WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

OCTOBER 1956 VOL. V NO. 4

upon upon request request

and and non~recording. non~recording.

syphon syphon raingauges, raingauges,

both both recording recording

All All types types of of float, float, balance balance and and

RAINGAUGES RAINGAUGES

wind wind speed speed at at a a distance. distance.

ments ments for for recording recording instantaneous instantaneous

Pap Pap \lion" \lion" eledro-magnetic eledro-magnetic

instru­

14 14

All All types types of of anemometers, anemometers, including including

ANEMOGRAPHS ANEMOGRAPHS

of of solar solar radiation. radiation. Pyrheliographs. Pyrheliographs.

truments truments for for measuring measuring the the intensity intensity

Direct Direct reading reading and and recording recording ins­

SOLARIMETERS SOLARIMETERS

and and dew-point dew-point instruments. instruments.

and and recorders, recorders, including including upper-air upper-air

ruled ruled charts. charts. All All types types of of indicators indicators

Direct Direct recording recording of of air air humidity humidity on on

HYGROGRAPHS HYGROGRAPHS

provide provide a a permanent permanent answer answer

sltive. sltive.

JULES JULES

RICHARD RICHARD

instruments instruments are are outstandingly outstandingly sen­

barometers barometers and and hygrometers. hygrometers. These These

Which Which can can be be with with combined combined our our

INSTRUMENTS INSTRUMENTS OF OF THERMOGRAPHS THERMOGRAPHS

THE THE PRECISION PRECISION

Navy. Navy.

Standard Standard equipment equipment in in the the French French

the the French French Meteorological Meteorological Service. Service.

charts charts

adopted adopted for for over over i i 40 40 years years by by meteorological meteorological stations stations

Recording Recording anerolds anerolds with with contlnous contlnous

BAROGRAPHS BAROGRAPHS At At all all modern modern OFFICERS OF THE WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

President : Mr. A. VrAuT First Vice-President : Dr. M. A. F. BARNETT Second Vice-President : Prof. Dr. H. AMORIM FERREIRA

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Mr. A. VIAUT Mr. A. THOMSON Dr. F. W. REICHELDERFER Dr. M. A. F. BARNETT Dr. C. DEL RosARIO Mr. A. A. SoLOTOUKHINE Prof. Dr. H. AMORIM FERREIRA Dr. A. NYEERG Sir GRAHAM SUTT0:'-1 Mr. J. RAVET Mr. L. DE AZCARRAGA Mr. M. F. TAHA Mr. S. BASU Prof. Dr. J. LuGEON

TECHNICAL COMMISSION PRESIDENTS REGIONAL ASSOCIATION PRESIDENTS Aerology: Prof. Dr. J. VAN MIEGHEM Africa (I) : Mr. J. RAVET Aeronautical Meteorology : Mr. A. H. NAGLE Asia (II) : Mr. S. BASU Agricultural Meteorology: Mr. ]. ]. BuRGos South America (Ill) : Vacant Bibliography and Publications: Dr. M. MEZIN North and Central America (IV) : Climatology: Dr. C. W. THORNTHWAITE Mr. A. THOMSON Instruments and Methods of Observation : South-West Pacific (V) : Mr. A. PERLAT Dr. C. DEL RosARIO Maritime Meteorology : Europe (VI) : Dr. A. NYBERG Cmdr. C. E. N. FRANKCOM Synoptic Meteorology : Prof. Dr. \'!. BLEEKER

SECRETARIAT Secretary-General :Mr. D. A. DAVIES Chief, Technical Division : Dr. K. LANGLO Deputy Secretary- General : Mr. ]. R. RIVET Chief, Administrative Division : Dr. H. SEBASTIAN

THE PURPOSES OF THE WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

"(a) To facilitate world-wide co-operation (c) To promote standardization of meteo­ in the establishment of networks of rological observations and to ensure stations for the making of meteorolog­ the uniform publication of observ­ ical observations or other geophysical ations and statistics ; observations related to meteorology (cl) To further the application of meteor­ and to promote the establishment and ology to aviation, shipping, agricul­ maintenance of meteorological centres ture, and other human activities ; and charged with the provision of meteor­ (e) To encourage research and training in ological services ; meteorology and to assist in co­ (b) To promote the establishment and ordinating the international aspects maintenance of systems for the rapid of such research and training." exchange of weather information ; From the Convention of the World Meteorological Organization, Article z.

THE CONSTITUENT BODIES OF THE ORGANIZATION (a) The World Meteorological Congress one of the six meteorological Regions which meets at least once every four of the world. They meet as often as years; necessary to ensure compliance with (b) The Executive Committee, which the policies of the Organization. meets at least once annually ; (d) Technical Commissions composed of (c) Regional Associations made up of experts in the various meteorological Members of the Organization the fields which meet at least once every networks of which lie in or extend into four years.

THE SECRETARIAT The Secretariat of the Organization is located at Campagne Rigot, Avenue de la Paix, Geneva, Switzerland.

125 125

Signed Signed contributions contributions do do not not necessarily necessarily represent represent the the views views of of the the Organization. Organization.

World World

Meteorological Meteorological Organization, Organization, Campagne Campagne Rigot, Rigot, Avenue Avenue de de la la Paix, Paix, Geneva. Geneva.

and and

all all other other correspondence correspondence about about the the Bulletin Bulletin should should be be addressed addressed to to the the Secretary-General, Secretary-General,

The The price price

is is

Swiss Swiss franc franc per per I I copy, copy, including including postage. postage. Annual Annual subscriptions subscriptions (4 (4 Swiss Swiss francs) francs)

The The WMO WMO

Bulletin Bulletin is is published published quarterly quarterly in in two two separate separate editions editions : : English English and and French. French.

to to human human activity. activity.

to to Members Members

of of the the Organization Organization and and others others concerned concerned with with the the application application of of meteorology meteorology

Meteorological Meteorological

Organization Organization and and of of developments developments in in international international meteorology meteorology of of interest interest

The The

purpose purpose

of of the the WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin is is to to provide provide a a summary summary of of the the work work of of the the World World

WMO WMO publications publications and and Calendar Calendar documents. documents. of of coming coming events events ...... 168 168

it it should should be be used used as as a a distinctive distinctive sign sign on on

seal seal should should be be based based on on this this emblem emblem Reviews Reviews and and ...... that that 167 167

mittee mittee recently recently decided decided that that the the official official WMO WMO

the the

WMO WMO emblem. emblem. The The Executive Executive News News from from Com­ the the WMO WMO Secretariat Secretariat ...... 164 164

The The cover cover also also contains contains a a reproduction reproduction of of

News News and and Notes Notes ...... 163 163

physical physical Year. Year.

various various

countries countries for for the the International International Symposium Symposium Geo­ on on atmospheric atmospheric ozone ozone ...... 161 161 . .

future future when when special special stamps stamps are are issued issued by by

ities ities

of of enlarging enlarging

such such collections collections in in the the Sferics Sferics near near in in the the Sudan Sudan ...... 159 159 . .

issue, issue, there there should should be be considerable considerable possibil­

for for the the

philatelist. philatelist.

Apart Apart from from the the new new World World WMO WMO comparison comparison of of radiosondes radiosondes 157 157 ......

meteorological meteorological connexion connexion offers offers a a wide wide field field

specialized specialized

collection collection

of of stamps stamps with with some some Radar Radar and and meteorology meteorology ...... 155 155

. .

Dixon Dixon (Weather, (Weather, Vol. Vol. II, II, No. No. p. p. 34), 34), a a 2, 2,

As As pointed pointed

out out

some some time time ago ago by by Mr. Mr. F. F. E. E. Bioclimatology Bioclimatology and and Biometeorology Biometeorology 154 154 ......

werk werk 8, 8,

Berne, Berne, Switzerland. Switzerland.

Activities Activities of of the the Technical Technical Commissions Commissions 151 151

......

philatdlique philatdlique de de la la Direction Direction des des PTT, PTT, Boll­

either either

mint mint or or postmarked, postmarked, from from the the Service Service izations izations 148 148

philatelic philatelic purposes, purposes,

the the stamps stamps

are are

on on

sale, sale, Collaboration Collaboration with with other other

international international

organ-

mark mark of of the the United United Nations, Nations, Geneva. Geneva. For For

IVMO IVMO and and subsequently subsequently

by by the the normal normal post­ Obituary Obituary ...... 147 147

. .

after after issue issue by by a a special special postmark postmark mentioning mentioning

stamps stamps will will be be cancelled cancelled Activities Activities for for of of Regional Regional a a short short Associations Associations period period 145 145 ......

spondence spondence placed placed in in a a special special letterbox. letterbox. The The

Technical Technical correspondence correspondence Assistance Assistance Programme Programme and and also also ...... 141 141 for for private private . . corre­

be be made made available available for for use use on on the the official official WMO WMO

Water Water

resource resource development development ...... fr fr 138 138 by by Mr. Mr. Eric Eric 2 2 Poncy Poncy (Geneva). (Geneva). They They will will

Brun Brun (Basle) (Basle) and and those those of of c, c, 6o 6o c c and and 20 20

The The

International International

Geophysical Geophysical

Year Year 1957-58 1957-58 135 135 5 5 c, c, r o c c o r and and 40 40 c c were were designed designed by by Mr. Mr. Donald Donald

on on October October 1956. 1956. 22 22 The The stamps stamps

of of value value

Nations Nations ......

131 131

will will be be issued issued in in honour honour of of the the Organization Organization

Economic Economic

and and

Social Social

Council Council

of of the the United United and and the the WMO, WMO, a a series series of of six six postage postage stamps stamps

agreement agreement between between the the Swiss Swiss

Confederation Confederation

Basic Basic weather weather data data ......

126 126

In In accordanee accordanee with with the the protocol protocol to to the the

Page Page

THE THE PICTURE PICTURE ON ON THE THE TABLE TABLE COVER COVER OF OF CONTENTS CONTENTS

OCTOBER OCTOBER 1956 1956 VOL. VOL. V V NO. NO. 4 4

W W 0 0 METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL R L D D L R ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION

126 126

immensely immensely be be transcended transcended would would which which it it data data that that is is group group the the meteorological meteorological

for for world world the the by by reached reached throughout throughout demand demand conclusion conclusion ing ing principal principal The The

increas­ an an was was there there assumed assumed originally originally

centre centre control control

data data International International

group group the the survey, survey, their their beginning beginning In In

project. project. pilot pilot a a as as serve serve will will 55 55 countries. countries. from from received received replies replies

go) go) page page 3, 3, No. No. V, V, Vol. Vol. Bulletin, Bulletin, WMO WMO the the of of basis basis the the on on group group working working the the

(see (see Secretariat Secretariat WMO WMO the the in in Centre Centre by by prepared prepared report report a a of of summary summary a a is is

Data Data Meteorological Meteorological IGY IGY the the while, while, article article This This services. services. meteorological meteorological al al

Mean­ level. level. national national the the at at procedures procedures nation­ in in procedures procedures dissemination dissemination and and

control control data data in in improvements improvements suggest suggest annotation annotation collection, collection, data data current current of of

to to is is purpose purpose immediate immediate their their centre, centre, survey survey a a out out carry carry to to Secretariat Secretariat the the

control control data data international international eventual eventual requested requested Data Data Weather Weather Historical Historical of of

an an is is group group the the of of goal goal the the although although Exchange Exchange International International for for ments ments

Therefore, Therefore, level. level. national national the the at at lished lished Arrange­ on on Climatology Climatology for for Commission Commission

estab­ firmly firmly yet yet not not are are authorities authorities the the of of Group Group Working Working the the of of man man

these these that that believes believes group group the the survey, survey, chair­ the the workers, workers, interested interested to to sible sible

their their of of result result a a As As services. services. ological ological acces­ data data these these make make to to done done being being

meteor­ national national the the within within authorities authorities is is what what and and services, services, meteorological meteorological

control control data data of of establishment establishment the the is is of of files files the the into. into. projects, projects, special special

project project this this to to preamble preamble necessary necessary a a with with connexion connexion in in collected collected those those ing ing

that that out out points points group group the the However, However, includ­ data, data, weather weather basic basic all all integrate integrate

to to done done being being is is what what discover discover To To control control data data National National

services. services. meteorological meteorological several several

data. data. basic basic for for

under under

areas areas from from data data basic basic requires requires tropics tropics

requests requests to-service to-service service- of of procedures procedures

the the of of weather weather the the

in in

specialization specialization

e.g., e.g.,

cumbersome cumbersome current current eliminate eliminate to to tend tend service, service, meteorological meteorological one one than than more more from from

cases cases some some in in data, data, would would weather weather it it basic basic time time the the to to same same the the At At data. data. basic basic

access access require require which which

developed developed being being tically tically publishing publishing of of process process

selective selective highly highly

systema­ are are tions tions specializa specializa ; ; regional regional tions tions

necessarily necessarily and and expensive expensive the the by by

specializa­ regional regional

of of

development development The The

today today

restricted restricted highly highly is is which which extent extent methods. methods. these these

develop develop to to required required an an form form to to the the in in research research seldom seldom are are meteorological meteorological stimulate stimulate

available, available, if if data, data,

summarized summarized since since data, data, would would WMO WMO the the of of

part part the the on on activity activity

weather weather basic basic the the to to access access requires requires again again

an an such such that that believes believes group group The The

methods methods such such of of development development the the ; ; data data

unavailable unavailable otherwise otherwise concerned. concerned. all all to to obtaining obtaining in in form form methods methods micrographic micrographic

indirect indirect of of use use the the of of

development development The The in in records records the the

disseminate disseminate and and duce duce

data. data.

repro­ request, request, upon upon and, and,

form form agreed agreed

basic basic the the to to weath~r weath~r

had had be be

must must

access access

the the in in records records weather weather receive receive would would requirements, requirements, the the of of complexity complexity the the of of

because because and, and, centre centre a a data data the the Such Such of of centre. centre. presentation presentation the the for for disseminating disseminating

developed developed be be must must techniques techniques

special special that that and and

reproducing reproducing receiving, receiving, records records a a

complex complex so so frequently frequently are are problems problems design design

as as and and (2) (2) records, records, weather weather of of bility bility

in in criteria criteria

weather weather

the the

e.g., e.g., problems, problems,

availa­ the the on on centre centre information information data data design design for for data data weather weather specific specific senting senting

pre­ a a for for as as act act techniques techniques of of would would it it (r) (r) : : development development The The functions functions cipal cipal

prin­ two two discharge discharge would would which which data data : : few few a a mention mention To To activities. activities.

basic basic for for centre centre control control data data a a level, level, various various in in widely widely quite quite services services some some

E WMO WMO the the at at eventually, eventually, establish establish to to in in used used being being are are data data weather weather

services services the the all all of of advantage advantage the the to to basic basic that that shown shown has has XPERIENCE XPERIENCE

PRACTICES PRACTICES CONTROL CONTROL CURRENT CURRENT OF OF SURVEY SURVEY A A

DATA DATA WEATHER WEATHER BASIC BASIC

1956 1956 October October Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO

127 127

times times of of expanded expanded research research punching punching activities, activities, programme; programme; of of these these Norway Norway

what what constitutes constitutes basic basic data: data: In In orological orological these these services services which which had had no no current current

based based on on a a narrow narrow interpretation interpretation also also received received of of from from the the following following mete­

replies replies to to this this question question were were probably probably Replies Replies to to the the questionnaire questionnaire were were

tions tions indicated indicated that that the the encouraging encouraging

However, However, replies replies to to subsequent subsequent grammes grammes in in ques­ effect effect as as of of 1954. 1954.

services services which which indicated indicated punching punching pro­

out out qualification. qualification. procedures procedures is is the the list list on on p. p. 129 129 of of 24 24

fifty-three fifty-three services services indicated indicated Yes Yes section section with­ of of the the survey survey on on collection collection

permanent permanent retention retention ? ? Fifty Fifty out out An An of of important important by-product by-product from from the the

of of your your domestic domestic basic basic weather weather data data for for

Punching Punching programmes programmes asked asked the the question question Do Do : : you you collect collect all all

and and filing) filing) of of basic basic data, data, the the survey survey

With With regard regard to to collection collection (acquisition (acquisition

vations. vations.

Collection Collection procedures procedures and and other other institutions institutions taking taking obser­

nation nation between between the the official official services services

otherwise otherwise cloudy cloudy picture. picture. This would would This require require extensive extensive co-ordi­

basic basic data data is is a a bright bright spot spot the the in in geographicat geographicat an an area area of of responsibility. responsibility.

developed developed in in the the dissemination dissemination of of IGY IGY the the service service itself itself or or by by others others within within

verify verify these these assumptions. assumptions. The The interest interest of of all all data data being being recorded, recorded, whether whether by by

tionnaire tionnaire survey survey did did not not completely completely ponsible ponsible for for maintaining maintaining cognizance cognizance

information. information. The The results results of of the the ques­ in in each each service service which which would would be be res­

for for the the radio radio dissemination dissemination of of synoptic synoptic (2) (2) attempt attempt to to set set up up a a mechanism mechanism

weather weather data data beyond beyond those those maintained maintained they they not not are are collecting collecting all all of of it, it, and and

for for the the international international exchange exchange of of that that they they should should (r) (r) recognize recognize that that

ment ment and and advancement advancement of of mechanisms mechanisms collect collect all all this this material, material, but but suggests suggests

have have an an equal equal desire desire for for the the develop­ the the national national services services should should physically physically

cords cords

availability availability of of weather weather re­

Asheville, Asheville, N N .C., .C., to to determine determine

U.S. U.S. records records depository, depository,

Inspection Inspection of of rotary rotary file file at at

ological ological research research and and operations, operations, would would ter. ter. The The group group does does not not propose propose that that

by by virtue virtue of of their their interest interest in in meteor­ mental mental and and non-governmental non-governmental charac­

opinion opinion that that all all Members Members of of WMO, WMO, similar similar institutions institutions of of both both govern­

logical logical services. services. was was It It further further porations, porations, their their research research foundations foundations and and

maintained maintained by by the the national national meteoro­ institutions, institutions, business business firms firms and and cor­

the the standard standard record record files files at at present present weather weather data data are are recorded recorded by by scholastic scholastic

WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin October October 1956 1956 WMO Bulletin October 1956 and Pakistan indicated that punching phenomena, turbulence data, cloud programmes were imminent. thicknesses, icing, permafrost and evap­ REGION I : Belgian Congo, British West oration. Africa, Federation of Rhodesia and Nya­ saland, French Morocco, French Somali­ The group believes that it would be land, French Sudan, French Togoland, Mauritius, Portuguese East Africa, Portu­ impractical to expect a WMO data guese West Africa, Tunisia. control centre to organize extensive REGION II : China, Iraq, Pakistan, Thai­ and detailed information files on data land. available at the national level when REGION III : Uruguay. such information is not collected and REGION IV : British Caribbean Terri­ maintained by the national meteor­ tories, Netherlands Antilles. ological services themselves. REGION V: British Malaya/Borneo Terri­ tories, French Oceania, Netherlands New Guinea. It is a wide-spread practice to REGION VI : Austria, Finland, Greece, delegate the annotation (searching and Ireland, Luxembourg, Norway, Portugal, cataloguing) responsibility to libraries Switzerland, Syria, Turkey. or other divisions of the meteorological services which are independent of the The group has recommended that collection division which acquires the the WMO periodically survey the basic data. The dissemination function Members of WMO with regard to the is delegated to a lesser extent. The status of their punching programmes, group believes that there is an impor­ with the object of fostering inter­ tant distinction between acquisition national exchange of punched cards and possession, on the one hand, and and preventing duplication of effort in knowing what one has acquired, or can punching. acquire, on the other. If these two functions are performed entirely or Annotation procedures even partially by independent divisions, there is a tendency for the right hand In the section of the questionnaire not to know what the left is doing. survey on annotation (searching and cataloguing) procedures, the group The collection and annotation func­ asked : Do you maintain detailed inven­ tions, as well as the dissemination tories (catalogues or indexes) of all your function, should be assigned as respon­ domestic weather data ? Less than sibilities to a single data control 50 per cent of the services replying authority within the service. The fact indicated an unqualified Yes in res­ that the data information service, an ponse to the question. In the opinion outgrowth of the annotation function, of the group further investigation would is not at present widely developed at show that many of these positive the national level, is one of the principal responses would have to be qualified. obstacles in the way of an international Questions in Part Ill of the survey data centre. relative to non-routine or special data underlined the fact that inventories, Dissemination of basic data either detailed or otherwise, are just not available for many types of data The vast majority of the services of potential research value. Some replying indicated that they filed their types of special data for which the weather records near a centre of survey asked specific questions were : weather research activity, and also solar and terrestrial radiation data, that the records were so located that aerial reconnaissance data, auroral in the majority of cases researchers

128

129 129

the the records records will will usually usually be be essential. essential. cation cation of of observational observational data, data, while while

ination ination service service to to provide provide copies copies of of The The group's group's opinion opinion is is that that publi­

weather weather records records are are located, located, a a dissem­

world-wide world-wide

meteorological meteorological

research. research.

