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Molecular Detection of Anaplasma Bovis in Holstein Cattle in the Republic of Korea

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Molecular Detection of Anaplasma Bovis in Holstein Cattle in the Republic of Korea Park et al. Acta Vet Scand (2018) 60:15 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-018-0370-z Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica BRIEF COMMUNICATION Open Access Molecular detection of Anaplasma bovis in Holstein cattle in the Republic of Korea Jinho Park1†, Du‑Gyeong Han2†, Ji‑Hyoung Ryu2, Jeong‑Byoung Chae3, Joon‑Seok Chae3, Do‑Hyeon Yu4, Bae‑Keun Park5, Hyeon‑Cheol Kim6 and Kyoung‑Seong Choi2* Abstract Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne infectious disease that afects both human and animal health. This study was performed to characterize and investigate the prevalence of infection with Anaplasma bovis in Holstein cattle originating from two regions in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Blood samples (n 151; 80 from Namwon and 71 from Jeju Island) were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction, and the prevalence of= A. bovis infection was compared before and after graz‑ ing. In Namwon, A. bovis infection was not detected, while in the Jeju Island, A. bovis infection was detected in three of 13 animals after grazing. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the A. bovis isolates had homology (97.1–99.7%) with a Korean spotted deer (Cervus nippon) isolate and Haemaphysalis longicornis tick isolates identifed in the ROK. A. bovis infection has not previously been diagnosed in cattle in the ROK. This study shows that A. bovis infection in the Jeju Island is closely related to grazing. Keywords: Anaplasma bovis, Grazing, Holstein cattle, Ticks Findings showing diferences in host cell tropism. A. centrale, A. Te climate of the Korean Peninsula is rapidly becom- marginale, and A. ovis are erythrocytic, while A. bovis, A. ing subtropical, and warmer temperatures have already phagocytophilum, and A. platys infect monocytes, neu- resulted in accelerated parasitic development and an trophils, and platelets, respectively [7]. Bovine anaplas- extreme rise in vector populations [1]. Tese climatic mosis is caused by A. bovis, A. centrale, A. marginale, and changes have a widespread impact on the ecosystems. A. phagocytophilum. A. marginale is widely distributed Temporal and spatial changes in temperature, precipi- in tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. tation, and humidity that occur under diferent climatic It causes a mild to severe hemolytic disease in cattle and conditions afect the biology and ecology of vectors and wild ruminants, and is particularly highly pathogenic in intermediate hosts, and may increase the risk of infection cattle up to 2 years old [8]. Te infection is characterized transmission [2]. Tick distribution is also closely linked by persistent fever, lethargy, icterus, weight loss, abor- with climate, and there is growing concern that the prev- tion, reduced milk production, and death in more than alence of tick-borne diseases, such as theileriosis and 50% of untreated animals [8]. A. centrale is a less patho- anaplasmosis, may be increasing in the Republic of Korea genic species compared to A. marginale and causes mild (ROK) [3–6]. symptoms in cattle and is considered a naturally attenu- Anaplasmosis is a tick-transmitted disease that afects ated subspecies [9]. A. phagocytophilum is known to dogs, cats, horses, cattle, sheep, goats, and wild rumi- infect humans and animals, and causes tick-borne fever nants. Te Anaplasma genus comprises six species being characterized by fever, respiratory signs, leukope- nia, abortion, and sudden decrease in milk production [10, 11]. A. bovis causes fever, anemia, drowsiness, con- *Correspondence: [email protected] †Jinho Park and Du-Gyeong Han contributed equally to this work vulsions, weight loss, and enlargement of lymph nodes 2 Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College in cattle [12]. Tis infection has been found in China and of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Japan [13–15], but recently, A. bovis was also detected in Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Korean spotted deer (Cervus nippon) [16], Korean water © The Author(s) 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/ publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Park et al. Acta Vet Scand (2018) 60:15 Page 2 of 5 deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) [17], and Haema- spp. (F, 5ʹ-TACCTCTGTGTTGTAGCTAACGC-3ʹ; R, physalis longicornis ticks in the ROK [18, 19]. However, 5ʹ-CTTGCGACATTGCAACCTATTGT-3ʹ). In a second information regarding A. bovis infection in cattle is not round of PCR to identify individual Anaplasma spp., the available in the ROK. Terefore, the aim of the present following primers were used: AB1f/AB1r for