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The Multipath Fading and the Frequency Response of the Channel in an Indoor Radiating Cable System

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The Multipath Fading and the Frequency Response of the Channel in an Indoor Radiating Cable System The Multipath Fading and the Frequency Response of the Channel in an Indoor Radiating Cable System By M.C. Jorge Alberto Seseña Osorio Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Science with specialty in Electronics at Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica Supervised by: Dr. Ignacio Enrique Zaldívar Huerta, INAOE Dr. Alejandro Aragón Zavala, ITESM campus Querétaro © INAOE 2014 The author hereby grants to INAOE permission to reproduce and to distribute copies of this thesis document in whole or in part The Multipath Fading and the Frequency Response of the Channel in an Indoor Radiating Cable System By M.C. Jorge Alberto Seseña Osorio Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Science with specialty in Electronics at Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica Supervised by: Dr. Ignacio Enrique Zaldívar Huerta, INAOE Dr. Alejandro Aragón Zavala, ITESM campus Querétaro © INAOE 2014 The author hereby grants to INAOE permission to reproduce and to distribute copies of this thesis document in whole or in part i ii Abstract The use of wireless handheld devices has increased in recent years, at the same time; the data transmission rate rises exponentially. This trend has led to a greater concentration of mobile devices in specific locations, such as office buildings, shopping centers, airports, sports stadiums, etc. In this context, the next generation of wireless services must be able to develop ubiquitous ultra-broadband speeds. Hence, solutions are required for overcoming the hurdles present at these locations in order to satisfy the user requirements. In this regard, dedicated systems are an alternative for providing wireless services at indoor environments, while also allowing performance improvement and the possibility of offering tailored services for specific environments. In this context, radiating cables have been used as alternative distribution systems for indoor environments where distributed antenna systems have limitations giving full coverage due to obstacles (walls, doors, furniture, etc.) between the receiver and transmitter. Such scenarios generate challenges on the study and design of these radiating cable systems – for example, issues involved in the wireless communication channel. This work presents the multipath fading and the frequency response of the channel of a radiating cable system. These topics are essential in the planning and research of any wireless system. In this context, there are a few simple propagation models for radiating cables which are somewhat restricted to radiating cables placed along a straight line. Furthermore, little attention has been paid to the frequency response of such systems. In this work, the radiating cable is installed in different paths in order to analyze experimentally the behavior of the channel, different paths of radiating cable allow shaping the coverage area for demanding scenarios. An exhaustive modeling of the multipath fading as well as the frequency response of the channel is carried by using statistical and autoregressive models, respectively. iii The proposed modeling considers the first wall reflection, penetration loss, cable termination, and radiating cable paths. The use of different empirical coefficients allows consideration of the mentioned propagation mechanisms. The coefficients of the proposed modeling were obtained empirically; this allows modeling different propagation mechanisms without knowing the construction material characteristics. These situations have not been considered by the current propagation models for radiating cable systems. The proposed modeling is carried out using three different propagation models and has been experimentally validated by sets of measurements. Measurements were performed in a university building in the frequency range from 900 MHz to 2.1 GHz. A careful selection of the data sets validates the robustness of the proposed modeling. The results show an averaged error of less than 1 dB. Thus, the large-scale fading showed a standard deviation between 2.5 dB and 3.7 dB for the distributions with the best fitting, and the small-scale fading was fitted to various probability distributions. The coherence bandwidth and the rms delay spread (rms) were obtained by measuring the frequency response of the channel and it was demonstrated that there is dependence between rms and the receiver position along the cable length. This dependence must be taken into account in the design and study of broadband systems with mobility. On the other hand, simulations of small-scale fading were carried out too. First, the