However, However, regardless regardless of of where where the the

contribute contribute important important data data support support to to

facilitate facilitate their their usefulness. usefulness. would would enable enable the the organization organization to to

their their weather weather records records files files in in order order to to centre, centre, and and if if discharged discharged by by the the WMO, WMO,

examine examine the the possibility possibility of of re-locating re-locating proposed proposed international international data data control control

conditions conditions did did not not exist exist should should re­ be be an an important important responsibility responsibility of of the the

situation situation and and

that that services services where where these these of of the the group group this this type type of of function function would would

Institut Institut Royal Royal Meteorologique. Meteorologique. ' ' Regie Regie des des Voies Voies Aeriennes. Aeriennes. 1 1

only only

United United Kingdom Kingdom Upper-air Upper-air and and 12,000,000 12,000,000 ocean ocean weather weather ship ship data data

Sweden Sweden r,soo,ooo r,soo,ooo Surface Surface and and upper-air upper-air data data

Netherlands Netherlands rS,ooo,ooo rS,ooo,ooo Surface, Surface, land land and and marine marine data data

Italy Italy Surface Surface r,ooo,ooo r,ooo,ooo and and upper-air upper-air data data

Israel Israel 63,000 63,000 Surface Surface and and upper-air upper-air data data

France France 6,o8o,ooo 6,o8o,ooo Surface Surface and and upper-air upper-air data data

·Germany ·Germany

Federal Federal Republic Republic of of 23,000,000 23,000,000 Surface Surface and and upper-air upper-air data data

450,000 450,000

2 2

Belgium Belgium

r6o,ooo r6o,ooo

Synoptic Synoptic and and aerological aerological observations observations

1 1

REGION REGION VI VI

Australia Australia Selected Selected data, data, surface surface and and upper-air upper-air

REGION REGION V V

United United States States of of America America 250,000,000 250,000,000

Canada Canada Surface Surface 2,000,000 2,000,000 hourly hourly data data only only

REGION REGION IV IV

Peru Peru Upper Upper wind wind data data only only

Brazil Brazil Surface Surface and and upper-air upper-air data data

Argentina Argentina 4,ooo,ooo 4,ooo,ooo Surface Surface and and upper-air upper-air data data

REGION REGION III III

Japan Japan z,ooo,ooo z,ooo,ooo Surface Surface data data only only

India India !,84!,000 !,84!,000 Surface, Surface, upper-air upper-air and and marine marine data data

Hong Hong Kong Kong 70,000 70,000 Aviation Aviation station station data, data, surface surface only only

REGION REGION II II

Union Union of of South South Africa Africa Surface Surface data data 2,000,000 2,000,000 only only

(from (from January January I953) I953)

Madagascar Madagascar . . 8o,ooo 8o,ooo Surface Surface and and upper-air upper-air data data

French French West West Africa Africa Surface Surface and and I,jOO,OOO I,jOO,OOO upper-air upper-air data data

French French Equatorial Equatorial Africa Africa r,5oo r,5oo Surface Surface data data (from (from r r July July I954) I954)

Egypt Egypt 250,000 250,000 Surface Surface data data only only

British British East East Africa Africa r,ooo,ooo r,ooo,ooo

REGION REGION I I

p"nched p"nched ca>·ds ca>·ds

M M eteorologt:cal eteorologt:cal service service of of Remarks Remarks

Total Total number number

METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES SERVICES WITH WITH PUNCHING PUNCHING PROGRAMMES PROGRAMMES 1954 1954 IN IN

group group felt felt that that this this was was a a healthy healthy of of research research agencies. agencies. In In the the opinion opinion

delivery delivery of of copies copies of of the the records. records. copies copies The The of of the the records records upon upon the the request request

site site of of collection collection rather rather than than wait wait production production for for of of photostat photostat or or microfilm microfilm

were were able able to to use use the the records records at at Examples Examples the the of of this this activity activity are are the the

WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin October October 1956 1956 WMO Bulletin October 1956 praiseworthy and to be encouraged, collected, of the importance of their will never entirely solve the dissemi­ accessibility and of the complexity of nation problem, because of the ever­ processing the data. Also because increasing volume of records. Require­ some records do not lend themselves ments for basic data might best be met by an international data control centre, which would include a depos­ itory to which all Members could contribute and from which they could draw copies of the data upon request. Such a system would not necessarily replace the international exchange of published selected data which would undoubtedly continue to satisfy certain groups. But to the researcher, inter­ ested in more elements, more obser­ vations and greater coverage than is available in the publications, such a system would offer copies of original records, containing a wealth of infor­ mation not ordinarily available except through cumbersome service-to-service requests. The results of the questionnaire survey indicated that current publi­ cation practices vary widely among the services. However, only 50 per View of extensive punch card files (Asheville). Each drawer contains approximately 3,ooo cent of the services replying indicated cards that they published the complete weather observations for any of their readily to classical concepts of climato­ weather stations. log~cal summarization, they are often considered of little value subsequent Comments from meteorological services to the taking of the observation for some specific forecasting, research or Meteorological services were asked operational problem. Naturally the to offer general comments on problems difficulties mentioned above will persist encountered in the collection, anno­ until there is an awareness of the tation and dissemination of basic data. importance of solving them. Some Many interesting replies were received other typical problems raised by the and some of these are noted here. services follow : They are discussed in greater detail in Centralization of weather records can the working group's 1956 report. cause loss of records in times of war ; A common theme running through Sheer volume precluded collection of all basic data by at .least one service and many of the comments received was required a choice of what to inventory the difficulty of acquiring funds, trained and publish (the group commented that personnel, space and equipment with physical collection of all basic data may which to perform the data functions. prove impractical, but that each service should make every effort to know what The group traced these difficulties to records are available and where available, a lack of general awareness in many whether collected by the service or not) ; cases of the value of the records A complex geographical distribution of

130

131 131

water water resource resource development. development. in in There There implementing implementing the the request request from from the the

General General of of WMO WMO referred referred first first to to WMO WMO should should assist assist the the United United Nations Nations

In In his his statement, statement, the the Secretary­ For For example, example, it it had had been been agreed agreed that that

Nations Nations and and other other specialized specialized agencies. agencies. Water Water resource resource development development

to to the the efforts efforts in in this this field field of of the the United United

might might be be of of particular particular interest. interest. clearly clearly defined, defined, particularly particularly in in relation relation

Council Council a a few few points points which which they they felt felt in in this this subject subject was was becoming becoming more more

heads heads to to bring bring to to the the notice notice of of the the Meteorological Meteorological Organization Organization could could play play

but but rather rather to to enable enable the the executive executive resolutions, resolutions, the the r6le r6le which which the the World World

the the activities activities of of the the respective respective agencies, agencies, meetings meetings which which had had followed followed these these

not not intended intended to to describe describe the the whole whole of of cussions cussions at at the the three three inter-agency inter-agency

plenary plenary sessions. sessions. Such Such statements statements were were ECOSOC ECOSOC resolutions resolutions and and of of the the dis­

to to make make statements statements to to the the Council Council in in of of the the general general guidance guidance given given by by the the

the the specialized specialized agencies agencies were were invited invited Organization. Organization. As As a a result, result, however, however,

years, years, however, however, the the executive executive heads heads of of as as falling falling within within the the purview purview of of the the

specialized specialized agencies. agencies. Unlike Unlike previous previous accepted accepted various various aspects aspects of of hydrology hydrology

session session the the annual annual reports reports of of the the Organization Organization had had for for many many years years

years, years, the the ECOSOC ECOSOC reviewed reviewed at at this this cessor cessor the the International International Meteorological Meteorological

Following Following the the practice practice of of previous previous ological ological Organization Organization and and its its prede­

ly ly interrelated interrelated and and the the World World Meteor­

cal cal

Assistance Assistance

Board. Board.

meteorology meteorology and and hydrology hydrology were were close­

Assistance Assistance

Committee Committee

and and the the

Techni­

had had It It long long been been recognized recognized that that

assisted assisted in in the the meetings meetings of of the the Technical Technical

WMO WMO Technical Technical Assistance Assistance Unit, Unit, tant tant resolutions. resolutions.

and and Mr. Mr. W. W. Dyer, Dyer, R. R. Chief Chief of of subject subject the the and and had had adopted adopted several several impor­

ings ings of of the the Co-ordination Co-ordination Committee Committee given given careful careful consideration consideration to to this this

in in the the plenary plenary sessions sessions and and the the meet­ arid arid regions. regions. The The ECOSOC ECOSOC had had itself itself

1956. 1956. The The Secretary-General Secretary-General assisted assisted but but not not exclusively exclusively in in arid arid and and semi­

des des Nations, Nations, from from 9 9 July July to to 9 9 August August ment ment of of many many countries, countries, particularly particularly

(ECOSOC) (ECOSOC)

took took place place in in the the Palais Palais tance tance of of this this subject subject in in the the develop­

T

Economic Economic and and Social Social Council Council realization realization on on all all sides sides of of the the impor­

twenty-second twenty-second session session HE HE of of the the had had been been in in recent recent years years an an increasing increasing

TWENTY-SECOND TWENTY-SECOND SESSION SESSION

ECONOMIC ECONOMIC AND AND SOCIAL SOCIAL COUNCIL COUNCIL OF OF THE THE UNITED UNITED NATIONS NATIONS

Climatology. Climatology. on on Exchange Exchange of of Historical Historical \Veather \Veather Data Data

Chairman, Chairman, Working Working Group Group session session of of the the Commission Commission for for

which which will will be be W. W. considered considered C. C. at at the the second second jACOBS, jACOBS,

be be found found in in the the group's group's 1956 1956 report, report, · ·

problems problems guidance guidance raised raised of of the the by by chairman. chairman. the the services services will will

the the the the working working report report group group reviewed reviewed on on these these herein herein and and under under other other the the

Comments Comments Molo Molo and and recommendations recommendations who who prepared prepared this this of of article article and and

participation, participation,

and and to to Mr. Mr. William William L. L.

records records more more difficult. difficult.

of of the the group group for for

their their interest interest

or or active active

collected collected and and make make the the cataloguing cataloguing of of

to to express express appreciation appreciation to to the the members members vation vation affect affect the the value value of of the the records records

Changes Changes in in sites, sites, codes codes and and times times of of obser­ The The chairman chairman of of the the group group wishes wishes

collection collection problem problem for for some some of of the the services; services;

Acknowledgment Acknowledgment weather weather stations stations posed posed an an administrative administrative

WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin October October 1956 1956

132 132

mittee mittee of of the the Organization Organization on on water water Meteorological Meteorological Organization Organization had had ac-

established established by by the the Executive Executive Com­ plan plan these these operations, operations, the the World World

He He had had just just mentioned mentioned the the policy policy international international committee committee established established to to

and and by by agreement agreement with with the the special special

fields fields

of of hydrology hydrology

and and

meteorology. meteorology.

to to meteorology meteorology and and associated associated subjects subjects

greater greater co-ordination co-ordination

of of effort effort

in in the the

International International Geophysical Geophysical Year Year related related

one one

of of the the

delegates delegates

on on the the

need need for for

A A large large part part of of the the programme programme of of the the

refer refer to to the the suggestion suggestion put put forward forward by by

that that region region for for that that purpose. purpose. General General said said that that he would would he like like to to

countries countries already already had had expeditions expeditions in in resource resource development, development, the the Secretary­

conducted conducted in in the the Antarctic. Antarctic. Several Several Before Before leaving leaving the the question question of of water water

to to the the

preparation preparation

for for

the the work work to to be be

many many countries countries of of the the world. world.

the the

publicity publicity

which which

had had been been given given

sary sary for for the the economic economic development development of of

delegates delegates

would would

no no doubt doubt

have have

noticed noticed

resource resource projects projects which which were were so so neces­

to to the the

tropical tropical

and and

polar polar regions regions

and and

common common task task of of undertaking undertaking

water water

being being given given

in in

the the

1957-1958 1957-1958

project project

be be of of real real assistance assistance in in serving serving the the

and and 1932. 1932.

Particular Particular

attention attention

was was

zation zation so so that that it it would, would, he he hoped, hoped,

smaller smaller

scale scale

had had taken taken

place place

in in r88z r88z

reflected reflected in in the the policy policy of of the the Organi­

of of

a a similar similar

kind kind

though though on on a a

much much

in in water water resource resource

development development

was was

July July 1957 1957 to to December December

1958. 1958.

Projects Projects

guidance guidance which which the the Council Council had had given given

programme programme

would would cover cover

the the

period period

the the ECOSOC, ECOSOC, had had taken taken and and the the

the the world world

would would

participate. participate.

The The

demonstrate demonstrate that that the the interest interest which which

gramme, gramme,

in in which which

most most countries countries

of of

particular particular problems, problems, but but rather rather to to

world-wide world-wide

scientific scientific

observational observational

pro­

ization ization was was confronted confronted with with any any

knew, knew,

this this was was

the the name name

given given to to a a

these these remarks remarks not not because because the the Organ­

physical physical

Year. Year. As As many many

delegates delegates

The The Secretary-General Secretary-General

had had made made

referred referred to to the the International International Geo­

The The Secretary-General's Secretary-General's second second point point of of the the resolutions resolutions of of the the ECOSOC. ECOSOC.

in in complete complete

harmony harmony with with the the spirit spirit International International Geophysical Geophysical Year Year

inter-agency inter-agency meetings meetings and and which which was was

with with the the agreements agreements reached reached at at the the national national level. level.

envisaged envisaged

which which

was was fully fully

consistent consistent

ology ology both both on on a a national national and and inter­

adopted. adopted.

A A programme programme

had had been been efiort efiort between between hydrology hydrology and and meteor­

tant tant

recommendations recommendations

had had

been been of of the the need need for for close close co-ordination co-ordination and and

Geneva Geneva a a

few few

days days

before before and and impor­ logical logical Organization Organization was was fully fully conscious conscious

panel panel

had had ended ended

its its

first first meeting meeting

in in the the delegate delegate that that the the World World Meteoro­

on on

water water

resource resource

problems. problems. This This He He was was therefore therefore happy happy to to reassure reassure

in in this this

field field

to to advise advise the the Organization Organization

fully fully achieved. achieved.

six six

internationally internationally

recognized recognized

experts experts

where where such such co-ordination co-ordination had had not not been been

had had

It It also also

established established

a a panel panel of of

hydrological hydrological services services in in those those countries countries

participation participation

in in this this field field

of of activities. activities.

vices vices and and the the corresponding corresponding national national

the the policy policy

of of WMO's WMO's

interest interest and and full full

between between national national meteorological meteorological ser­

tion tion earlier earlier this this

year year

and and had had reaffirmed reaffirmed

the the encouragement encouragement of of full full co-ordination co-ordination

Organization Organization

had had

considered considered this this ques­

of of hydrology. hydrology. The The policy policy also also included included

The The

Executive Executive

Committee Committee

of of the the

must must be be concerned concerned with with certain certain aspects aspects

in in this this field field which which affected affected WMO. WMO. that that the the activities activities of of the the Organization Organization

regarding regarding technical technical assistance assistance projects projects rather rather more more formal formal way way than than hitherto hitherto

Certain Certain decisions decisions had had been been and and taken taken meteorology meteorology and and accepted accepted in in a a

and and on on plans plans for for their their extension. extension. close close relationship relationship between between hydrology hydrology

inquiry inquiry on on national national hydrologic hydrologic services services to to say say that that this this policy policy reaffirmed reaffirmed the the

ECOSOC ECOSOC to to carry carry out out a a preliminary preliminary resource resource development. development. He He was was able able

WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin Octobe1· Octobe1· 1956 1956

133 133

Organization Organization to to assist assist many many countries countries sulted sulted further further in in the the planning planning of of the the

The The programme programme had had enabled enabled the the regional regional associations associations should should be be con­

First, First, the the delegate delegate felt felt that that the the programme. programme.

WMO WMO technical technical assistance assistance programme. programme. development development in in the the Organization's Organization's

some some concern concern about about two two aspects aspects of of the the there there had had been been a a most most encouraging encouraging

one one

of of the the delegates delegates who who had had expressed expressed commenced commenced in in 1952 1952 and and since since that that time time

He He then then

turned turned to to the the remarks remarks of of Assistance. Assistance. This This participation participation had had

Expanded Expanded

Programme Programme

of of Technical Technical

technical technical assistance assistance in in the the future. future.

participation participation

in in the the United United Nations Nations

to to

regional regional projects projects in in meteorological meteorological

in in this this

field field it it

relied relied

entirely entirely on on its its

that that more more attention attention should should be be given given

of of

technical technical

assistance assistance

and and for for work work

regional in in regional character character and and it it was was felt felt

The The WMO WMO

had had

no no regular regular programme programme

logical logical problems problems were were essentially essentially

WMO WMO

technical technical

assistance assistance programme. programme.

made made frontiers. frontiers. Thus Thus many many meteoro­

to to

the the third third

point point

which which related related to to the the

and and . . climate climate paid paid no no respect respect to to man­

The The Secretary-General Secretary-General

now now turned turned

more more than than one one country, country, for for weather weather

Technical Technical assistance assistance in in which which the the same same problems problems arose arose in in

meteorology meteorology was was essentially essentially a a subject subject

practical practical benefits. benefits. The The Secretary-General Secretary-General added added that that

due due course course no no doubt doubt have have important important

hydrometeorology hydrometeorology

had had been been appointed. appointed. our our had had so so far far envisaged) envisaged) it it would would in in

been been awarded awarded and and some some experts experts in in project project of of its its kind kind that that human human endeav­

ships ships in in hydrometeorology hydrometeorology had had already already be be added added the the most most comprehensive comprehensive

resource resource problems; problems; a a number number of of fellow­ tific tific programme programme in in itself itself (and (and it it might might

towards towards increased increased assistance assistance in in water water While While it it was was thus thus essentially essentially a a scien­

the the WMO WMO expanded expanded programme programme was was world's world's social social and and economic economic problems. problems.

reference reference and and an an interesting interesting trend trend of of specialized specialized knowledge, knowledge, to to many many of of the the

problems problems to to which which he he had had earlier earlier made made ance, ance, by by the the application application of of their their

such such knowledge knowledge was was to to water water resource resource in in these these fields fields to to give give increased increased assist­

One One example example of of the the application application of of this this in in turn turn ought ought to to enable enable workers workers

and and to to other other scientific scientific disciplines disciplines and and

economic economic

development. development.

benefits benefits to to the the science science of of meteorology meteorology

needed needed

in in

many many

ways ways to to assist assist m m

physical physical Year Year would would yield yield substantial substantial

this this

knowledge knowledge

which which

in in turn turn was was

gramme gramme of of the the International International

Geo­

of of

its its weather weather

and and

climate climate

and and it it was was

information information derived derived from from the the pro­

the the

sum sum total total

of of a a

country's country's knowledge knowledge

ought ought perhaps perhaps to to stress stress that that the the

was was these these records records

which which

constituted constituted

The The Secretary-General Secretary-General said said that that he he

meteorological meteorological records records proceeded. proceeded. It It

four four years. years. unspectacular unspectacular process process of of accumulating accumulating

scientific scientific activity activity in in the the next next three three means means or or of of which which the the important important but but

stitute stitute

one one of of the the major major items items of of WMO WMO network network of of meteorological meteorological stations stations by by

of of the the world. world. This This work work would would con­ establishment establishment and and operation operation of of a a

ditiously ditiously

and and cheaply cheaply to to all all countries countries requirement requirement in in such such cases cases was was the the

scientific scientific information information available available expe­ viously viously none none had had existed. existed. The The first first

make make this this important important and and indeed indeed unique unique meteorological meteorological services services where where pre­

from from all all parts parts of of the the world world and and would would had had been been possible possible to to help help establish establish

all all the the relevant relevant observational observational records records in in this this field. field. In In a a few few countries countries it it

a a special special centre centre which which would would collect collect tance tance to to the the work work of of the the Organization Organization

agreed agreed to to establish establish in in the the Secretariat Secretariat Organization Organization attached attached great great impor­

subjects. subjects.

The The Organization Organization had had also also and and Executive Executive Committee Committee of of the the

programme programme in in meteorology meteorology and and related related have have been been possible possible and and the the Congress Congress

cepted cepted

responsibility responsibility for for planning planning the the in in a a manner manner which which would would not not otherwise otherwise

WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin October October 1956 1956 WMO Bulletin October 1956 programme each year, in other words tween the Organization and the Techni­ that greater use should be made of the cal Assistance Board. specialized regional knowledge of the It was also possible that some presidents of the regional associations misunderstanding might have ansen in planning meteorological technical from the special relationship which assistance projects. This very question existed between the WMO and the had been considered by the Executive United Nations Technical Assistance Committee earlier this year. It had been Administration (UNTAA). It had been recognized by the Committee that as agreed from the outset that the far as possible the specialized regional administrative aspects of WMO's tech­ knowledge of the presidents of regional nical assistance projects should be associations should be used to good handled by the UNTAA leaving WMO advantage- at the same time it was to concentrate on the scientific and recognized that the basis of every technical aspects. This arrangement technical project must be a request was a very economical one since it from an individual government and obviated the necessity of recruiting the final decision in placing requests administrative staff for the WMO for assistance must rest with individual Secretariat, but it depended for its governments and not regional bodies. successful operation on close co-oper­ ation and understanding between the A formula had, however, been UNTAA and WMO. He was happy evolved by the Executive Committee, to say that such co-operation and which it was hoped would cover both understanding had at all times been requirements and would, he hoped, fully and readily forthcoming from meet the point raised by the delegate. the UNT AA and he wished to record his appreciation of the assistance given The other point made by the same by the Director-General and his staff delegate was a suggestion of lack of in this way. He trusted that these co-ordination between the United remarks would answer the point raised Nations and WMO on the question of by the delegate. assessing country target figures for the planning of technical assistance Peaceful uses of atomic energy projects. The Secretary-General could not help feeling that this suggestion The Secretary-General's final point of lack of co-ordination might perhaps related to .the peaceful uses of atomic be based upon a misunderstanding as energy. Many delegates had already regards the procedures followed in referred to this subject in the debate arriving at the country target figure. and in particular one delegate had These and other related questions had suggested increased activity of WMO been or would be discussed in the in this field. WMO policy on the Technical Assistance Committee and meteorological aspects of the peaceful he would not therefore enter into use of atomic energy had recently been details of the procedure followed. He established by the Executive Com­ would like to assure the delegate that mittee and pr~vided for WMO playing the procedure applied to WMO was its full part as a specialized agency the same as that applied to all organi­ in advising international agencies zations participating in the Expanded and of course the Member countries Programme of Technical Assistance of the Organization itself on the and if a system had deficiencies they meteorological aspects of atomic were in no way due to a lack of energy. A panel of four experts from co-ordination or of understanding be- France, Union of Soviet Socialist

134

135 135

final final choice choice between between the the two two forms forms for for at at cost cost price price has has been been despatched. despatched.

the the Secretary-General Secretary-General to to make make the the offering offering supplies supplies of of the the standard standard forms forms

The The Executive Executive Committee Committee directed directed Member Member countries countries of of this this decision decision and and

ological ological services services of of Member Member and and non­ Standard Standard forms forms

circular circular letter letter notifying notifying the the meteor­

is is reported reported below. below. as as the the standard standard WMO WMO Form Form No. No. r. r. A A

achieved achieved in in some some aspects aspects of of this this work work now now been been decided decided to to adopt adopt this this form form

these these decisions decisions and and the the progress progress tions tions of of the the IGY IGY Working Working Group Group it it has has

directed directed towards towards the the realization realization of of light light of of this this and and of of the the recommenda­

work work of of the the Secretariat Secretariat has has been been station, station, i.e., i.e., for for a a pentade, pentade, and and in in the the

intervening intervening months months a a good good deal deal of of the the vations vations at at 6-hourly 6-hourly intervals intervals from from one one

ternational ternational Geophysical Geophysical Year. Year. In In the the which which allows allows zo zo for for successive successive obser­

meteorological meteorological programme programme for for the the In­ indicated indicated their their preference preference for for Form Form rB, rB,

Committee Committee in in connexion connexion with with the the group. group. A A large large majority majority of of Members Members

at at the the eighth eighth session session of of the the Executive Executive into into account account the the views views of of the the working working

of of the the many many important important

decisions decisions taken taken after after consulting consulting Members Members and and taking taking

T

Bulletin Bulletin contained contained a a report report (p. (p. 89) 89) stations stations proposed proposed by by the the working working group group

previous previous issue issue of of HE HE the the WMO WMO surface surface synoptic synoptic observations observations from from land land

PLANS PLANS FOR FOR THE THE METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL PROGRAMME PROGRAMME

THE THE INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR YEAR 1957-58 1957-58

questions questions was was the the movement movement in in the the General General gave gave appropriate appropriate replies. replies.

meteorological meteorological factors. factors. One One of of these these questions questions to to which which the the Secretary­

to to atomic atomic energy energy which which might might involve involve modest modest budget budget and and raised raised detailed detailed

view view to to solving solving any any questions questions relating relating accomplished accomplished by by WMO WMO on on its its very very

other other agencies agencies and and committees committees with with a a appreciative appreciative remarks remarks about about the the work work

in in this this field field was was the the co-operation co-operation with with of of ECOSOC. ECOSOC. Several Several delegates delegates made made

The The other other aspect aspect of of WMO's WMO's interest interest detail detail in in the the Co-ordination Co-ordination Committee Committee

was was discussed discussed subsequently subsequently services services in in in in more more such such work. work.

