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Synanthropic Diptera Affecting Layer Poultry Farms

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Synanthropic Diptera Affecting Layer Poultry Farms URBAN PEST / REVIEW ARTICLE DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000922017 Synanthropic diptera affecting layer poultry farms: a review Dípteros sinantrópicos de importância para a avicultura de postura: uma revisão 1 2 3 Leandro do Carmo Rezende , Tiago Mendonça de Oliveira * , Cristina Mara Teixeira , 2 4 2 Mariana Avelino de Souza Santos , Lucas Maciel Cunha , Marcos Xavier Silva , 2 Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins ABSTRACT: The poultry farm of posture is an economic RESUMO: A avicultura de postura é uma atividade econômica activity of great relevance to Brazil. Health aspects of flocks de grande relevância para o Brasil. Aspectos sanitários dos plantéis of laying chickens, such as the occurrence of infestations de galinhas poedeiras, tais como infestações por parasitos e by parasites and poultry pests, influence significantly the pragas avícolas, influenciam significativamente os indicadores de productivity indicators. In this context, the control of produtividade desse setor. Nesse contexto, o controle de dípteros synanthropic diptera is one of the challenges of the poultry sinantrópicos constitui um dos desafios de avicultores e profissionais farmers and professionals of this area. In Brazil, the control da área. No Brasil, o controle de moscas em ambientes avícolas é of flies in poultry environments is based mainly on the use of baseado, sobretudo, no uso de pesticidas, ao passo que o uso de pesticides, while other alternatives are less frequent. Among the outras alternativas é menos recorrente. Entre as espécies de moscas flies’ species most regularly found in poultry farms are mais frequentes em granjas avícolas de postura, destacam-se Musca the Musca domestica, Chrysomya spp., Fannia spp., and others. domestica, Chrysomya spp., Fannia spp., entre outras. O objetivo This review aims at compiling the literature on the occurrence, desta revisão é realizar a compilação da literatura existente sobre impact on poultry systems, biology, epidemiology and control a ocorrência, o impacto nos sistemas avícolas, a biologia, a of the species of synanthropic flies considered important for the epidemiologia e o controle das espécies de dípteros sinantrópicos Brazilian poultry industry. consideradas importantes para a avicultura de postura brasileira. KEYWORDS: poultry farm; Musca domestica; Chrysomya spp.; PALAVRAS-CHAVE: granjas; Musca domestica; Chrysomya spp.; Fannia spp.; synanthropic diptera. Fannia spp.; dípteros sinantrópicos. 1Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário – Pedro Leopoldo (MG), Brazil 2Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais – Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil 3Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento – Brasília (DF), Brazil 4Fundação Ezequiel Dias – Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil *Corresponding author: [email protected] Received on: 11/02/2017. Accepted on: 12/10/2018 Arq. Inst. Biol., v.86, 1-8, e0922017, 2019 1 L. C. Rezende et al. INTRODUCTION of São Paulo, Brazil. In 2007, LOPES et al. (2007) in a study performed in a layer poultry farm in the state of São Paulo Muscoid diptera are considered important vectors of patho- verified other species besides Fannia spp., such as specimens gens for humans and animals due their eating and repro- of M. domestica, Chrysomya megacephala, Hermetia illucens ductive habits and synanthropic behavior. They have wide (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) and diptera of the families Sepsidae movement and ability to fly long distances (BARREIRO and Syrphidae, in which the M. domestica was the most prev- et al., 2013; BLAAK et al., 2014; ALMEIDA et al., 2014; alent species. However, AVANCINI; SILVEIRA (2000) car- CHAIWONG et al., 2014). Diptera is one of the major ried out a research in poultry facilities in southeastern Brazil orders within the class Insecta, with more than 120 thousand and found, more frequently, Muscina stabulans (Diptera: species described. The main morphological characteristics of Muscidae), M. domestica, Chrysomya putoria, C. megacephala diptera are the presence of a pair of functional wings in the and S. calcitrans. MONTEIRO; PRADO (2000), working in mesothorax, the transformation of the second pair of wings layer poultry farms in the state of São Paulo, found the diptera in halteres and the development of feeding mouth structures C. putoria, M. stabulans, M. domestica, F. pusio and flies of the (TRIPLEHORN; JOHNSON, 2005; YEATES et al., 2007; family Sepsidae. BORGES (2006), in a study carried out in TAYLOR et al., 2010). a poultry farm in the municipality of Igarapé, Minas Gerais, The adult diptera or their larval may use substrates such found the species Drosophila repleta (Diptera: Drosophilidae), as food debris, animal carcasses, broken eggs and accumu- M. domestica