THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICThe Federal Democratic OF Republic of Ethiopia Abbay Basin Authority ABBAY BASIN AUTHORITY

The Great Ethiopian Rennaisance Dam

T h e M a g n i fi c e n t D e d e s a R i v e r

The Breathtaking Tisisat Fall

L a k e T a n a June 2016 1 MISSION

To contribute for overall sustainable development in the basin by ensur- ing integrated, participatory, equitable and sustainable water resource management, by Creating favorable conditions for the better protection & conservation of the ecosystem, and through knowledge building & being the center of information.

VISSION

To see the socio-economic welfare of the people as a result of the inte- grated development & sustainable management of the water, land and other related resources of the Basin.

VALUES

ü Cooperation and Integration ü Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development ü Effectiveness ü Detest Corruption ü Continuous learning ü Balanced and equitable approach ü Customer satisfaction ü Enhancing the Role of Women The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Abbay Basin Authority

1. Introduction

Ethiopia is endowed with ample natural resources, and water appears to be second to none in abundance among the resources available in the country. In fact, it is not uncommon to hear that the country is repeatedly being referred as the ‘water roof of East Africa’. Being blessed with this resource, Ethiopia is exerting an enormous effort in exploiting the huge water resources which can be geared towards injecting the fast paced economic growth that is being registered in the country these days.

The framework for exploiting the water resources has been set up by formulating a water policy that lays the foundation for implementing Integrated Water Resource Management. Indeed, it has been a while since the country’s water policy was formulated and become effective to enable the country exploit and manage efficiently the surface and ground water resources at large. The water policy deems basins as fundamental planning units and water resource management domains.

The country is hydrologically divided into 12 major river basins. 8 are river basins, 1 lakes basin, and the remaining 3 are dry basins. Among these river basins, Abay, Baro-akobo, Omo and Tekeze encompass 80-90% of the country’s total surface water resource. Abay river basin is the most significant and the second largest basin in the country.

This booklet is meant for providing information about the entire feature of Abay River Basin. It gives a good account of the overall aspects of the river basin. It provides stakeholders and partners with information about topography and land cover, climate, Irrigation and hydropower potential and other relevant aspects of the river basin and the organization.

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Annual Name of the Catchment No. Runoff (per Terminus Basin Area (km²) BM3)

.1 Abay 199,812 54.5 Mediterranean

2 Wabi- shebele 202,220 3.4 Indian Ocean

3 Genale-dawa 172,259 6 Indian Ocean Within the 4 Awash 110,000 4.9 Country

5 Tekeze 82,350 8.2 Mediterranean

6 Baro-Akobo 75,912 23.23 Mediterranean

7 Omo-gibe 79,000 16.6 Lake Turkana

8 Ogaden 77,120 0 - Within the 9 Denkele 64,380 0.86 Country

10 Rift Valley Lakes 52,000 5.3 Chew Bahir

11 Mereb 5,900 0.72 Sudanese wetland

12 Ayisha 2,223 0 -

Source: Basin Master Plan & Survey Studies

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Figure 1: Map of Ethiopia’s 12 River Basins 2. Overview of Abay River Basin

A River basin is the portion of land drained by a river and its tributaries. It encompasses all area of the land surface dissected and drained by many streams and creeks that flow downhill into one another, and eventually into one river.

The Abbay river basin which is of a strategic importance to Ethiopia is located in the north western part of Ethiopia between 70 40’ N and 120 51’ N latitude, and 340 25’ E and 390 49’ E longitude. The river basin is the second largest in

3 The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Abbay Basin Authority area coverage (199,812 km2) and the largest in annual runoff (54.5 BM3). The basin occupies 20% of the country’s total surface area and it covers an area of 60% of Amhara, 40% of Oromiya and 95% of Benishangul-Gumuz regional states. The basin is subdivided into 16 sub basins based on the major rivers in the basin. The Abbay river is also of a crucial importance to the lower riparian countries, and Egypt since it contributes about 62% of the total flow in the river.

The river’s annual discharge at the Sudanese border is 49 billion m3. It reaches 54.5 billion m3 annual discharge after crossing the Sudanese border when it is joined by Dinder, Gelego and Rihad, its tributaries from the north-western part of Ethiopia. These tributaries join Abay River in Sudan.