The The report report on on the the activities activities WMO WMO and and of of WMO WMO the the national national meteorological meteorological

be be

able able to to give give valuable valuable assistance assistance to to

peaceful peaceful uses uses of of atomic atomic energy. energy.

atomic atomic

agency, agency,

when when established, established, might might

the the full full on on questions questions relating relating to to the the

thought thought

that that

the the new new international international

willingness willingness

of of WMO WMO to to co-operate co-operate to to

harmless harmless

radioactive radioactive

tracers. tracers. was was It It

what what he he had had said said would would indicate indicate the the

the the

earth's earth's

surface surface by by the the use use of of

The The Secretary-General Secretary-General trusted trusted that that

circulation circulation of of the the atmosphere atmosphere over over

ple ple the the measurement measurement of of the the large-scale large-scale stations stations throughout throughout the the world. world.

ological ological purposes purposes - such such as as for for exam­ existing existing networks networks of of meteorological meteorological

techniques techniques being being developed developed for for meteor­ procedures procedures and and possibly possibly the the use use of of

were were wide wide possibilities possibilities of of valuable valuable existing existing meteorological meteorological observational observational

science science of of meteorology meteorology itself. itself. There There perhaps perhaps be be facilitated facilitated by by reference reference to to

of of radioactive radioactive materials materials to to help help the the surface surface and and at at great great heights heights might might

pations pations of of the the panel panel would would be be the the use use sphericradioactivityboth sphericradioactivityboth on on the the earth's earth's

its its work. work. One One of of the the main main preoccu­ methods methods of of measurement measurement of of atmo­

on on these these matters matters and and had had commenced commenced discharge. discharge. The The standardization standardization of of

nominated nominated to to advise advise the the Organization Organization arising arising from from routine routine or or accidental accidental

United United States States of of America America had had been been ducts ducts from from reactor reactor plants plants whether whether

Republics, Republics,

United United Kingdom Kingdom and and the the atmosphere atmosphere of of radioactive radioactive waste waste pro­

WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin October October 1956 1956 WMO Bulletin October 1956

Micro-opaque cards Arctic Conference Four firms were invited to tender for Activities in preparation for the the supply of the micro-opaque cards IGY meteorological programme have to which the observational data con­ not, of course, been confined to the tained on the standard forms will be Secretariat and in recent months three transferred. The tenders received were conferences have taken place which carefully examined and it was decided have important bearings on this pro­ to award the contract to the Microcard gramme. Corporation, Washington, U.S.A. In Stockholm, the Arctic Confer­ List of selected stations ence met from 22 to 25 May rg56 Provisional lists of selected surface under the auspices of the Special Com­ synoptic stations for the IGY were mittee of the IGY (CSAGI), WMO drawn up in the Secretariat for the being represented by Professor J. Van northern and southern hemispheres, Mieghem. The agenda for the meeting, each list giving an average density over to which 12 countries sent delegations, land areas of about four stations per included the distribution of Arctic sta­ five-degree square. These lists, which tions, the co-ordination of observations contained approximately 1500 and and transmissions and the standardiza­ 6oo stations respectively, were circu­ tion of working methods. Ten working lated to all Member and non-Member groups were established to deal with countries for comments and suggested the various scientific programmes. alterations in the selection of stations. The subjects discussed by the work­ A list of amendments to the provisional ing group on meteorology were the geo­ lists based on information received in graphical di~tribution of stations, the reply to the original inquiry has now exchange of meteorological data and been issued. It is expected that a final special information, instrument prob­ list of the selected stations will be lems and the plan of the Scandinavian issued at the end of rg56 with the countries to organize a joint working brochure containing all relevant details group to be stationed at the Norwe­ of the IGY meteorological programme. gian Meteorological Service in Oslo Antarctic codes during the IGY. All countries which had indicated As a result of these discussions the their intention of establishing meteor­ working group drafted eight resolu­ ological stations in the Antarctic during tions which were subsequently adopted the IGY were consulted about the unanimously by the Arctic Conference. meteorological codes to be used in that With a view to improving the results region. The new codes, which have of the ozone investigations to be made now been issued as a supplement to during the IGY, it was recommended Volume B of WMO Publication No. g, that the sensitivity of instruments are based essentially on the interna­ should be increased so that measure­ tional meteorological codes and it is ments can be made using moonlight, believed that they represent the best that a standard method of measuring practical solution to the various pro­ the ozone content of surface air should blems specific to the Antarctic. They be developed and that every effort will come into force officially on should be made to establish ozone sta­ r July 1957, the opening date of the tions at latitude 65°N or higher from IGY, although some authorities have rg0 E eastwards to 148°W. The estab­ indicated that they will use the codes lishment of an aerological and actino­ from earlier dates. metric station on the Greenland ice cap

136

137 137

the the important important gaps gaps in in the the observational observational outs, outs, interference interference and and the the failure failure of of

fessor fessor Van Van Mieghem Mieghem commented commented on on trials trials in in connexion connexion with with radio radio black­

applied applied equally equally in in the the Antarctic. Antarctic. Pro­ meteorological meteorological data. data. A A number number of of

actinometric actinometric and and ozone ozone measurements measurements work work capable capable of of carrying carrying all all the the

olutions olutions on on radio radio transmissions, transmissions, and and on on stations stations to to secure secure a a more more reliable reliable net­

Conference. Conference. was was decided decided that that the the res­ It It in in the the Antarctic Antarctic and and regrouped regrouped the the

subject subject of of resolutions resolutions at at the the Arctic Arctic earlier earlier plans plans for for radio radio communications communications

number number which which had had previously previously been been the the The The conference conference also also re-examined re-examined the the

working working group group

on on meteorology meteorology

were were

a a

available available by by the the autumn autumn of of 1957. 1957.

Amongst Amongst the the items items dealt dealt with with by by the the

lected lected during during the the IGY, IGY, would would be be made made

-deal -deal with with the the work work of of the the meeting. meeting. ning ning the the analysis analysis of of the the data data to to be be col­

ro ro working working groups groups were were constituted constituted to to be be of of considerable considerable importance importance in in plan­

rgss/s6. rgss/s6. As As at at the the Arctic Arctic Conference, Conference, results results of of the the expedition, expedition, which which would would

in in the the light light of of surveys surveys made made during during the the hope hope that that the the complete complete scientific scientific

plans plans for for the the IGY Antarctic Antarctic IGY programme programme the the Antarctic, Antarctic, the the Conference Conference expressed expressed

this this conference conference was was to to complete complete the the heim heim to to the the planning planning of of operations operations in in

3 3 August August rgs6. rgs6. The The main main purpose purpose of of gian-British-Swedish gian-British-Swedish station station at at Maud­

ence ence held held in in Paris Paris from from July July 30 30 to to preliminary preliminary reports reports from from the the N N orwe­

WMO WMO at at the the third third Antarctic Antarctic Confer­ Recognizing Recognizing the the great great value value of of the the

expert expert of of the the Secretariat, Secretariat, represented represented

of of establishing establishing this this station. station. Mr. Mr. V. V. Sundaram, Sundaram, telecommunications telecommunications

should should examine examine closely closely the the possibility possibility Professor Professor J. J. V V an an Mieghem Mieghem and and

Union Union of of South South Africa Africa and and the the U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R.

Antarctic Antarctic Conference Conference

possible possible the the proposal proposal that that Norway, Norway, the the

copters, copters, by by the the U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. had had made made

from from high high altitudes. altitudes.

of of transport transport facilities, facilities, including including heli­

being being paid paid to to aerological aerological observations observations

subject subject of of much much discussion. discussion. The The offer offer

from from the the Arctic, Arctic, particular particular attention attention

of of the the Cape Cape of of Good Good Hope Hope was was the the

transmissions transmissions of of synoptic synoptic observations observations

in in the the aerological aerological network network to to the the SSW SSW

the the quality quality and and quantity quantity of of radio radio

Bouvet Bouvet Island Island to to fill fill the the immense immense gap gap

every every effort effort should should be be made made to to improve improve

The The establishment establishment of of a a station station on on

permitted. permitted. Finally Finally was was urged urged it it that that

much much of of the the equatorial equatorial region region as as data data

summer summer months months of of the the IGY. IGY.

for for the the northern northern hemisphere hemisphere

and and

as as

ship ship at at about about 55°S 55°S IJ0°E IJ0°E during during the the

charts charts for for so so mb mb should should be be published published

States States intends intends to to station station a a weather weather

IGY. IGY. was was recommended recommended that that daily daily It It

nexion nexion it it was was reported reported that that the the United United

hemisphere hemisphere weather weather charts charts during during the the

adopted adopted to to this this effect. effect. In In this this con­

the the United United States States to to prepare prepare northern northern

IGY IGY committees. committees. A A resolution resolution was was

mentioned mentioned above above and and the the decision decision of of

of of all all concerned concerned through through the the national national

faction faction the the Scandinavian Scandinavian joint joint project project

this this matter, matter, requesting requesting the the co-operation co-operation

Other Other resolutions resolutions noted noted with with satis­

CSAGI CSAGI should should give give special special attention attention to to

next next issue issue of of the the Bulletin). Bulletin). working working group group recommended recommended . . that that

these these Hamburg Hamburg comparisons comparisons in in the the aircraft aircraft reconnaissance reconnaissance flights. flights. The The

planned planned to to publish publish an an article article about about Another Another possibility possibility was was reports reports from from

tember tember rgss rgss and and May May rgs6 rgs6 (it (it is is latitudes latitudes 45 45 and and 55 55 degrees degrees South. South.

instrullJ,ents instrullJ,ents made made in in Hamburg Hamburg in in Sep­ a a special special ship ship circumnavigating circumnavigating between between

results results of of the the comparisons comparisons of of radiation radiation ships ships and and warships warships on on passage, passage, or or even even

advised advised to to examine examine with with great great care care the the ships' ships' reports, reports, the the use use of of expedition expedition

measurements measurements in in the the Arctic Arctic were were use use of of weather weather ships, ships, increased increased whaling whaling

tries tries planning planning to to make make actinometric actinometric ous ous solutions solutions proposed proposed included included the the

was was strongly strongly recommended recommended whilst whilst coun­ network network of of the the southern southern oceans. oceans. Vari­

WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin October October 1956 1956

138 138

and and agencies agencies ; ; plans plans these these specialized specialized the the and and

of of execution execution UN UN the the the the for for between between conditions conditions and and co-operation co-operation tinued tinued

extension extension their their for for plans plans services, services, logic logic con­ urged urged resolutions, resolutions, previous previous the the

hydro­ existing existing on on reaffirmed reaffirmed inquiry inquiry This This adopted. adopted. preliminary preliminary was was resolution resolution

a a concerned, concerned, governments governments the the with with important important further further a a and and Harmantas, Harmantas,

and and agencies agencies Mr. Mr. specialized specialized by by L. L. competent competent represented represented the the was was WMO WMO

with with co-operation co-operation which which in in at at 1956, 1956, initiate, initiate, May May To To in in York York New New (b) (b) at at

(ECOSOC) (ECOSOC) Council Council Social Social and and Economic Economic

; ; activities activities related related Nations Nations United United the the of of session session zrst zrst

and and programmes programmes research research projects, projects, the the at at reviewed reviewed was was work work this this of of

water water of of development development current current on on tion tion aspects aspects international international the the in in progress progress

informa­ of of dissemination dissemination and and analysis analysis Recent Recent data. data. of of collection collection the the to to regard regard

collection, collection, the the ensuring ensuring for for ments ments with with especially especially hydrology, hydrology, of of :field :field

arrange­ appropriate appropriate make make To To the the (a) (a) in in responsibilities responsibilities certain certain assume assume

to to agencies agencies specialized specialized its its of of some some and and

steps: steps: Nations Nations United United the the by by encouraged encouraged been been

1'... 1'...

specific specific has has following following WMO WMO the the out out that that carry carry aware aware to to already already

D D Secretary-General Secretary-General UN UN the the requested requested are are Bulletin Bulletin the the of of readers readers EGULAR EGULAR

DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT RESOURCE RESOURCE WATER WATER

made made Bulletin. Bulletin. the the of of observations observations issue issue next next meteorological meteorological the the

the the in in given given of of be be will will grouping grouping CSAGI CSAGI the the of of session session facilitate facilitate to to pentacles pentacles

fourth fourth the the the the about about with with information information exactly exactly Further Further coincide coincide to to adjusted adjusted

be be - 58 58 p. p. No. No. IV, IV, Vol. Vol. Bulletin, Bulletin, 2, 2,

ciation. ciation.

WMO WMO see see - (WMI) (WMI) Intervals Intervals ological ological

appre­ with with noted noted was was programme programme IGY IGY

Meteor­ World World the the of of dates dates the the that that

the the of of success success the the for for WMO WMO by by given given

WMO WMO from from request request a a was was with with dealt dealt

assistance assistance and and co-operation co-operation The The :final. :final.

decisions decisions important important the the Amongst Amongst

made made regions regions various various the the for for nications nications

above. above.

reported reported Conferences Conferences Antarctic Antarctic commu­ IGY IGY the the for for arrangements arrangements the the

and and Arctic Arctic

the the by by proposed proposed tions tions and and approved approved was was WMO WMO by by submitted submitted

resolu­

the the of of adoption adoption the the included included network network telecommunications telecommunications ological ological

session session

the the of of

work work The The

1957. 1957. July July

in in

meteor­ the the over over messages messages (SWI) (SWI) vals vals

IGY IGY

the the of of

commencement commencement the the before before Inter­ World World Special Special and and warnings warnings alert alert

body body this this of of

meeting meeting

last last

the the

was was of of dissemination dissemination the the for for scheme scheme The The

This This Sundaram. Sundaram. V. V. Mr. Mr. and and Mieghem Mieghem

versions. versions. previous previous all all superseded superseded Van Van J. J. Professor Professor by by represented represented again again

it it that that stating stating note note a a with with marked marked was was WMO WMO rg56, rg56, September September rs rs to to ro ro

clearly clearly issued, issued, be be should should calendar calendar :final :final from from Barcelona Barcelona in in held held was was which which

a a that that requested requested CSAGI CSAGI circulated. circulated. CSAGI, CSAGI, of of session session fourth fourth the the At At

been been have have which which WMI's WMI's and and (RWD) (RWD)

GI GI CSA CSA of of session session Fmtrth Fmtrth

Days Days World World Regular Regular of of calendars calendars ing ing

conflict­ the the concerned concerned preparation. preparation. resolution resolution tant tant under under is is cedures cedures

impor­ Another Another pro­ WMI's. WMI's. of of working working list list and and revised revised frequencies frequencies signs, signs,

a a issuing issuing and and call­ suggestion suggestion stations, stations, the the WMO WMO the the containing containing manual manual

adopting adopting radio radio resolution resolution A A a a IGY. IGY. the the passed passed of of CSAGI CSAGI commencement commencement the the

1957 1957 before before just just June June in in overwhelming, overwhelming, reviewed reviewed were were and and pentacles pentacles gral gral

inte­ to to March March correspond correspond to to to to WMI's WMI's October October the the ing ing during during out out tried tried be be

select­ of of will will convenience convenience schemes schemes and and revised revised The The advantages advantages upon. upon. decided decided

the the that that Noting Noting were were Days. Days. World World communications communications during during intra-antarctic intra-antarctic

6 6 195 195 October October Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO

139 139

possibility possibility of of preparing preparing a a comprehen- the the field field of of hydrology hydrology similar similar to to its its

Another Another subject subject discussed discussed was was the the ultimately ultimately assume assume responsibilities responsibilities in in

ple ple a a

proposal proposal

that that

WMO WMO

should should

of of presenting presenting their their views views to to the the panel. panel.

far-reaching far-reaching

importance, importance,

as as for for

exam­

agencies agencies would would have have full full opportunity opportunity

recommendations, recommendations,

some some

of of these these

are are of of

and and gave gave an an assurance assurance that that

specialized specialized

session session

are are

contained contained

in in only only

five five

of of experts experts recommended recommended by by ECOSOC ECOSOC

Although Although

the the mam mam

results results

of of

the the

steps steps being being taken taken to to set set up up the the panel panel

The The UN UN representative representative outlined outlined the the

gramme. gramme.

about about the the

technical technical assistance assistance pro­ coming. coming.

to to the the panel panel

and and

answered answered

questions questions

for for ECOSOC ECOSOC on on the the information information forth­

Technical Technical

Assistance Assistance

Unit, Unit,

also also

spoke spoke

UN UN and and WMO WMO would would prepare prepare a a report report

Mr. Mr. W. W. R. R.

Dyer, Dyer, Chief Chief

of of

the the

WMO WMO

tionnaire tionnaire would would be be distributed distributed by by

the the

izations izations

in in the the work work

of of the the

panel. panel.

and and meteorological meteorological services. services. The The

ques­

expressed expressed the the

interest interest

of of their their

organ­

relations relations between between national national hydrologic hydrologic

attended attended

one one

of of the the

meetings meetings

and and

of of an an earlier earlier inquiry inquiry by by WMO WMO on on

the the

the the

Economic Economic

Commission Commission

for for

Europe Europe

the the information information received received as as a a result result

the the

World World

Health Health

Organization Organization

and and (IAH), (IAH), which which would would take take into into account account

the the Food Food and and

Agriculture Agriculture

Organization, Organization,

Association Association for for Scientific Scientific Hydrology Hydrology

session. session.

Representatives Representatives

of of

the the UN, UN, in in consultation consultation with with the the International International

requested requested to to

serve serve

as as

chairman chairman

of of

the the

that that WMO WMO should should draft draft a a

questionnaire, questionnaire,

No. No. 4, 4, p. p. I4I). I4I).

Mr. Mr. 0. 0. M. M. Ashford Ashford

was was

by by ECOSOC, ECOSOC, it it was was recommended recommended

Dr. Dr.

E. E. B. B. Kraus Kraus

(see (see Bulletin, Bulletin,

Vol. Vol.

IV, IV,

existing existing hydrologic hydrologic services services called called for for

the the

U.S.S.R., U.S.S.R.,

who who

had had

replaced replaced

With With regard regard to to the the inquiry inquiry

on on

panel, panel, including including Mr. Mr. M. M. E. E. Ivanov Ivanov of of

was was attended attended programme programme by by in in all all this this members members field. field. of of the the

from from decisions decisions r6 r6 to to r8 r8 July July of of interest interest rg56. rg56. The The to to session session the the WMO WMO

No. No. in in 4, 4, the the p. p. WMO WMO r4r) r4r) there there Secretariat Secretariat were were and and several several lasted lasted

development. development. previous previous The The meeting meeting meetings meetings (see (see Bulletin, Bulletin, were were held held Vol. Vol. IV, IV,

of of the the Investigations Investigations WMO WMO panel panel on on Section. Section. water water resource resource As As at at the the

lowed lowed Mr. Mr. immediately immediately 0. 0. M. M. Ashford, Ashford, by by the the first first Chief Chief session session of of the the

rg56 rg56 The The where where inter-agency inter-agency WMO WMO was was represented represented meeting meeting was was by by fol­

held held

in in Geneva Geneva

from from

ro ro to to

rz rz July July

First First session session of of WMO WMO panel panel

agency agency meeting meeting on on water water resources, resources,

subject subject of of discussion discussion at at the the third third inter­

The The the the above above next next inter-agency inter-agency resolution resolution was was meeting. meeting. the the main main

be be

taken taken was was however however postponed postponed until until

Inter-agency Inter-agency meeting meeting

decision decision as as to to what what steps steps could could usefully usefully

engaged engaged in in preparing preparing terminologies. terminologies. A A

rience rience and and data data in in related related domains. domains. between between the the different different bodies bodies at at present present

ensure ensure a a world-wide world-wide exchange exchange of of expe­ matter matter was was to to ensure ensure co-ordination co-ordination

ference ference - to to be be taken taken in in order order to to was was agreed agreed It It that that the the most most urgent urgent

convening convening of of an an international international con­ minologies minologies in in more more than than one one language. language.

cluding, cluding, if if they they deem deem it it advisable, advisable, the the cedure cedure for for preparing preparing specialized specialized ter­

advising advising on on the the proper proper action- in­ national national bodies bodies and and suggesting suggesting a a pro­

grated grated river river basin basin development, development, and and for for already already under under way way by by various various inter­

nomic nomic and and social social implications implications of of inte­ paper paper outlining outlining the the many many activities activities

Secretariat, Secretariat, the the administrative, administrative, eco­ representative representative presented presented a a valuable valuable

the the assistance assistance of of the the United United Nations Nations resource resource development. development. The The UNESCO UNESCO

renowned renowned experts experts for for reviewing, reviewing, with with the the various various sciences sciences related related to to water water

(c) (c) To To constitute constitute a a panel panel of of world world sive sive international international terminology terminology covering covering

WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin October October 1956 1956

140 140

O.M.A. O.M.A. highly highly two two least least at at for for arrange arrange to to our our

endeav­ should should Secretary-General Secretary-General the the

Ivanov. Ivanov. E. E. M. M. Mr. Mr.

that that recommended recommended was was 'it 'it Congress, Congress,

by by offered offered generously generously style style Russian Russian

Third Third

'to 'to

prior prior posts posts new new

creating creating in in

in in party party farewell farewell a a to to tary-General tary-General

difficulty difficulty the the of of view view In In hydrology. hydrology. of of

Secre­ the the by by opening opening official official its its from from

programme programme the the

out out

carrying carrying to to time time

gathering gathering whole whole the the marked marked which which

full full their their devote devote to to able able Secretariat Secretariat

friendship friendship of of spirit spirit the the reflects reflects turn turn

the the in in specialists specialists more more or or one one have have

in in this this ; ; unanimously unanimously adopted adopted were were

to to necessary necessary be be would would it it successfully successfully

panel panel the the of of decisions decisions the the all all that that

responsibilities responsibilities

new new

these these execute execute to to

:record :record we we that that pleasure pleasure with with is is It It

WMO WMO enable enable to to that that felt felt panel panel The The

field. field.

future. future. near near the the in in details details

the the in in experts experts assistance assistance technical technical of of

further further publish publish to to able able be be to to hoped hoped is is

aid aid the the with with surveys surveys out out carrying carrying by by

it it and and Secretariat Secretariat the the by by up up followed followed

obtained obtained be be should should information information fuller fuller

being being now now is is proposal proposal This This studies. studies.

necessary necessary where where that that suggested suggested and and

balance balance water water of of also also treatment treatment some some

inquiry, inquiry, WMO WMO previous previous the the of of results results

with with methods methods forecasting forecasting hydrologic hydrologic on on

the the to to reference reference specific specific makes makes which which

focussed focussed be be should should training training the the and and

questionnaire, questionnaire, draft draft a a prepared prepared panel panel

Assistance Assistance Technical Technical of of Programme Programme

The The resolution. resolution. ECOSOC ECOSOC the the of of tation tation

Expanded Expanded Nations Nations United United the the under under

implemen­ in in prepare prepare to to asked asked been been

organized organized be be should should seminar seminar The The area. area.

had had WMO WMO which which above above mentioned mentioned

Asia Asia South-West South-West and and Mediterranean Mediterranean

questionnaire questionnaire the the discuss discuss to to IAH, IAH,

the the for for 1957 1957

of of half half latter latter the the in in

J. J. the the of of Secretary-General Secretary-General Tison, Tison, L. L.

seminar seminar training training technical technical a a sponsor sponsor

Professor Professor of of session session panel panel the the at at ence ence

should should WMO WMO that that proposed proposed panel panel

pres­ the the of of taken taken was was Opportunity Opportunity

the the seminars, seminars, these these of of first first the the For For

IAH. IAH. seminars. seminars. and and

the the to to

expeditiously expeditiously and and regularly regularly symposia symposia international international of of organization organization

supplied supplied is is Bibliography Bibliography Hydrologic Hydrologic the the and and hydrology hydrology of of aspects aspects various various

International International the the in in sections sections national national on on notes notes technical technical of of preparation preparation the the

the the for for material material that that ensuring ensuring in in yearbooks, yearbooks, hydrologic hydrologic of of forms forms the the

assist assist to to

Representatives Representatives Permanent Permanent for for and and forecasts forecasts and and data data hydrologic hydrologic

WMO WMO requesting requesting by by and and support support of of exchange exchange routine routine the the for for networks, networks,

financial financial

some some providing providing by by work work its its in in and and observations observations hydrologic hydrologic for for dards dards

IAH IAH

help help should should WMO WMO meantime meantime the the stan­ international international of of development development the the

m m that that but but bibliography bibliography hydrologic hydrologic hydrology, hydrology, in in practices practices international international

meteorological meteorological

world world a a a~d a~d

publish publish on on guides guides and and regulations regulations technical technical of of

to to WMO WMO for for be be should should goal goal ultimate ultimate preparation preparation the the included included panel panel the the by by

the the

that that recommended recommended was was panel. panel. It It visualized visualized programme programme long-term long-term The The

the the by by discussed discussed also also was was IAH IAH the the

by by published published

being being present present at at graphy graphy

meteorology. meteorology.

