OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2018 OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2018 Policies and Trends Tourism OECD
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OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2018 OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2018 OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2018 This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries. This document, as well as any data and any map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Please cite this publication as: OECD (2018), OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2018, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/tour-2018-en ISBN 978-92-64-28738-9 (print) ISBN 978-92-64-28739-6 (PDF) ISBN 978-92-64-28740-2 (epub) Series: OECD Tourism Trends and Policies ISSN 2076-7765 (print) ISSN 2076-7773 (online) The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Photo credits: Cover © vectomart/Shutterstock.com; © saref/Shutterstock.com. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/about/publishing/corrigenda.htm. © OECD 2018 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgment of the source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at [email protected]. FOREWORD Foreword Tourism is one of the largest and fastest growing sectors in the world economy. It plays a key role in job creation, export revenue and domestic value added, and directly contributes, on average, 4.2% of GDP, 6.9% of employment and 21.7% of service exports in OECD countries. Globally, international tourist arrivals grew to over 1.2 billion in 2016, with arrivals to OECD countries accounting for just over half and matching the global growth rate of 3.9% as compared to 2015. OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2018 focuses on key policy and governance reforms in tourism and provides a global perspective with the inclusion of 49 OECD and partner countries. As always, it is a rich source of data on domestic, inbound and outbound tourism, and on the size of the tourism economy, and provides a clear picture of new policies designed to improve destination competitiveness. With the tourism economy evolving rapidly, major long-term trends, such as changing demographics, evolving demand, digitalisation, and climate change, present new opportunities and challenges. As such, OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2018 explores the impacts and relevance of megatrends for tourism to 2040. It underlines the need for countries to develop strategic approaches to adapt in an increasingly dynamic environment, as well as modernise regulatory and legislative frameworks, building on broad stakeholder engagement and taking account of new and innovative business approaches to service delivery. This report also examines the need for a shift to investment and financing practices that better support sustainable tourism development. It particularly highlights that governments can promote investment and financing for sustainable tourism development by encouraging the uptake of green financing instruments, and by incorporating environmental and sustainability criteria into public financing and investment supports. Policies are also needed to better co-ordinate actions across government, and encourage more responsible business practices through the integration of environmental and social criteria into tourism policies and programmes. It is therefore essential that government, industry and civil society collaborate in order to take work forward in these areas. Many of these policy issues were discussed at the 2017 OECD High Level Meeting on Tourism, where 45 member countries and partner economies endorsed the Policy Statement, Tourism Policies for Sustainable and Inclusive Growth. The Policy Statement recognises that tourism has an important role to play in the transition to a green economy and that an in-depth analysis of megatrends can help policymakers to bring currently unforeseen and emerging issues onto the strategic policy agenda. It highlights that a shift to more coherent and comprehensive approaches to tourism policy development will help reframe tourism growth to better spread the benefits, address inequalities, and improve the resilience of economies. OECD TOURISM TRENDS AND POLICIES 2018 © OECD 2018 3 FOREWORD I would like to thank the OECD Tourism Committee for their work in preparing OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2018, in partnership with the European Union. This publication remains an international reference and benchmark on how effectively countries are supporting sustainable and inclusive tourism growth. Angel Gurría OECD Secretary-General 4 OECD TOURISM TRENDS AND POLICIES 2018 © OECD 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Acknowledgements This report presents the 2018 edition of the OECD TourismTrends and Policies publication. It is prepared by the OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities (CFE), led by Lamia Kamal-Chaoui, Director. OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2018 highlights good practices and key policy and governance reforms in tourism, providing a global perspective with the inclusion of 49 OECD and partner countries. The report is part of the programme of work of the OECD Tourism Committee, and is undertaken with the cooperation of the European Union.* It is a rich source of data on domestic, inbound and outbound tourism, and on the size of the tourism economy, and provides a clear picture of new policies designed to improve destination competitiveness. The report benefitted from significant contributions, feedback and guidance from policy makers and statisticians from OECD member countries and partner economies. It also benefited from contributions and feedback from industry associations and inter- governmental organisations, including the Alliance for Excellency in Tourism (EXCELTUR), European Tourism Association (ETOA), European Travel Commission (ETC), International Air Transport Association (IATA), International Federation on Ageing (IFA), International Union of Railways (UIC), UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), UN Environment, and UN World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). The report was coordinated and edited by Peter Haxton, Policy Analyst, under the supervision of Alain Dupeyras, Head of the Regional Development and Tourism Division (CFE). He was supported by Jane Stacey, Head of the Tourism Unit, and Taekyeong Jung, Policy Analyst, who undertook substantial drafting and editing. Laetitia Reille, Statistician, managed the statistical database and developed country statistical profiles and synthesis tables. Anna Bolengo, Junior Consultant, assisted with the coordination of written inputs from a variety of sources, and Charity Kome provided administrative support. The statistical component of the report is available via the OECD’s statistical online platform – OECD.Stat. External experts who drafted material included Richard Denman, Jackie Denman and Chris Evans, from The Tourism Company (Chapter 1 and country profiles). Chapter 2 was drafted by Sunil Johal, Jordann Thirgood, and Sara Ditta (Mowat Centre), with significant inputs from the Secretariat. Chapter 3 was drafted by Virginia Robano, with significant inputs from the Secretariat. In addition, the report benefitted from contributions and feedback provided by OECD colleagues in the Development Centre, Strategic Foresight Unit, the International Transport Forum, Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs, and CFE. * This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. OECD TOURISM TRENDS AND POLICIES 2018 © OECD 2018 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents Policy statement – tourism policies for sustainable and inclusive growth.......... 11 Reader’s guide ............................................................. 15 Executive summary ......................................................... 21 Part I Active policies for tourism Chapter 1. Tourism trends and policy priorities ................................. 25 Recent trends........................................................... 26 Governance, funding and strategic development ............................ 33 Development and marketing of distinctive products and destinations .......... 44 Supporting a competitive, sustainable, and inclusive tourism industry ......... 50 References ............................................................. 60 Chapter 2. Megatrends shaping the future of tourism ............................ 61 Overview of global megatrends ........................................... 63 Megatrends transforming tourism ......................................... 64 Preparing for megatrends