Rayleigh fading simulator was used and subsequently the Rician and Weibull fading were obtained. Simulations showed a better fit with theoretical distributions, compared with experimental distributions, and the maximum absolute error between measurements and simulations was 1.71 dB. Also, an autoregressive (AR) model for the frequency response was carried out. Results showed that a fifth order AR model gives the best fitting at the 3- dB width of the frequency correlation function; however the poles of the second order AR model showed a better-defined behavior in the complex iv plane. This better-defined behavior showed the variation of delay along the cable length. The magnitude of Pole 1 was almost constant, and its angle rotates counterclockwise, which represents the variation of the delay with receiver positions along the cable length. At the same time, Pole 2 displayed a reduction in its magnitude and minimum variations on its angle. This describes the reduction of the rms as the receiver moved away from the cable feeder in a direction parallel to the cable. v vi Resumen El uso de dispositivos inalámbricos portátiles se ha incrementado en los últimos años, al mismo tiempo las velocidades de transmisión de datos crece exponencialmente. Esta tendencia ha generado una mayor concentración de dispositivos móviles en lugares específicos, por ejemplo en edificios con oficinas, centros comerciales, terminales aéreas, estadios deportivos, etc. En este contexto, la próxima generación de servicios inalámbricos debe ser capaz de desarrollar altas velocidades de transmisión en cualquier lugar. Por consiguiente, soluciones son requeridas para superar los obstáculos presentes en estos lugares con el fin de satisfacer los requerimientos del usuario. A este respecto, los sistemas dedicados son una alternativa para proveer servicios inalámbricos en interiores, ya que permiten mejorar el desempeño y dan la posibilidad de ofrecer servicios a la medida para lugares específicos. En este sentido, los cables radiantes han sido utilizados como sistemas de distribución para interiores donde los sistemas con antenas distribuidas tienen limitaciones para dar cobertura completa debido a obstáculos (paredes, puertas, muebles, etc.) entre receptor y transmisor. Tales escenarios generan retos en el estudio y diseño de estos sistemas con cable radiante - por ejemplo, los temas relacionados con el canal inalámbrico de comunicación. Este trabajo presenta el desvanecimiento por trayectos múltiples y la respuesta de frecuencia del canal en un sistema de cable radiante. Estos temas son esenciales en la planificación y la investigación de cualquier sistema inalámbrico. En este contexto, hay pocos modelos de propagación para cable radiante que están de alguna forma restringidos a un cable radiante colocado en línea recta. Además, poca atención se ha puesto en el modelado de la respuesta de frecuencia de tales sistemas con cable radiante. En este trabajo, el cable radiante fue instalado a lo largo de diferentes rutas con el fin de analizar experimentalmente el comportamiento vii del canal, diferentes rutas de cable radiante permiten la conformación de la zona de cobertura para escenarios exigentes. Un modelado exhaustivo de los desvanecimientos por trayectorias múltiples, así como la respuesta de frecuencia del canal fue realizado mediante el uso de modelos estadísticos y auto regresivos respectivamente. El modelado propuesto considera la reflexión en paredes, pérdidas por penetración, la terminación del cable y las rutas del cable radiante instalado. El uso de diferentes coeficientes empíricos permite considerar los mecanismos de propagación mencionados. Los coeficientes del modelado propuestos fueron obtenidos empíricamente; esto permite modelar los diferentes mecanismos de propagación sin conocer las características de los materiales de construcción. Estas situaciones no han sido consideradas por los modelos actuales de propagación para cable radiante. El modelado propuesto es realizado usando tres modelos de propagación y ha sido experimentalmente validado mediante mediciones. Las mediciones son desarrolladas en un edificio universitario en el rango de frecuencia de 900 MHz a 2.1 GHz. Una selección cuidadosa de los datos valida la robustez del modelado propuesto. Los resultados muestran un error promedio menor a 1 dB. Así, los desvanecimientos de gran escala mostraron una desviación estándar entre 2.5 y 3.7 dB para las distribuciones con el mejor ajuste. El ancho de banda coherente y la dispersión del retardo rms fueron obtenidos midiendo la respuesta de frecuencia del canal, y fue demostrado que hay una dependencia entre la dispersión del retardo y la posición a lo largo de la longitud del cable. Esta dependencia debe ser tomada en cuenta en el diseño y estudio de sistemas de banda ancha con movilidad. Por otro lado, las simulaciones
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