2-Reem-Phd Thesis-Draft-21-2020-04-17-Final W

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

2-Reem-Phd Thesis-Draft-21-2020-04-17-Final W Optimizing the Operation of a Multiple Reservoir System in the Eastern Nile Basin Considering Water and Sediment Fluxes Reem Fikri Mohamed Osman Digna OPTIMIZING THE OPERATION OF A MULTIPLE RESERVOIR SYSTEM IN THE EASTERN NILE BASIN CONSIDERING WATER AND SEDIMENT FLUXES Reem Fikri Mohamed Osman Digna OPTIMIZING THE OPERATION OF A MULTIPLE RESERVOIR SYSTEM IN THE EASTERN NILE BASIN CONSIDERING WATER AND SEDIMENT FLUXES DISSERTATION Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the Board for Doctorates of Delft University of Technology and of the Academic Board of the IHE Delft Institute for Water Education for the Degree of DOCTOR to be defended in public on Tuesday 26 May 2020, at 15:00 hours in Delft, the Netherlands by Reem Fikri Mohamed Osman DIGNA Master of Science in Water Resources Engineering, University of Khartoum born in Khartoum, Sudan iii This dissertation has been approved by the promotors: Prof.dr.ir. P. van der Zaag IHE Delft / TU Delft Prof.dr. S. Uhlenbrook IHE Delft / TU Delft and copromotor Dr. Y. A. Mohamed IHE Delft Composition of the doctoral committee: Rector Magnificus TU Delft Chairman Rector IHE Delft Vice-Chairman Prof. dr.ir. P. van der Zaag IHE Delft / TU Delft, promotor Prof. dr. S. Uhlenbrook IHE Delft / TU Delft, promotor Dr. Y. Mohamed IHE Delft, copromotor Independent members: Prof.dr. D. P. Solomatine IHE Delft / TU Delft Prof.dr. G.P.W. Jewitt IHE Delft / University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa Prof.dr. E. Van Beek University of Twente Prof.dr. S. Hamad NBI, Uganda Prof.dr. M.J. Franca TU Delft, reserve member This research was conducted under the auspices of the SENSE Research School for Socio-Economic and Natural Sciences of the Environment CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2020, Reem Fikri Mohamed Osman Digna Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers, the author nor IHE Delft for any damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein. A pdf version of this work will be made available as Open Access via https://ihedelftrepository.contentdm.oclc.org/ This version is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Published by: CRC Press/Balkema Schipholweg 107C, 2316 XC, Leiden, the Netherlands [email protected] www.crcpress.com – www.taylorandfrancis.com ISBN 978-0-367-56441-4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I praise Allah for helping me to complete this study. I am sincerely grateful to the high quality of supervision given by Prof. Stefan Uhlenbrook, Prof. Pieter van der Zaag and Prof. Yasir Mohamed. Prof. Stefan, I appreciate your continuous support you have given me during my PhD journey. Prof. Pieter, I am very grateful for your in-depth comments which shaped my study to reach the current product. Prof. Yasir, thank you for providing me the Doctoral training opportunity. I am grateful to the Netherlands Fellowship Programme (NFP) for funding this research. I would like to thank Jolanda Boots from IHE Delft for her support in all administrative work. I record my deep gratitude to Silvia for supporting me when I was ill. I consider myself fortunate indeed to have the opportunity to pursue my study at IHE, an institute with a multi-cultural environment. I had a chance to meet good and inspiring people from all over the world, to exchange knowledge and expand my network. I thank friends from the IHE PhD group, Chol Abel, Mawiti Infantri Yekti, Yasir Salih, Zahra Naankwat Musa, and Mario Castro Gama, for sharing thoughts and experience. My deep sense of thanks to my good friends and accommodation mates, Eiman Fadol, Jakia Akter and Marmar Badr, I was blessed by your accompany during my stay in Delft. I cannot forget the blessed accompany of Shaza Jameel, Salman Adam, Omer Musa, and Sara Altayeb. My thanks extend to the Sudanese Community in Netherlands in general and Delft, Ghada, Tayseer, and Eng. ALfatih family, for providing sense and warmth of home. Special thanks to Mr. Fikri Kurror, the first person I met in Netherlands. This acknowledgement would not be completed without mentioning my friends from Sudan, Nazik, Nayla and Zeinab, I owe deep sense of gratitude to your accompany and encouragement which helped me a lot to continue my journey. Nayla, thank you for sharing your thoughts and rich experience. Nazik, I appreciate your care. Zeinab, I have been gifted by meeting you for the first time at IHE and having your rock steady support. I owe my deepest gratitude to my family, both extended and small. My parents, without your encouragements and unconditional support I would never come to what I have done. There are no proper words to convey and express my gratitude for your wisdom. My brothers, Mohamed, Mazin and Mutaz, thank you for all what you did and I cannot even tell. Mazin, can’t forget your effort to facilitate model computations in coputers of limited