Int'l Journal of Research in Chemical, Metallurgical and Civil Engg. (IJRCMCE) Vol. 3, Issue 2 (2016) ISSN 2349-1442 EISSN 2349-1450

The Effect of Magnetized Water on Physiological and Agronomic Traits of (Vigna unguiculata L.)

Omid Sadeghipour

 had no significant effect on the yield and water productivity Abstract—Due to the scarcity of water resources, finding safe, for plant. Moussa [5] observed that irrigation of common simple and practical ways to improve water use efficiency (WUE) is bean plants with magnetic water increased significantly the very important. It has been shown that magnetic water can growth characteristics, potassium, gibberellin, kinetin, significantly affects growth, yield and WUE in some plants. A pot nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), photosynthetic pigments experiment was therefore, conducted to evaluation the effects of (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid), irrigation with magnetized water on some agronomic and photosynthetic activity and translocation efficiency of physiological traits of cowpea during 2012 in Tehran Iran. Results showed that magnetic water increased yield, yield components, photoassimilates as compared with control plants. WUE, relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content, net Aladjadjiyan [6] reported that in the maize the photosynthetic rate, harvest index (HI), plant height and biomass magnetic field stimulated the shoot development and led to production. The present study revealed that irrigation with the increase of the germinating energy, germination, fresh magnetized water raised seed yield and WUE of cowpea by 38% as weight and shoot length. Chen et al. [7] found that magnetic compared to ordinary water. It appears that magnetized water can field pretreatment of mung bean seeds could improve the lead to enhance the growth, yield and WUE of cowpea; however elongation, fresh weight and dry weight, concentration of extensive studies are required on different crops and situations sprouts protein, soluble , C and anthocyanin. especially under field conditions. Pre-sowing magnetic treatments enhanced the growth and

development of tomato plants and improved their fruit yield Index Terms— Chlorophyll, Harvest Index, Photosynthesis, and other yield variables [8]. Based on experiment results of Water Use Efficiency. [9] the magnetized water treatment exhibited an increase in the number of protein bands, yield and yield components of I. INTRODUCTION wheat as compared to the control. It is necessary to produce the maximum yield per unit area Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) is an important by using available water efficiently because irrigation water food legume and an essential component of cropping systems is rapidly diminishing around the world. At present and more in the drier regions of the tropics covering parts of Asia and so in the future, irrigated agriculture will take place under Oceania, the Middle East, southern Europe, Africa, southern water scarcity. Irrigation management will shift from USA, and central and south America. Being a fast growing emphasizing production per unit area towards maximizing crop, cowpea curbs erosion by covering the ground, fixes the production per unit of water consumed, the water atmospheric nitrogen, and its decaying residues contribute to productivity [1]. There have been some claims made that the soil fertility. Cowpea is consumed in many forms: the young magnetic treatment of irrigation water can improve water leaves, green pods, and green seeds are used as ; productivity. If those claims are valid, there is scope for dry seeds are used in various food preparations; and the magnetic treatment of water to save water supplies and assist haulms are fed to livestock as nutritious supplement to cereal in coping with the future water scarcity [2]. The water treated fodder [10]. by the magnetic field or pass through a magnetic device In general, the literature review shows that there are called magnetized water. Magnetic treatment of water has possibly some advantageous impacts of magnetized water on been reported to change some of the physical and chemical plant growth, yield and water productivity. However the properties of water, mainly hydrogen bonding, polarity, available references of this technology on cowpea are very surface tension, conductivity, pH and solubility of salts. limited. In this study, therefore, we investigate the effects of These changes in water properties may be capable of magnetic water on cowpea yield, WUE and some affecting the growth of plants [3]. Lin and Yotvat [4] physiological traits. reported an increase in water productivity in both crop and livestock production with magnetically treated water. II. MATERIALS AND METHODS Maheshwari and Grewal [2] showed that the magnetic This pot experiment was carried out at summer 2012 in treatment of irrigation water resulted in statistically significant increases in the yield and water productivity for research field of the Shahre-Rey Branch, Islamic Azad celery and snow pea plants in some instances. However, it University, Tehran, Iran. Longitude, latitude and altitude are 51° 28´ E, 35° 35´ N and 1000 m, respectively. This region is located in an arid climate where the summer is hot and dry Omid Sadeghipour, Department of Agronomy, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre-rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. P.O. Box: and the winter is cool and dry. The mean annual rainfall and 18155/144.

