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The Invisible Genocide: an Analysis of ABC, CBS, and NBC Television News Coverage of the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda

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The Invisible Genocide: an Analysis of ABC, CBS, and NBC Television News Coverage of the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 2-10-2012 12:00 AM The Invisible Genocide: An Analysis of ABC, CBS, and NBC Television News Coverage of the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda. Daniel C. Harvey The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Amanda Grzyb The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Media Studies A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Master of Arts © Daniel C. Harvey 2012 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Film and Media Studies Commons Recommended Citation Harvey, Daniel C., "The Invisible Genocide: An Analysis of ABC, CBS, and NBC Television News Coverage of the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda." (2012). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 385. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/385 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE INVISIBLE GENOCIDE: AN ANALYSIS OF ABC, CBS, AND NBC TELEVISION NEWS COVERAGE OF THE 1994 GENOCIDE IN RWANDA (Spine title: THE INVISIBLE GENOCIDE) (Thesis format: Monograph) by DANIEL CHANDLER HARVEY Graduate Program in Media Studies A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada © Daniel Chandler Harvey 2012 THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies CERTIFICATE OF EXAMINATION Supervisor Examiners ______________________________ ______________________________ Dr. Amanda Grzyb Dr. Tim Blackmore Supervisory Committee ______________________________ Dr. Carole Farber ______________________________ Dr. Susan Knabe ______________________________ Dr. Alain Goldschlager The thesis by Daniel Chandler Harvey entitled: The Invisible Genocide: An Analysis of ABC, CBS, and NBC Television News Coverage of the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda. is accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts ______________________ _______________________________ Date Chair of the Thesis Examination Board ii Abstract Previous scholarly studies of the relationship between the media and the 1994 genocide in Rwanda focus on the international newspaper coverage of the genocide, the use of print and radio hate propaganda by genocide perpetrators, and the international community’s refusal to jam Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines’s (RTLM) hate radio broadcasts. Working at the intersection of genocide studies and media studies, this thesis contributes to the existing scholarly discourse by analyzing the daily content of the genocide on ABC, CBS, and NBC television news broadcasts between April 6, 1994 and July 18, 1994. I conclude that the American networks often used stereotypes that erroneously suggested the genocide was African ‘tribal warfare’; misunderstood and misreported key information; focused on sensational entertainment stories; and contributed to a failed international response. My findings contribute to a growing discourse of genocide prevention and enable scholars, journalists, and the public to learn from the failed television news coverage. Keywords Rwanda, 1994, Genocide, News Media, ABC World News, NBC Nightly News, CBS Evening News, Tutsi, Hutu. iii Table of Contents CERTIFICATE OF EXAMINATION…………………………………………………...ii Abstract and Keywords.………………………………………………………………..iii Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………….iv Introduction……………………………………………………………………………....v CHAPTER ONE…………………………………………………………………………1 1. Background: How Rwanda’s Colonial History led to a Genocide and How the International Media Ignored it………………………………………………………….1 1.1. Pre-1994 History…………………………………………………………...1 1.2. The 1994 Genocide………………………………………………………17 1.3. The Media and The Genocide…………………………………………..28 CHAPTER TWO……………………………………………………………………….34 2. THE FIRST 24 DAYS: APRIL 6, 1994 - APRIL 30, 1994………………………34 2.1. The Context……………………………………………………………….35 2.2. The Coverage……………………………………………………………..46 2.3. Stereotyping the ‘tribal war’……………………………………………...58 2.4. When is it ‘genocide’?........................................................................76 CHAPTER THREE…………………………………………………………………….80 3. MAY 1, 1994 – JULY 18, 1994……………………………………………………80 3.1. The Coverage……………………………………………………………..82 3.2. The ‘natural’ stereotypes, and the ‘good’ news story‘………………...94 3.3. ‘Genocide Amnesia’ and understanding ‘context’…………………...102 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….108 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………..111 Curriculum Vitae………...