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Fronts in the World Ocean's Large Marine Ecosystems. ICES CM 2007
- 1 - This paper can be freely cited without prior reference to the authors International Council ICES CM 2007/D:21 for the Exploration Theme Session D: Comparative Marine Ecosystem of the Sea (ICES) Structure and Function: Descriptors and Characteristics Fronts in the World Ocean’s Large Marine Ecosystems Igor M. Belkin and Peter C. Cornillon Abstract. Oceanic fronts shape marine ecosystems; therefore front mapping and characterization is one of the most important aspects of physical oceanography. Here we report on the first effort to map and describe all major fronts in the World Ocean’s Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs). Apart from a geographical review, these fronts are classified according to their origin and physical mechanisms that maintain them. This first-ever zero-order pattern of the LME fronts is based on a unique global frontal data base assembled at the University of Rhode Island. Thermal fronts were automatically derived from 12 years (1985-1996) of twice-daily satellite 9-km resolution global AVHRR SST fields with the Cayula-Cornillon front detection algorithm. These frontal maps serve as guidance in using hydrographic data to explore subsurface thermohaline fronts, whose surface thermal signatures have been mapped from space. Our most recent study of chlorophyll fronts in the Northwest Atlantic from high-resolution 1-km data (Belkin and O’Reilly, 2007) revealed a close spatial association between chlorophyll fronts and SST fronts, suggesting causative links between these two types of fronts. Keywords: Fronts; Large Marine Ecosystems; World Ocean; sea surface temperature. Igor M. Belkin: Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, 215 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, USA [tel.: +1 401 874 6533, fax: +1 874 6728, email: [email protected]]. -
UN Medical Services Global Directory of UN Clinics (As of October 2019)
UN Medical Services Global Directory of UN Clinics (as of October 2019) Country of City/Location of Duty DELEGATED Incumbent First Hours Ahead Continent Organisation Type Position Title Incumbent Last Name Email Phone Fax Address Time Zone Duty Station Station AUTHORITY Name of NY EST Asia Bangladesh Cox Bazar UNDP UN Clinic YES UN Doctor Md. Nural HOSSAIN [email protected] BST 10 + 88 01713032083 + 880 2 55667788 (Ext: UNDP Office, IDB Bhaban - 8th floor, E/8- [email protected] or Asia Bangladesh Dhaka UNDP UN Clinic NO UN Doctor Sharif Ahmed KAUKAB 8001 (UN Physician); for +880 291 83101 A, IDB Bhaban(8th Floor), Shar-E-Bangla BST 10 [email protected] Nurse (8002); & for Lab. Nagar, Agargoan Technician (8004)) S/C UNDP OFFICE IN COTONOU +22967048809 +229 ZONE RESIDENTIELLE [email protected] Africa Benin Cotonou UNDP UN Clinic YES UN Doctor Eudoxie HOUNTONDJI 965 98081 or LOT N°111 WAT 5 [email protected] +229 979 70094 01BP 506 COTONOU United Nations Building, Koulouba [email protected] +226 25306762/63/64 or (secteur 4) Africa Burkina Faso Ouagadougou UNDP UN Clinic YES UN Doctor Nouhoune MAIGA +226 25310470 GMT 4 [email protected] +226 75870075 01 BP 575 Ouagadougou 01 - Burkina Faso [email protected] +257 222 05921 Rohero 1 Avenue de la Democratie, Africa Burundi Bujumbura UNDP UN Clinic YES UN Doctor Michel OGOU +257 215 383 CAT 6 [email protected] +257 789 50200 compound II ONU +237 7211 5248 Africa Cameroon Yaounde UNDP UN Clinic YES UN Doctor Ahmet SECKA [email protected] -
Negotiating Peace in Sierra Leone: Confronting the Justice Challenge
Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue rDecembeerp 2007 ort Negotiating peace in Sierra Leone: Confronting the justice challenge Priscilla Hayner Report The Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue is an independent and impartial foundation, Contents based in Geneva, that promotes and facilitates 1. Introduction and overview 5 dialogue to resolve armed conflicts and reduce civilian suffering. 2. Background to the 1999 talks 8 114, rue de lausanne 3. Participation in the Lomé talks: April–July 1999 10 ch-1202 geneva 4. Amnesty in the Lomé process and Accord 12 switzerland The context 12 [email protected] t: + 41 22 908 11 30 Rapid agreement on a blanket amnesty 13 f: +41 22 908 11 40 A second look at the amnesty: was it unavoidable? 16 www.hdcentre.org The amnesty and the UN and other international participants 17 © Copyright 5. Other justice issues at Lomé 19 Henry Dunant Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, 2007 A Truth and Reconciliation Commission 19 Reproduction of all or Provisions for reparations 20 part of this publication The security forces and demobilisation of combatants 20 may be authorised only Reaching an agreement on power-sharing 21 with written consent and acknowledgement of the 6. After the agreement: a difficult peace 22 source. Slow implementation and near collapse of the accord 23 The International Center The Special Court for Sierra Leone 25 for Transitional Justice Implementing the Truth and Reconciliation Commission 26 assists countries pursuing Judicial reform efforts 28 accountability for past mass Creation of a new Human Rights Commission 28 atrocity or human rights abuse. It assists in the development Demobilisation, and reform of the armed forces and police 29 of integrated, comprehensive, and localized approaches to 7. -
A Power Plant to Supply the Largest Port in Sierra Leone