and C. putoria as the most abundant. In poultry lated feces for their development and survival (NUORTEVA, establishments in the United States, the most frequently reported 1963; PECK; ANDERSON, 1970; PRADO, 2003). They are adult species are M. domestica, M. stabulans and S. calcitrans relatively small insects and have soft body of great sanitary (LEGNER; OLTON, 1967). LOPES et al. (2008) reported importance, since they are biological and mechanical vectors the presence of only adult stages of D. repleta on posture farms of pathogens of diseases that affect man and domestic animals, and no larval stages were found in manure. FERNANDES besides significant cause discomfort when present (PRADO, et al. (1995) also found diptera of the family Drosophilidae 2003; TRIPLEHORN; JOHNSON, 2011). in a poultry farm in Uberlândia, Minas Gerais. In modern egg production systems, laying hens are housed in high densities, leading to the accumulation of manure on the surface under the cages. This substrate is ideal for the devel- Biology and epidemiology opment of synanthropic flies (LOPES et al., 2008). According Knowledge regarding the biology of the diptera species existent to NORTH; BELL (1990), a laying hen weighing approxi- in the poultry environment is essential for the establishment mately 1.8 kg produces an average of 113 g of moist feces per of control strategies. These insects present holometabolism day, enough to support at least 100 larvae of Musca domestica. and their larval stages differ completely from the adult ones. Moreover, diptera can be ectoparasites in the larval or adult phases, turning the behavior as a parasite in both stages difficult Main diptera associated with (GUIMARÃES et al., 2001; TRIPLEHORN; JOHNSON, excrement from poultry farms 2011; TAYLOR et al., 2010). They are mostly oviparous; The muscoid flies, especially those of Muscidae, Fanniidae and some muscoid species deposit their eggs in plant and animal Anthomyiidae families, are among the insects most commonly organic matter (D’ALMEIDA, 1989). In addition, diptera associated with human and animal production environments have preference for fresh feces, since they are considered an (CARVALHO et al., 2002). According to POVOLNY (1971), excellent means of larval development (PUTMAN, 1983; the most commonly found species in manure and near of this D’ALMEIDA, 1989). Factors such as temperature, humid- substrate in poultry farms is M. domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). In ity and precipitation are determinant in egg development. addition to M. domestica, other species and genus can be found, Hatching larvae usually require adequate water or moisture such as Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae), Chrysomya spp. content to survive. Before reaching the pupal stage, the larvae (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Fannia spp. (Diptera: Fanniidae) pass through three to five stages, called L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5 (AXTELL; ARENDS, 1990; LOMÔNACO; PRADO, 1994; (GUIMARÃES et al., 2001; PRADO, 2003). The biological AXTELL, 1999; LOPES et al., 2007). cycle can last 30 days or less to even years in some rarer spe- LOMÔNACO; PRADO (1994), in a survey conducted cies (RAFAEL et al., 2012). in layer poultry farms in Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil, Some authors, such as BICHO et al. (2004), report that concluded that M. domestica is the most abundant dipter- the problem of pathogens being carried by flies tends to increase ous in this type of exploration and also verified the pres- significantly as the diptera population often moves to the cit- ence of Fannia pusio and Fannia trimaculata in the aviar- ies adjacent to the poultry farms, increasing the transmission of ies visited. BRUNO et al. (1993) found Fannia canicularis, pathogens. In general, it is observed that infestation by diptera F. trimaculata and F. pusio in avian establishments in the state in layer poultry farming generally increases in the summer, being 2 Arq. Inst. Biol., v.86, 1-8, e0922017, 2019 Synanthropic diptera affecting layer poultry farms: a review associated with climatic variations such as precipitation and tem- 1971; BORGES, 2006; LOPES et al., 2008; BARREIRO perature, as suggested by research about the seasonality and pop- et al., 2013; BLAAK et al., 2014). There are reports of dip- ulation dynamics (MENDES; LINHARES, 2002; BORGES, tera such as M. domestica and C. megacephala carrying hel- 2006; LOPES et al., 2008). In the research by MACEDO et al. minth eggs of the genus Ascaris (Ascaridida: Ascarididae), (2011), the highest number of dipterous collected occurred at Toxascaris (Ascaridida: Toxocaridae), Toxocara (Ascaridida: temperatures between 21 and 25ºC in the months of January to Toxocaridae), Trichuris (Trichocephalida: Trichuridae) and April, representing 50% of the 705 captured specimens. Capillaria (Trichocephalida: Trichuridae) (OLIVEIRA et al., Several studies have stated that the occurrence
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