……………………………………………………………115 iv Introduction "The news media—both domestic and international—played a crucial role in the 1994 Rwanda genocide." --Romeo Dallaire1 On April 6, 1994, the world was introduced genocide in Rwanda. In the aftermath of the genocide, scholars from many disciplinary backgrounds have asked how the international community—especially the Belgians, the French, the Americans, and the member nations of the UN Security Council—were able to sit back and observe the murder of close to one million people in one hundred days without intervening to stop the killing. My thesis explores an important, but under- represented, element of the failed international response: the coverage of the Rwandan genocide by the US television news networks. Existing scholarship about the media and the Rwandan genocide has focused on the perpetrators’ use of hate propaganda in print and on Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM) radio broadcasts2, the international community’s refusal to jam RTLM’s radio signals3, and international newspaper coverage of genocide.4,5 My thesis 1 Romeo Dallaire, “The Media Dichotomy,” in The Media and the Rwanda Genocide, ed. Allan Thompson. (London: Pluto Press, 2007),12. 2 Alison Des Forges,“Call to Genocide: Radio in Rwanda, 1994,” in The Media and the Rwanda Genocide, ed. Allan Thompson. (London: Pluto Press, 2007), 41. 3 Mary Kimani, “RTLM: the Medium that Became a Tool for Mass Murder,” in The Media and the Rwanda Genocide, ed. Allan Thompson. (London: Pluto Press, 2007), 110. 4 Amanda Grzyb, “Media Coverage, Activism and Creating Public Will for Intervention in Rwanda and Darfur,” in The World and Darfur: International Response to Crimes Against Humanity in Western Sudan, ed. Amanda Grzyb. (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2010), 61. v contributes to this scholarly discourse by analyzing daily coverage on ABC, CBS, and NBC television news broadcasts. Working at the intersection of media studies and comparative genocide studies, I suggest that the television news employed racist stereotypes, described the genocide as another instance of African ‘tribal warfare,’ misreported key information, and turned their focus to other more sensational stories. While several scholars, such as Allan Thompson and Amanda Grzyb, have written about the newspaper coverage of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, my research focuses on the impact of television news reports during the same period. I divide my analysis into two time periods: April 6 to April 30 and May 1 to July 18. The first period represents both a critical window for international intervention, and the international media’s establishment of a common public discourse about the nature of the Rwandan massacres. During the second period, the media focus shifted from confused reports of massacres to coverage of the growing refugee crisis. The ABC, CBS and NBC television news footage was purchased and loaned from Vanderbilt University’s Television News Archive. The footage used in the analysis referenced Rwanda in some capacity between April 6, 1994 and July 18, 1994. I conducted a content analysis after viewing the news footage chronologically and I noted all of discourse used by the journalists, broadcasters, and interviewees. I also noted all of the images and the text that the broadcaster 5 Alan Kuperman, “How the Media Missed the Rwanda Genocide,” in The Media and the Rwanda Genocide, ed. Allan Thompson. (London: Pluto Press, 2007), 256. vi used on the screen. More specifically, my analysis of the television news coverage was guided by the following research questions: 1. What language do the journalists and anchors use to describe the genocide? 2. Who are the sources for the Rwanda stories? Witnesses and survivors? Expatriates trying to flee Rwanda? NGO, UN, or United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda officials? Representatives of the Clinton administration? Scholars or Experts? 3. How are images and audio material used to describe what is happening to the people of Rwanda in 1994? Is the material sourced from news services, or do the networks have journalists on the ground in Rwanda? Are networks using the same stock footage of violence? How are they contextualizing these images of violence? How graphic is the coverage; does it include images of massacres or corpses? Are the images primarily of women and children (which might suggest genocide and crimes against humanity) or primarily of men (which might suggest “civil war”)? 4. Where is the story placed within the broadcast and what is its duration? What does this placement reveal about network priorities? 5. How frequently are the broadcasters presenting stories about Rwanda? 6. How accurate is the information that the networks were presenting? When do they first use the word “genocide”?
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