CLIENT: Port of Freetown ) PROJECT: Commissioning of a power plant LOCATION: FREETOWN – SIERRA LEONE KOHLER-SDMO: A POWER PLANT TO SUPPLY THE LARGEST PORT IN SIERRA LEONE TRANSPORTATION Maritime transport currently accounts for 75% of The long-term handling capacity will reach 750,000 TEU international trade. Maritime traffic in Africa has seen (20-foot equivalent units), against the current 90,000. exponential growth in recent years, with some 50 billion The storage areas will cover 3.5 hectares and will be dollars invested over the past 10 years in the construction of equipped with 2 ship-to-shore gantry cranes and 3 yard larger, deeper and better equipped ports. Such projects have gantry cranes. enabled Africa to conduct 3% of global containerised trade, mainly in petrochemical and agricultural products. EXPRESSION OF NEED: GENERATING SETS Construction and extensions at goods terminals are TO KEEP THE PORT OPERATING spreading out around the Gulf of Guinea, a strategic Maritime traffic is booming in Africa, which crossroads for African maritime trade. The objective of such projects is to transform ports such as Cotonou, Pointe-Noire, nonetheless continues to have the world's least developed electricity infrastructure. The public grid is Doraleh, Lomé and Freetown into hubs, enabling Africa to currently unable to guarantee the electricity supply at the enhance its global standing. continent's ports. Shipping terminals require supplementary power, mainly to operate the gantry In October 2017, a private operator commenced extension cranes – the lifting equipment used to load and unload works at the Port of Freetown in Sierra Leone. This colossal project is costing some 120 million euros, notably container ships. -
Engaging with the Private Sector for Urban Onsite Sanitation Services Lessons from Six Sub-Saharan African Cities
Engaging with the Private Sector for Urban Onsite Sanitation Services Lessons from six sub-Saharan African cities January 2018 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The BMGF and DFID Partnership Cities Project: an initiative to address the challenges of onsite sanitation services for the urban poor In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), over 300 million people use unimproved sanitation facilities (JMP 2017). The rapid pace of urbanization experienced across the continent poses a key challenge to urban authorities, who often struggle to match the rate of expansion with increased services. The extent of networked, and often poorly performing sewerage services is very limited in many African cities, with only around 9% of the urban population connected in SSA. Onsite sanitation prevails, particularly in low-income areas. Onsite sanitation is often deemed in sector policy to be a ‘private’ rather than a ‘public’ good. Households are therefore generally expected to invest in their own facilities, often with limited attention from governments on associated services, such as emptying, transport and treatment of fecal sludge (FS). Another common challenge is that governments do not consider pit toilets, which are widespread in many cities, to be an acceptable solution for urban areas. Fecal Sludge Management (FSM) in many African cities is characterized by unregulated private operators, poor quality services, particularly for low-income areas, and a lack of investment in infrastructure across the sanitation value chain. In 2013, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) and the Department for International Development of the UK Government (DfID) launched the Partnership Cities Project. This project sought to find solutions to sustainable onsite sanitation services, aiming to support investments in infrastructure, build partnerships between key actors at city-level, and showcase new service delivery models. -
99 UPWELLING in the GULF of GUINEA Results of a Mathematical
99 UPWELLING IN THE GULF OF GUINEA Results of a mathematical model 2 2 6 5 0 A. BAH Mécanique des Fluides géophysiques, Université de Liège, Liège (Belgium) ABSTRACT A numerical simulation of the oceanic response of an x-y-t two-layer model on the 3-plane to an increase of the wind stress is discussed in the case of the tro pical Atlantic Ocean. It is shown first that the method of mass transport is more suitable for the present study than the method of mean velocity, especially in the case of non-linearity. The results indicate that upwelling in the oceanic equatorial region is due to the eastward propagating equatorially trapped Kelvin wave, and that in the coastal region upwelling is due to the westward propagating reflected Rossby waves and to the poleward propagating Kelvin wave. The amplification due to non- linearity can be about 25 % in a month. The role of the non-rectilinear coast is clearly shown by the coastal upwelling which is more intense east than west of the three main capes of the Gulf of Guinea; furthermore, by day 90 after the wind's onset, the maximum of upwelling is located east of Cape Three Points, in good agree ment with observations. INTRODUCTION When they cross over the Gulf of Guinea, monsoonal winds take up humidity and subsequently discharge it over the African Continent in the form of precipitation (Fig. 1). The upwelling observed during the northern hemisphere summer along the coast of the Gulf of Guinea can reduce oceanic evaporation, and thereby affect the rainfall pattern in the SAHEL region. -