Abay river basin accounts for half of the total annual discharge of the country and 62% of the total discharge that drains into Aswan dam in Egypt. Here, one can perceive the national as well as the international prominence of the river basin.

About 28% of the entire population of the country dwell in the basin. Since 91% of the population in the basin resides in the countryside, their economy is entirely dependent on agriculture. 60% of the total land of the basin which is about 119,887 km2 is suitable for agriculture, and 2.5 million hectare of this arable land can be developed through medium and large scale irrigation schemes. Feasibility study has been completed for about 526,000 hectare of land out of the aforementioned arable land. According to the master plan, only less than 2% of the potential of the river has been exploited.

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Three basic strategies have been designed that enable the country to exploit and use the natural resources, particularly water resources of the river basin, and in turn, ensure the improvement of the people’s living standard. The basic long term strategies are:

1. Expansion of agriculture in the lowland where fertile soils are still “available”. However, several constraints need to be overcome: diseases, lack of social and physical infrastructure, problems related to trans-regional migration, etc. This strategy will not increase the revenue of small holders, not contribute to the overall economic development in the basin or improve the food security situation. It will only provide a “breathing space”.

2. Agricultural intensification - This strategy is based on an improvement of the productivity of land in rain fed agriculture (improved supply of inputs, integrated pest management, modern farming techniques, accessibility to credit, animal health services, etc…). This strategy faces a number of constraints, primarily the lack of market outlets: the basin has no competitive advantage for grain exports and the urban population, although increasing, will not be high enough to absorb the rural food surplus.

3. Economic diversification and urbanisation – This is the main strategy proposed to create alternative employment and livelihoods in order to absorb the fast growing population and to relieve the pressure on the land. It implies an active urban policy and requires huge investments in social services and infrastructure as well as in industrialization. Cheap available labour is a key advantage. Diversification is thus closely linked to the strategy of agricultural intensification and commercialisation.

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Figure 2: Map of the 16 sub – basins of Abay River Basin 3. Climate

The climate of Abbay varies from cool highland to tropical type climates. The climate in the basin is dominated by two main factors: the near-equatorial location, and the altitude, from about 470 m to more than 4,260m above sea level. The influence of these factors determine a rich variety of local climates, ranging from hot and nearly desert along the Sudan border to temperate on the high plateau or even cold on the mountain peaks.

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Generally rainfall ranges between about 787 mm and 2200 mm per year; the lowest rainfall recorded less than 1000 mm per annum in the Beshelo, Welaka, Jemma, Muger, Guder, and parts of Dinder and Rahad.

The highest temperature is observed in the north western part of the basin, in parts of Rihad, Dinder, Beles and Dabus, the maximum temperature being 280C - 380C and minimum temperature 150C - 200C. Lower temperature observed in the highlands of Ethiopia in the central and eastern part of the basin. The maximum and minimum temperature ranges from 120C - 200C and -1oC to 8oC respectively.

Figure 3: Rainfall amount distribution in the basin

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4. Topography and Land Cover

The topography of the Abbay basin signifies two distinct features; the highlands, rugged mountainous areas in the center and eastern part of the basin and the lowlands in the western part of the basin. The topography of the basin ranges from about the lowest 470 amsl to the highest elevation about 4260 amsl. 60% of the topography of the basin which ranges from 1500 to 4000 on average is highland. The remaining 40% is lowland. 64% of the total land of the basin has a slope of 0-15% while the remaining 36% has greater than 15%.

It is obvious that much of the land in the basin is arable. The following chart shows percentage of the land coverage.

Land cover in the basin

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Figure 4: Topographic map of the basin 5. Irrigation Development in the Basin

According to the master plan, out of the total arable land of the basin, 2.5 million hectare of land can be developed through medium and large scale irrigation schemes. Indeed, Feasibility study has been completed for about 526,000 hectare of land. The study covered 93 irrigation channels and 10 sub basins.

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Figure 5 : Major irrigation potential sites of the Abbay basin

28% & 23% of the total irrigable land in the basin can be developed by Beles sub basin and Tana sub basin respectively. Apart from this, 13% & 11% of the irrigable land can be developed by Dedessa sub basin and North Gojam sub basin respectively. The remaining 25% of the river basin’s irrigable land can be developed by the other sub basins.