Biblio­ Hydrologic Hydrologic International International the the

to to related related closely closely most most hydrology hydrology of of

for for support support

WMO WMO of of

question question The The

aspects aspects those those on on concentrated concentrated be be should should

attention attention meantime meantime the the in in that that mended mended

problems. problems. meteorological meteorological recom­ and and Convention Convention WMO WMO the the in in

hydro­ with with dealing dealing staffs staffs large large have have changes changes some some necessitate necessitate would would this this

which which countries countries from from Secretariat Secretariat the the that that realized realized panel panel The The meteorology. meteorology.

to to assigned assigned be be to to personnel personnel qualified qualified of of field field the the in in responsibilities responsibilities present present

1956 1956 October October Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO

141 141

be be held held in in New New York York during during October October ments ments make make known known the the extent extent of of

The The 37th 37th meeting meeting of of the the TAB TAB is is to to which which various various contributing contributing govern­

October October 1956. 1956. This This is is a a meeting meeting at at

37TH 37TH

TAB TAB

MEETING MEETING

will also also will be be held held in in New New York York during during

The The

Technical Technical Assistance Assistance Conference Conference

perhaps perhaps rather rather slowly. slowly.

TECHNICAL TECHNICAL overall overall ASSISTANCE ASSISTANCE WMO WMO programme programme CONFERENCE CONFERENCE although although

will will result result in in a a development development of of the the

problems problems facing facing WMO WMO in in this this connexion connexion

available. available.

the the discussion discussion by by the the TAB TAB on on the the

the the requests requests

made made

and and of of the the

funds funds

programme, programme, it it is is felt felt nevertheless nevertheless that that

gramme gramme

in in 1957 1957 in in the the

light light

both both of of

expected expected immediately immediately in in the the WMO WMO

mented mented

under under

the the

Expanded Expanded

Pro­

assistance. assistance. While While no no major major change change is is

which which

the the TAB TAB feels feels

should should be be imple­

demands demands for for meteorological meteorological technical technical

Committee Committee

(TAC) (TAC)

as as to to

the the assistance assistance

far far as as possible, possible, the the ever-growing ever-growing

to to WMO WMO in in future future years years to to meet, meet, as as

be be made made handle handle in in meteorological meteorological planning planning shares shares instruments instruments available available

Afghanistan Afghanistan : : Afghan Afghan students students learn learn to to as as far far as as possible, possible, adjustments adjustments should should

of of the the WMO WMO position position and and agreed agreed that, that,

The The TAB TAB took took a a sympathetic sympathetic view view

likely likely to to be be hampered hampered .. ..

of of the the WMO WMO programme programme was was thus thus

the the fact fact that that significant significant development development

and and serious serious concern concern was was expressed expressed at at

for for assistance assistance under under the the Organization, Organization,

severe severe limitation limitation of of funds available available funds

dures, dures, with with the the consequent consequent rather rather

through through the the present present planning planning proce­

difficulties difficulties under under which which WMO WMO operates operates

The The paper paper drew drew attention attention to to the the

meteorological meteorological assistance assistance programme. programme.

of of the the funds funds available available to to the the WMO WMO

by by the the Secretary-General Secretary-General on on the the subject subject

WMO WMO centred centred on on a a paper paper submitted submitted

but but discussion discussion of of particular particular interest interest to to mendations mendations to to the the Technical Technical Assistance Assistance

with with routine routine administrative administrative matters matters the the world world and and will will make make final final recom­

The The meeting meeting concerned concerned itself itself primarily primarily received received from from countries countries throughout throughout

Chief Chief of of the the Technical Technical Assistance Assistance Unit. Unit. of of the the 1957 1957 programme-requests programme-requests

was was represented represented by by Mr. Mr. W. W. Dyer, Dyer, R. R. with with consolidation consolidation and and co-ordination co-ordination

in in Geneva Geneva during during July July 1956 1956 and and WMO WMO

meeting meeting will will concern concern itself itself particularly particularly

T

Assistance Assistance Board Board (TAB) (TAB) was was held held ative ative will will be be Mr. Mr. W. W. Dyer. Dyer. R. R. This This

36th 36th meeting meeting of of the the Technical Technical HE HE 1956 1956 and, and, again, again, the the WMO WMO represent­

36TH 36TH TAB TAB MEETING MEETING

WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin October October 1956 1956 WMO Bulletin October 1956 their contribution, for the ensuing REGIONAL PROGRAMME 1957 year, towards the Expanded Pro­ gramme of Technical Assistance The primary requirement for regional (EPTA). programmes under WMO during 1957 is the holding of a seminar on the It is this meeting which determines hydrometeorological aspects of water the total financial level of available resource utilization in the Mediter­ assistance and it is in the light of this ranean Basin (see p. 140). So far the information that the programme recom­ project is only in the initial planning mendations of the 37th meeting of TAB stages and details of the seminar have will be finalized. not yet been worked out. It is, however, confidently expected that the meeting will materialise under the TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE EPTA ; details will be included in subsequent issues of the Bulletin. It The T AC met in Geneva during is doubtful if available funds will July 1956 and was attended by permit of more than one regional Mr. Dyer as the WMO representative. project under WMO during :J:957 but This body is the committee of the reserve projects are in mind and Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) maximum effort will be put into which is specifically charged with the regional assistance within the limit of overall guidance and control of the funds available for this purpose. By EPTA. The detailed day-to-day opera­ the very nature of meteorology it is tion of the programme is, of course, clear that numerous deficiencies would in the hands of the TAB which is respond better to treatment on a. answerable to the T AC. regional basis than on a country basis and this fact is borne very much in mind in the formulation of the WMO 1957 PROGRAMME OF TECHNICAL plans for regional projects. ASSISTANCE The known requirements for meteor­ ological technical assistance under 1958 PROGRAMME WMO during 1957 considerably exceed the programme which it is possible to Initial planning for the 1958 pro­ implement with the funds expected to gramme of technical assistance will be available. The category I requests need to be put in hand within the actually received from recipient coun­ WMO Technical Assistance Unit during tries do not provide a reliable measure December 1956. Some difficulty has of the real requirements, partly because been experienced in the past through of existing planning procedures and lack of definite information on the partly because pressing requirements requirements for meteorological tech­ under other specialized agencies tend nical assistance in the various countries to absorb the limited funds available of the world. It is accordingly now for the programme. It is, however, suggested that the directors of those clear that a very big and ever-increasing services which expect to seek technical demand exists for meteorological assist­ assistance during 1958 should begin to ance and it is hoped that the 1957 formulate their broad plans and should, programme will show at least a small furthermore, communicate their re­ increase over earlier years and that quirements as promptly as possible to subsequent years will show still further the Secretariat and not later than the growth. end of 1956. It would, of course, be most

142

143 143

two two recently recently completed completed missions missions and and tological tological work. work. It It is is clear clear that that

The The following following paragraphs paragraphs deal deal with with as as regards regards the the instrumental instrumental and and clima­

Icelandic Icelandic Meteorological Meteorological Service Service

both both

CURRENT CURRENT

PROGRAMME PROGRAMME

in in detail detail on on requirements requirements in in the the

in in Iceland Iceland during during which which he he reported reported

out out a a short short top-level top-level survey survey mission mission

plan plan to to the the TAB. TAB.

Dr. Dr. Anders Anders

Angstrom Angstrom

has has carried carried

before before submission submission of of the the suggested suggested

Iceland Iceland full full appreciation appreciation of of the the global global position position

ments ments in in adequate adequate time time to to permit permit a a

concerning concerning possible possible country country require­ whole. whole.

before before it it all all available available information information wider wider aspects aspects of of meteorology meteorology as as a a

during during the the planning planning stages, stages, have have regarding regarding potato potato blight blight but but also also in in the the

is is essential essential that that the the Secretariat Secretariat should, should, in in the the introduction introduction of of control control measures measures

meteorological meteorological technical technical assistance, assistance, particular particular it it problems problems facing facing the the country country

throughout throughout the the countries countries requiring requiring benefit benefit to to Chile, Chile, not not only only in in the the

of of available available funds funds is is to to be be made made which which should should prove prove of of considerable considerable

co-ordinated co-ordinated and and equitable equitable distribution distribution produced produced a a particularly particularly valuable valuable report report

services services at at directorate directorate level. level. a a If If well well result result of of his his work work Mr. Mr. Bourke Bourke has has

needs needs

to to be be sought sought from from meteorological meteorological completion completion of of his his mission mission in in Chile. Chile. As As a a

and and preliminary preliminary

guidance guidance therefore therefore sions sions with with Secretariat Secretariat officers officers on on the the

wheat wheat growing growing

small-scale small-scale experiment experiment in in

an an Icelandic Icelandic meteorologist meteorologist a a

Dr.Angstrom Dr.Angstrom discusses discusses with with

Iceland, Iceland, August August 1956: 1956:

cases cases this this may may be be found found impracticable impracticable Geneva Geneva during during August August rg56 rg56 for for discus-

is, is, however, however, realized realized that that in in many many Mr. Mr. P. P. M. M. Austin Austin Bourke Bourke visited visited

government government level level during during rg56. rg56. It It

Chile Chile

were were advised advised to to the the Secretariat Secretariat at at

ological ological requirements requirements of of a a country country TA TA Unit. Unit.

compelling compelling if if the the expected expected rg58 rg58 meteor­ with with some some of of the the work work of of the the WMO/ WMO/

WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin October October 1956 1956

144 144

jet-stream." jet-stream." the the of of side side either either on on regions regions exit exit and and

entrance entrance the the between between sign sign changes changes motion motion vertical vertical ...... " " : : read read rr, rr, line line graph, graph,

para­ third third in in 3, 3, No. No. V, V, Vol. Vol. Bulletin, Bulletin, WMO WMO of of rzz rzz p. p. On On Corrigendum: Corrigendum:

results. results. of of maximum maximum the the that that intended intended is is it it

assessment assessment or or measurement measurement of of methods methods permit, permit, will will staffing staffing available available as as far far

towards towards directed directed being being are are effort effort and and so so and, and, do do to to upon upon called called are are they they

emphasis emphasis considerable considerable matter, matter, the the of of work work the the in in necessary necessary so so is is which which

importance importance real real very very the the of of because because contact contact personal personal from from gain gain do do field field

but, but, problem problem complicated complicated rather rather a a the the in in personnel personnel project project that that clear clear

presents presents results results these these of of evaluation evaluation The The quite quite seems seems It It WMO. WMO. under under projects projects

assistance. assistance. such such from from accrue accrue to to seen seen assistance assistance technical technical all all to to officers officers

are are results results encouraging encouraging or or positive positive Secretariat Secretariat by by possible possible found found be be will will

if if only only justified justified be be can can assistance assistance of of least least at at visits visits yearly yearly future, future, in in that, that,

extension extension and and continuation continuation that that clear clear hoped hoped is is It It programme. programme. assistance assistance

is is It It programme. programme. assistance assistance technical technical technical technical WMO WMO the the under under serving serving

the the of of evaluation evaluation the the with with associated associated experts experts the the of of purpose purpose of of strength strength and and

problems problems the the study study to to UNESCO UNESCO of of sincerity sincerity obvious obvious and and work work the the with with

invitation invitation the the at at Paris Paris in in held held meetings meetings impressed impressed was was Dyer Dyer Mr. Mr. Secretariat. Secretariat.

attended attended Dyer Dyer Mr. Mr. August August During During the the of of staff staff the the to to and and field field the the in in

personnel personnel project project the the to to both both helpful helpful

EVALUATION EVALUATION

most most be be to to found found was was visit visit The The

studies. studies. nutrition nutrition for for data data matologica.l matologica.l toum). toum).

biocli­ and and prevention prevention fire fire forest forest for for (Khar­ Sudan Sudan (Nairobi), (Nairobi), Africa Africa East East

data data meteorological meteorological were were mentioned mentioned British British (Cairo), (Cairo), Egypt Egypt (Kabul), (Kabul), tan tan

needs needs

specific specific the the Among Among projects. projects. Afghanis­ (Karachi), (Karachi), Pakistan Pakistan salem), salem),

FAO FAO different different many many for for value value of of Jeru­ and and (Amman (Amman Jordan Jordan (Beirut), (Beirut),

be be should should this this rS); rS); p. p. r, r, No. No. V, V, Vol. Vol. Lebanon Lebanon (Damascus), (Damascus), Syria Syria (Teheran), (Teheran),

Bulletin, Bulletin, WMO WMO (see (see atlas atlas climatic climatic world world Iran Iran (Baghdad), (Baghdad), Iraq Iraq (Ankara), (Ankara), Turkey Turkey

a a sponsoring sponsoring for for plans plans WMO WMO the the in in visited: visited: were were countries countries following following The The

FAO FAO by by expressed expressed was was interest interest Great Great

operation. operation. in in not not are are sponsorship. sponsorship. its its under under programmes programmes

projects projects current current where where countries countries in in take take the the and and FAO FAO of of requirements requirements the the to to

to to visit visit his his extend extend to to nor nor countries countries had had be be should should regard regard due due programme, programme,

such such all all visit visit to to him him for for available available WMO WMO the the developing developing in in that, that, desirable desirable

time time the the in in possible possible not not unfortunately, unfortunately, therefore therefore is is it it and and information information ground ground

was, was, It It WMO. WMO. under under exist exist projects projects back­ meteorological meteorological adequate adequate upon upon

assistance assistance technical technical current current where where East East success success its its for for contingent contingent is is gramme gramme

Middle Middle the the in in countries countries of of number number pro­ FAO FAO the the of of portion portion significant significant a a

a a visited visited Dyer, Dyer, Mr. Mr. Unit, Unit, WMOjTA WMOjTA that that clear clear is is It It programmes. programmes. assistance assistance

the the of of Chief Chief the the rg56 rg56 May May During During technical technical WMO WMO and and FAO FAO the the between between

co-ordination co-ordination concerning concerning held held were were talks talks East East Middle Middle

valuable valuable where where Rome Rome in in Organization Organization

mission. mission. the the

Agriculture Agriculture and and Food Food the the of of quarters quarters

of of

commencement commencement

the the

at at

August August in in head­ the the to to paid paid also also was was visit visit A A

Icelm1d Icelm1d visited visited also also Dyer Dyer Mr. Mr. I957· I957·

FAO FAO WITH WITH COLLABORATION COLLABORATION during during instituted instituted be be will will such such that that

hoped hoped is is it it and and Iceland Iceland in in programme programme

future. future. the the in in tained tained assistance assistance technical technical sound sound a a for for basis basis

main­ be be will will schedule schedule visiting visiting possible possible the the form form will will report report Angstrom's Angstrom's Dr. Dr.

1956 1956 Octobe1· Octobe1· Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO

145 145

1953 1953 at at the the first first session session of of RA RA I. I. logical logical services services in in the the area area should should be be

group group since since it it was was set set up up in in January January that that an an objective objective survey survey of of meteoro­

will will be be the the third third gathering gathering of of this this General General and and the the meeting meeting recommended recommended

nications nications on on 10 10 January January 1957. 1957. This This was was submitted submitted by by the the Secretary­

Group Group on on Meteorological Meteorological Telecommu­ assistance assistance programme programme in· in· the the Caribbean Caribbean

preceded preceded by by a a meeting meeting of of the the Working Working A A paper paper on on the the WMO WMO technical technical

This This second second session session of of RA RA I I will will be be

Grinsted. Grinsted.

under under the the chairmanship chairmanship of of Mr. Mr. W. W. A. A.

all all Members Members of of the the Region. Region.

Republic, Republic,

from from 25 25 to to 27 27 April April 1956 1956

already already been been distributed distributed for for study study to to

was was

held held in in Ciudad Ciudad Trujillci, Trujillci, Dominican Dominican

and and upper-air upper-air observations observations have have T

Caribbean Caribbean Hurricane Hurricane Committee Committee

mended mended regional regional networks networks for for surface surface

fourth fourth session session of of the the Eastern Eastern HE HE

Charts Charts giving giving the the existing existing and and recom­

session session of of the the Executive Executive Committee. Committee. NORTH NORTH AND AND CENTRAL CENTRAL AMERICA AMERICA

networks networks approved approved at at the the eighth eighth

of of meteorological meteorological

observing observing station station within within RA RA II. II.

the the

revised revised

project project on on

regional regional

charts charts

to to the the meteorological meteorological codes codes as as used used

session session will will

be be the the first first

to to

benefit benefit

from from

Commission Commission II II and and minor minor modifications modifications

networks, networks,

it it is is to to

be be

noted noted

that that this this of of the the resolutions resolutions of of the the IMO IMO Regional Regional

With With

regard regard

to to

the the first first item item

on on cern cern the the cancellation cancellation or or re-adoption re-adoption

considered considered within within the the Association Association con­

observations. observations. Other Other questions questions that that are are being being

Telecommunications Telecommunications - exchanges exchanges of of

Region Region of of RA RA II. II.

In-flight In-flight

reports reports

from from aircraft aircraft in in the the

cations cations

between between meteorological meteorological services services

high-level high-level flights flights

which which concerns concerns the the

exchange exchange

of of publi­

ment ment of of methods methods of of forecasting forecasting for for

implementation implementation of of another another resolution resolution various various countries countries regarding regarding the the improve­

Exchange Exchange of of views views between between forecasters forecasters of of has has also also taken taken steps steps towards towards the the

Technical Technical

assistance assistance programme programme

ological ological

personnel personnel

in in

his his Region. Region. He He

Regional Regional aspects aspects of of the the IGY IGY programme programme

consultation consultation on on the the

training training of of meteor­ their their exchange exchange

RA RA II II is is at at present present engaged engaged in in a a Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological observations observations and and

Climatic Climatic atlases atlases and and charts charts meteorological work, work, meteorological the the President President of of

Networks Networks of of

climatological climatological

stations stations

uniform uniform

standards standards

at at all all stages stages

of of

vations vations - modification modification of of

basic basic network network

ciation ciation II, II, which which

aims aims

at at

securing securing

stations stations for for surface surface and and upper-air upper-air o o bser­

I

second second session session of of Regional Regional Asso­ Study Study of of the the existing existing networks networks of of land land

accordance accordance with with a a resolution resolution N N of of

the the

are are amongst amongst the the most most important important : :

ASIA ASIA some some so so items, items, of of which which the the following following

1957. 1957. The The provisional provisional agenda agenda contains contains

Palmas, Palmas, Canary Canary Islands, Islands,

on on 21 21 January January sesswn. sesswn.

