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Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Review of Mitragyna Inermis (Willd.) Kuntze (Rubiaceae)

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Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Review of Mitragyna Inermis (Willd.) Kuntze (Rubiaceae) Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2020; 9(2): 22-30 E-ISSN: 2278-4136 P-ISSN: 2349-8234 www.phytojournal.com Phytochemistry and pharmacological review of JPP 2020; 9(2): 22-30 Received: 11-01-2020 Mitragyna inermis (Willd.) Kuntze (Rubiaceae) Accepted: 15-02-2020 Placide Mahougnan Toklo Placide Mahougnan Toklo, Eléonore Yayi-Ladekan, Amoussatou (a) Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et des Huiles Essentielles, Facultés des Sakirigui, Fidèle M Assogba, Géorcelin G Alowanou, Mathias A Sciences et Techniques, Université Ahomadegbe, Sylvie Hounzangbé-Adoté and Joachim D Gbenou d’Abomey Calavi, 01 BP: 918 ISBA Cotonou, Bénin Abstract Eléonore Yayi-Ladekan As part of the development of traditional medicine rich in Africa and particularly in Bénin, several Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et des Huiles Essentielles, Facultés des studies have been conducted for years to evaluate the ethnopharmacological properties of medicinal Sciences et Techniques, Université plants. It is in this context that Mitragyna inermis is known for many of these properties mentioned in the d’Abomey Calavi, 01 BP: 918 ISBA traditional pharmacopoeia and whose biological analyses have confirmed some of them. The purpose of Cotonou, Bénin this work is to summarise previous work; biological as chemical on this plant. The extracts showed that it Amoussatou Sakirigui has antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic properties. The isolated compounds are certainly responsible for a) Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et these known biological activities. The synergistic action of the compounds present in the extracts can des Huiles Essentielles, Facultés des justify also its use in the treatment of several pathologies. Finally, this review of literature carried out on Sciences et Techniques, Université this plant, is a contribution to the synthesis of the previous works carried out in order to deepen its d’Abomey Calavi, 01 BP: 918 ISBA Cotonou, Bénin valuation. Fidèle M Assogba Keywords: Phytochemistry, pharmacological, Mitragyna inermis, kuntze Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et des Huiles Essentielles, Facultés des Sciences et Techniques, Université Introduction d’Abomey Calavi, 01 BP: 918 ISBA Studied by different methods, medicinal plants are still the first reservoir of bioactive Cotonou, Bénin molecules, sources of new drugs. Thus, recipes and secrets of traditional medicine were [1] Géorcelin G Alowanou bequeathed from generation to generation before the appearance of synthetic drugs which Laboratoire d’Ethnopharmacologie et ended up showing several limits of their uses. Among these limitations, we can list: the de Santé Animale, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université absence of sanitary or rudimentary infrastructure, the high cost of pharmaceutical products, the d’Abomey Calavi, 01 BP: 526 low income of rural populations, the defective and counterfeit and / or the misuse of these Cotonou, Bénin medicines [2]. Today, medicinal plants constitute a heritage for the majority of poor Mathias A Ahomadegbe communities in developing countries, and these depend on them for their primary health care Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et des [3]. The World Health Organization [4] estimates that more than 80% of the African population Huiles Essentielles, Facultés des still rely on traditional medicines for their medical safety. Bénin is not spared mainly by the Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey Calavi, 01 BP: 918 ISBA importance of these medicinal and aromatic plants which are used for therapeutic purposes and Cotonou, Bénin which have the advantage of being often available and accessible to the population [5]. Sylvie Hounzangbé-Adoté This study focuses on Mitragyna inermis, plant of Beninese flora chosen for its anthelmintic Laboratoire d’Ethnopharmacologie et properties but which has been the subject of several previous studies whose synthesis was de Santé Animale, Faculté des carried out. Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Abomey Calavi, 01 BP: 526 Cotonou, Bénin The species Mitragyna inermis [6] synonyms Joachim D Gbenou a) Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et Mitragyna africana (Willd.) Korth des Huiles Essentielles, Facultés des Mitragyna stipulosa (DC.) O. Ktze Sciences et Techniques, Université Nauclea africana Willd. d’Abomey Calavi, 01 BP: 918 ISBA Cotonou, Bénin Uncaria inermis Willd. Classification Kingdom: Plantae Class: Equisetopsida Corresponding Author: Subclass: Magnoliidae Joachim D Gbenou Super-order: Asteranae a) Laboratoire de Order: Gentianales Pharmacognosie et des Huiles Family: Rubiaceae Essentielles, Facultés des Sciences et Techniques, Genre: Mitragyna Université d’Abomey Calavi, 01 Species: inermis BP: 918 ISBA Cotonou, Bénin ~ 22 ~ Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry http://www.phytojournal.com Geographical distribution Burkina Faso for the treatment of neuropsychiatric M. inermis is found in swampy areas in the tropics and pathologies [18]. subtropics. It is common to the loamy or clayey soils of the valleys from the Senegal River to the maritime Casamance [7]. Toxicological study It is met in several African countries including Senegal, Several studies have been carried out on the toxicity of M. Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, DR Congo and inermis extracts. Thus, to evaluate the toxicity and Sudan. In Bénin, the plant is distributed almost everywhere [8]. genotoxicity of antimalarials, it has been observed that an alkaloid-rich extract derived from M. inermis induces a strong Botanical description [9] inhibition of protein synthesis in mammalian cells, but shows Mitragyna inermis is a specie that grows in the alluvial plains no mutagenic activity or genotoxicity [19]. The acute general of the Sudano-Sahelian zone of intertropical Africa. It is a toxicity assessed by Ouedraogo in Burkina Faso, classified shrub 5 to 10 m tall with elliptical leaves up to 7 cm long and the M. inermis extracts in the category of weakly toxic 4 cm wide. Its rib is lateral from 6 to 7 pairs. It has a terminal substances with an LD50 = 810.7468 mg / kg [20]. Monjanel- globular inflorescence. The flowers are white and fragrant. It Mouterde [21] conducted the same study in France of the acute has a spherical fructification, dark brown then composed of oral toxicity and chronic toxicity of the hydroethanolic extract many small capsules opening into two valves. Finally, its (60/40) of M. inermis leaves. These results indicated that the seeds are small and numerous. toxicity of this extract would be greater than 3000mg / kg of body weight [22]. Ivory Coast, the acute oral toxicity of the Traditional uses decoction leaf extract in Swiss strain mice at 4465 mg / kg Aqueous decoction of roots and leaves is used orally in revealed that the plant is not toxic. In Nigeria, on Swiss strain anorexia and constipation and as a steam bath in the treatment rats with aqueous extracts and the ethanol extracts [23]. He of leprosy [10]. In Mali, leaf decoction is used for its febrifuge found a lethal dose greater than 2000 mg / kg and 1587.5 mg / and stimulating properties in infectious diseases, it is used kg body weight respectively. In Bénin, toxicity is assessed in against jaundice, syphilis, arthritis. It is also reported that in vivo for 7 days on male and female Wistar strain albino rats. Côte d’ivoire, M. inermis is a specie much used by healers, The result have shown that crude aqueous extract of M. but variously depending on geocultural access. The barks of inermis stem back is less toxic up to 2500 mg/kg of body this plant are often prescribed for the gravid-puerperal states, weight [24]. stomach pains, dysentery, schistosomiasis. In external use, the bark of trunk or stem, freed by scratching of the epidermis, Pharmacological studies would, after drying and grinding in to powder, a healing of Several studies were performed on various organs of M. large wounds and an excellent vulnerability. The decoction of inermis and revealed that this plant has antimicrobial, the leaves or bark of the stems is used as antidiabetic, antioxidant, neuroprotective and antiamnesic, myorelaxant antipyretic and then in the treatment of hypertension, and antispasmodic properties, anti-bacterial and antiviral, dysentery, schistosomiasis, syphilis, jaundice, jaundice, antiamnesic. mental illness, contagious diseases , intercosal pain, epilepsy, wounds and arthritis. Different leaf preparations are also used In vitro anthelminthic activity: Methanol-water extract and in baths and beverages in cachectic affections, arthritis, acetone-water extract of M. inermis leaf inhibit at different myalgia, intercostal pain and enteralgia [11]. In Guinea, the concentration the eggs, the larval and adult worms of aqueous decoction of trunk bark is used as a diuretic and Haemonchus contortus. The IC 50 was 59.14 µg/ml for egg febrifuge. In Senegal, bark is used against stomach upset, hatching; 96.62 µg/ml for larval migration inhibition assay dysentery, schistosomiasis. Bark powder is used to heal large and 131.34 µg/ml for adult worm motility inhibition assay [25]. wounds. The very bitter roots are used in decoction against malaria [12]. The bark of M. inermis (Willd.) is one of the In vivo anthelminthic activity: The study of in vivo natural substances recommended for the immunological and anthelminthic activity on H. controtus of M. inermis leaves on nutritional recovery of HIV patients (PvVIH) [13]. In addition, three different breeds of sheep showed at the dose of 3.2 g/kg, the aqueous decoction of the stem bark is used in the that the plant could be applied for the control of
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