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Hectare of Type of crop to No. Project land to be Remark be cultivated irrigated

1 Fincha 20,000 Sugar cane Under development

2 Koga 7,004 A variety of crops Under development

3 Beles river 75,000 Sugar cane & Under development Under construction 4 Dedesa 80,000 A variety of crops

5 Rib 14,460 Sugar cane Under construction

Megech/Seraba Under construction 6 5,250 A variety of crops pump/

7 Megech/Robit/ >17,000 A variety of crops Under construction

8 Jemma 11,615 A variety of crops Under design Under design 9 Gigel Abay 9,980 A variety of crops

10 Anger 18,000 A variety of crops Under design

11 Dabus 9,661 A variety of crops Under design

12 Gumara 16, 771 A variety of crops Under design 13 Upper Gudar 6,282 A variety of crops Under design 6. Hydropower Generation Potential in the Basin

It is obvious that Ethiopia has huge water resources which can be exploited to contribute for the rapid economic growth being registered in the country

11 The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Abbay Basin Authority nowadays. Ethiopia’s hydroelectric power generation potential is about 45,000 MW. Out of the aforementioned hydroelectric potential,

Abay river basin has the potential to generate 17,000MW which accounts for 38% of the country’s total hydropower generation potential. Thus, this hydropower potential is enough for Ethiopia’s electricity needs and for exporting to neighboring countries.

As identified in the Master Plan, there are 33 potential Hydropower sitesin the basin; of which some of them are very promising and some of these are multipurpose, in combination with irrigation schemes.

Figure 6: Major hydropower potentials of the basin

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Hydropower generation projects in the basin

Generation No. Project Remark Capacity

1 Tana - Beles 460 In operation 2 Fincha 134 In operation 3 Amertineshe 97 In operation 4 Tis Abay No1&2 85 In operation 5 Hidase 6,000 Under construction 6 Chemoga Yeda - The study has been completed 7 Beko-Abo - Under study 8 Keradobi - Under study 9 Mendaya - Under study

7. Natural Resources within the basin

Fishery Potential The Abbay River basin comprises different water - bodies which are presently exploited and / or which are possible grounds for future sustainable fisheries activities. According to studies conducted, 18,200 tons of fish can be produced on the surface water available in the basin. Out of the given figure, 15,000 tons of fish can be obtained from Lake Tana and 2,750 tons of fish can be produced from Fincha dam. It is indicated in the studies that more than 450 tons of fish can be produced by the dam projects under construction.

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Mineral Resources in the River Basin Metal and non metal minerals are abundant in the river basin. Among metallic minerals available in the basin, gold is the most prominent one. Apart from this, according to mineralogy studies conducted on the river basin, copper, nickel, lead, zinc, chromium and cobalt mineral ores are found in the western part of the river basin. Non-metallic minerals like limestone, marble, gypsum and silica are available in the river basin.

Surface Water Resources

Lake Tana Lake Tana which is the largest Lake in Ethiopia is found in the North Western part of Ethiopia. It stands third in among lakes found in the Nile River riparian countries. It is located on an average altitude of 1,987m and its size is about 3100km2. It measures 84 km from North to South and 66km from East to West. About four perennial rivers, 40 ephemeral small rivers, and streams flow to lake Tana. Gigel Abay, Megech, Rib and Gumara are some of the most prominent rivers that flow to Lake Tana. 95% of the total annual flow to the lake is originally from the aforementioned rivers. River Abbay is the only water body that flows out of the Lake.

Lake Tana has been deemed to be one of the 250 ecologically conducive lakes found in the world taking into account its favorable ecosystem for a variety of fish species.

Apparently, 28 fish species and one sub-species are found in the lake. Out of the given fish species, 20 fish species are only found in Ethiopia and 18 fish species are typical to Lake Tana.

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Except the area found in the North Eastern part of the Lake, the rest part of the lake is surrounded by wetlands. No wetland in the country is comparable with those wetlands surrounding Lake Tana. They are the largest wetlands in the nation. These wetlands play pivotal role in keeping the balance of the lake’s ecology. Swamps and streams originate in this wetland area and during the rainy season, they join the lake. The wetlands are prominent for the fish, birds and mammals which dwell in the lake.