T

Association Association I I will will open open at at the the Las Las group group will will be be submitted submitted to to the the

second second session session of of Regional Regional HE HE The The findings findings of of the the three three meetings meetings of of

AFRICA AFRICA

WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin October October 1956 1956

146 146

require- future future and and present present both both of of third third the the of of recommendations recommendations the the have have

light light the the in in VI VI RA RA within within information information to to completed completed been been now now has has Action Action

meteorological meteorological basic basic of of exchange exchange the the

of of position position the the of of examination examination an an for for warnings. warnings. hurricane hurricane of of ordination ordination

arrange arrange to to requested requested was was VI VI RA RA of of co­ the the and and hurricanes hurricanes of of naming naming the the

President President the the requirements; requirements; future future and and broadcast, broadcast, CARMET CARMET the the of of reception reception

present present both both of of light light the the in in mation mation information, information, climatological climatological of of cation cation

infor­ meteorological meteorological basic basic of of exchange exchange publi­ and and exchange exchange the the concerning concerning

the the for for maintained maintained circuits circuits over over made made were were recommendations recommendations Other Other

region region EUMED EUMED the the within within mation mation

infor­ meteorological meteorological operational operational of of available. available. resources resources the the by by

exchange exchange the the of of adequacy adequacy the the ICAO ICAO only only limited limited be be would would Year Year physical physical

of of Secretary-General Secretary-General the the with with discuss discuss Geo­ International International the the for for gramme gramme

to to Secretary-General Secretary-General the the directed directed and and pro­ WMO WMO the the in in participation participation that that

recommendation recommendation this this considered considered session session evident evident was was area. area. Caribbean Caribbean the the to to It It

eighth eighth its its at at Committee Committee Executive Executive concern concern direct direct of of Congress Congress Second Second of of

The The whole. whole. a a as as Region Region the the for for plan plan resolutions resolutions the the reviewed reviewed and and session session

telecommunications telecommunications co-ordinated co-ordinated and and third third the the of of recommendations recommendations on on

efficient efficient economical, economical, I957, I957, an an before before taken taken action action the the noted noted meeting meeting The The

possible possible if if develop, develop, should should ICAO ICAO

and and WMO WMO of of meeting meeting joint joint a a that that available. available. be be

recommended recommended years, years, four four to to two two next next to to interest interest of of results results for for enough enough long long

the the in in Region Region the the in in operating operating aircraft aircraft operation operation in in been been had had project project research research

faster faster of of introduction introduction the the account account into into hurricane hurricane the the when when held held be be seminar seminar

taking taking and, and, question question this this considered considered further further a a that that recommended recommended and and

VI VI Association Association Regional Regional of of session session 42) 42) p. p. No. No. V, V, Bulletin, Bulletin, Vol. Vol. I956 I956 (see (see 2, 2,

second second the the Consequently Consequently information. information. February February in in Trujillo Trujillo Ciudad Ciudad in in held held

meteorological meteorological exchanging exchanging in in difficulties difficulties Seminar Seminar Hurricane Hurricane the the of of appreciation appreciation

major major experience experience to to region region European European great great expressed expressed Committee Committee The The

the the of of parts parts large large left left however however which which

communication, communication, of of means means ordinated ordinated forecasting. forecasting. hurricane accurate accurate more more in in

unco­ and and parallel parallel of of number number a a in in result result should should hurricanes hurricanes of of behaviour behaviour

resulting resulting hoc hoc ad ad arrangements arrangements several several and and structure structure the the into into research research

by by met met been been often often has has need need growing growing conduct conduct and and data data collect collect to to specially specially

This This years. years. few few past past the the during during Florida Florida in in Centre Centre Research Research Hurricane Hurricane

increasing increasing steadily steadily been been has has Europe Europe National National the the of of establishment establishment The The

in in data data

meteorological meteorological operational operational Juan. Juan. San San at at miles miles of of range range a a with with 250 250

T

and and basic basic of of volume volume great great a a of of radar radar detection detection hurricane hurricane of of installation installation

exchange exchange rapid rapid more more a a for for need need the the and and dropsondes dropsondes of of use use increased increased HE HE

the the flights, flights, reconnaissance reconnaissance of of extension extension

I957 I957 Telecommunications, Telecommunications, on on

the the include include will will measures measures New New season. season.

Meeting Meeting WMOjiCAO WMOjiCAO Regional Regional Joint Joint

I956 I956 hurricane hurricane the the for for States States United United

the the by by made made arrangements arrangements the the were were EUROPE EUROPE

meeting meeting the the to to interest interest special special Of Of

committee. committee. the the of of session session area. area. the the for for

fourth fourth the the of of recommendations recommendations the the available available funds funds assistance assistance technical technical

to to respect respect with with taken taken being being is is action action any any of of use use effective effective most most the the make make

Similar Similar IV. IV. Association Association Regional Regional by by to to and and necessary necessary are are improvements improvements

adopted adopted formally formally Committee Committee Hurricane Hurricane what what show show to to Assistance Assistance Technical Technical of of

Caribbean Caribbean Eastern Eastern the the of of session session Programme Programme Expanded Expanded the the under under made made

1956 1956 October October Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO

147 147

deepest deepest appreciation." appreciation." He He was was the the During During President President the the of of the the IMO IMO

Executive Executive are are truly truly worthy worthy Committee Committee of of our our since since recognition recognition its its creation. creation. and and

loyalty loyalty to to its its had had purposes purposes been been and and a a member member its its officers officers of of the the WMO WMO

devotion devotion to to the the as as President President Organization Organization of of Regional Regional and and his his Association Association Ill Ill

Brazilian Brazilian of of WMO, WMO, Meteorological Meteorological when when he he : : said "Dr. "Dr. Service Service Swoboda's Swoboda's and and

closing closing speech speech Mr. Mr. at at de de the the Souza Souza Second Second was was Congress Congress the the director director of of the the

Dr. Dr. F. F. W. W. at at Reichelderfer Reichelderfer his his office office desk desk during during in in Rio Rio his his de de Janeiro. Janeiro.

boda boda than than short short the the illness illness remarks remarks which which made made followed followed by by his his collapse collapse

Souza Souza on on 19 19 June June fitting fitting this this tribute tribute year, year, to to after after the the merit merit a a of of Dr. Dr. Swo­

I

It It would would be be report report difficult difficult the the to to death death find find a a of of more more Mr. Mr. R. R. F. F. X. X. de de

is is with with regret regret that that we we have have to to T T

(Turkey). (Turkey).

MR. MR. F. F. X. X. R. R. DE DE SOUZA SOUZA

the the Technical Technical University University of of Istanbul Istanbul

appointed appointed professor professor of of meteorology meteorology in in

retirement retirement in in 1955, 1955, Dr. Dr. Swoboda Swoboda was was

retirement retirement from from WMO. WMO.

Secretary-General Secretary-General of of WMO. WMO.

After After

his his

lished lished on on the the occasion occasion of of his his

ization ization and and

in in rg5r rg5r

was was

appointed appointed

graphy graphy of of Dr. Dr. Swoboda, Swoboda, pub­

the the International International

Meteorological Meteorological

Organ­

No. No. 4) 4) contains contains a a fuller fuller bio­

to to 1951 1951 he he directed directed the the

Secretariat Secretariat

of of

WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin (Volume (Volume IV, IV,

Institute Institute

of of Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia.

From From

1938 1938

Note: Note: The The October October 1955 1955 number number of of the the

services services of of the the State State Meteorological Meteorological

held held the the post post of of Chief Chief of of the the forecasting forecasting and and our our deep deep sympathy. sympathy.

7 7 September September 1893, 1893, and and for for 18 18 years years son son Alexander Alexander our our sincere sincere condolences condolences

Dr. Dr. Swoboda Swoboda was was born born in in Prague Prague on on We We offer offer to to Mrs. Mrs. Swoboda Swoboda and and her her

tion. tion. its its most most faithful faithful servants. servants.

tember tember 1956 1956 in in Geneva Geneva after after tional tional an an opera­ meteorology meteorology loses loses in in him him one one of of

which which occurred occurred suddenly suddenly on on 4 4 Sep­ tivity tivity and and scientific scientific ability. ability. Interna­

former former Secretary-General Secretary-General learned learned of of

WMO, WMO, to to appreciate appreciate his his courtesy, courtesy, objec­

W

death death countless countless of of Dr. Dr. Gustav Gustav people people Swoboda, Swoboda, throughout throughout the the world world

announce announce with with deep deep regret regret years years the the of of his his international international E E career, career, 20 20

DR. DR. G. G. SWOBODA SWOBODA

OBITUARY OBITUARY

of of the the second second session session of of Regional Regional the the go go mb mb level. level.

The The Secretariat, Secretariat, following following a a decision decision air air observations observations should should regularly regularly reach reach

Navigation Navigation meeting, meeting, asking asking that that upper­

upper-air upper-air observations observations

third third North North Atlantic Atlantic Regional Regional Air Air

tation tation of of a a recommendation recommendation of of the the

meeting meeting recommended recommended by by RA RA VI. VI. which which hinder hinder the the general general implemen­

meeting meeting into into the the joint joint WMO;ICAO WMO;ICAO what, what, if if any, any, are are the the technical technical reasons reasons

the the advisability advisability of of converting converting this this is is taken taken with with a a view view to to determining determining

and and consideration consideration is is being being given given to to tions tions within within the the Region. Region. This This action action

munications munications meeting meeting for for June June 1957 1957 sonde sonde and and radiojradar-wind radiojradar-wind observa­

scheduled scheduled a a special special EUMED EUMED telecom­ average average heights heights reached reached during during radio­

hand. hand. In In the the meantime meantime an an ICAO ICAO inquiry inquiry has has among among Members Members on on the the

ments. ments. Action Action on on these these two two lines lines is is in in Association Association VI, VI, is is at at present present conducting conducting

WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin October October 1956 1956

148 148

nitions nitions for for Regulations Regulations vector vector gust, gust, gust gust (Annex (Annex and and related related 3 3 to to the the ICAO ICAO

mittee, mittee, has has adopted adopted provisionally provisionally defi­ to to Chapter Chapter rz rz of of the the WMO WMO Technical Technical

on on instructions instructions of of the the Executive Executive Com­ and and WMO WMO has has continued continued with with regard regard

ference, ference, the the Secretary-General, Secretary-General, Close Close co-operation co-operation acting acting between between ICAO ICAO

ICAO. ICAO. In In connexion connexion with with this this con­

third third Air Air Navigation Navigation Committee. Committee. Conference Conference of of

ology, ology, will will represent represent WMO WMO at at the the basis basis as as required required by by the the Executive Executive

Commission Commission for for reports reports Aeronautical Aeronautical may may be be prepared prepared Meteor­ on on a a periodic periodic

Mr. Mr. A. A. H. H. N N agle, agle, President President of of the the gress gress in in this this field, field, so so that that further further

keep keep the the Secretariat Secretariat informed informed of of pro­

Organization. Organization. Members Members of of WMO, WMO, inviting inviting them them to to

of of the the International International Conference, Conference, Civil Civil has has been been Aviation Aviation distributed distributed to to

25 25 September September rg56, rg56, under under the the auspices auspices in in connexion connexion with with the the Air Air Navigation Navigation

Palais Palais des des and and Nations, Nations, gusts. gusts. Geneva, Geneva, This This from from report, report, 6 6 to to also also prepared prepared

Icelandic Icelandic arrangements arrangements carried carried out out held held by by Members Members in in the the on on turbulence turbulence

the the revision revision has has of of the the also also existing existing prepared prepared Danish Danish a a report report and and on on research research

at at the the Joint Joint Financing Financing Conference Conference for for Synoptic Synoptic Meteorology. Meteorology. The The Secretariat Secretariat

WMO WMO Secretariat, Secretariat, with with ICAO ICAO represented represented and and the the WMO WMO Commission Commission for for

Chief Chief of of the the Technical Technical action action on on Division Division this this subject subject of of the the is is being being taken taken

M

General, General, by by the the and and President President Dr. Dr. K. K. of of Langlo, Langlo, the the CAeM. CAeM. Further Further

J. J. Rivet, Rivet, Deputy Deputy Secretary­ R. R. parameters parameters based based on on a a report report presented presented R. R.

ICAO ICAO

graphical graphical Institute Institute and and a a member member of of on on the the Executive Executive Committee. Committee.

President President of of the the the the world, world, Brazilian Brazilian including including Oceano­ his his colleagues colleagues

Brazilian Brazilian Armed Armed Forces, Forces, a a former former missed missed by by his his many many friends friends throughout throughout

of of the the meteorological meteorological made made to to their their services services success. success. of of the the He He will will be be

the the Advisory Advisory Board Board on on the the unification unification and and the the valuable valuable contributions contributions he he

Mr. Mr. de de Souza Souza his his was was regular regular also also attendance attendance President President at at of of these these meetings meetings

he he gave gave more more than than 40 40 years years of of his his life. life. tions. tions. All All who who knew knew him him will will remember remember

cated cated to to the the public public meteorology meteorology service service and and to to which which radio radio communica­

be be a a competent competent administrator administrator dedi­ national national conferences conferences in in the the fields fields of of

cognized cognized value value and and showed showed himself himself to to Souza Souza had had taken taken part part in in many many inter­

rg36. rg36. He He was was a a technician technician of of re­ During During the the past past twenty twenty years years Mr. Mr. de de

various various posts posts to to become become director director in in

servant servant and and rose rose

gradually gradually

through through

order order of of the the Crown Crown of of Italy Italy abroad. abroad.

his his professional professional life life as as a a modest modest civil civil

la la Catolica Catolica of of Spain Spain and and Officer Officer of of the the

of of Rio Rio de de Janeiro Janeiro rgr7. rgr7. in in He He began began

of of Commander Commander of of the the order order of of Isabel Isabel

graduated graduated from from

the the

Polytechnic Polytechnic

School School

in in his his own own country country and and by by the the titles titles

Mr. Mr. de de Souza Souza was was born born r8gr r8gr in in and and

by by the the award award of of a a number number of of honours honours

until until rgsr. rgsr. bodies. bodies. His His work work had had been been recognized recognized

Climatological Climatological Commission Commission from from rg46 rg46 many many other other cultural cultural and and scientific scientific

WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin October October 1956 1956

149 149

mittee mittee by by Mr. Mr. McLeod McLeod outlining outlining the the only only for for part part of of the the session. session. The The

Secretariat Secretariat was was presented presented to to the the Com­ Mr. Mr. V. V. Sundaram Sundaram of of the the Secretariat, Secretariat,

A A paper paper prepared prepared by by the the WMO WMO by by the the CCIR, CCIR, it it was was represented, represented, by by

only only in in certain certain questions questions dealt dealt with with

1956. 1956. As As the the WMO WMO was was interested interested surface. surface.

Warsaw Warsaw from from 7 7 August August to to 13 13 September September and and its its vertical vertical distribution distribution near near the the

Telecommunication Telecommunication Union Union met met at at fish fish were were related related to to water water temperature temperature

Committee Committee (CCIR) (CCIR)

of of the the International International size, size, sex sex and and maturity maturity of of individual individual

T

International International Radio Radio Consultative Consultative Statistical Statistical studies studies showed showed that that the the

VIII VIII th th plenary plenary HE HE assembly assembly of of the the evident evident from from area area to to area area in in any any year. year.

various various spawning spawning

grounds, grounds, are are also also

ITU ITU

(CCIR) (CCIR)

differences differences in in the the productivity productivity of of the the

fishing fishing areas; areas; such such changes, changes, as as well well as as

been been noted noted from from year year to to year year in in selected selected being being developed. developed.

Large Large

changes changes

in in

the the populations populations

have have cameras cameras and and other other equipment equipment

are are

populations populations

and and their their

environment. environment. ity. ity. Special Special underwater underwater

television television

on on the the

relationship relationship

between between

the the fish fish ples, ples, wind, wind, air air temperature temperature and and humid­

Committee Committee

on on Research Research

and and

Statistics Statistics plankton, plankton, echo-soundings, echo-soundings, bottom bottom

sam­

to to WMO WMO

were were those those

considered considered

by by the the oxygen, oxygen, phosphate, phosphate, light light intensity, intensity,

The The agenda agenda

items items of of special special

interest interest on on such such items items as as temperature, temperature, salinity, salinity,

made made to to obtain obtain additional additional information information

Geophysical Geophysical mum mum sustained sustained Year. Year. catch catch Efforts Efforts into into will will perpetuity. perpetuity. be be

special special studies studies maintain maintain for for the the the the fisheries fisheries International International under under a a maxi­

are are co-operating co-operating of of the the in in Commission's Commission's a a programme programme studies studies of of is is to to

for for the the Exploration Exploration coast coast of of North North of of the the America. America. Sea Sea (ICES) (ICES) The The purpose purpose

ICNAF ICNAF to to and and Iceland, Iceland, the the International International Greenland Greenland Council Council and and the the east east

interested interested in in fishing fishing areas areas adjacent adjacent

biological biological studies studies of of about about ten ten countries countries statistics. statistics.

for for

co-ordinating co-ordinating

the the

scientific scientific

and and to to relate relate climatic climatic changes changes to to fishing fishing

secretariat secretariat

at at

Halifax, Halifax, is is responsible responsible and and special special studies studies are are to to be be undertaken undertaken

ICNAF, ICNAF,

which which

maintains maintains

a a permanent permanent cussion cussion of of long long term term climatic climatic changes changes

Canadian Canadian

Meteorological Meteorological

Service. Service. only. only. There There was was considerable considerable

dis­

of of

WMO WMO

by by

Mr. Mr.

K. K.

T. T. McLeod McLeod

of of the the fishing fishing might might be be of of a a transient transient

nature nature

16 16

June June

1956 1956

was was

attended attended

on on behalf behalf suggest suggest that that this this area area of of abundant abundant

held held

in in

Halifax, Halifax,

Canada, Canada,

from from

II- for for the the cod cod to to migrate migrate led led him him

to to

Northwest Northwest

Atlantic Atlantic

Fisheries Fisheries (ICNAF) (ICNAF) West West Greenland Greenland

coast. coast. The The tendency tendency

T

International International

Commission Commission

for for the the the the present present great great cod cod fisheries fisheries off off the the

sixth sixth

annual annual

HE HE meeting meeting

of of the the considerable considerable concern concern for for the the future future of of

sium, sium, Dr. Dr. Rollefsen Rollefsen (Norway), (Norway),

expressed expressed

ICNAF ICNAF

The The chairman chairman of of the the Cod Cod Sympo­

on on p. p. 161 161 and and on on p. p. 165. 165. services services now now available available to to fishermen. fishermen.

items items concerning concerning ICAO ICAO are are dealt dealt with with outlining outlining the the forecast forecast and and advisory advisory

common common regulatory regulatory material. material. Further Further areas, areas, a a supporting supporting paper paper was was presented presented

handling handling by by both both secretariats secretariats of of this this vided vided for for Northwest Northwest Atlantic Atlantic fishing fishing

procedures procedures that that will will permit permit adequate adequate the the individual individual weather weather services services pro­

to to the the development development of of administrative administrative ICNAF ICNAF to to the the full. full. After After discussing discussing

and and special special attention attention has has been been devoted devoted desire desire of of the the WMO WMO to to co-operate co-operate with with

Navigation Navigation Services Services - Meteorology) Meteorology) for for fishermen fishermen and and emphasizing emphasizing the the

Convention Convention

and and Procedures Procedures for for Air Air international international weather weather services services provided provided

WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin October October 1956 1956

150 150

reports. reports. several several in in discussed discussed Meteorologie, Meteorologie, fur fur Zentralanstalt Zentralanstalt the the

was was energy energy of of of of production production the the for for Director Director earth earth Steinhauser, Steinhauser, F. F. Dr. Dr. fessor fessor

the the from from steams steams natural natural Pro­ by by and and tides tides represented represented was was WMO WMO ; ; rg56 rg56

utilizing utilizing of of June June 23 23 possibility possibility to to 17 17 The The from from WMO. WMO. the the Vienna Vienna in in held held was was

of of work work this this in in interest interest great great which which showed showed Conference, Conference, Power Power World World fifth fifth

M

conference conference The The the the energy. energy. in in of of part part sources sources took took countries countries 52 52

natural natural towards towards research research from from basic basic in in delegates delegates efforts efforts zooo zooo than than ORE ORE

its its and and WMO WMO the the of of activities activities the the to to

referred referred WMO WMO of of representative representative the the CONFERENCE CONFERENCE POWER POWER WORLD WORLD

connexion connexion this this in in and and mentioned mentioned was was

power power wind wind of of utilization utilization the the reports reports

general general the the of of some some In In delegate. delegate. black. black. documentary documentary to to correspond correspond

U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. the the by by shown shown were were planned planned should should excursion excursion frequency frequency carrier carrier the the

and and operation operation in in plants plants experimental experimental of of of of limit limit lower lower or or higher higher the the whether whether

pictures pictures impressive impressive of of number number ; a a ; Israel Israel and and applied applied be be should should deviations deviations

and and U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. U.S.A., U.S.A., from from delegates delegates by by these these which which within within frequencies frequencies radio radio

given given were were subject subject this this on on butions butions of of range range the the used, used, be be should should that that tions tions

contri­ interesting interesting Especially Especially energy. energy. devia­ frequency frequency the the regarding regarding study study

solar solar of of utilization utilization the the with with dealt dealt for for up up taken taken been been has has question question new new a a

reports reports Several Several conductivity. conductivity. electrical electrical carrier, carrier, the the of of modulation modulation frequency frequency

measuring measuring by by so2 so2 air air the the of of content content direct direct by by circuits circuits radio radio over over sively sively

the the of of records records continuous continuous obtaining obtaining exten­ transmitted transmitted being being are are charts charts

of of method method a a on on delegate delegate British British meteorological meteorological that that recognizing recognizing Finally, Finally,

a a by by report report the the was was respect respect this this charts. charts. meteorological meteorological of of missiOn missiOn

in in interesting interesting Very Very plants. plants. power power and and trans­ facsimile facsimile for for used used circuits circuits radio radio

industrial industrial by by produced produced pollution pollution air air of of of of characteristics characteristics the the and and circuits, circuits,

control control and and analysis analysis the the and and plants, plants, metallic metallic and and radio radio combined combined on on use use

power power atomic atomic planning planning in in concerned concerned for for apparatus apparatus photo-telegraph photo-telegraph of of istics istics

aspects aspects meteorological meteorological the the piles, piles, atomic atomic character­ the the standardizing standardizing adopted adopted

near near air air the the in in radioactivity radioactivity of of control control were were Recommendations Recommendations services. services.

current current the the as as such such discussed, discussed, were were meteorological meteorological with with association association close close

meteorology meteorology to to interest interest of of questions questions in in out out carried carried be be should should study study this this that that

several several others) others) and and atomic atomic hydro-electric, hydro-electric, decided decided was was it it and and propagation; propagation; radio radio

(thermal, (thermal, energy energy of of sources sources primary primary tropospheric tropospheric to to and and troposphere troposphere the the to to

of of Utilization Utilization heading heading the the Under Under relating relating observations observations meteorological meteorological

of of co-ordination co-ordination the the regarding regarding lished lished

estab­ was was programme programme study study revised revised A A

French. French. and and English English use. use. regular regular into into introduced introduced and and oped oped

German, German, were were languages languages official official The The devel­ be be should should counter counter lightning-flash lightning-flash

problems. problems. physical physical and and technological technological on on local local a a for for specifications specifications final final WMO, WMO,

reports reports of of number number a a also also was was there there but but with with collaboration collaboration in in that, that, resolv~d resolv~d

importance, importance, economical economical and and was was technical technical It It noise. noise. atmospheric atmospheric of of etc. etc.