capacities. My small family, spouse Masoud and children, Lana, Ahmed, Mohamed and Momin, I am immeasurably grateful for your patience and sacrificing when I was away from home. v Acknowledgement I cannot end my acknowledgement without thanking the soul of my uncle Hassan Shalabi Mukhtar, a teacher who fought for Nubian’s female education. His love and encouragement for education is behind the success of many women in Sudan. vi 1 SUMMARY The Eastern Nile (EN) riparian countries Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan are currently developing several reservoir projects to contribute to the needs for energy and food production in the region. The Nile Basin, particularly the Eastern Nile Sub-basin, is considered one of the international river systems with potential conflicts between riparian countries. Yet, the Eastern Nile is characterized by the high dependency of downstream countries on river water generated in upstream countries. In the absence of formal mechanisms for collaboration, the transboundary nature of the EN basin makes sound water resources development very challenging. The large seasonal and inter-annual variability of the river flow exacerbate those challenges. A further complication is the high sediment load in the EN Rivers, particularly during the high flow season. The operation of most of the reservoirs have been developed without sufficiently considering sediment management. The Nile basin water resources have been extensively studied during the last 100 years or more, for planning and management purposes, in particular with regard to the use of irrigation water in the downstream part of the basin, though recently some studies have also focused on use of water for hydropower generation in the upper parts. These studies show that there is no convergence of development plans emerging among the Nile riparian countries. Another challenge is that the current reservoir optimization and simulation models cannot handle the temporal and spatial variations and implications of sediment deposition of multiple multi-purpose reservoirs. The aim of this PhD research is to analyse the long-term impacts of water resources development on water quantity and reservoir sedimentation, considering different system management options and operating rules of existing dams. To identify knowledge gaps regarding modelling of Nile water resources, the first part of this PhD research reviewed water resource models applied in the Nile Basin, distinguishing between simulation, optimization and combined simulation and optimization models. The review shows that the political dimensions and societal, economic and environmental risks associated with water resources development have not been fully addressed in the Nile basin models, which could possibly explain why certain developments are opposed by some riparian countries. The output of this part was important to guide future research on water resources planning and management in the Nile. The second part of the PhD study investigated the implications of water resources development on water availability in the Eastern Nile basin, for hydropower generation and irrigation water demands. The implications were assessed both at country and regional levels, using scenario analysis within a river basin simulation model. Twelve scenarios were investigated including: new dam developments; new irrigation schemes; vii 1. Summary and different options for dam operation, i.e. unilateral versus cooperative transboundary management of dams. A RIBASIM model of the Eastern Nile was built that included twenty dams and twenty-one irrigation schemes, and used historical data of the hydrology of 103 years at a monthly time step as input. The operating rules of existing dams were assumed to remain unchanged. Four indicators were used for evaluating the performance of the system: hydropower generation [MWh/yr], reliability of irrigation supply [%], reservoir net evaporation [106 m3/yr] and flow regimes of rivers [m3/s]. The third part of the PhD study aimed to analyse the optimal operation scenarios for water resources management in the EN to satisfy hydropower generation and irrigation requirements. A hydro-economic optimization model based on Genetic Algorithm and a deterministic optimization approach was developed and used to determine the maximum benefits for two scenarios: (i) non-cooperative management of dams in the EN basin by the riparian countries, and (ii) cooperative management of those dams among the riparian countries. The EN system was optimized in the cooperative management scenario as one system and generates system-wide economic returns. In the non-cooperative management scenario, the system within each country was optimized separately, releases from the optimal system state in the upstream country were used as regulated inflows for optimizing the downstream country’s system. The simulation results of current operation of the existing system were used as base scenario to compare the results of optimization.