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Figure 7: Map of Location of Lake Tana

Apart from its multi-faceted significance as a water body, it is known for being a major tourist destination in the country. There are about 30 small islands. Some of the islands shelter ancient monasteries which are considered to be some of the major tourist attraction sites in the river basin. To name some of the monasteries; kibiran Gebriel, Ura kidane mihiret, narga Silassie, Daga Estifanos and Tana Cherkos are the most significant. In general, the islands in the lake, apart from their magnificent scene, they are popular for coffins holding mummified remains of Ethiopian emperors and sacred religious books.

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Abay River

According to surveys conducted on Abay, the origin of Abay River is an area that is found near a mountain of an altitude of 2,744m which is situated in Gish Abay, Wereda, West Gojam Zone. Through its course, different streams and rivers join and they altogether become known as Gilgel Abay. Gilgel Abay flows in the North direction and joins Lake Tana. Abay leaves Lake Tana, and it sets its journey to Sudan.

Abay River runs about 1450km from its origin in Ethiopia up to its confluence in Sudan. The river generally flows South from Lake Tana and west across Ethiopia and north west into Sudan. Within 30km upon leaving Lake Tana, the river enters a canyon, and then achieves its magnificent feature, i.e. the breathtaking Tisisat fall.

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A number of tributaries join Abbay River both from the left side and the right side. Beshilo, Jemma, Muger, Guder, Dedessa, and Dabus are among the tributaries that join Abbay River on the left bank. On the other hand, Andasa, Abaya, Sede, Gula, Temcha, Chemoga, and Beles are the tributaries that join Abay on the right bank. Apart from this, Dinder, Gelago and Rahad which are originally from Ethiopia join Abay in Sudan

Figure 8: Tributaries of Abbay River

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Megech River

This river is one of the major tributaries of Lake Tana. It originates from an area found in North Gondar and flows towards South and joins Lake Tana. Its major tributaries are Dimaza, Angereb, and Keha.

There is irrigation dam under construction on River Megech. When the irrigation Dam project is completed, it is estimated that it will develop an area of about 17,200 ha land.

Rib River

River Rib originates from an area around Guna Mountain in south Gondar Zone. Rib flows towards the West and crosses Libo kemkem Woreda and joins Lake Tana.

There is irrigation dam project on progress that is estimated to develop about 14,460 ha of land.

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Beshilo River

River Beshilo is known for flowing through deep gorges and canyons. Beshilo River originates from an area named Kutaber which is found in South Wollo Zone. It flows towards North west and after a certain kilometer turns South west and joins Abay River. Checheho and Wallano are its main tributaries.

Jemma River

Situated in central Ethiopia, It is one of the tributaries that joins River Abay on the right bank. This river is known for being trans-regional. It flows in areas found in the two North Shewa Zones - the two North Shewa Zones of Oromiya and Amhara Regional States. When the river begins its journey, it flows relatively on a plain, gradually, down to deep gorges and joins Abay River. Wonchit is a tributary to this river.

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Muger River

Muger River joins Abay in the north direction. Muger flows through a deep gorge. According to ancient writings, Muger River marked the border between Damat Kingdom and Selale Province.

Guder River

This river is situated in West Showa Zone in the Oromiya Regional State. It joins Abay River on the right bank. Dabissa and Taranta are its main tributaries.

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Dedessa River

Dedessa River originates from an area around Gomma Mountain in Jimma Zone. It flows towards the North West and joins Abay River. This river flows through Jimma, Elu Ababora, West Wolega and East Wolega zones. It also crosses Kamashe which found in Benshangul Gumuz Regional State. Tributaries like Enarya, Wamma, and Anger join DedeSSa on the right bank whereas Dolana joins on the left bank.

Beles River

Beles River which is one of the biggest tributaries of Abay River originates from a place named Alefa situated in the North Gondar zone. Beles covers West Gojam, North Gojam and Awi zones in Amahara regional state. Besides, it covers Metekel Zone in Benshangul Gumuz Regional State. The river flows towards South west and joins Abay.