Global Suicide Rates and Climatic Temperature
SocArXiv Preprint: May 25, 2020 Global Suicide Rates and Climatic Temperature Yusuke Arima1* [email protected] Hideki Kikumoto2 [email protected] ABSTRACT Global suicide rates vary by country1, yet the cause of this variability has not yet been explained satisfactorily2,3. In this study, we analyzed averaged suicide rates4 and annual mean temperature in the early 21st century for 183 countries worldwide, and our results suggest that suicide rates vary with climatic temperature. The lowest suicide rates were found for countries with annual mean temperatures of approximately 20 °C. The correlation suicide rate and temperature is much stronger at lower temperatures than at higher temperatures. In the countries with higher temperature, high suicide rates appear with its temperature over about 25 °C. We also investigated the variation in suicide rates with climate based on the Köppen–Geiger climate classification5, and found suicide rates to be low in countries in dry zones regardless of annual mean temperature. Moreover, there were distinct trends in the suicide rates in island countries. Considering these complicating factors, a clear relationship between suicide rates and temperature is evident, for both hot and cold climate zones, in our dataset. Finally, low suicide rates are typically found in countries with annual mean temperatures within the established human thermal comfort range. This suggests that climatic temperature may affect suicide rates globally by effecting either hot or cold thermal stress on the human body. KEYWORDS Suicide rate, Climatic temperature, Human thermal comfort, Köppen–Geiger climate classification Affiliation: 1 Department of Architecture, Polytechnic University of Japan, Tokyo, Japan. -
Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management for Better-Quality Public Health and Environmental Sustainability in the Freetown Metropolitan City in Sierra Leone
Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 2021, 9, 33-49 https://www.scirp.org/journal/gep ISSN Online: 2327-4344 ISSN Print: 2327-4336 Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management for Better-Quality Public Health and Environmental Sustainability in the Freetown Metropolitan City in Sierra Leone Tamba Komba Geology Department, Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone How to cite this paper: Komba, T. (2021). Abstract Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Man- agement for Better-Quality Public Health and Managing waste has been an aged-old challenge, especially in developing ci- Environmental Sustainability in the Free- ties, like the Freetown Metropolitan City. Solid Waste and/or waste in general town Metropolitan City in Sierra Leone. is an artefact of human activities that can spring from individuals, families, Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 9, 33-49. community, commercial/industrial operations etc. This study is a qualitative https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2021.94004 investigation, and it is intended to gather an inclusive knowledge of solid wastes management for better public health in Freetown, the Capital City of Received: February 5, 2021 Sierra Leone. Statistical analysis was employed to observe numerical repre- Accepted: April 13, 2021 Published: April 16, 2021 sentations on a wide range of selected data. In an attempt to achieve the aim of this research project, reviews of available online resources were exploited, Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and and juxtaposed with everyday knowledge in the existing state of the Free- Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative town’s municipality solid waste management. -
Helena: an Exploration of Nostalgia and Identity Through the Cape Town - St
Cape-Helena: An Exploration of Nostalgia and Identity through the Cape Town - St. Helena Migration Nexus By Damian Samuels A full-thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History, University of the Western Cape, September 2018 Declaration I, Damian Sean Samuels, declare that ‘Cape-Helena: An Exploration of Nostalgia and Identity through the Cape Town - St. Helena Migration Nexus’ is my own work, that it has not been submitted for any degree or examination in any other university, and that all the sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged with complete references. Damian Samuels 05 September 2018 i http://etd.uwc.ac.za/ ii http://etd.uwc.ac.za/ Table of Contents Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………………...iv Introduction……………………………………………………………………........................1 Chapter 1: St. Helena Immigration to South Africa, 1838-1879………….12 Chapter 2: St. Helena Immigration to South Africa, 1880s-1948..............67 Chapter 3: Nostalgia and the Sacral Introjection of an Island…..............109 Chapter 4: Race and Respectability, Nostalgic Associations and Disassociation.……………………………………………………………………………....143 Appendix...…………………………………………………………………………………….179 List of illustration…………………………………………………………………………..188 Bibliography.………………………………………………………………………………....190 iii http://etd.uwc.ac.za/ Acknowledgements I am indebted to a range of people for their encouragement and support. From the academic community, I owe a tremendous amount of gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Patricia Hayes, for doing the real arduous work in helping me bring my project to fruition; to Prof. Daniel Yon of York University, Toronto, for his publications and knowledge on a number of matters relating to the migratory relationship between South Africa and St. Helena, which he readily shared with me; and to Dr. -
