling For Early Spring C. torvina Activity ...................... 10 Introduction .................................................................................................. 10 General Materials and Methods ................................................................... 10 Materials and Methods ................................................................................. 11 Results and Discussion .................................................................................. 12 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 17 Chapter 2: Factors That Influence the Reproductive Behavior and Success for C. torvina ...................................................................................................................... 18 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 18 General Materials and Methods .............................................................................. 18 Part 1: Influence of Host Age on C. torvina Oviposition and Progeny Survival 18 Introduction .................................................................................................. 18 Materials and Methods ................................................................................. 19 Results and Discussion .................................................................................. 21 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 25 Part 2: Conura torvina Host Species Choice Experiments.................................... 26 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 26 General Materials and Methods ...................................................................... 26 Host Choice Experiment - Three Host Species Materials and Methods ................................................................................. 27 Results and Discussion .................................................................................. 29 Host Choice Experiment - Two Host Species Materials and Methods ................................................................................. 32 Results and Discussion .................................................................................. 33 Host Species Choice Experiments Conclusions ................................................................................................... 37 iv Page Part 3: Influence of Frass on C. torvina Oviposition Behavior ........................... 39 Introduction .................................................................................................. 39 Materials and Methods ................................................................................. 39 Results and Discussion .................................................................................. 40 Conclusions .................................................................................................... 43 Chapter 3: Reproductive Capacity of C. torvina .......................................................... 44 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 44 Part 1: Continuous Host Provisioning Experiments ........................................... 44 Introduction .................................................................................................
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