of of subjects subjects with with dealt dealt reports reports these these detection, detection, character, character, source, source, regarding regarding

of of majority majority The The reports. reports. short short 350 350 WMO, WMO, with with co-operation co-operation close close in in

of of form form the the in in given given were were cussion cussion out out carried carried be be should should studies studies detailed detailed

dis­ the the to to contributions contributions various various The The that that decided decided was was it it things things other other

advance. advance. in in distributed distributed were were subjects subjects Among Among work. work. their their in in CCIR CCIR the the of of

these these on on reports reports printed printed ments. ments. groups groups 260 260 study study various various by by used used been been has has

develop­ economic economic and and technical technical recent recent which which of of days days thunderstorm thunderstorm of of distribution distribution

light light the the in in resources resources eneii:Y eneii:Y world world : : was was World World on on publication publication valuable valuable the the for for

Conference Conference the the of of The subject subject The Vienna. Vienna. WMO WMO to to thanks thanks its its expressed expressed CCIR CCIR

1956 1956 October October Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO

World World Power Power Conference Conference ISO ISO

WFUNA WFUNA .. .. 27 27

UNESCO UNESCO

II4 II4 63, 63, 21, 21, 26, 26, IOI, IOI,

IUGG IUGG (lAM) (lAM) r6r r6r

IUGG IUGG (CSAGI) (CSAGI) 137 137 136, 136,

ITU ITU (CCIT) (CCIT) 26, 26, JOO JOO

ITU ITU (CCIR) (CCIR) I49 I49

IFAP IFAP . . 26 26

ICNAF ICNAF I49 I49

ICAO ICAO . . I48 I48 6o, 6o,

lATA lATA . . IOO IOO 62, 62,

FAO FAO 144 144 99, 99, 25, 25, 6r, 6r,

ECOSOC. ECOSOC. 138 138 I3I, I3I,

ECLA ECLA .. .. 2S 2S

ECAFE ECAFE . . 23 23

Collaboration Collaboration with with other other international international organizations organizations

Caribbean Caribbean Hurricane Hurricane Seminar Seminar - a a new new venture venture in in Technical Technical Assistance Assistance . . 42 42

Bioclimatology Bioclimatology and and biometeorology biometeorology - creation creation of of a a new new international international society society IS4 IS4

Basic Basic weather weather data data - a a survey survey of of current current control control practices practices 126 126

Artificial Artificial control control of of clouds clouds and and hydrometeors hydrometeors 28 28

See See also also . . I7, I7, IS7, IS7, 104, 104, 164 164 28, 28, I26, I26,

Synoptic Synoptic Meteorology Meteorology IS3 IS3 II, II, IOI, IOI,

Maritime Maritime Meteorology Meteorology IS3 IS3 103, 103, II, II,

Instruments Instruments and and Methods Methods 49. 49. of of Observation Observation IS2 IS2 103, 103, I I I, I,

Climatology Climatology IS2 IS2

Agricultural Agricultural Meteorology Meteorology IS2 IS2 !02, !02,

AeronautiCal AeronautiCal Meteorology Meteorology 48, 48, ISI ISI !02, !02,

Aerology Aerology ...... 48, 48, ISI ISI 103, 103, IO, IO,

Activities Activities of of the the technical technical commissions commissions

See See also also ...... SI, SI, 92 92 72, 72,

South-West South-West Pacific Pacific (RA (RA V) V) 104 104 20, 20,

Europe Europe (RA (RA VI) VI) . . I46 I46 104, 104, 21, 21,

Central Central and and North North America America (RA (RA IV) IV) I4S I4S 20, 20,

Asia Asia (RA (RA 11) 11) ...... I4S I4S

Africa Africa (RA (RA I) I) ...... I4S I4S 20, 20,

Activities Activities of of the the regional regional associations associations

Index Index

WMO WMO BULLETIN BULLETIN VOLUME VOLUME V V (1956) (1956)

WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin October October 1956 1956

I65 I65 Atlas Atlas Cloud Cloud International International

r6s r6s reports reports In-flight In-flight

I20 I20 So, So, Committee Committee Executive Executive

I20 I20 Sr, Sr, promotions promotions and and Appointments Appointments

35 35 Division Division Administrative Administrative

I66 I66 . . Accommodation Accommodation

Secretariat Secretariat WMO WMO the the from from News News

32· 32· ...... emblem emblem WMO WMO

I63 I63 Switzerland Switzerland with with Agreement Agreement the the of of Ratification Ratification

33 33 Somaliland Somaliland Italian Italian of of maps maps Rainfall Rainfall

I63 I63 . . Hesselberg Hesselberg Th. Th. H. H. Dr. Dr. to to Prize Prize IMO IMO of of Presentation Presentation

II9 II9 journal journal meteorological meteorological New New

I64 I64 America America Latin Latin in in directors directors New New

I64 I64 Conference Conference Radiation Radiation International International

32 32 Th. Th. l-L l-L Dr. Dr. Hesselberg, Hesselberg,

33 33 . . Ragnar Ragnar Dr. Dr. Fjortoft, Fjortoft,

79 79 Patterson Patterson John John Dr. Dr. of of Death Death

79 79 Viaut Viaut M. M. to to Award Award

33 33 meteorology meteorology Alpine Alpine

Notes Notes and and News News

5I 5I VI VI Association Association Regional Regional of of session session second second of of Opening Opening - Europe Europe in in Meteorology Meteorology

72 72 Europe Europe in in transmissions transmissions Meteorological Meteorological

79, 79, I9, I9, I63 I63 68, 68, ...... WMO WMO of of Membership Membership IIO, IIO,

II2 II2 stations stations rainfall rainfall automatic automatic Japanese Japanese

75 75 radiation radiation of of scale scale International International

I35 I35 programme programme meteorological meteorological the the for for Plans Plans

89 89 Committee Committee Executive Executive WMO WMO of of Decisions Decisions

46 46 IGY IGY the the on on group group working working WMO WMO of of Session Session

2 2 ...... programme programme Meteorological Meteorological

I957-58 I957-58 Year Year Geophysical Geophysical International International

Io4 Io4 Payerne Payerne at at atmosphere atmosphere International International

2I 2I lands lands arid arid the the develop develop to to efforts efforts Increased Increased

I I 4 4 I I research research tropics tropics Humid Humid

I I 8 8 I I Greenland Greenland Exploring Exploring

rr6 rr6 ships ships selected selected Australian Australian to to awards awards Excellence Excellence

86 86 session session Eighth Eighth Committee, Committee, Executive Executive

I3I I3I ...... WMO) WMO) of of

Secretary-General Secretary-General the the by by (Address (Address Nations Nations United United the the of of Council Council Social Social and and Economic Economic

I I rr rr ...... systems systems sferics sferics of of Comparisons Comparisons

1956 1956 October October Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO

Chile Chile

I43 I43 ?I, ?I, I6, I6,

Burma. Burma.

7I 7I IS, IS,

British British East East

Africa Africa I4, I4, 70 70

Afghanistan Afghanistan

70 70 IS, IS,

Country Country programmes programmes

Collaboration Collaboration

with with FAO FAO I44 I44

Caribbean Caribbean Hurricane Hurricane

Seminar Seminar

4I, 4I, I3, I3, 42, 42, 69 69

I958 I958 Programme Programme

142 142

I9S7 I9S7 Programme Programme

97, 97, I42 I42

I9S6 I9S6 Programme Programme

I43 I43 !2, !2,

Review Review of of I9S5 I9S5 activities activities

70 70

Technical Technical Assistance Assistance Programme Programme

Symposium Symposium on on atmospheric atmospheric ozone ozone

I6I I6I

Sferics Sferics in in the the Sudan Sudan

IS9 IS9

Second Second world world comparison comparison

of of radiosondes radiosondes I?, I?, IS7 IS7 I04, I04,

Tannehill, Tannehill,

Ivan Ivan Ray Ray - The The Hurricane Hurricane

Hunters Hunters . . 40 40

Selected Selected

Meteorological Meteorological Papers Papers of of Sir Sir

Napier Napier Shaw, Shaw, F.R.S. F.R.S. 39 39

September September 19S4 19S4

...... 167 167

Scientific Scientific

Proceedings Proceedings of of

the the International International Association Association of of Meteorology, Meteorology, Rome, Rome,

Schnee Schnee und und Lawinen Lawinen im im Winter Winter I9SZ/S3 I9SZ/S3

. . 38 38

Royal Royal Meteorological Meteorological Institute Institute of of Belgium Belgium

38 38

Murray, Murray,

R. R.

- Some Some

features features of of jet-streams jet-streams

as as shown shown by by aircraft aircraft observations observations 121 121

Miller, Miller,

David David

H. H. - Snow Snow

cover cover and and

climate climate in in the the Sierra Sierra Nevada, Nevada, California California 39 39

English/Spanish, English/Spanish, Spanish/English Spanish/English

I22 I22

Brazol, Brazol,

Demetrio Demetrio

-

Dictionary Dictionary of of meteorological meteorological and and related related terms terms : :

Reviews Reviews

Regional Regional Association Association VI, VI,

Second Second session session 92 92

Recent Recent WMO WMO

publications publications

. .

3S, 3S, Sr, Sr, I66 I66 IZI, IZI,

Radar Radar and and meteorology meteorology

. . ISS ISS

Publications Publications of of the the WMO WMO

I07 I07 6s, 6s,

Mr. Mr. F. F. X. X.

R. R. de de Souza Souza 147 147

Dr. Dr. G. G. Swoboda Swoboda

147 147

Obituary Obituary

Visit Visit of of

the the Secretary-General Secretary-General

to to Northern Northern and and Latin Latin America America I64 I64

Visit Visit of of members members of of the the Swiss Swiss

Parliament Parliament 16S 16S

Visit Visit

of of President President of of WMO WMO 34 34

Technical Technical Division Division

SI, SI, So, So, 120 120

Technical Technical

Assistance Assistance Unit Unit 3S 3S

Secretary-General's Secretary-General's

visit visit to to U.S.A. U.S.A. 34 34

New New

establishment establishment 3S 3S

Meteorological Meteorological networks networks

16S 16S

WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin

October October 1956 1956

I I 57 57 radiosondes radiosondes of of comparison comparison World World

r8 r8 . . . . Atlas Atlas Climatic Climatic World World

r8 r8 (EC). (EC). Atlas Atlas Climatic Climatic World World

I38 I38 development development resource resource Water Water

72 72 VI) VI) (RA (RA Telecommunications Telecommunications

r64 r64 ...... (CIMO) (CIMO) Radiation Radiation

46 46 (EC) (EC) Year Year Geophysical Geophysical International International

II4 II4 . . research research tropics tropics Humid Humid

I I 57 57 I04, I04, I7, I7, . . (CIMO) (CIMO) radiosondes radiosondes of of Comparison Comparison

28 28 (CAe) (CAe) hydrometeors hydrometeors and and clouds clouds of of control control Artificial Artificial

I26 I26 (CC!) (CC!) data data weather weather historical historical of of exchange exchange international international for for Arrangements Arrangements

experts experts of of panels panels and and groups groups Working Working

I38 I38 . . development development resource resource Water Water

53 53

meteorology meteorology in in cards cards micro-opaque micro-opaque of of Use Use

49 49

. . India India in in power power wind wind of of Utilization Utilization

72 72 35, 35, Unit Unit Assistance Assistance Technical Technical WMO WMO

I4I I4I I2, I2, Conference Conference Assistance Assistance Technical Technical

142 142 Committee Committee Assistance Assistance Technical Technical

I4I I4I 96, 96, 69, 69, meetings meetings Board Board Assistance Assistance Technical Technical

7I 7I trends trends Programme Programme

99 99 ...... Obituary Obituary

g8 g8 field field the the in in experts experts New New

g6 g6 . . Committee Committee Executive Executive WMO WMO of of session session Eighth Eighth

7I 7I I7, I7, Yugoslavia Yugoslavia

I7 I7 Syria Syria

r6 r6 Philippines Philippines

7I 7I .. .. Peru Peru

7I 7I Pakistan Pakistan

7I 7I r6, r6, Nicaragua Nicaragua

I44 I44

East East Middle Middle

I4 I4 Libya Libya

r6 r6 . . Iran Iran

143 143 Iceland Iceland

r6 r6 Greece. Greece.

I4· I4·

. . Egypt Egypt

r6 r6 Ecuador Ecuador

r6 r6 Republic Republic Dominican Dominican

I5 I5 .. .. China China

1956 1956 October October Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO

151 151

President President of of WMO WMO on on behalf behalf of of the the POMAR POMAR and and AIREP AIREP forms. forms. In In agree-

now now been been formally formally approved approved by by the the Section Section r r (position (position report) report) of of the the

adopted adopted earlier earlier by by postal postal ballot ballot has has one one of of them them introduces introduces a a change change in in

The The definition definition of of the the fet-stream fet-stream been been left left out out in in the the drafting drafting stage; stage;

of of re-introducing re-introducing regulations regulations which which had had

mission. mission. are are either either editorial editorial or or for for the the purpose purpose

President President for for of of the the WMO. WMO. second second The The session session amendments amendments of of the the com­

will will of of be be the the prepared prepared Executive Executive as as a a Committee Committee working working paper paper by by the the

of of WMO, WMO, need need has has to to be be been been modified. modified. approved approved A A on on further further behalf behalf report report

the the has has numerical numerical been been distributed distributed values values of of to to the the all all criteria criteria Members Members

resulting resulting relaxed relaxed CAeM CAeM or or recommendation, recommendation, further further restricted, restricted, which which or or whether whether

terms terms ballot ballot of of has has the the now now definition definition been been completed completed need need to to and and be be the the

experience experience WMO WMO will will Technical Technical determine determine Regulations. Regulations. whether whether the the This This

·on ·on amendments amendments a a day-to-day day-to-day to to basis basis Chapter Chapter . . since since 12. 12. only only of of the the

Members Members ducted ducted to to within within test test this this the the revised revised CAeM CAeM definition definition on on further further

regions. regions. p. p. ro2), ro2), The The a a mail mail Secretariat Secretariat ballot ballot report report has has been been urges urges con­

A

the the applicable, applicable, Bulletin Bulletin except except (Volume (Volume possibly possibly V, V, No. No. in in the the 3, 3, polar polar

workable, workable, s s indicated indicated objective objective in in and and an an earlier earlier universally universally issue issue of of

amended amended definition definition is is considered considered to to be be

AERONAUTICAL AERONAUTICAL METEOROLOGY METEOROLOGY by by a a special special working working party. party. The The

Office Office following following careful careful consideration consideration

the the United United Kingdom Kingdom Meteorological Meteorological

by by the the President. President. A A revised revised text text has has been been proposed proposed by by

recommendations recommendations to to this this effect effect prepared prepared nition nition or or suggested suggested amendments amendments to to it. it.

were were asked asked to to comment comment on on draft draft disagreement disagreement with with the the proposed proposed defi­

lysis. lysis. Members Members of of the the commission commission ·countries ·countries indicated indicated partial partial or or total total

of of precipitation precipitation for for microchemical microchemical has has ana­ now now been been distributed. distributed. Eight Eight

and and to to collect collect samples samples of of the the air air the the and and WMO WMO definition definition of of the the tropopause tropopause

nuclei nuclei suspended suspended in in the the atmosphere atmosphere their their experience experience in in the the application application of of

of of stations stations to to observe observe the the condensation condensation ·on ·on the the replies replies from from 32 32 countries countries on on

gramme gramme the the establishment establishment of of networks networks A A consolidated consolidated interim interim report report based based

that that WMO WMO should should include include in in its its pro­

he he has has taken taken following following suggestions suggestions additions. additions.

of of the the commission commission reviewing reviewing the the steps steps mission mission shortly shortly for for comments comments and and

sent sent out out a a circular circular letter letter to to members members ·circulated ·circulated to to members members of of the the com­

The The President President of of CAe CAe has has recently recently June June 1957. 1957. These These documents documents will will be be

Aerology, Aerology, due due to to be be held held in in Paris Paris in in

second second session session of of the the Commission Commission for for concerned. concerned.

have have recently recently been been

prepared prepared for for the the p. p. 103) 103) has has been been distributed distributed to to all all

A A

an an explanatory explanatory memorandum memorandum definition definition (see (see Bulletin, Bulletin, Vol. Vol. V, V, No. No. 3, 3,

first first draft draft provisional provisional agenda agenda and and Executive Executive Committee. Committee. The The text text of of the the

AEROLOGY AEROLOGY

WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin October October 1956 1956 WMO Bulletin October· 1956 ment with ICAO, the date of imple­ Member countries, the United Nations mentation has been fixed at I December and its specialized agencies, inter­ 1956. national governmental and non-govern­ The report presented by the Pre­ mental organizations interested in cli­ sident of CAeM to the eighth session matological activities, members of the of the Executive Committee on the Commission for Climatology and indi­ reporting of horizontal visibility has vidual experts as indicated by the been distributed for comments to President of the commission. permanent representatives of WMO Members. During this session, the commission Reports on the following meetings, will give consideration, amongst others, by the WMO representative as indi­ to the following questions : cated, have been distributed for infor­ Climatological requirements for networks mation and comments to members of and observations the CAeM: Second Air Navigation International exchange of historical Conference of ICAO (Mr. A. H. Nagle); weather data Rules and practices concerning the IATA EUMEAFI MET Group observation and notation of certain (Mr. N. L. Veranneman); Special NAT meteorological elements of climatological RAN Meeting of ICAO (Mr. N. L. significance Veranneman); Third CAR RAN Meet­ Punched card layouts for the storage of climatological data ing of ICAO (Mr. A. H. Nagle) ; Application of modern statistical methods 9th Technical Conference of IATA to climatological work (Mr. N. L. Veranneman). Preparation of climatological summaries for the benefit of the various users Developments in the fields of dynamic AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY climatology and micro-climatology Application of climatology to agriculture T the request of the chairman of and human health and comfort Preparation of the Guide to climatological A the Working Group on Observa­ practice tional Requirements in Agriculture, a Specifications for national, sub-regional world-wide survey is being carried out and regional climatic atlases of the uses being made by agricultural Use of aircraft meteorological observa­ tions for climatological purposes. bodies of observations of radiation, evaporation, transpiration, dew, soil In addition to the above and other temperature and soil moisture. The items included in the programme of survey also includes the need for addi­ official business, there will be a series tional types of meteorological measure­ of lectures and discussions on scientific ments for special agricultural investi­ and technical aspects of modern cli­ gations. matology.

CLIMATOLOGY INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS T the invitation of the Government OF OBSERVATION A of the United States of America, the Commission for Climatology will first draft provisional agenda and hold its second session in Washington, A an explanatory memorandum D.C. The meeting will open on have recently been prepared for the 14 January 1957, and will last for second session of the Commission for about two weeks. Invitations have Instruments and Methods of Obser­ been sent to WMO Members, directors vation, due to be held in Paris in of meteorological services of non- June 1957. These documents will be

152

153 153

scale. scale.

At At the the International International Radiation Radiation to to the the International International Geophysical Geophysical Year. Year.

Smithsonian Smithsonian

scale scale and and the the Angstrom Angstrom tation tation of of the the change, change, if if adopted, adopted, prior prior

the the

two two e·xisting e·xisting scales, scales, i.e., i.e., the the revised revised time time to to make make possible possible the the implemen­

national national pyrheliometric pyrheliometric

scale scale to to replace replace on on this this question question will will be be completed completed in in

cating cating

the the adoption adoption of of a a single single inter­ Present Present

plans plans provide provide that that action action

article article J. J. by by Mr. Mr. A. A. Drummond Drummond advo­

(Vol. (Vol.

V, V,

No. No. 2, 2, p. p. 75) 75) contained contained an an

to to

oooo, o6oo, o6oo, oooo,

1200 1200 and and r8oo r8oo GMT. GMT.

An An

earlier earlier issue issue

of of the the Bulletin Bulletin

from from ogoo, ogoo, OJOO, OJOO, rsoo rsoo and and 2100 2100 GMT GMT

upper-air upper-air

observations observations

be be changed changed

evaporimeters evaporimeters

at at a a few few selected selected stations. stations.

a a proposal proposal

that that

the the standard standard hours hours of of

should should

be be installed installed alongside alongside existing existing

This This draft draft

recommendation recommendation

includes includes

for for the the IGY IGY and and that that Class Class A A pans pans

installed installed at at any any new new stations stations set set up up

spondence. spondence.

of of reference, reference, that that this this pan pan should should be be

on on the the

CSM CSM

for for a a vote vote by by corre­ pan pan should should be be regarded regarded as as the the standard standard

representatives representatives

of of Members Members represented represented mends mends that that the the Class Class A A evaporation evaporation

has has

now now been been

submitted submitted

to to permanent permanent represented represented on on CIMO. CIMO. This This recom­

sulted sulted

and and

a a draft draft recommendation recommendation out out for for postal postal ballot ballot by by Members Members

tic tic

Meteorology Meteorology

have have

since since been been con­ recommendation recommendation has has now now been been sent sent

members members

of of

the the

Commission Commission for for Synop­ Measurement Measurement of of Soil Soil Moisture, Moisture, a a draft draft

observations. observations.

Members Members

and and associate associate proposal proposal by by the the Working Working Group Group on on

the the standard standard

times times

of of upper-air upper-air this this purpose. purpose. In In accordance accordance with with

a a

was was made made

to to the the proposed proposed

change change in in be be used used as as a a standard standard of of reference reference

for for

I

(Vol. (Vol.

V, V,

No. No.

3, 3, p. p. ro2) ro2) reference reference type type of of evaporation evaporation tank tank which which should should

the the

last last issue issue N N

of of the the B~tlletin B~tlletin CIMO CIMO was was asked asked to to recommend recommend the the

from from a a free free surface, surface, the the President President of of

SYNOPTIC SYNOPTIC

METEOROLOGY METEOROLOGY

measurement measurement of of water water evaporation evaporation

physical physical Year Year should should include include the the daily daily

gramme gramme

for for the the International International Geo­

given given

in in

the the

next next issue issue of of the the Bulletin. Bulletin.