http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IJRCMCE.IAE0716403 195 Int'l Journal of Research in Chemical, Metallurgical and Civil Engg. (IJRCMCE) Vol. 3, Issue 2 (2016) ISSN 2349-1442 EISSN 2349-1450 temperature are 201.7 mm and 20.4°C. Cowpea seeds (cv. test (t-test) was done to examine the significance between Kamran) without visible defect, insect damage and magnetic and non magnetic water treatments of measured malformation were surface sterilized using 5% sodium traits. hypochlorite solution for 5 min and then rinsed 3 times with sterile distilled water. Then seeds were planted in 40 plastic III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION pots (30 cm in diameter and 50 cm depth) containing an Irrigation with magnetic water exhibited marked equal mixture of peat, decomposed manure and farm soil. significant increase in the chlorophyll content (31%) over the Sowing date was 21th June 2012 and then pots were placed in control (Table 2). These results may be due to the effect of farm conditions. In each pot 6 seeds were sown in 3 cm depth magnetic field on alteration the key of cellular processes such of the soil and at 3 leafy stage after thinning; 3 seedlings as gene transcription which play an important role in altering remained. Half of the pots were irrigated weekly with cellular processes [11]. Atak et al. [12] also suggested that ordinary water, while the other 20 pots were irrigated with increase all photosynthetic pigment through the increase in the ordinary water after magnetization through passing in cytokinin synthesis which induced by magnetic field. They magnetic device (cylindrical, weight 118 g, length 2.5 cm, also added cytokinin play an important role on chloroplast outer and inner diameter 4.4 and 3.4 cm, respectively) which development, shoot formation, axillary bud growth and was connected to the water pipe. The amount of consumption induction of number of genes involved in chloroplast water was recorded. Water properties before and after development nutrient metabolism. It also may be due to the magnetization are presented in Table 1. increase in growth promoters [11]. Grewal and Maheshwari

TABLE I [3] also found that magnetic treatment of irrigation water WATER PROPERTIES BEFORE AND AFTER MAGNETIZATION resulted in a significant increase in N, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Fe Water properties Ordinary water Magnetized water and Mn contents in snow pea and chickpeas seedling. In EC (µS/cm) 1430 1421 chlorophyll the central ion is magnesium, and the large pH 7.94 8.05 organic molecule is a porphyrin. The porphyrin contains four

NO3 (ppm) 1.1 1.1 nitrogen atoms that form bonds to magnesium in a square

PO4 (ppm) 21 18 planar arrangement thus magnetic water increased K (ppm) 33 30 chlorophyll content via provoke of N and Mg absorption. Similar to our results other researchers also reported that SO4 (ppm) 238 230 irrigation with magnetized water increased chlorophyll Ca (ppm) 125 119 content [5]-[12]-[13]-[14]. Mg (ppm) 86 80 Data in Table 2 showed that RWC was higher in plants Hardness (Caco3) (ppm) 472 450 grown with Magnetic water treatment than those grown without magnetic treatment by 14%. Sinclair and Ludlow At the flowering stage, total chlorophyll content, net [15] proposed that RWC was better measur or pl nt’s w t r photosynthetic rate and RWC of plants were calculated as status than thermodynamic state variable (water potential, follows: Total chlorophyll content of the 2 youngest fully turgor potential and solute potential). RWC is closely related expanded leaves of 3 plants per pot was measured by using with cell volume, it may more closely reflect the balance the chlorophyll meter (Chlorophyll content meter, CL-01, between water supply to the leaf and transpiration rate. This Hansatech Instruments Ltd. England). The device readings influences the ability of the plant to recover from stress and were used as relative values for total chlorophyll content. Net consequently affects yield and yield stability [16]. In the photosynthetic rate was measured on sunny days between present study positive effect of magnetized water on RWC 11:00 and 12:00 hours on same leaves by using a portable may be attributed to increasing root growth and water photosynthesis system (Handheld Photosynthesis System, absorption. Our results are in agreement with those obtained CID Bio-Science CI-340, USA). To determine the RWC by [8] and [17] who found significance increase in the root discs (1 cm in diameter) from middle portion of 2 youngest growth and rate of water absorption with the increase of fully expanded leaves of plants per pot were collected, magnetic force. Similarly, [13] reported that irrigation with immediately weighted to obtain the fresh weight (FW), then magnetically treated water increased RWC of jojoba plants. rehydrated in petri dishes containing distilled water for 24 h Treatment with magnetic water increased significantly net under dim light and room temperatur to t t tur photosynthetic rate of cowpea as compared to the ordinary w t TW n su s qu ntly ov n r t 7 C or 48 to water by 27% (Table 2). Magnetized water due to increasing record dry weight (DW). RWC was calculated as: RWC (%) chlorophyll content and RWC raised photosynthesis rate. = (FW - DW) / (TW - DW) × 100. At physiological maturity, Charan [18] reported that a plant's metabolism contains 90 to plants height was recorded. Afterwards plants were 95% of water which is a diamagnetic compound and the rest harvested and sundried. Then pods per plant, seeds per pod, contains several Para, Ferro and diamagnetic metals and 100-seeds weight and seed yield per plant were measured. non-metals in minute forms. Thus, magnetized water Biomass was determined after oven drying at 75° C for 48 h. treatment increases plant metabolism in terms of HI and WUE were also calculated by dividing seed yield with photosynthesis and water uptake [19]. It was noticed that, total biomass and consumption water respectively. Statistical irrigation with magnetically treated water lead to an increase analysis was conducted using MSTAT-C program. A student in all elements such as calcium, magnesium and potassium

