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Modeling for Inter-Basin Groundwater Transfer Identification Between Middle Abay River Basin and Upper Awash River Basin

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Modeling for Inter-Basin Groundwater Transfer Identification Between Middle Abay River Basin and Upper Awash River Basin Modeling for Inter-Basin Groundwater Transfer Identification between Middle Abay River Basin and Upper Awash River Basin By: Dure Mulatu Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia June, 2017 Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Institute of Technology School of Graduate Studies School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Modeling for Inter-Basin Groundwater Transfer Identification between Middle Abay River Basin and Upper Awash River Basin By: Dure Mulatu A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University in Partial fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Science in Hydraulic Engineering. Advisor: Dr - Ing Mebruk Mohammed June, 2017 Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Institute of Technology School of Graduate Studies School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Modeling for Inter-Basin Groundwater Transfer Identification between Middle Abay River Basin and Upper Awash River Basin A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University in Partial fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Science in Hydraulic Engineering. By: Dure Mulatu Approval by Board of Examiners Dr. Ing Mebruk Mohammed ------------------------------ Advisor Signature Dr. Agizew Nigussie ------------------------------- Internal Examiner Signature Dr. Belete Birhanu ------------------------------- External Examiner Signature Dedication To my mother Kibe Balcha whom I love very much Abstract Groundwater flow models are important for the identification of inter-basin groundwater transfer between adjacent basins. Numerical groundwater model, TAGSAC has been used to study the inter-basin groundwater transfer (IBGWT) between middle Abay River basin and upper Awash River basin. Three steady state groundwater flow models (for middle Abay River basin, upper Awash River basin and for the two combined basins) were first created and calibrated for the inventoried wells. The first two models were created by considering the surface water divide between the two basins as a no flow boundary. The third model avoids the surface water divide which justifies IBGWT. The calibration target for this study was the hydraulic head; hydraulic conductivity and surface recharge were used as calibration parameters. The goodness of fit indicators (GoFIs) that was obtained for the third model was better than the other two models. This indicates the evidence of IBGWT between the two basins; i.e. groundwater flows from middle Abay River basin to Upper Awash River basin and from Upper Awash River basin to middle Abay River basin. In addition, the groundwater head distribution for third model showed that the groundwater divide and surface water divide were not coincident. And groundwater is easily accessed within a shallower depth in the Upper Awash River basin compared to the middle Abay River basin. Keywords: Inter-Basin Groundwater Transfer, Numerical Groundwater Modeling, TAGSAC, Middle Abay River Basin, Upper Awash River Basin, Ethiopia Addis Ababa Institute of Technology | I Acknowledgments First of all, I would like to thank the almighty God for providing His grace, love and support throughout this journey. I have the greatest appreciation for my advisor, Dr. Ing Mebruk Mohammed, who invested his time, knowledge and energy throughout the study. His guidance, dedication and encouragements throughout the study were amazing. I am very grateful to the Ethiopian Road Authority (ERA) scholarship for making it possible for me to study in Addis Ababa institute of Technology. I also thank organizations: Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise and Ministry of Water Resources for providing the required secondary data. Lastly, I would like to thank my family and friends for their constant support and encouragements. Addis Ababa Institute of Technology | II Table of Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... I Acknowledgments..................................................................................................................... II List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... V List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... VI List of Acronyms ................................................................................................................... VII 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Statement of the problem ............................................................................................ 2 1.2 Objective ..................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Structure of the thesis .................................................................................................. 3 2 Literature Review ............................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Inter-basin Flow .......................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Previous Studies .......................................................................................................... 4 2.3 Groundwater ................................................................................................................ 7 2.3.1 Groundwater Potential ......................................................................................... 7 2.3.2 Groundwater Recharge ........................................................................................ 7 2.3.3 Fractured Media ................................................................................................... 9 2.3.4 Groundwater Modeling ...................................................................................... 10 2.3.5 Groundwater Flow Equation .............................................................................. 12 2.3.6 Boundary Conditions ......................................................................................... 15 3 Materials and Methods ..................................................................................................... 18 3.1 Description of the Study Area ................................................................................... 18 3.1.1 Location of the Study Area ................................................................................ 18 3.1.2 Hydrometeorology ............................................................................................. 19 3.2 Data processing ......................................................................................................... 19 3.3 Modeling for inter-basin groundwater transfer ......................................................... 19 3.4 Data Collection and Analysis .................................................................................... 21 Addis Ababa Institute of Technology | III 3.4.1 Meteorology ....................................................................................................... 22 3.4.2 Topography ........................................................................................................ 26 3.4.3 Well and spring inventory .................................................................................. 26 3.4.4 Geology .............................................................................................................. 27 3.5 Conceptual Model ..................................................................................................... 29 3.6 Groundwater Modeling ............................................................................................. 30 3.6.1 Model selection .................................................................................................. 30 3.6.2 Discretization ..................................................................................................... 31 3.6.3 Boundary Conditions ......................................................................................... 32 3.6.4 Recharge Boundary ............................................................................................ 32 4 Result and Discussions ..................................................................................................... 34 4.1 Model Discretization ................................................................................................. 34 4.2 Model calibration results ........................................................................................... 36 4.3 Hydrogeology ............................................................................................................ 43 4.4 Groundwater flow direction ...................................................................................... 46 4.5 Groundwater Accessibility ........................................................................................ 50 5 Conclusion and Recommendation .................................................................................... 52 5.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 52 5.2 Recommendation ....................................................................................................... 53 6 References .......................................................................................................................
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