The Struggle Between the Dutch and the Portuguese for the Control of The
The Dutch and the Portuguese in West Africa : empire building and Atlantic system (1580-1674) Ribeiro da Silva, F.I. Citation Ribeiro da Silva, F. I. (2009, June 24). The Dutch and the Portuguese in West Africa : empire building and Atlantic system (1580-1674). Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/13867 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the License: Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/13867 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). CHAPTER FIVE: STRUGGLING FOR THE ATLANTIC: THE INTER-CONTINENTAL TRADE The struggle between the Dutch and the Portuguese for the control of the Atlantic inter- continental trade has been debated in the international historiography for the past fifty years. Chapter 5 offers a re-exam of this conflict from a West African perspective. On the one hand, we will argue that the Dutch and the Portuguese developed different inter- continental circuits to and via West Africa and sailed in completely distinct ways in the Atlantic. The Portuguese trading circuits via West Africa were highly specialized with one or two main areas of embarkation. Initially, the Dutch tried a similar strategy: to use one or two main areas of supply in West Africa and one main area of disembarkation in the Americas: north-east Brazil. However, after the loss of Brazil and Angola, the Dutch tendency was to have a more diversified set of commercial circuits linking different regions of West Africa with several areas in the Americas. -
La Lettre Energy Geotechnics
La Lettre Energy Geotechnics Special release / August 2015 Alstom power plants Editorial A long-lasting partnership Energy engineering in the broadest sense brings together a multitude of skills, among A specific sequencing of the geotechnical which geotechnics may seem marginal. engineering tasks has therefore been This is not the case at all, as TERRASOL developed: demonstrates every day through its • Analysis of available data (often limited) contribution to a variety of projects and initial feasibility study focusing on (hydroelectric power, oil & gas, wind turbines, the general principles of geotechnical thermal power plants, nuclear power, etc), in structures (types of foundations that all regions of the world. can be considered, soil consolidation/ reinforcement issues, dewatering, etc), Projects related to hydroelectric power • Drafting of the first version of the Soil give rise to serious geological and Baseline Assumptions report, the geotechnical issues because of the types baseline document of the call for tenders of structures they involve (dams, tunnels), phase which defines the assumptions and TERRASOL has been working on such made by ALSTOM for its costing and projects practically since it was founded, which may become contractual, thanks to its competencies in underground • Preparation of the first version of the structures and slope stability. Soil Risk Analysis report, in order to get insight into the identified risks of slippage, Centrale HEP Plomin, Croatia Large storage tanks are another of our • Preparation of the specifications for the preferred areas of work, because of the Since 2006 and a first expert assessment additional soil testing intended to obtain pertinence of our approaches in soil-structure report on problems on a power plant site in data that is lacking and/or for which the interaction. -
Navies and Soft Power Historical Case Studies of Naval Power and the Nonuse of Military Force NEWPORT PAPERS
NAVAL WAR COLLEGE NEWPORT PAPERS 42 NAVAL WAR COLLEGE WAR NAVAL Navies and Soft Power Historical Case Studies of Naval Power and the Nonuse of Military Force NEWPORT PAPERS NEWPORT 42 Bruce A. Elleman and S. C. M. Paine, Editors U.S. GOVERNMENT Cover OFFICIAL EDITION NOTICE The April 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil-rig fire—fighting the blaze and searching for survivors. U.S. Coast Guard photograph, available at “USGS Multimedia Gallery,” USGS: Science for a Changing World, gallery.usgs.gov/. Use of ISBN Prefix This is the Official U.S. Government edition of this publication and is herein identified to certify its au thenticity. ISBN 978-1-935352-33-4 (e-book ISBN 978-1-935352-34-1) is for this U.S. Government Printing Office Official Edition only. The Superinten- dent of Documents of the U.S. Government Printing Office requests that any reprinted edition clearly be labeled as a copy of the authentic work with a new ISBN. Legal Status and Use of Seals and Logos The logo of the U.S. Naval War College (NWC), Newport, Rhode Island, authenticates Navies and Soft Power: Historical Case Studies of Naval Power and the Nonuse of Military Force, edited by Bruce A. Elleman and S. C. M. Paine, as an official publica tion of the College. It is prohibited to use NWC’s logo on any republication of this book without the express, written permission of the Editor, Naval War College Press, or the editor’s designee. For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402-00001 ISBN 978-1-935352-33-4; e-book ISBN 978-1-935352-34-1 Navies and Soft Power Historical Case Studies of Naval Power and the Nonuse of Military Force Bruce A.