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Dabus River

Dabus River is situated in Assosa Zone in Benshangul Gumuz Regional State. Dabus serves as a boundary between Benshangul Gumuz and Oromiya Regional States. It also serves as a boundary between Assosa and Kemashe zones in the Benshagul Gumuz Regional State. It is believed that gold is abundant in this river.

Tourism in the Abbay River Basin

The north of the basin offers some of the major tourist attractions of the country: and Lake Tana, Tississat- Falls, Gondar and its historical sites.

Taking the western Gojam road from to Debre Markos, the Blue Nile Gorge at the level of the bridge linking Shewa and Gojam is a site of high interest. Debre Markos is itself a site which could offer some interest and service to tourists travelling in the area as well as Debre Libanos in the South-East of the basin.

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In the South, mainly the region of Jimma is a noticeable international attraction being home of Ethiopian coffee (Kaffa area).

Ambo is a recreation area for Addis Ababa at a 125 Km distance (a new hotel exists in Guder), and Debre Birhan, to the East, is a potential one.

Guder waterfall

Nekemte, capital of East Wellega, is a marketing coffee centre which has local interest places to visit : Museum of Culture, old palace, falls on the Didesa River (Bereda and Anger).

The wildlife-rich Didesa River valley and -Asosa territory are tourist attraction areas found in the basin.

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Kumsa Moreda Palace – Nekemet Yayut UNESCO Rgistered Natural Forest

Other potential tourist sites in the river basin are found in Beles and Dabus Sub basins. Though tourism is not well-developed in this part of the river basin, a variety of tourist destinations will emerge in the future. Natural, historical and cultural heritages are abundant in this part of the river basin. Chain landscapes, caves and other man made features can be a tourist destination. To mention one, The Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam would be a huge tourist attraction in the near future.

Tourist attraction sites in Dabus and Beles sub basins

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9. Powers and Duties of High Council

1. Provide policy guidance and planning oversight to ensure high level of coordination among stakeholders for the implementation of integrated water resources management in the basin;

2. Direct the preparation of the river basin plan and submit same for approval by the Government;

3. Propose to the Government the rate of the water charges to be paid by water users in the basin;

4. Examine and decide on the appropriateness and prioritization of constructing major water works in the basin;

5. Examine and decide on water allocation rules and principles in normal times and in times of water shortage as well as in times of drought or flooding;

6. Manage water use disputes between Regional States in the basin;

7. Provide information and advisory support to the body in charge of negotiating with neighboring countries with respect to the basin where the basin is part of a trans boundary basin;

8. Establish standing or ad-hoc committees necessary for discharging specific activities.

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10. Powers and Duties of Abbay Basin Authority

1. Initiate and submit to the Basin High Council policy measures needed to create a conducive environment for the implementation of an integrated water resource management process within the basin; and follow up the implementation of same upon approval;

2. Undertake activities necessary for, and facilitate, the implementation of integrated water resources management in the basin;

3. Ensure that projects, activities and interventions related to water in the basin are, in their content, schedule, impacts and management are in line with the integrated water resources management process;

4. Prepare, and submit to the Basin High Council, the basin’s plan and monitor its implementation upon approval;

5. Issue permits applicable to the basin’s water use and water works in accordance with Article 15 of this Proclamation, and ensure that the terms of the permits are complied with;

6. Collect, compile, analyze and disseminate information for proper planning, administration and steering of water resources in the basin;

7. Develop and use a river basin model in order to guide and support its basin water resources strategic planning and water administration functions;

8. Give advice and technical support to the Basin High Council and the Ministry on dispute resolution in relation to the allocation and Use of water resources of the basin;

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9. Set up a forum for effective networking among stakeholders;

10. Collect water charges from users;

11. On the basis of instructions of the Basin High Council, prepare and provide necessary information for the concerned body in charge of negotiations with other countries concerning trans-boundary river basins;

12. Undertake studies, surveys and researches that are deemed necessary to carry out its functions;

11. Significance of Integrated Water Resource Management For Sustainable Water Use

Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is now a cornerstone of the new policy of the Ministry of Water Resources that was approved in 1999. IWRM is also promoted by various international organisations such as the United Nations and the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg (2002). This concept of IWRM can be very useful to set priorities and solve conflicts between different water uses, and may be defined as follows:

