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A Review of Field Club Research on the Northern Offshore Islands

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A Review of Field Club Research on the Northern Offshore Islands TANE 29, 1983 A REVIEW OF FIELD CLUB RESEARCH ON THE NORTHERN OFFSHORE ISLANDS John McCallum 82 Exmouth Road, Northcote, Auckland, 9 SUMMARY A brief history of the Auckland University Field Club, its journal Tane and the formation of the Offshore Islands Research Group is presented. A description of the scientific aspects of Field Club trips to the northern offshore islands is given, accompanied by a bibliography of appropriate Tane papers. Nineteen major island groups off the northern New Zealand coast have been visited by Field Club (and the Offshore Islands Research Group in recent years) and nearly 200 papers concerning the islands' natural history and archaeology have been published in Tane. INTRODUCTION The history of the Auckland University Field Club, including the production of Tane, is presented in the anniversary book "Fifty Years in the Field" (Bollard 1972). A brief synopsis of the history leading to the involvement of Field Club with annual offshore island scientific camps and Tane volumes is given below. The Auckland University Field Club was established in July 1922 by a small group of students and staff members at the Auckland University College (now University of Auckland) with the aims of catering for an enthusiasm for natural history, tramping and outdoor life. The trips held soon after its inauguration were often a combined field outing and picnic, but as the club consolidated and its organisation improved, excursions ranged over a greater area, and included tramping trips to National Park. By 1932, Field Club consisted of members whose interests ranged from skiing and tramping to natural history. However, this lead to some conflict of principles and the devarification of a tramping club from its parent body. This move resulted in the promotion of a serious scientific atmosphere in Field Club, although tramping continued and trips as far away as Stewart Island are still held today. Although a cursory interest had been shown in natural history on trips in previous years, it was not until the 1933 Noises Islands visit that a sizeable account appeared in the official Trip Book, which served for recording observations in the following decade. Despite the aims of Field Club changing from tramping and outdoor 223 pursuits towards more scientific studies, it was not until 1948 that an attempt was made by the Club to publish the results of the scientific work. These appeared as Field Club Records and consisted of 24 cyclostyled pages stapled together. In 1950, the third volume was published with a new title - Tane. This issue was the first publication to contain papers based on field work conducted during the Club's organised camps. It also presented the first set of articles from offshore islands, the Noises. By Tane 6 (1953—54) and Tane 7(1956), articles from offshore islands began to dominate the journal; the latter volume was almost entirely composed of such material. During the 1960s, the papers published in Tane included research articles and degree publications, but papers from Field Club scientific camps decreased. Up to 1962, Tane was printed at irregular intervals, but thereafter it became an annual publication. Since 1971, priority has been given to the papers originating from the Club's annual scientific camp from the preceeding year. The participants of these expeditions are encouraged to write papers on the wide range of field work normally undertaken. The formation of the Offshore Islands Research Group (O. I. R. G. ) is also of significance. Founded in 1978, it consists of a core of ex-Field Club members, most of whom have had experience in writing for and production of Tane, as well as present student members of Field Club and other scientists. Up to three trips are held each year, with similar scientific aims and objectives to Field Club, which allows a wide coverage of natural science. Many of the resulting studies have been or are to be published in Tane. The largest contribution Tane has made to the natural sciences in New Zealand concerns material from the northern offshore islands. Of the 1 577 references listed by Thompson (1977) in "A Bibliography of Offshore Islands of New Zealand", nearly 200 are from Tane. Furthermore, many of these 1 577 articles only contain brief mention of islands, such as locality records, while the Tane papers deal almost exclusively with the offshore island theme. These Tane articles from the various islands are listed as a bibliography following a brief description of each island. THE NORTHERN OFFSHORE ISLANDS The northern offshore islands are of considerable scientific interest and value because of their lack of modification, due to their isolation and protected reserve status. Many have floras and faunas which reflect the condition of New Zealand before the introduction of mammalian predators