http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IJRCMCE.IAE0716403 196 Int'l Journal of Research in Chemical, Metallurgical and Civil Engg. (IJRCMCE) Vol. 3, Issue 2 (2016) ISSN 2349-1442 EISSN 2349-1450 content except sodium [13]. Magnesium ions are found in the WUE. An increase in WUE by magnetized water has been centre of chlorophyll molecules, and chlorophyll is an reported by other researchers [2]-[13]. essential component in the reaction of photosynthesis, which Irrigation with magnetized water caused a significantly produces energy for growth [20]. This agrees with the Results increased in the HI over the control plants by 10% (Table 2). of [21] and [22] who found an increase in photosynthetic rate HI, ratio of grain yield to above-ground biomass is a key and influx of water as a result of magnetic treatments. These parameter for crop yield prediction. HI has been considered results for increasing photosynthetic activity as affected by as one of the most important contributing factors associated magnetic water are in good concurrence with that of [5] and with the dramatic increases in crop yield. It has been proved [23]. that various environmental and agronomic conditions can Table 2 showed that plant height and biomass production have great influences on HI. Even if crop biomass is well were increased significantly with magnetized water simulated, it is insufficient for accurate estimation of grain treatment by 23% and 26% as compared to control yield at regional scale due to the great influence of the respectively. The simulative effect of magnetized water on uncertainty of HI on final yield, so an estimate of HI is plant height and biomass may be attributed to increasing necessary. However, simulating the fraction of the final absorption and assimilation of nutrients, induction of cell aboveground biomass that is allocated to grain remains a metabolism and mitosis, increasing auxin, total phenol and greater challenge. This may be the reason that HI is usually protein biosynthesis [14]-[24]. In the current study positive treated as a constant in many studies related to yield effects of magnetic water on plant height and biomass estimation [28]. In the present study we found that irrigation production may be also ascribed to the increase in RWC, with magnetized water is one of the considered methods for chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate. Alike to our increasing HI. The higher fraction of dry matter distributed research others also found that magnetized water increased to the pods in plants irrigation with magnetized water was plant height and biomass production in chickpea, wheat, probably due to further pod and seed formation. De Souza et lentil and tomato [9]-[11]-[24]-[25]. al. [8] also reported that the improvement in dry matter Irrigation with magnetic water significantly increased partitioning to the tomato fruits in plants derived from seeds seed yield and its components as compared to ordinary water. exposed to magnetic fields was, to a great extent, determined The increases reached to 15, 9, 10 and 38% in number of by the number of fruits on the plants. pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100-seeds weight TABLE II and seed yield per plant over the control respectively (Table EFFECT OF ORDINARY AND MAGNETIZED WATER ON MEASURED TRAITS OF COWPEA 2). These results clearly revealed that magnetized water Ordinary Magnetized Traits Changes t-sign increased flower and pod formation and inhibited from these water water abortion also improved pollination value and photosynthates Chlorophyll content 12.53 16.42 31% ** mobilization to the seeds. According to our findings these (Spad unit) positive effects of magnetized water may be ascribed to RWC (%) 82.77 94.35 14% ** Photosynthesis improvement RWC, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic 12.15 15.44 27% ** (µmol CO /m²/s) rate, biomass production and HI. The noticeable 2 Plant height (cm) 53.5 65.8 23% ** improvement in yield and yield components induced by the Biomass (g/plant) 74.2 93.6 26% ** magnetized water treatment have been reported on lentil and flax [14]-[24], chickpea and wheat [9]-[11], common bean Pods/plant 17.2 19.8 15% ** [5], tomato [25], rice [26], snow pea and celery [2]. Seeds/pod 8.7 9.5 9% * The WUE was raised significantly in magnetized water 100Seed weight (g) 20.1 22.1 10% * treatment as compared to control by 38% (Table 2). WUE Seed yield (g/plant) 30.0 41.5 38% ** can be defined as seed yield per unit of water used. WUE (g/L) 1.50 2.07 38% ** Improvement in WUE in agriculture is essential because of HI (%) 40.43 44.34 10% * irrigation sources are declining, energy costs make irrigation * and **: significant at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability level respectively. more expensive to deliver, world demand for food, feed, and fiber is increasing and production is being pushed into more IV. CONCLUSION arid environments. WUE by crops can be enhanced by Irrigation with magnetized water resulted in remarkable selection of crop, variety, agronomic practices like time of increases in the yield, yield components, chlorophyll content, sowing, method of sowing/planting, seed rate, plant net photosynthetic rate, WUE, RWC, HI, plant height and population, interculture, fertilizer and irrigation, biomass production of cowpea. The present findings have intercropping moisture conservation practices as mulching, shown that irrigation with magnetized water can be transpiration suppressants, moisture stress and vegetative considered as one of the most valuable, safe, practical and barriers based on available water and increasing seasonal economical technologies that can help in improving yield, evapotranspiration [27]. In the current study, we found that WUE and thus saving water resources. However, the magnetic treatment of water increased RWC, chlorophyll potential of magnetically treated water in agriculture needs to content and net photosynthetic rate and thus improved seed be studied on different crops and situations especially under yield and WUE. Therefore irrigation with magnetized water field conditions. as a simple and economical method can result in higher