“IWRM is a process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable and participatory manner without compromising the sustainability of ecosystems.” (Global Water Partnership, 2000)

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With the IWRM policy in place, the Government has established River Basin authorities to coordinate and streamline all the development initiatives in the river basins. In order to ensure that these are sustainable, they must be balanced with the Regional plans, other water sectors (e.g. water supply, fisheries, tourism) and last but not least environmental considerations, such as watershed management, pollution control and sanitation, flood and drought management, and biodiversity conservation. The importance of sound watershed management cannot be overemphasised, considering the impact of the watershed on the lifetime of water infrastructures. It is also related to the capacity to retain water not only “physically”, but also “biologically” in the basin.

Thus, Abbay Basin Authority is operating having the mission; to contribute for overall sustainable development in the basin by ensuring integrated, participatory, equitable and sustainable water resource management, by Creating favorable conditions for the better protection & conservation of the ecosystem, and through knowledge building & being the center of information.

The Abbay Basin Authority acts as the secretariat of the Basin High Council. Its main aim is to actually implement IWRM, which will be achieved through the following five major strategic objectives: i) Coordination of planning. The Authority will ensure integration and coordination of the sectors, Regions, private sector, NGO’s and other stakeholders. The objective is not to make one all-encompassing basin plan, but to coordinate and influence sector planning; ii) Regulation of water use. The Authority will eventually be responsible for water allocation, issuance of permits and collection of water charges (for

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water use and pollution). The fees collected are proposed to feed a Basin Fund, that can be used to steer and influence the direction of the basin; iii) Knowledge building. The Authority will become a model institute on hydrology, but will also collect information on the various sectors programmes, the resource base, and the trends and future scenarios (models). A MIS and M&E system will be established; iv) Information exchange, communication and networking. This is one of the core activities of the Authority, in order to involve and inform all stakeholders on the basin issues, on the sector programmes, and to obtain their feed back; v) Capacity building. This is particularly important in the first years during and after establishment of the Authority, as well as awareness raising of the general public. Later, capacity building on IWRM will focus on other stakeholders

The following diagram depicts how the authority and other sectors deal with stakeholder involvement and partnership in order to implement the principles of Integrated Water Resource Management and to ensure sustainable development in the river basin.

30 The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Abbay Basin Authority protection sectors W Pollution Control and management Biodiversity Conservation Flood and drought Sanitation Water & environment Water

1. 2 . Management atershed 4. 3. Benishangul-Gumuz Authority Abbay Basin stakeholders Other water users & 1. Coordination Planning 2. Regulation 3. Knowledge building 4. Information exchange 5. Capacity building EEPCO, industries, companies, water Untility sugur associations, NBI, NGOs, donors estates, armer Regional Integrated Development Amhara Water resource Water development sectors 1. Hydropower 2. Irrigation Supply Water 3. 4. Fisheries 5. Navigation others Tourism, 6.

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Abbay Basin Authority Directorates’ and Branch Offices’ Address

Director General Office 058-226-5590/91 High Council Secretariat & International Relations 058-226-5571 Directorate Basin Planning, Monitoring & Evaluation Directorate 058-220-6571 B a s i n I n f o r m a t i o n M a n a g e m e n t D i r e c t o r a t e 058-226-5571 Wa t e r R e s o u r c e M a n a g e m e n t D i r e c t o r a t e 058-218-0476 Integrated Basin Development & Conservation 058-226-5563 Directorate

Procurement, Finance and Warehouse 058-226-5575 Administration Directorate H u m a n R e s o u r c e M a n a g e m e n t D i r e c t o r a t e 058-220-7429 Change Management Directorate 058-226-5571 Internal Audit Service Directorate 058-226-5592 Koga Water Structure Management & Water 058-330-0656 Administration Center Tana Sub-basin Branch Office 058-222-1065 Beles Sub-basin Branch Office 057-775-1533 Nekemet Sub-basin Branch Office 057-661-1388 Address:- Tele. +251 058 226 5590/91 Fax +251 058 226 4865 P.O. Box: 1376 Bahir Dar

Prepared By: Abbay Basin Authority High Council Secretariat and International Relations Directorate

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Koga Irrigation Scheme

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