Executive Executive

Committee Committee

that that the the pro­

from from r6 r6 to to 30 30

October October

rg56, rg56, will will be be

Following Following a a recommendation recommendation by by the the

Meteorology, Meteorology, being being

held held in in Hamburg Hamburg

A

the the Commission Commission for for Maritime Maritime

inquiry inquiry

has has

been been completed. completed.

report report

on on

the the second second session session of of

distributed distributed to to Members Members when when the the

replied. replied. More More detailed detailed results results will will MARITIME MARITIME be be METEOROLOGY METEOROLOGY

than than half half the the countries countries who who have have

corrected corrected for for radiation radiation errors errors by by more more

temperatures temperatures are are already already or or will will be be cent. cent.

received received

and and

these these show show that that recorded recorded scale scale rgr3 rgr3 should should be be reduced reduced by by 2.0 2.0 per per

than than

40 40 replies replies have have so so far far been been made made according according to to the the Smithsonian Smithsonian

physical physical

Year Year

on on

r r July July 1957. 1957. More More increased increased by by r.5 r.5 per per cent cent and and those those

beginning beginning

of of

the the Internation.al Internation.al Geo­ the the original original Angstrom Angstrom scale scale should should be be

applied applied

or or to to be be

introduced introduced before before the the this this scale, scale, those those made made according according to to

and and

the the

radiation radiation corrections corrections currently currently bring bring measurements measurements into into line line with with

sonde sonde

used used by by

meteorological meteorological services services Members Members represented represented on on CIMO. CIMO. To To

the the into into Secretariat

the the types types of of radio­ been been submitted submitted for for postal postal ballot ballot by by

An An inquiry inquiry

is is being being conducted conducted by by early early adoption adoption of of this this scale scale has has now now

a a draft draft recommendation recommendation calling calling for for the the

additions. additions.

metric metric Scale Scale rg56, rg56, was was proposed, proposed, and and

mission mission

shortly shortly for for comments comments and and known known as as the the International International Pyrhelio­

circulated circulated

to to members members

of of the the com­ Conference Conference (see (see p. p. r64) r64) a a new new scale, scale,

WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin

October October 1956 1956

154 154

is is activity activity this this of of Most Most field. field. this this in in publica- bioclimatological bioclimatological for for house house

out out carried carried research research the the of of importance importance clearing clearing international international an an create create to to

and and scope scope variety, variety, the the of of picture picture bioclimatology, bioclimatology, of of field field the the in in congresses congresses

interesting interesting an an gave gave discussions, discussions, by by and and symposia symposia international international organize organize

supplemented supplemented reports, reports, These These to to world. world. endeavour endeavour aims, aims, other other among among will, will,

the the of of parts parts various various in in bioclimatology bioclimatology society society the the purpose purpose this this achieve achieve To To

on on research research to to regard regard with with position position

present present the the of of summary summary a a giving giving reports reports tology". tology".

areal areal of of series series a a of of consideration consideration with with bioclima­ of of development development future future

continued continued meeting meeting the the business business the the trative trative facilitate facilitate to to order order in in climatology, climatology,

adminis­ the the of of conclusion conclusion the the After After bio­ of of branches branches future future other other and and

bioclimatology bioclimatology cosmic cosmic and and mological mological

ento­ veterinarian, veterinarian, zoological, zoological, general general (U.K.). (U.K.). Taylor Taylor A. A. E. E. W. W. Mr. Mr.

forest, forest, agricultural, agricultural, botanical, botanical, general general (Canada) (Canada) Wellington Wellington G. G. W. W. Dr. Dr.

medical, medical, of of fields fields the the in in matologists matologists : : members members Advisory Advisory

biocli­ all all society society international international one one

(Netherlands) (Netherlands) Tromp Tromp W. W. S. S. Dr. Dr.

into into unite unite "to "to is is statutes, statutes, its its in in down down

: : Secretary-Treasurer Secretary-Treasurer

laid laid as as society, society, the the of of purpose purpose The The

(France) (France) Emberger Emberger L. L. Professor Professor

(Germany) (Germany) Berg Berg H. H. Dr. Dr. Professor Professor (U.S.A.). (U.S.A.).

(Israel) (Israel) Boyko Boyko H. H. Dr. Dr. Lee Lee K. K. H. H. D. D. Dr. Dr. of of direction direction the the

: : Vice-Presidents Vice-Presidents under under society, society, the the for for Board Board Executive Executive

the the of of election election the the and and statutes statutes (U.S.A.) (U.S.A.) Sargent Sargent F. F. Dr. Dr.

the the of of discussions discussions with with proceeded proceeded President: President:

meeting meeting the the Secretariat, Secretariat, WMO WMO the the of of

: :

board board

executive executive the the Division Division Technical Technical the the of of Chief Chief

Langlo, Langlo,

on on

serve serve to to

elected elected

were were

individuals individuals K. K. Dr. Dr. observer, observer, WMO WMO the the by by and and

following following

the the Paris Paris

in in

meeting meeting

the the

At At UNESCO, UNESCO, of of sciences sciences natural natural of of ment ment

Depart­ the the of of Director Director Auger, Auger, fessor fessor

members. members. Pro­ by by speeches speeches introductory introductory After After

advisory advisory two two and and secretary-treasurer secretary-treasurer

one one vice-presidents, vice-presidents, three three than than more more upon. upon. agreed agreed were were society society new new the the of of

not not president, president, a a of of consisting consisting board board statutes statutes the the countries, countries, of of number number great great

executive executive an an for for provide provide statutes statutes The The a a from from scientists scientists sixty sixty than than more more by by

attended attended was was which which meeting, meeting, this this At At

field. field. this this in in bioclimatology. bioclimatology. on on symposium symposium a a with with

interested interested organizations organizations international international connexion connexion in in rg56 rg56 August August to to 31 31 29 29 from from

other other with with relationship relationship close close establish establish Paris Paris in in House House UNESCO UNESCO at at held held

will will and and co-operation co-operation international international was was society society the the of of meeting meeting first first A A

their their and and bioclimatology bioclimatology of of study study

the the for for groups groups national national of of opment opment (Netherlands). (Netherlands). Tromp Tromp

devel­ the the foster foster also also will will society society The The W. W. S. S. Dr. Dr. of of initiative initiative the the on on spondence spondence

bioclimatology. bioclimatology. of of field field the the in in work work corre­ by by established established was was climatology climatology

O research research assist assist to to and and Bioclimatology, Bioclimatology, of of bio­ of of study study the the for for Society Society

Journal Journal International International an an create create to to tions, tions, International International an an rg56 rg56 January January r r N N

SOCIETY SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL NEW NEW OF OF CREATION CREATION

BIOMETEOROLOGY BIOMETEOROLOGY AND AND BIOCLIMATOLOGY BIOCLIMATOLOGY

1956· 1956· October October Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO

155 155

Switzerland Switzerland and and U.S.A., U.S.A., as as well well as as attention attention was was given given to to the the importance importance

Belgium, Belgium, France, France, Great Great Britain, Britain, by by storm-detecting storm-detecting radar radar sets, sets, special special

dienst, dienst, scientists scientists and and experts experts from from cathode-ray cathode-ray screen screen pictures pictures obtained obtained

meteorologists meteorologists of of the the Deutscher Deutscher Wetter­ potential. potential. During During the the discussion discussion of of

of of the the discussions. discussions. In In addition addition to to and and to to conductivity conductivity and and atmospheric atmospheric

was was for for the the first first time time the the central central point point uring uring methods methods applied applied to to atmospherics atmospherics

of of radar radar for for meteorological meteorological purposes purposes upper upper wind wind measurements, measurements, and and meas­

During During the the meeting meeting at at Essen Essen the the use use which which are are of of special special importance importance for for

general general surveys surveys on on radar radar methods methods

character. character.

of of subjects, subjects, the the first first of of which which included included

ings ings

have have

always always

had had an an international international

were were arranged arranged in in three three different different groups groups

pation pation

of of foreign foreign

experts experts these these meet­

The The technical technical lectures lectures which which followed followed

communicated. communicated. Through Through the the partici­

results results in in the the field field of of research research were were meeting. meeting.

technology technology was was discussed discussed and and recent recent weather weather services services and and the the WMO WMO in in the the

cation cation of of radar radar methods methods to to science science and and reasons reasons for for the the interest interest taken taken by by the the

tific tific

meetings meetings during during which which the the appli­ continued continued with with a a brief brief survey survey of of the the

fur fur Funkortung Funkortung has has held held several several scien­ dienst dienst and and on on behalf behalf of of WMO. WMO. He He

In In the the past past few few years years the the A A usschuss usschuss come come on on behalf behalf of of the the Deutscher Deutscher Wetter­

Wetterdienst, Wetterdienst, gave gave an an address address of of wel­

chairmanship chairmanship

of of General General

Martini. Martini.

Dr. Dr. G. G. Bell, Bell, President President of of the the

Deutscher Deutscher

tung tung (Committee (Committee for for Radar) Radar) under under the the

arranged arranged by by the the Ausschuss Ausschuss fur fur Funkor­ as as a a guest guest of of honour. honour.

27 27

June June 1956. 1956. The The meeting meeting was was Sir Sir Robert Robert Watson-Watt Watson-Watt was was welcomed welcomed

Haus Haus der der Technik, Technik, Essen, Essen, on on 26 26 and and Germany, Germany, were were invited invited as as lecturers. lecturers.

_n. _n.

subject subject of of a a meeting meeting held held in in the the and and

firms firms of of the the Federal Federal Republic Republic of of

D D adar adar and and meteorology meteorology was was the the representatives representatives of of several several institutes institutes

RADAR RADAR AND AND METEOROLOGY METEOROLOGY

that that ionized ionized atmospheres atmospheres

have have demon- K.L. K.L.

after after eight eight years years of of research, research, it it is is clear clear

Vienna Vienna early early in in September September 1957. 1957. that: that:

provisionally provisionally scheduled scheduled to to in in be be a a paper paper held held in in read read by by Mr. Mr. Beckett Beckett (U.S.A.) (U.S.A.)

The The first first congress congress of of the the society society in in was was one one particular particular field, field, it it was was stated stated

As As an an example example of of the the progress progress made made

working working on on such such problems. problems.

organisms, organisms, plant, plant, animal animal and and man. man. co-operation co-operation between between the the scientists scientists

geochemical geochemical

environment environment and and living living a a point point of of the the necessity necessity for for a a close close

relations relations

between between the the geophysical geophysical and and relation relation between between disciplines disciplines and and made made

study study

of of the the direct direct and and indirect indirect inter­ importance importance of of research research into into the the inter­

meeting meeting

defined defined as as comprising comprising the the stressed stressed the the difficulties difficulties but but also also the the

tology tology and and biometeorology, biometeorology, which which the the In In his his closing closing address, address, the the President President

but but fascinating fascinating problems problems of of bioclima­

interested interested increasingly

in in these these difficult difficult

resource resource for for human human well-being. well-being.

branches branches of of

such such

services services

were were

becoming becoming

make make artificial artificial ionization ionization a a valuable valuable

that that the the climatological climatological dosage dosage and and and and agricultural agricultural other other techniques techniques which which will will

results results already already observed observed and and In In establishing establishing some some cases, cases, however, however, it it was was reported reported

all all levels levels

for for the the purpose purpose

of of clarifying clarifying

meteorological meteorological

services services

of of the the world. world.

animals. animals.

Investigation Investigation is is proceeding proceeding on on

at at present present taking taking

place place

outside outside

the the

strable strable effects effects on on human human beings beings as as well well as as

WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin October October 1956 1956 WMO Bulletin October 1956 of these methods for the analysis of for meteorological purposes), ·and its the actual weather situation and its various applications were described. further development. One lecturer This equipment detects echoes of light referred to the fact that valuable rain or snow from distances of more information on cumulonimbus can be than 250 km if no intervening echoes obtained with a British ro-cm set, interfere. The ANjCPS~9 set has also

Prototype of the new Decca wind-finding radar at Payerne, May 1956

Type GL Ill, at present in routine proved to be of excellent assistance to service only for upper wind measure­ the hurricane warning system. At­ ments. tempts to obtain echoes of the ioni­ The second group of lectures dealt zation effect of radioactive clouds on with influences of weather situations the cathode-ray screen have been on radar methods. Here the propa­ made, but so far without success. A gation mechanism of centimetre, deci­ lecture on the navigation of aircraft metre, and metre waves as well as the in jet-streams dealt with the need for variations of atmospheric :field intensity acceleration measurements in the upper were mainly discussed. atmosphere : in this :field, too, radar can be used. The third group covered co-opera­ tion in meteorology and radar for No very recent results of research navigation and air traffic control were communicated at the meeting in purposes as well as for the protection Essen, which was held more for the of the population against catastrophes. purpose of giving German and visiting Giving practical examples, one lecturer experts the opportunity for a general dealt with the use of harbour radar exchange of experience obtained with for providing meteorological advice to the different radar methods in meteor­ shipping when loading and unloading ology. It was found that a great cargo sensitive to meteorological con­ number of institutions and firms of the ditions. A report was also made on Federal Republic of Germany and of meteorological influences on the range other countries are working on the of radar at sea. The American radar whole complex of questions with set ANjCPS~9, operating on a wave­ similar principal aims. The very lively length of 3.2 cm (especially designed discussions, led alternately by foreign

156

157 157

reference-sonde reference-sonde principle, principle, and and to to attach attach precautionary precautionary measure. measure. Above Above a a height height

this this reason reason it it was was decided decided to to accept accept the the continued continued at at about about 70 70 the the mb mb level level as as a a

increase increase in in the the number number of of ascents. ascents. For For in in general general the the comparisons comparisons were were dis­

as as this this would would involve involve a a considerable considerable a a height height of of approximately approximately 30 30 km km but but

the the statistical statistical scheme scheme already already adopted adopted Several Several of of the the balloon balloon trains trains reached reached

that that it it would would be be impossible impossible to to change change

considered. considered. was was It It realized realized however, however, order order of of 8oo 8oo Swiss Swiss francs. francs.

a a revision revision of of the the Delver Delver method method was was ascent ascent of of a a single single radiosonde radiosonde was was of of the the

radiosonde, radiosonde, bringing bringing the the total total up up to to 14, 14, local local expenditure, expenditure, the the mean mean cost cost for for an an

Polish Polish delegation delegation with with its its own own type type of of cost cost of of travel travel and and transport transport and and the the

With With the the last-minute last-minute arrival arrival of of a a launched. launched. Taking Taking into into account account the the

In In all, all, about about 370 370 radiosondes radiosondes were were

speaker. speaker.

sounding sounding were were given given over over a a loud­ costs. costs.

hundredth hundredth of of a a second. second. Orders Orders for for each each at at Payerne Payerne with with resulting resulting saving saving in in

tion tion with with the the time time to to the the nearest nearest ciably ciably the the duration duration of of the the programme programme

clock clock was was used used to to provide provide each each delega­ nique, nique, it it was was possible possible to to shorten shorten appre­

element. element. With With this this in in mind, mind, a a master master zoo zoo metres. metres. Thanks Thanks to to this this new new tech­

in in 1950, 1950, time time was was taken taken to to be be the the basic basic The The total total length length of of the the train train was was about about

As As in in the the first first comparisons comparisons at at Payerne Payerne carrying carrying the the 14 14 different different radiosondes. radiosondes.

the the same same balloon balloon on on each each sounding. sounding. attached attached to to a a single single piece piece of of string string

four four different different radiosondes radiosondes attached attached to to ascents ascents were were made made with with 15 15 balloons balloons

13 13 ascents ascents by by day day and and by by night night with with loons, loons, and and in in fact fact a a fair fair number number of of

types types of of radiosonde radiosonde hy hy carrying carrying out out radiosondes radiosondes to to the the same same group group of of bal­

obtain obtain a a comparison comparison of of 13 13 different different possible possible to to attach attach a a larger larger number number of of

With With this this method method it it is is possible possible to to it it was was realized realized that that it it would would be be quite quite

part part of of the the programme programme at at Payerne. Payerne. Towards Towards the the middle middle of of the the programme programme

was was himself himself present present during during the the first first

terion terion for for the the comparisons comparisons ; ; Dr. Dr. Delver Delver along along with with all all the the others. others.

Dr. Dr. A. A. Delver, Delver, was was adopted adopted as as the the cri­ the the fourteenth fourteenth radiosonde radiosonde was was sent sent up up

oped oped by by the the Dutch Dutch mathematician, mathematician, adopted adopted at at a a later later stage. stage. At At the the end, end,

at at Payerne, Payerne, a a statistical statistical method method devel­ delegation, delegation, two two reference reference sondes sondes were were

vation, vation, which which had had met met six six months months earlier earlier At At the the suggestion suggestion of of the the U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R.

for for Instruments Instruments and and Methods Methods of of Obser­ from from the the main main international international soundings. soundings.

son son of of Radiosondes Radiosondes of of the the

Commission Commission subsequently subsequently to to others, others, quite quite separately separately

I

the the Working Working Group Group for for the the Compari­ ascents ascents to to the the Swiss Swiss radiosonde radiosonde and and

accordance accordance with with the the N N resolutions resolutions of of the the Polish Polish radiosonde radiosonde on on a a number number of of

International International Geophysical Geophysical Year Year by by Professor Professor J. J. Lugeon. Lugeon.

additional additional information information is is taken taken from from a a report report prepared prepared for for the the Special Special Committee Committee of of the the

from from May May to to June June 22 22 1956 1956 was was 22 22 given given in in the the last last issue issue of of the the

Bulletin Bulletin (p. (p. ro4). ro4). The The following following

NOTE NOTE : : A A brief brief account account of of the the world world comparison comparison of of radiosondes radiosondes held held at at Payerne, Payerne, Switzerland, Switzerland,

WORLD WORLD COMPARISON COMPARISON OF OF RADIOSONDES RADIOSONDES

of of the the meeting. meeting. will will It It be be much much lectures lectures and and discussions. discussions.

great great interest interest existing existing in in the the subject subject meeting meeting plan plan the the publication publication of of all all

and and German German scientists, scientists, testified testified to to the the appreciated appreciated that that the the organizers organizers of of the the

WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin October October 1956: 1956:

158 158

LUGEON LUGEON jEAN jEAN English English an an by by followed followed were were ascents ascents

rgs6. rgs6. radiosonde radiosonde day-time day-time the the of of Most Most

October October on on Zurich Zurich in in opens opens which which 22 22

Group Group Working Working CIMO CIMO the the of of meeting meeting

night. night.

next next the the during during examined examined be be will will sons sons

at at kind kind this this of of comparisons comparisons out out carry carry

compari­ Payerne Payerne the the of of results results The The

to to possible possible not not was was surface. surface. the the It It

above above metres metres of of height height a a at at balloon balloon 500 500

reservations. reservations.

captive captive a a to to attached attached meteorograph meteorograph a a

certain certain to to subject subject specialist specialist interested interested

of of means means by by height height fixed fixed a a at at made made also also

any any to to supplied supplied be be will will and and Service Service cal cal

were were comparisons comparisons day-time day-time Some Some

Meteorologi­ Swiss Swiss the the of of headquarters headquarters

the the at at available available are are volumes volumes bound bound

in in results results the the of of number number limited limited A A humidity. humidity.

part. part. taking taking all all to to given given were were copies copies and and temperature temperature pressure, pressure, of of values values

and and spot spot the the on on mimeographed mimeographed diately diately the the comparing comparing for for method method Delver Delver the the

imme­ were were ascents ascents the the of of results results The The than than other other system system a a use use we we if if mation mation

infor­ accurate accurate quite quite some some obtain obtain to to

radiation. radiation. solar solar of of effects effects possible possible still still nevertheless nevertheless is is it it heights heights

the the from from free free course course of of were were latter latter the the greater greater At At km. km. below below heights heights to to 20 20

and and at at ascents ascents night-time night-time limited limited effectively effectively were were ; ; 0030 0030 comparisons comparisons the the 2200 2200

two two and and and and ogoo ogoo at at ascents ascents time time that that I500 I500 assumed assumed be be therefore therefore can can small. small. It It

day­ two two least least at at were were there there day day Each Each too too became became ascent ascent of of rate rate the the when when

turn turn to to ceased ceased windmill windmill the the sondes sondes

measured. measured. elevation elevation of of angles angles and and radio­ the the of of some some in in that that was was factor factor

azimuths azimuths the the regards regards as as set set radar radar the the Another Another large. large. very very became became ascents ascents

centre centre the the at at is is CIMO) CIMO) of of (President (President Perlat Perlat A. A. Mr. Mr.

radiosondes. radiosondes. their their with with Payerne Payerne at at experts experts and and delegates delegates Principal Principal

and and radio-theodolites radio-theodolites day-time day-time the the various various during during between between radiation radiation of of

made made were were comparisons comparisons Systematic Systematic effects effects the the ventilation, ventilation, reduced reduced the the to to

direction. direction. and and owing owing speed speed that that wind wind turn turn in in upper upper meant meant the the This This floated. floated.

determine determine to to even even or or possible possible is is slowly slowly more more observations observations it it ascended ascended train train

these these From From delegation. delegation. French French the the the the that that result result the the with with burst burst train train

by by Payerne Payerne to to the the in in brought brought set, set, balloons balloons the the radar radar of of Decca Decca several several km km of of 22 22

1956 1956 October October Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO

159 159

began began experiments experiments with with British British type type open open plains plains of of the the Sudan Sudan are are ideal ideal

The The Sudan Sudan Meteorological Meteorological Service Service may may It It be be thought thought that that the the flat, flat,

ties. ties.

three three consecutive consecutive hourly hourly observations. observations.

complete complete

lack lack of of communication communication

facili­

broadcast broadcast are are based based on on the the results results of of

of of equipment equipment

and and

staff staff

and and an an almost almost

although although the the SFLOC SFLOC messages messages

for for

be be surmounted surmounted

in in

spite spite of of

poor poor resources resources

made made every every hour hour during during daylight daylight

culties culties and and

also also

shows shows

how how they they

can can

within within half half an an hour. hour. Observations Observations

are are

clearly clearly illustrates illustrates

many many of of these these

diffi­

occasions occasions the the results results are are

available available

Sudan Sudan in in

establishing establishing

a a sferics sferics

network network

normal normal telegraph telegraph channels. channels.