A. bovis (F, study was to investigate A. bovis infection in cattle before 5′-CTCGTAGCTTGC TATGAGAAC-3′; R, 5′-TCTCCC and after grazing and to characterize the evolutionary GGACTCCAGTCTG-3′), msp4 for A. centrale (F, 5′-CA relationships of obtained A. bovis isolates. TGGGGCATGAATCTGTG-3′; R, 5′-AATTGGTTGCA Jugular vein EDTA stabilized blood samples GTGAGCGC-3′), and msp4 for A. marginale (F, 5′-CAT (Vacutainer® tubes, Beckton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, CTCCCATGAGTCACGAAGTGGC-3′; R, 5′-GCTGAA NJ, USA) were taken from 151 Holstein cattle in the CAG GAATCTTGCTCC-3′). PCR was performed under ROK, consisting of 80 samples from one herd in the the cycling conditions: 98 °C for 5 min, followed by 35 Namwon region and 71 samples from a herd on the Jeju cycles of 10 s at 98 °C, annealing at 58 °C for 30 s for 16S Island (Fig. 1). Te samples were taken twice from April rRNA gene [3], 55 °C for 1 min for A. bovis [20], 53 °C to August 2016. Cattle raised at both farms were grazed for 30 s for A. centrale, and 53 °C for 30 s for A. margin- on grass from the middle of May to the end of Novem- ale [21], 72 °C for 1 min, and fnal extension at 72 °C for ber. Te samples were analyzed for erythrocyte numbers, 5 min. Distilled water was used as negative control for hemoglobin, hematocrit, and white blood cell counts each PCR. Te expected sizes of the 16S rRNA gene, A. using the VetScan HM5 Hematology System (Abaxis, bovis, A. centrale, and A. marginale were 429, 551, 395, Union, CA, USA). and 252 bp, respectively. PCR products were visualized Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples using under UV light after 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis and the DNeasy Blood kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) accord- ethidium bromide staining. ing to the manufacturer’s instructions. A frst round Te amplicons were purifed using the Accupower of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to Gel Extraction kit (Bioneer, Daejeon, ROK) and cloned amplify the 16S rRNA gene shared by all Anaplasma into the pGEM®-T Easy vector (Promega, Madison, Fig. 1 Map of the Republic of Korea. Dots indicate the location of the region of Namwon and the Jeju Island where blood samples were collected Park et al. Acta Vet Scand (2018) 60:15 Page 3 of 5 Table 1 Comparison of Anaplasma infections before and WI, USA), which was directly sequenced (Bioneer). after grazing in Namwon and Jeju Island Sequences were analyzed using the BioEdit version Region Namwon Jeju Island 7.2.5 sequence alignment software. A phylogenetic tree Date April 27, July 1, 2016 May 16, August 4, was constructed using the neighbor-joining method in of sample 2016 2016 2016 MEGA 6.0 software [22] and bootstrapping with 1000 collection replicates. Te two representative sequences obtained in Grazing Housing Grazing Housing Grazing this study were deposited in the GenBank database under type/no. (n 40) (n 40) (n 58) (n 13) accession numbers MF197897 and MF197898. = = = = of samples Anaplasma bovis was not detected in cattle from Nam- A. bovis 0 0 0 3 won region, while three of 71 animals (4.2%) from Jeju A. centrale 0 0 0 0 Island tested positive (Table 1). No samples were posi- A. marginale 0 0 0 0 tive for either A. centrale or A. marginale. None of the A. bovis-positive cattle showed hematological signs of FJ169957 Cattle China KP314250 Tick China AB211163 Deer Japan KU509992 Goat China KP314248 Tick China 66 KC311344 Tick Korea KU509996 Goat China A. bovis EU682764 Deer Korea 100 GU064902 Tick Korea MF197898 Cattle Korea EU181142 Tick Korea 67 AF470698 Tick Korea MF197897 Cattle Korea HQ872463 Goat China KP745629 Cattle Turkey A. phagocytophilum 100 JX173652 Dog Germany AY527214 Horse Sweden 75 KJ410245 Tick China 84 AJ633051 Sheep China A. ovis JQ917897 Tick China EF520690 Cattle Italy 58 A. centrale 84 KC189840 Cattle South Africa AF318944 Sheep South Africa 57 AB454075 Deer Japan 34 99 KJ700627 Goat China Anaplasma sp. AB509223 Goat Japan 47 AY048816 Tick USA FJ226454 Cattle Japan A. marginale 57 HM439433 Cattle China JQ839012 Tick Philippines 0.0020 Fig. 2 Phylogenetic analysis using the partial 16S rRNA gene (521 bp) sequences of isolates from Holstein cattle and representative Anaplasmata‑ ceae species. An unrooted phylogenetic tree was constructed with bootstrap values obtained by 1000 replicates using MEGA 6.0 software and the neighbor‑joining method. The sequences found in this study are shown in bold Park et al. Acta Vet Scand (2018) 60:15 Page 4 of 5 infection, such as anemia and leukocytosis. A. bovis Abbreviations A. bovis: Anaplasma bovis; A. centrale: Anaplasma centrale; A. marginale: Ana- infection in cattle from Jeju Island was observed only plasma marginale; H. longicornis: Haemaphysalis longicornis; PCR: polymerase after the animals had been on pasture consisted with hav- chain reaction; ROK: Republic of Korea.
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