Recommended publications
  • Banner of Light V11 N26 20 September 1862
    T 'll sLtl A Ito* HiV row fatrf wq«d-I Ir k* I ■tawrtlda pF ' J <h fai] j , i it tf a" “ Il .xft ail ra a- jtaAdri* tf doh, mo )i;J ,-j^ a «l [bp Mi .j .a >r <1 I'wlHNUfSId weir udUnk*D ' ft; , «a e. v< ;>i rf/'M, "SToyZtt - 1 ilW uj;: it ' 'Ji ‘ kip/li” t X |£S7*A*^4 oa [,«>? nj)k ” Hill It .Uii to t4uSj->4 m, IUIU ; w «u Jn gKixr” •won -3.j । M I t,f am i«r.) . itw' .11 J <+> - id •< u Ii ul Ml h» ''<■■ < W- clen- -yoL.'xi. , {*w ■ {W^W^W' .'.’/NO. 26/ I.. I .... .■■■■■.J. «■ ' ' i । - 1 ~ 7”r mnal I f- < ; . t -1 *1 ■ -I . n f . I. : •• •) J, ... ) V .f 2 ; “ Not so," replied George; “ my promise Is sacred,- ati the hedridp haspxlsjed.between tbe orphaa api- reoerabla pMtW Invoked a blearing upon the newly-' and*'inwardly rewired fo olbte up bfr bnslnefr and ifrorp Jhiarfineni and, by heaven, it shall ever be kept bo by ma" ’ ithe guardian, has vfawd-’Vtroog. aod;hp1y,yid,to-: wedded .J4lr, many of the qdnipany wore prophesy. < remove with Hi*idaogbier to a distant -dime, and hV ♦ j ___ ____________ ' Uy to “ Very, well," said- the partner; h do just as yon day। the ceremony atsthejdwrraud the'b)eseipg$,of ing In regard to their future, ■•'■s leave forever the being who bad canoed him soriftfeh pleases I hope you will meet with success In your. ।the angels, wilt bind tha^^dlan and ibe'prphM' .Written for iho Bonner of Ught.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Allocation Models for the Incomati River Basin, Mozambique
    Water Allocation Models for the Incomati River Basin, Mozambique June 2016 Commissioned by Wetterskip Fryslân ARA-Sul Authors Froukje de Boer Peter Droogers Report FutureWater: 154 FutureWater Costerweg 1V 6702 AA Wageningen The Netherlands +31 (0)317 460050 [email protected] www.futurewater.nl Contents 1 Introduction 7 1.1 ARA-Sul 7 2 Incomati 8 2.1.1 Overview 8 2.1.2 Climate 9 2.1.3 Water Resources 9 2.1.4 Catchment Infrastructure 10 3 Water Allocation Models Development 12 3.1 WEAP backgound 12 3.2 WAM-Strategic 13 3.2.1 Introduction 13 3.2.2 Data 13 3.2.3 Factory Acceptance Test 20 3.2.4 Site Acceptance Test 27 3.2.5 Current situation 27 3.3 WAM-Operational 28 3.3.1 Introduction 28 3.3.2 Data 28 3.3.3 Factory Acceptance Test 36 3.3.4 Site Acceptance Test 45 4 Strategic Water Allocation using WAM-S 46 4.1 Scenario Development 46 4.2 Results 47 4.2.1 Water shortage 47 4.2.2 Reservoir volume 49 4.2.3 Outflow of Incomati into the Indian Ocean 49 4.2.4 Adaptation scenarios 51 4.2.5 Water quality 53 5 Water Licensing Scenarios using WAM-O 56 5.1 Scenario Development 56 5.2 Result 57 5.2.1 Water shortage 57 5.2.2 Reservoir volume 60 5.2.3 Outflow of Incomati into the Indian Ocean 61 2 6 Monitoring and Data Management 63 6.1 Data Needs 63 6.2 Data Availability 63 6.3 Recommendations on Monitoring and Data Management 64 7 Conclusions and Recommendations 66 7.1 Conclusions Current Project 66 7.2 Future Outlook 67 8 Selected References 68 APPENDIX I: WEAP Land Use Parameters 69 Appendix II: Climate change projection 71 APPENDIX III: Implementation of Scenarios 73 APPENDIX IV: Glossary 75 APPENDIX V: Errors in Water Balance Calculations 76 APPENDIX VI: Participants of Distance Training and Intensive Training Week 80 APPENDIX VII: Evaluation traineeship G.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 Ihe Phd Thesis Sarai
    Delft University of Technology Improved hydrological understanding of a semi-arid subtropical transboundary basin using multiple techniques – the Incomati River Basin Saraiva-Okello, Aline Publication date 2019 Document Version Final published version Citation (APA) Saraiva-Okello, A. (2019). Improved hydrological understanding of a semi-arid subtropical transboundary basin using multiple techniques – the Incomati River Basin. CRC Press / Balkema - Taylor & Francis Group. Important note To cite this publication, please use the final published version (if applicable). Please check the document version above. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download, forward or distribute the text or part of it, without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license such as Creative Commons. Takedown policy Please contact us and provide details if you believe this document breaches copyrights. We will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. This work is downloaded from Delft University of Technology. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to a maximum of 10. Improved Hydrological Understanding of a Semi-Arid Subtropical Transboundary Basin Using Multiple Techniques – The Incomati River Basin Aline Maraci Lopes Saraiva Okello IMPROVED HYDROLOGICAL UNDERSTANDING OF A SEMI-ARID SUBTROPICAL TRANSBOUNDARY BASIN USING MULTIPLE TECHNIQUES – THE INCOMATI RIVER BASIN Aline Maraci Lopes Saraiva Okello
    [Show full text]
  • List of Rivers of Ethiopia
    Sl. No Name Location (Flowing into) Location (Lake) 1 Adar River (South Sudan) The Mediterranean 2 Akaki River Endorheic basins Afar Depression 3 Akobo River The Mediterranean 4 Ala River Endorheic basins Afar Depression 5 Alero River (or Alwero River) The Mediterranean 6 Angereb River (or Greater Angereb River) The Mediterranean 7 Ataba River The Mediterranean 8 Ataye River Endorheic basins Afar Depression 9 Atbarah River The Mediterranean 10 Awash River Endorheic basins Afar Depression 11 Balagas River The Mediterranean 12 Baro River The Mediterranean 13 Bashilo River The Mediterranean 14 Beles River The Mediterranean 15 Bilate River Endorheic basins Lake Abaya 16 Birbir River The Mediterranean 17 Blue Nile (or Abay River) The Mediterranean 18 Borkana River Endorheic basins Afar Depression 19 Checheho River The Mediterranean 20 Dabus River The Mediterranean 21 Daga River (Deqe Sonka Shet) The Mediterranean 22 Dawa River The Indian Ocean 23 Dechatu River Endorheic basins Afar Depression 24 Dembi River The Mediterranean 25 Denchya River Endorheic basins Lake Turkana 26 Didessa River The Mediterranean 27 Dinder River The Mediterranean 28 Dipa River The Mediterranean 29 Dungeta River The Indian Ocean 30 Durkham River Endorheic basins Afar Depression 31 Erer River The Indian Ocean 32 Fafen River (only reaches the Shebelle in times of flood) The Indian Ocean 33 Galetti River The Indian Ocean 34 Ganale Dorya River The Indian Ocean 35 Gebba River The Mediterranean 36 Germama River (or Kasam River) Endorheic basins Afar Depression 37 Gibe River
    [Show full text]
  • The Derg-SPLM/A Cooperation: an Aspect of Ethio-Sudan Proxy Wars
    The Derg-SPLM/A Cooperation: An Aspect of Ethio-Sudan Proxy Wars Regassa Bayissa∗ Abstract The warm and friendly Ethio-Sudan diplomatic relations that followed Sudan’s independence in 1956 and the long standing frontier trade between the two countries have been severely damaged by the outbreak of civil wars in southern Sudan in 1955 as well as in Eritrea in 1962. As the civil wars intensified in both countries, the influx of refugees and insurgents across their common border took place. Internal political and socio-economic problems in Ethiopia and the Sudan, together with super-power rivalries in the Horn brought about periods of increasing hostilities between the two countries. On a tit for tat basis, both the Imperial and military governments of Ethiopia and the successive governments of the Sudan came to encourage and assist cross-border guerrilla forces from either side. Thus, animosity rather than cooperation characterized relations between the Sudan and Ethiopia until the fall of the Derg in 1991. Keywords: Derg, Ethio-sudan relations, SPLM/A, proxy wars Introduction The Upper Nile and Jonglei regions of Southern Sudan bordering Gambella and the Gambella region itself were intensively affected by the wars between the governments of the Sudan and the Anyanya I (the southern Sudan Guerilla group in the first civil war 1955- 1972), the SPLA (Sudan People’s Liberation Army of the second civil war 1983-2005), the Lou-Jikany conflict (1993-1994), the armed conflicts following the splits within the SPLM/A and the South Sudan Independence Movement Army (SSIM/A) 1991-2005). The Sudan governments claimed that Ethiopia was supporting the South Sudan guerrillas struggling to secede from the north while the governments of Ethiopia accused successive Sudanese governments of material and moral support to the Eritrean secessionist movements.