and herbivores. A number of native birds, insects, reptiles and plants, which once ranged over much of New Zealand, are now 224 confined to island sanctuaries. Archaeological sites have not been subject to the same degree of interference as mainland localities. Despite the difficulty in organising trips to some of the more-remote islands, Field Club (and O. I. R. G. in recent years) has visited many of the northern offshore islands in an effort to document their natural history, especially rare or endangered species or features of recognised importance, and to determine their present and potential value as nature reserves. The venues of the offshore expeditions are chosen for their accessibility, nature of work warranted from earlier investigations and Fig. 1. Map of northern New Zealand showing the location of the major island groups to which Field Club (and O. I. R. G. ) have organised scientific expeditions which have resulted in publication in Tane. 225 their "research attraction". The trips are of short duration (usually one week) and are best-suited to natural history surveys. Return visits can produce useful documentation of the changing biota (especially human- associated influences as regeneration, introduced predation and the removal of browsers). It is difficult to visit many of the offshore islands, due to problems in logistics and planning and obtaining permission. By comparison, the organisation which has evolved within Field Club assists in the preparation and participation of island expeditions. In 1981, the Hauraki Gulf Maritime Park Board imposed a restriction on the party size for a number of the islands within its jurisdiction, due to the sensitivity of small islands to disturbance. The Board prefers the visitors to islands such as the Poor Knights to justify their project, and explain their expertise and the benefit of the research to the islands. This policy influences the planning of the offshore expeditions, as it is difficult to limit Field Club trips to small numbers (as few as 6 participants to the small, unmodified islands). Thus the annual scientific camps usually visit islands where up to 14 members are allowed to attend. Moturoa Islands The Moturoa Group (34°45'S, 173°20'E) lies off Karikari Peninsula and consists of Whale Island (12 na), Moturoa Island (12 na), Green Island (6 na) and a number of smaller vegetated islets and stacks. They comprise basic marine volcanics of probable Cretaceous age. The islands are Maori-owned and controlled by a board of trustees. There are no signs of prehistoric occupation of the Moturoas, but a present, and probably past, use is the removal of grey-faced petrel chicks {Pterodroma macroptera). Parts of Whale Island were cultivated by the owners during the 1950s, and domestic pigs were once present. A European whaling station operated on Whale Island last century. Rats and other introduced mammals are absent, despite the whaling station, removal of soil and farming on some of the islands; lizards and seabirds are plentiful. Most of the islands are densely burrowed by grey- faced and diving petrels (Pelacanoides urinatrix). Whale Island's flora is dominated by N. Z. flax (Phormium tenax) and regenerating scrub, while the other islands are covered in dense low scrub characteristic of exposed coasts and petrel activity. Despite the near-unmodified state of the Moturoas, scientific studies were limited to a few brief reports until 11 members of Field Club spent 9 days ashore in May 1976, based on Whale Island, from which short visits were conducted to the other islands. MOTUROA ISLANDS BIBLIOGRAPHY Farley, G. P. 1977: The birds of the Moturoa Islands. Tane 23: 71-76. Grace, R. V. 1977: Sea surface temperatures between Mangonui and the Moturoa Islands, 226 north-eastern New Zealand, in May 1976. Tane 23: 67-69. Grace, R. V. & Puch, G. F. 1977: Intertidal and sublittoral patterns of marine life of the Moturoa Islands, north-eastern New Zealand. Tane 23: 51-65. Hayward, G. C. & Wright, A. E. 1977: Lichens from Moturoa Island Group. Tane 23: 31-35. Hitchmough, R. A. 1977: The lizards of the Moturoa Island Group. Tane 23: 37-46. MacDonald, P. 1977: Insects from Moturoa Islands, May 1976, Tane 23: 47-49. Staveley Parker, R. J. 1977: Notes on the geology of the Moturoa Island Group. Tane 23: 7-10. Wright, A. E. 1977: Auckland University Field Club scientific camp to the Moturoa Island Group, May 1976. Introduction and Acknowledgements. Tane 23: 1-5. Wright, A. E. 1977: Vegetation and flora of the Moturoa Island Group, Northland, New Zealand. Tane 23: 11-29. Cavalli Islands The Cavalli Islands (35°0'S, 173°57'E) lie several kilometres off the Northland coast between the Bay of Islands and Whangaroa. Motukawanui (354 ha) is administered by the Bay of Islands Maritime and Historic Park Board, but was farmed until 1974. Motukawaiti (38 ha), the second-largest, is privately-owned and still farmed. Over 20 small islands, stacks and vegetated rocks surround Motukawanui and are Maori-owned.
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