http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IJRCMCE.IAE0716403 197 Int'l Journal of Research in Chemical, Metallurgical and Civil Engg. (IJRCMCE) Vol. 3, Issue 2 (2016) ISSN 2349-1442 EISSN 2349-1450

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Sp n s Journ l o A r cultur l his B.Sc (1994) and M.Sc. (1997) degrees in "crop production" field from Research, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 113-122, 2005. Ahwaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahwaz, Iran. He also achieved Ph.D http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2005031-131 degree on 2006 in "crop physiology" field from Science and Research Branch, [9] M. Hoz yn, n A. M. S. A ul Q os, “M n t c w t r ppl c t on or Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. mprov n w t Tr t cum st vum L. crop pro uct on”. A r cultur Now, he is associate professor in department of and Biology Journal of North America, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 677-682, 2010. agronomy, Yadegar-e- Imam Khomeini Shahre-Rey [10] B. B. S n , J. D. E l rs, B. S rm , n F. R. Fr r F l o, “R c nt Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. His pro r ss n cowp r n ”. In: F tokun CA, T r w l SA, S n BB, research interest is plant production, crop physiology, Kormawa PM, Tamo M (Eds.). Challenges and opportunities for effect of abiotic stresses on plant growth and pulse enhancing sustainable cowpea production. International Institute of crops production. He is member of Iranian Society of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria, pp. 22-40, 2002. Crop & Plant Breeding Sciences. [11] M. Hoz yn, n A. M. S. A ul Q os, “Irr t on w t m n t z w t r enhances growth, chemical constituent and yield of chickpea (Cicer - Omid Sadeghipour. 2016. Pretreatment with nitric oxide reduces lead toxicity r t num L. ”. A r cultur n B olo y Journ l o North America, vol. 1, in cowpea (Vigna nguiculata [L.] WALP.). Arch. Biol. Sci., Belgrade, 68(1): no. 4, pp. 671-676, 2010. 165-175. [12] C. Atak, O. Emiroglu, S. Aklimanoglu, and A. Rzakoulieva, - O. Sadeghipour. 2015. Alleviation of lead toxicity by nitric oxide in cowpea “St mul t on o r n r t on y m n t c l n soy n Glyc n m x (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.). Int J. Biosci., 6 (7): 58-65. L. M rr ll t ssu cultur s”. 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Lugojan, and S. Ciulc , “Ev lu t on o r l t v w t r cont nt n w nt r w t”. Journ l o Hort cultur , For stry n B ot c nolo y, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 173-177, 2011. [17] F. G. R n , L. A. P scu l, n I. A. Fun or , “In lu nc o st t on ry magnetic field on water relations in lettuce seeds. Part II: experimental r sults”. B o l ctrom n t cs, vol. 22, pp. 596-602, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.89 [18] R. C r n, “E ct o st mul t n m n t c l on pl nts”. In n Journal of Theoretical Physics, vol. 57, pp. 15-20, 2009. [19] A. Yano, Y. Ohashi, T. Hirasak , n K. Fuj w r , “E cts o 6 Hz magnetic field on photosynthetic uptake and early growth of radish s l n s”. B o l ctrom n t cs, vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 572-581, 2004.

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