    [Show full text]
  • Local History of Ethiopia : Raayo
    Local History of Ethiopia Raayo - Ryke © Bernhard Lindahl (2005) HFE66 Raayo (Ra'ayo) (mountain) 14°12'/39°00' 2525 m 14/39 [Gz] east of Adwa rab (A) hunger, famine; (Som) 1. narrow place; 2. want, desire JED01 Rab (area & place) c700 m 10/42 [WO Gu] Railway station 25 km inside Ethiopia. raba (O) age grade 24-32 years of the Oromo gada system, regarded as the senior warriors JDJ70 Rabal (area), cf Rabel 09/41 [WO] ?? Rabat ../.. [Yo] In 1982 the TPLF negotiated permission by the Afar to operate a base at Rabat in the isolated Magale area. [Young 1997] rabassa: rabbaas (Som) jump /repeatedly/; rabash (Som) trouble, nuisance JDR10 Rabassa (area) 10/41 [WO] rabbi (O,Som) God HCF65 Rabbi 05°58'/39°48' 1301 m, cf Rebbi .. 05/39 [WO Gz] HEU... Rabea (village) see under Mekele 13/39 [n] HDU54 Rabel 10°27'/39°42' 2390 m, south-east of Were Ilu 10/39 [Gz] HDU63 Rabel (Rabiel) 10°33'/39°36' 2965 m 10/39 [Gz Ad] south-east of Were Ilu (centre in 1964 of Gishe wereda) /this Rabel?:/ The first airdrop of relief food was carried out on 13 February 1985 near Rabel, a village situated on a high plateau about 250 km north-east of Addis Abeba. "RRC agreed to the airdrop and gradually became a strong supporter of the operation which utilised a new airdropping technique developed in the United States. The grain was rebagged into double or triple sacks containing 25 kg each and placed on wooden pallets which were dropped from a height of 6 to 10 metres above the ground.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Resources Strategies to Increase Food Production in the Semi-Arid Tropics with Particular Emphasis on the Potential of Alluvial Groundwater
    Water resources strategies to increase Food Production in the semi-arid troPics With Particular emPhasis on the Potential oF alluvial groundWater david love WATER RESOURCES STRATEGIES TO INCREASE FOOD PRODUCTION IN THE SEMI-ARID TROPICS WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON THE POTENTIAL OF ALLUVIAL GROUNDWATER WATER RESOURCES STRATEGIES TO INCREASE FOOD PRODUCTION IN THE SEMI-ARID TROPICS WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON THE POTENTIAL OF ALLUVIAL GROUNDWATER DISSERTATION Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the Board for Doctorates of Delft University of Technology and of the Academic Board of the UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education for the Degree of DOCTOR to be defended in public on Thursday, 12 September 2013, at 12.30 hrs in Delft, the Netherlands by David LOVE Bachelor of Science, University of Zimbabwe Bachelor of Science Honours and Masters of Science, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa born in Lusaka, Zambia. This dissertation has been approved by the supervisors: Prof. dr. S. Uhlenbrook Prof. dr. ir. P. van der Zaag Composition of Doctoral Committee: Chairman Rector Magnificus TU Delft Vice-Chairman Rector UNESCO-IHE Prof. dr. S. Uhlenbrook UNESCO-IHE / Delft University of Technology Prof. dr. ir. P. van der Zaag UNESCO-IHE / Delft University of Technology Prof. dr. ir. H.H.G Savenije Delft University of Technology Prof.dr.ir. N.C van de Giesen Delft University of Technology Prof dr. C. de Fraiture UNESCO-IHE / Wageningen University Prof. dr. D. Mazvimavi University of the Western Cape, South Africa Dr. ir.T.N. Olsthoorn Delft University of Technology, reserve member CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2013, David Love All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • PN17 Waternet Project Report Mar10 Final.Pdf (3.967Mb)
