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Use of Air-Cooled Blast Furnace Slag As Coarse Aggregate in Concrete Pavements— a Guide to Best Practice

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Use of Air-Cooled Blast Furnace Slag As Coarse Aggregate in Concrete Pavements— a Guide to Best Practice Use of Air-Cooled Blast Furnace Slag as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete Pavements— A Guide to Best Practice Prepared for Federal Highway Administration 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE Washington, DC 20590 Report No. FHWA-HIF-12-009 February 2012 Notice—This report is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the use of the information contained in this document. The U.S. Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or manufacturers’ names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the objective of the document. Quality Assurance Statement—FHWA provides high-quality information to serve Government, industry, and the public in a manner that promotes public understanding. Standards and policies are used to ensure and maximize the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of its information. FHWA periodically reviews quality issues and adjusts its programs and processes to ensure continuous quality improvement. TECHNICAL REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. FHWA-HIF-12-009 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Use of Air-Cooled Blast Furnace Slag as Coarse February 2012 Aggregate in Concrete Pavements—A Guide to Best 6. Performing Organization Code: Practice 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Kurt D. Smith, Dennis A. Morian, Thomas J. Van Dam 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. Quality Engineering Solutions, Inc. 405 Water Street, PO Box 3004 11. Contract or Grant No. Conneaut Lake, PA 16316 DTFH61-08-D-00020-T-09001 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Federal Highway Administration Final; April 2009–February 2012 Office of Acquisition Management 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE HIPT-20 Washington, DC 20590 15. Supplementary Notes FHWA Contracting Officer’s Technical Representative (COTR): Samuel S. Tyson, P.E. 16. Abstract This document contains recommendations for best practices related to the use of air-cooled blast furnace slag (ACBFS) as coarse aggregate in concrete pavements. It is primarily based on the results of a review of available literature regarding the production and use of ACBFS as coarse aggregate in concrete pavements, information provided through interaction with the project’s expert task group, and limited pavement field surveys and petrographic analysis of extracted cores from ACBFS concrete pavements. This best practices document discusses the production, physical, and chemical properties of ACBFS aggregate, highlighting how this material differs from natural aggregates. It also discusses the properties of concrete produced with ACBFS coarse aggregate and identifies specific production issues and quality control practices applicable to ACBFS concrete. The document further provides design and construction recommendations for improving the quality of concrete pavement made using this material. Results from field inspections and laboratory evaluations of concrete pavements made with ACBFS coarse aggregate are discussed. Finally, the life-cycle and maintenance costs associated with concrete pavements incorporating ACBFS aggregate in the concrete are also discussed in the report. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Air-cooled blast furnace slag, concrete No restrictions. This document is available through the pavement, pavement performance, coarse National Technical Information Service, Springfield, aggregate, concrete mix design VA 22161. 19. Security Classification (of 20. Security Classification (of this 21. No. of Pages 22. Price this report) page) Unclassified Unclassified 36 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized SI* (MODERN METRIC) CONVERSION FACTORS APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS TO SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH in inches 25.4 millimeters mm ft feet 0.305 meters m yd yards 0.914 meters m mi miles 1.61 kilometers km AREA in2 square inches 645.2 square millimeters mm2 ft2 square feet 0.093 square meters m2 yd2 square yard 0.836 square meters m2 ac acres 0.405 hectares ha mi2 square miles 2.59 square kilometers km2 VOLUME fl oz fluid ounces 29.57 milliliters mL gal gallons 3.785 liters L ft3 cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters m3 yd3 cubic yards 0.765 cubic meters m3 NOTE: volumes greater than 1000 L shall be shown in m3 MASS oz ounces 28.35 grams g lb pounds 0.454 kilograms kg T short tons (2000 lb) 0.907 megagrams (or "metric ton") Mg (or "t") TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) oF Fahrenheit 5 (F-32)/9 or (F-32)/1.8 Celsius oC ILLUMINATION fc foot-candles 10.76 lux lx fl foot-Lamberts 3.426 candela/m2 cd/m2 FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS lbf poundforce 4.45 newtons N lbf/in2 poundforce per square inch 6.89 kilopascals kPa APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS FROM SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH mm millimeters 0.039 inches in m meters 3.28 feet ft m meters 1.09 yards yd km kilometers 0.621 miles mi AREA mm2 square millimeters 0.0016 square inches in2 m2 square meters 10.764 square feet ft2 m2 square meters 1.195 square yards yd2 ha hectares 2.47 acres ac km2 square kilometers 0.386 square miles mi2 VOLUME mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz L liters 0.264 gallons gal m3 cubic meters 35.314 cubic feet ft3 m3 cubic meters 1.307 cubic yards yd3 MASS g grams 0.035 ounces oz kg kilograms 2.202 pounds lb Mg (or "t") megagrams (or "metric ton") 1.103 short tons (2000 lb) T TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) oC Celsius 1.8C+32 Fahrenheit oF ILLUMINATION lx lux 0.0929 foot-candles fc cd/m2 candela/m2 0.2919 foot-Lamberts fl FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS N newtons 0.225 poundforce lbf kPa kilopascals 0.145 poundforce per square inch lbf/in2 *SI is the symbol for the International System of Units. Appropriate rounding should be made to comply with Section 4 of ASTM E380. (Revised March 2003) ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 Background ................................................................................................................................. 1 Purpose and Scope ...................................................................................................................... 2 Document Overview ................................................................................................................... 2 CHAPTER 2. ACBFS PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES .................................................. 3 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 3 Types of Slag .............................................................................................................................. 3 ACBFS Production ..................................................................................................................... 4 Chemical and Physical Properties of ACBFS ............................................................................. 5 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 3. CONCRETE MIXTURES INCORPORATING ACBFS COARSE AGGREGATES .......................................................................................................................... 11 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 11 ACBFS Characteristics That Affect Concrete Mixtures ........................................................... 11 Typical Properties of Concrete Constructed With ACBFS ...................................................... 13 Recommendations: Using ACBFS in Concrete Paving Mixtures ............................................ 15 CHAPTER 4. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR CONCRETE PAVEMENTS CONSTRUCTED WITH ACBFS COARSE AGGREGATE ................................................. 17 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 17 Applicable Concrete Pavement Types ...................................................................................... 17 Pavement Design Details .......................................................................................................... 18 Summary 0f Pavement Design Recommendations ................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 5. PRODUCTION AND PLACEMENT OF CONCRETE MADE WITH ACBFS ......................................................................................................................................... 21 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 21 Concrete Production.................................................................................................................. 21 Concrete Placement, Curing, and Joint Sawing ........................................................................ 22 Construction Quality Control .................................................................................................... 23 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 23 iii CHAPTER 6. SUMMARY ........................................................................................................
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