    Research Highlights CPWF Project Report CPWF Project Report The Challenge of Integrated Water Resource Management for Improved Rural Livelihoods: Managing Risk, Mitigating Drought and Improving Water Productivity in the Water Scarce Limpopo Basin Project Number 17 Bongani Ncube, Emmanuel Manzungu, David Love, Manuel Magombeyi, Bekithemba Gumbo, Keretia Lupankwa WaterNet, PO Box MP600, Harare, Zimbabwe for submission to the March, 2010 Page | 1 Contents CPWF Project Report Acknowledgements This paper is an output of the CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food Project ‘‘Integrated Water Resource Management for Improved Rural Livelihoods: Managing risk, mitigating drought and improving water productivity in the water scarce Limpopo Basin’’, led by WaterNet, with additional funding provided by the International Foundation for Science (Grants W4029-1 and S/4596-1), FSP Echel Eau, CGIAR System-wide Program on Collective Action and Property Rights (CAPRi), RELMA-in-ICRAF and matching (contributed) funds from the research partners. The opinions and results presented in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the donors or participating institutions. Secondary biophysical data (from outside the field study sites) were kindly provided by the governments of Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Project Partners: Program Preface: The Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF) contributes to efforts of the international community to ensure global diversions of water to agriculture are maintained at the level of the year 2000. It is a multi-institutional research initiative that aims to increase the resilience of social and ecological systems through better water management for food production. Through its broad partnerships, it conducts research that leads to impact on the poor and to policy change.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Cooperative Progra 1961 Annual Report
    ETOPIA -UNITED STATES COOPERATIVE PROGRA FOR THE STUDY OF WATER RESOURCES In Collaboration With United States ited States Department of State Int'l. Cooperation Admna. Department of the Interior Bureau of ReclamAtion Imperial Ethiopian Government Ministry of Public Works and Communications Water Resources Department 1961 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF RECLAMATION ON TI[E BLUE NILE RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATIONS Washington, D. C. December 31, 1961 .I. D" Reference Cen'Te- Room 1656 NS UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF RECLAMATION WASHINGTON 25, D. C. IN REPLY REFER TO! 220 December 31, 1961 Mr. Allen Loren, Director USAID to Ethiopia c/o American Embassy Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Dear Mr. Loren: Under the terms of the Agreement, dated August 9, 1957, between the Department of the Interior and the Department of State, providing for Water Resources Investigations in the Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia, an annual report is required. It is a pleasure to submit herewith the annual report for the calendar year 1961. This is the fourth such report, the project being in the fifth ot six years as now programed. Sincerely yours, o er Co s •w-.VQ ..',t. ~Vy Finchaa Falls One of the more promising future developments is associated with the use of Chomen Swamp, above the falls, for storage, and the irrigation of land in the lower valley, coupled with a power installation below the falls. 1961 ANNUAL REPORT BLUE NILE RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATIONS CONTE NTS Photo of Finchaa Falls Frontispiece I. Introduction....................................... ...I. .. Fig. 1 - Organization for Project Operations 1962 II. Conduct of Operations ...................................
    [Show full text]
  • Storing and Sharing Water in Sand Rivers: a Water Balance Modelling Approach
    Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 11, EGU2009-13618, 2009 EGU General Assembly 2009 © Author(s) 2009 Storing and sharing water in sand rivers: a water balance modelling approach D. Love (1,2), P van der Zaag (3,4), S Uhlenbrook (3,4) (1) Waternet Zimbabwe, (2) ICRISAT Zimbabwe, (3) UNESCO-IHE, Netherland, (4) Delft University of Technology, Netherlands Sand rivers and sand dams offer an alternative to conventional surface water reservoirs for storage. The alluvial aquifers that make up the beds of sand rivers can store water with minimal evaporation (extinction depth is 0.9 m) and natural filtration. The alluvial aquifers of the Mzingwane Catchment are the most extensive of any tributaries in the Limpopo Basin. The lower Mzingwane aquifer, which is currently underutilised, is recharged by managed releases from Zhovhe Dam (capacity 133 Mm3). The volume of water released annually is only twice the size of evaporation losses from the dam; the latter representing nearly one third of the dam’s storage capacity. The Lower Mzingwane valley currently support commercial agro-businesses (1,750 ha irrigation) and four smallholder irrigation schemes (400 ha with provision for a further 1,200 ha). In order to support planning for optimising water use and storage over evaporation and to provide for more equitable water allocation, the spreadsheet-based balance model WAFLEX was used. It is a simple and userfriendly model, ideal for use by institutions such as the water management authorities in Zimbabwe which are challenged by capacity shortfalls and inadequate data. In this study, WAFLEX, which is normally used for accounting the surface water balance, is adapted to incorporate alluvial aquifers into the water balance, including recharge, baseflow and groundwater flows.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of Environmental Engineering
    www.Vidyarthiplus.com Environmental engineering-I UNIT-I PLANNING FOR WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM Introduction to Environmental Engineering What is Environmental Engineering? It is the application of scientific and engineering principles to the environmental issues and their solutions. Generally, it includes supply of water, disposal and recycling of wastes, drainage of communities, control of water, soil, atmospheric pollution and environmental impacts of different activities carried out on earth. The practice and application of engineering laws in compliance with the safety of environment and the code of ethics prescribed as standards. Some of those are as below Environmental engineering is the application of science and engineering principles to improve the natural environment (air, water, and/or land resources), to provide healthy water, air, and land for human habitation and for other organisms, and to remediate polluted sites. It involves waste water management and air pollution control, recycling, waste disposal, radiation protection, industrial hygiene, environmental sustainability, and public health issues as well as a knowledge of environmental engineering law. It also includes studies on the environmental impact of proposed construction projects. Environmental engineers conduct hazardous-waste management studies to evaluate the significance of such hazards, advise on treatment and containment, and develop regulations to prevent mishaps. Environmental engineers also design municipal water supply and industrial wastewater treatment systems [1][2] as well as address local and worldwide environmental issues such as the effects of acid rain, global warming, ozone depletion, water pollution and air pollution from automobile exhausts and industrial sources.[3][4][5][6] At many universities, Environmental Engineering programs follow either the Department of Civil Engineering or The Department of Chemical Engineering at Engineering faculties.
    [Show full text]
  • Stanley Mubako, Ph.D., GISP Professional Goal/Objective
    Stanley Mubako, Ph.D., GISP Research Assistant Professor, University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), 500 West University Ave, Kelly Hall 210, El Paso, TX 79968; 618-203-2910 (C); 915-747-7372 (O); 915-747-5145 (Fax); Email: [email protected]; Web: http://arcg.is/1Rb4ZpB _____________________________________________________________________________________ Professional Goal/Objective Research and provision of local and global water resources management and environmental science and policy services, including geospatial expertise in contribution to the improvement of environmental health for human well-being. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Education Ph.D. ̶ Environmental Resources and Policy, Southern Illinois University Carbondale 2005-2011 (Carbondale, Illinois) MSc. ̶ Water Resources and Environmental Management, UNESCO-IHE Institute for 2000-2002 Water Education (Delft, The Netherlands) Postgraduate International Diploma (PGID) ̶ Exploration, Exploitation and Management 1999-1999 of Groundwater Resources, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Rehovot, Israel) BSc. Honors ̶ Agriculture (Soil Science), University of Zimbabwe (Harare, Zimbabwe) 1991-1993 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Positions Research Assistant Professor, University of Texas at El Paso August 2012− Present Center for Environmental Resource Management (CERM) and Department of Geological Sciences, El Paso, Texas Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Arizona State University June
    [Show full text]