On On most most

country. country. The The recent recent

experience experience

of of the the

into into a a simple simple code code and and sent sent

over over the the

insignificant insignificant

in in

a a more more

advanced advanced

either either telephoned telephoned to to Khartoum Khartoum or or put put

Bearings Bearings from from the the outstations outstations

are are

assessment assessment of of accuracy accuracy

Sudan Sudan sferics sferics network network (June (June rg56) rg56) -· -· be be identified identified by by number. number.

flash flash so so that that every every flash flash observed observed can can

the the tens tens figure of of figure the the subsequent subsequent

the the letter letter F F is is sent sent as as many many times times as as

switched switched in. in. After After every every ninth ninth flash flash

signal. signal. The The auto-selector auto-selector is is then then

signal signal is is sent, sent, followed followed by by start start the the

each each I I observational observational period period a a tuning tuning

I I tion tion being being sent. sent. At At the the beginning beginning of of

I I

I I

of of these these letters letters denoting denoting the the informa­

I I I I 3 3

are are used, used, the the sequence sequence

or or arrangement arrangement

I I

I I

only only three three letters letters of of the the

morse morse aphabet aphabet

I I I I

be be transmitted. transmitted. In In

the the coding coding

system system

..----- I I

---

I I

" "

selection selection of of a a flash flash ------causing causing pip pip I I I I a a "- to to

..--I ..--I '"'" '"'" "" "" 4 4 the the keying keying circuit circuit of of the the transmitter, transmitter,

the the automatic automatic flash flash selector selector actuates actuates --- -@ELOBEID -@ELOBEID

control control station station (Khartoum) (Khartoum) so so that that

by by modifying modifying the the sferics sferics set set at at the the

KHARTOUM@-

______

_ _

Synchronization Synchronization has has been been achieved achieved

who who are are not not trained trained telegraphists. telegraphists.

which which can can be be used used by by sferics sferics operators operators

of of wireless-telegraphy wireless-telegraphy (morse (morse PORT PORT code) code)

it it necessary necessary to to evolve evolve a a simple simple system system

equipment equipment and and two-way two-way facilities facilities made made

absence absence of of radio-telephony radio-telephony (speech) (speech)

of of many many problems problems which which would would be be method method of of communication. communication. The The

vations vations so so desirable desirable are are also also the the cause cause that that radio radio would would be be the the only only practical practical

very very reasons reasons which which make make sferics sferics obser­ and and interruptions interruptions and and it it was was decided decided

widely widely distributed. distributed. Unfortunately Unfortunately the the stations stations soon soon failed failed because because of of delays delays

where where normal normal observing observing stations stations are are service service as as a a telephone telephone link link between between the the

of of special special value value in in undeveloped undeveloped

regions regions attempts attempts to to use use the the public public trunk trunk

T

storms storms by by a a sferics sferics system system is is equipment equipment about about two two years years ago. ago. Early Early

accurate accurate location location of of thunder­ HE HE cathode-ray cathode-ray direction-finding direction-finding (CRDF) (CRDF)

SFERICS SFERICS IN IN THE THE SUDAN SUDAN

WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin October October 1956 1956

160 160

P. P. R. R. of of one one fixes fixes sferics sferics the the finding finding already already

are are forecasters forecasters Sudan Sudan the the and and

value value its its

request. request. on on obtained obtained be be may may

report report

prove prove to to beginning beginning is is network network the the

full full the the of of copies copies whom whom from from Service, Service,

overcome overcome been been have have difiiculties difiiculties initial initial

Meteorological Meteorological Sudan Sudan the the of of

director director

the the of of most most that that Now Now suspicion. suspicion. of of

Wahab,. Wahab,. A. A. A. A. Mr. Mr. by by submitted submitted

kindly kindly

deal deal good good a a and and errors errors many many to to

subject subject

report report a a on on based based is is article article This This

were were Sudan Sudan the the in in results results early early

The The

network. network. the the of of maintenance maintenance for for

will.sufiice will.sufiice technique technique radio radio standard standard of of

network. network.

knowledge knowledge reasonable reasonable a a

with with technician technician

the the of of maintenance maintenance the the for for

responsible responsible

a a of of services services the the and and weeks weeks

three three

is is Khartoum Khartoum at at ofiicer ofiicer electronics electronics The The

about about in in standard standard high high a a to to trained trained

stations. stations. other other the the at at

observers observers

ological ological

be be can can operator operator an an small; small; are are ments ments

meteor­ the the by by and and Khartoum Khartoum at at staf£ staf£

require­ Staff Staff elsewhere. elsewhere. well well equally equally

radiosonde radiosonde the the by by

manned manned are are

stations stations

work work should should and and Sudan Sudan the the in in period period

The The Service. Service. Meteorological Meteorological Sudan Sudan

the the

long long a a over over effective effective proved proved been been

by by employed employed are are

staff staff special special No No

has has synchronization synchronization broadcast broadcast jT jT W W

of of system system The The buildings. buildings. permanent permanent

triangle. triangle.

for for need need the the without without sites sites various various

effective effective an an completing completing thus thus

planned, planned,

at at made made be be can can trials trials and and technicians technicians

therefore therefore is is Roseires Roseires to to

ideal, ideal,

from from

skilled skilled by by base base at at assembled assembled be be then then

far far is is site site the the where where Sudan, Sudan, Port Port

from from

can can They They gear. gear. receiving receiving radio radio and and

station station the the of of transfer transfer The The

north-east. north-east.

supply supply power power own own their their with with trailers trailers or or

the the or or south-west south-west the the to to bearings bearings

caravans. caravans. mobile mobile in in sets sets sferics sferics plete plete

any any for for useless useless is is it it Sudan Sudan northern northern

com­ house house to to possible, possible,

if if

advisable, advisable,

and and southern southern the the both both in in activity activity

of of

is. is. critical. critical. It It less less then then is is

stations stations

observation observation better better for for provides provides

work work

the the of of arrangement arrangement the the

since since

sites sites of of

net­ this this Although Although generator. generator. electric electric

choice choice wider wider a a permits permits also also fixes. fixes. It It

petrol-driven petrol-driven small small a a by by

powered powered

of of accuracy accuracy greater greater obtain obtain to to mended mended

and and caravan caravan mobile mobile a a

in in

housed housed

recom­ is is three three of of instead instead stations stations

now now is is it it where where

Obeid Obeid

El El

to to

moved moved

four four of of use use The The help. help. great great of of be be wi'll wi'll

therefore therefore was was set set

Wadi-Halfa Wadi-Halfa The The

which which recommendations recommendations of of number number a a

line. line. base base Khartoum Khartoum Wadi-Halfa- the the

made made has has Sudan Sudan the the network, network, sferics sferics

along along Sudan Sudan

southern southern

the the in in place place took took

a a of of establishment establishment the the contemplating contemplating

activity activity thunderstorm thunderstorm the the of of deal deal good good

countries. countries. other other of of benefit benefit the the For For

a a as as unsatisfactory unsatisfactory be be to to found found was was

map. map. the the on on layout layout This This I5g). I5g). p. p. map, map, (see (see Halfa Halfa

given given is is Sudan Sudan the the of of parts parts various various in in Wadi­ and and Sudan Sudan Port Port Khartoum, Khartoum,

accuracy accuracy present present the the of of indication indication An An at at up up set set first first was was network network The The

solved. solved. be be to to problems problems remaining remaining the the

enabled enabled has has experience experience further further when when obtained. obtained.

and and operation operation in in is is station station Roseires Roseires the the bearings bearings the the in in errors errors large large cause cause

when when attained attained be be will will improvement improvement which which sources sources other other and and obstructions obstructions

this this that that hoped hoped is is It It desirable. desirable. is is cables, cables, buried buried from from arisen arisen have have culties culties

improvement improvement further further some some and and uniform uniform · · difii- many many Consequently Consequently stations. stations.

however,. however,. not, not, is is accuracy accuracy assessed assessed weather weather existing existing to to choice choice the the limited limited

The· The· thunderstorms. thunderstorms. of of existence existence further further equipment equipment sferics sferics the the operate operate to to

the the confirm confirm to to reports reports synoptic synoptic no no staff staff special special of of absence absence The The available. available.

are are there there when when even even weather weather significant significant already already were were facilities facilities telephone telephone and and

of of indication indication an an as as used used be be to to fixes fixes power power where where sites sites to to restricted restricted was was

the the for for sufiiciently sufiiciently increased increased has has them them stations stations of of choice choice the the that that found found was was it it

in in Confidence Confidence aids. aids. useful useful most most their their practice practice In In direction-finding. direction-finding. radio radio for for

1951l· 1951l· October October Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO

161 161

ship ship of of Professor Professor K. K. R. R. Ramanathan, Ramanathan, 30 30 km. km. This This ozone ozone radiosonde radiosonde will will be be

The The first first session, session, under under the the chairman­ reach reach an an altitude altitude of of approximately approximately

4 4 kg kg and and with with a a kg kg balloon balloon

2 2 it it

may may

dealt dealt with with

in in the the

following following

report. report.

available. available. The The weight weight of of the the

sonde sonde

is is

four four main main

sessions sessions

each each

of of

which which

is is

use use at at stations stations where where no no

specialists specialists

are are

The The

symposium symposium

was was

divided divided

into into

seems seems to to be be the the most most practical practical one one for for

Ramanathan. Ramanathan. by by a a Morse Morse cylinder. cylinder. This This method method

Ozone Ozone Commission, Commission, and and Professor Professor K. K. are are R. R. transmitted transmitted to to a a receiving receiving station station

G. G. M. M. B. B. Dobson, Dobson, President President of of 3-stage 3-stage the the amplifier amplifier and and their their intensities intensities

priate priate replies replies were were made made by by Professor Professor electric electric currents currents are are amplified amplified by by a a

director director of of the the institute, institute, and and appro­ a a selenium selenium photo-cell. photo-cell. The The photo­

was was opened opened by by Professor Professor J. J. Bartels, Bartels, filters filters in in the the ultra-violet ultra-violet spectrum spectrum and and

the the town town of of Ravensburg. Ravensburg. The The meeting meeting The The ozone ozone radiosonde radiosonde makes makes use use of of

·weissenau, ·weissenau, which which is is situated situated close close to to

Institut Institut fur fur Physik Physik der der Stratosphiire Stratosphiire United United in in Kingdom. Kingdom.

was was organized organized by by the the Max-Planck Max-Planck being being developed developed by by Dr. Dr. A. A. W. W. Brewer, Brewer,

were were present present at at the the symposium symposium which which and and a a new new chemical chemical method method which which is is

of of well-known well-known experts experts in in ozone ozone research research and and Dr. Dr. H. H. K. K. Paetzold Paetzold in in Weissenau, Weissenau,

Geodesy Geodesy and and Geophysics. Geophysics. A A number number radiosonde radiosonde developed developed by by Mr. Mr. W. W. Kulcke Kulcke

ology ology of of the the International International Union Union of of have have special special merit, merit, namely namely the the ozone ozone

International International Association Association of of Meteor­ trument, trument, two two other other methods methods seem seem to to

E. E. Vassy Vassy (France), (France), D. D. Chalonge Chalonge (France) (France)

Foreground Foreground (left (left to to right) right) : : Langlo Langlo K. K. (WMO), (WMO), H. H. U. U. Diitsch Diitsch (Switzerland), (Switzerland),

Some Some of of the the participants participants in in the the Symposium Symposium

commission commission was was established established by by the the method method using using the the Dobson Dobson ozone ozone ins-

Germany, Germany, from from 25-28 25-28 June June 1956. 1956. This This were were discussed. discussed. Besides Besides the the Umkehr Umkehr

held held in in the the Town Town Hall Hall of of Ravensburg, Ravensburg, methods methods of of making making these these measurements measurements

:symposium :symposium on on atmospheric atmospheric ozone ozone

was was ozone. ozone. Both Both the the present present and and future future

A

national national Ozone Ozone Commission, Commission, a a determining determining the the vertical vertical distribution distribution of of

the the invitation invitation T T of of the the Inter­ was was devoted devoted to to the the standard standard methods methods of of

SYMPOSIUM SYMPOSIUM ON ON ATMOSPHERIC ATMOSPHERIC OZONE OZONE

WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin October October 1956 1956

162 162

m m be be will will stations stations ozone ozone of of network network understanding understanding better better a a to to substantially substantially

improved improved an an Such Such stations. stations. observing observing contribute contribute would would possible possible as as stations stations

of of network network better better a a without without many many made made as as at at ozone ozone of of distribution distribution

be be could could progress progress significant significant no no that that vertical vertical the the of of measurement measurement the the that that

felt felt generally generally was was it it but but detail detail some some however, however, belief, belief, strong strong its its expressed expressed

in in discussed discussed was was conditions conditions logical logical meeting meeting The The IGY. IGY. the the during during ozone ozone

meteoro­ and and variations variations ozone ozone tween tween of of distribution distribution vertical vertical the the determine determine

be­ relationship relationship The The to to demonstrated. demonstrated. used used be be to to method method particular particular

been been yet yet has has relationship relationship such such no no but but one one recommend recommend to to premature premature it it found found

ozone ozone atmospheric atmospheric on on influence influence any any Commission Commission Ozone Ozone the the Similarly, Similarly,

has has wave wave mountain mountain the the whether whether see see to to

possible. possible.

out out carried carried been been have have

investigations investigations

as as

stations stations

mountain mountain

and and

plain plain

many many

Some Some matters. matters. other other and and results results new new

as as at at

out out

carried carried

be be should should

methods methods

with with dealt dealt Dobson, Dobson, Professor Professor of of ship ship

electro-chemical electro-chemical

using using

concentration concentration

chairman­ the the under under session, session, last last The The

ozone ozone surface surface of of recordings recordings nuous nuous

conti­ that that however, however, recommended, recommended, it it instruments. instruments. these these of of possible possible as as

; ; stage stage this this at at method method standard standard a a mend mend many many as as of of checking checking regular regular the the takes takes

recom­ to to appropriate appropriate it it find find not not did did under­ (inspector) (inspector) physicist physicist travelling travelling a a

Commission Commission Ozone Ozone the the adopted, adopted, and and whereby whereby instituted instituted been been has has procedure procedure

developed developed be be should should air air surface surface of of tent tent a a and and world world the the of of parts parts various various in in

con­ ozone ozone the the measuring measuring for for method method instruments instruments ozone ozone Dobson Dobson 50 50 are are there there

standard standard a a that that Conference Conference Arctic Arctic the the of of Now Now use. use. in in were were instruments instruments six six only only

recommendation recommendation the the to to regard regard With With field field this this -in -in work work pioneer pioneer international international

his his started started Dobson Dobson Professor Professor

When When

considered. considered.

were were IGY IGY the the for for programme programme observations. observations.

ozone ozone the the and and 136) 136) p. p. (see (see Conference Conference the the supervising supervising physicists physicists the the for for

Arctic. Arctic. the the at at made made recommendations recommendations second second the the and and instruments, instruments, ozone ozone the the

the the chair, chair, the the take take to to asked asked was was operating operating assistants assistants technical technical by by use use for for

Langlo, Langlo, Kaare Kaare Dr. Dr. observer, observer, WMO WMO the the intended intended is is these these of of first first The The Normand. Normand.

which which at at session, session, second second the the During During Charles Charles Sir Sir and and Dobson Dobson Professor Professor

by by written written been been

have have

IGY IGY

forthcoming forthcoming

balloon. balloon. the the of of height height

the the

for for

value value

particular particular

of of

handbooks handbooks

the the of of independent independent is is accuracy accuracy their their

two two that that

informed informed

was was

meeting meeting

The The

because because promising promising more more be be to to seem seem

amounts. amounts.

ozone ozone total total

of of

determination determination

however, however, methods, methods, chemical chemical new new The The

the the for for

procedure procedure

standard standard

the the to to

altitudes. altitudes. low low at at ozone ozone of of amount amount

devoted devoted was was

which which

session session

main main next next

the the on on information information accurate accurate give give

the the for for

chair chair

the the took took

Fritz Fritz

S. S.

Dr. Dr.

not not do do and and balloon balloon the the above above ozone ozone

of of

amount amount the the measure measure they they because because Secretariat. Secretariat. WMO WMO the the and and Commission Commission

satisfactory satisfactory fully fully is is method method graph graph Ozone Ozone the the between between correspondence correspondence by by

specto­ airborne airborne the the nor nor filters filters using using settled settled be be should should observations observations ozone ozone for for

method method radiosonde radiosonde the the neither neither that that forms forms standard standard the the in in filling filling for for details details

out out pointed pointed was was It It stage. stage. mental mental further further that that agreed agreed and and data data ozone ozone

experi­ an an in in still still is is but but Brewer Brewer Dr. Dr. by by IGY IGY the the publish publish to to WMO WMO by by sion sion

developed developed being being is is which which methods methods mical mical deci­ the the welcomed welcomed Commission Commission The The

che­ by by ozone ozone of of distribution distribution vertical vertical

sphere. sphere. the the measuring measuring of of technique technique new new the the

strato­ the the of of and and troposphere troposphere upper upper in in interest interest particular particular showed showed meeting meeting

the the of of particularly particularly and and atmosphere, atmosphere, The The (IGY). (IGY). Year Year Geophysical Geophysical national national

the the of of physics physics and and dynamics dynamics the the of of Inter­ the the during during Germany Germany in in used used

1956 1956 October October Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO

163 163

tion. tion. Sudan Sudan has has been been a a Member Member of of World World Meteorological Meteorological Organization Organization and and

ance ance with with Article Article 3 3 (c) (c) of of the the Conven­ Meteorological Meteorological Organization Organization and and to to the the

category category of of Member Member State, State, in in accord­ record record of of service service to to the the International International

applied applied for for membership membership of of WMO WMO in in the the WMO WMO "in "in recognition recognition of of his his unique unique

pendent pendent and and sovereign sovereign state, state, it it recently recently selberg selberg by by the Executive Executive the Committee Committee of of

As As the the Sudan Sudan has has become become an an inde­ The The prize prize was was awarded awarded to to Dr. Dr. Hes­

WMO WMO on on rr rr October October 1956. 1956. a a sum sum of of $1,200. $1,200.

therefore therefore became became the the 95th 95th Member Member of of sisting sisting of of a a gold gold medal, medal, a a diploma diploma and and

rr rr September September 1956 1956 and and Afghanistan Afghanistan teorological teorological Organization Organization Prize, Prize, con­

World World

Meteorological Meteorological Convention Convention on on Hesselberg Hesselberg the the first first International International Me­

T

an an instrument instrument of of accession accession to to the the tember tember 1956 1956 to to present present to to Dr. Dr. Th. Th.

M

HE HE Afghan Afghan Government Government deposited deposited WMO, WMO, went went to to Oslo Oslo on on 21 21 Sep­

Andre Andre Viaut, Viaut, President President R. R. of of

MEMBERSHIP MEMBERSHIP OF OF WMO WMO

TO TO DR. DR. HESSELBERG HESSELBERG IN IN OsLo OsLo

PRESENTATION PRESENTATION OF OF IMO IMO PRIZE PRIZE

Federal Federal Council. Council.

fied fied on on ro ro June June 1956 1956 by by the the Swiss Swiss

ber ber State. State. gress gress [Resolution [Resolution 3 3 (Cg-II)], (Cg-II)], was was rati­

acceed acceed to to the the category category of of WMO WMO Mem­ the the Second Second World World Meteorological Meteorological Con­

Convention, Convention, which which will will enable enable it it to to Switzerland, Switzerland, which which was was approved approved by by

instrument instrument

of of accession accession to to the the WMO WMO legal legal status status of of the the Organization Organization in in

it it is is now now in in the the position position to to submit submit an an Swiss Swiss Federal Federal Council, Council, governing governing the the

thirds thirds of of the the WMO WMO Member Member States States and and Meteorological Meteorological Organization Organization and and

the the

T

the the Sudan Sudan has has been been approved approved by by two­ 10 10 March March 1955 1955 between between the the World World

national national relations. relations. The The application application by by HE HE Agreement Agreement concluded concluded on on

territory territory not not responsible responsible for for its its inter­

WITH WITH SWITZERLAND SWITZERLAND Article Article 3 3 (d) (d) of of the the Convention, Convention, as as a a

RATIFICATION RATIFICATION OF OF THE THE WMO WMO AGREEMENT AGREEMENT from from 13 13 April April 1955, 1955, by by virtue virtue of of

(c) (c) Infra-red Infra-red methods methods of of deter- K.L. K.L.

ozone ozone measurements; measurements;

by by all all the the

participants. participants.

Electro-chemical Electro-chemical (b) (b) methods methods of of

atmosphere atmosphere

will will

long long be be remembered remembered (a) (a) Umkehr Umkehr measurements; measurements;

interesting interesting

discussions discussions

and and the the

friendly friendly

deal deal with with the the following following problems problems : :

ments ments

made made for for

the the

symposium. symposium.

The The

set set up up special special panels panels of of experts experts to to

phare phare

and and for for

the the excellent excellent

arrange­

The The Ozone Ozone Commission Commission decided decided to to

Planck Planck I I nstitut nstitut fiir fiir Physik Physik der der Stratos­

enthusiasm enthusiasm

of of the the staff staff of of the the M M ax­

these these problems. problems.

Tribute Tribute

should should be be

paid paid

to to the the

able able material material for for the the further further study study of of

expected expected to to give give important important and and valu­ of of ozone ozone in in the the atmosphere. atmosphere.

operation operation during during the the IGY IGY and and is is mining mining the the vertical vertical distribution distribution

WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin October October 1956 1956

164 164

America. America. Latin Latin Co-ordination Co-ordination on on Committee Committee nistrative nistrative

for for Commission Commission Economic Economic Nations Nations Admi­ the the of of meeting meeting a a energy, energy, atomic atomic

United United the the and and services services meteorological meteorological of of uses uses peaceful peaceful the the for for agency agency

their their and and governments governments the the with with sions sions international international new new a a of of establishment establishment

discus­ have have will will he he America, where where America, the the for for conference conference the the attend attend to to York York

South South and and Central Central in in countries countries several several New New to to proceeded proceeded then then Davies Davies Mr. Mr.

to to visit visit official official an an pay pay will will General General

Secretary­ the the journeys, journeys, these these After After (IATA). (IATA).

Association Association Transport Transport Air Air tional tional (ICAO). (ICAO). Organization Organization Aviation Aviation

Interna­ the the of of Meeting Meeting General General Civil Civil International International the the of of tary-General tary-General

Annual Annual rzth rzth the the at at WMO WMO represent represent Secre­ the the with with and and America), America), Central Central

to to Edinburgh Edinburgh at at was was halt halt first first His His and and (North (North IV IV Association Association Regional Regional

months. months. two two last last will will which which journey journey WMO WMO of of President President Thomson, Thomson, drew drew

a a

for for 1956 1956

September September 13 13 on on Geneva Geneva An­ Mr. Mr. with with discussions discussions for for Montreal, Montreal,

left left WMO WMO of of Secretary-General Secretary-General The The and and Toronto Toronto to to was was stage stage next next The The

meetings. meetings.

other other

several several and and cies cies AMERICA AMERICA LATIN LATIN AND AND NORTHERN NORTHERN

agen­ specialized specialized the the

and and

UN UN

between between TO TO SECRETARY-GENERAL SECRETARY-GENERAL THE THE OF OF VISH VISH

• • Bulletin. Bulletin. the the of of issue issue R. R. Souza. Souza. de de X. X. F. F. Mr. Mr. of of death death the the

next next the the in in appear appear will will conference conference the the to to subsequent subsequent Service Service Meteorological Meteorological

on on report report fuller fuller A A 135). 135). p. p. (see (see Year Year the the of of Director Director appointed appointed been been has has

J J Geophysical Geophysical International International the the to to ing ing Maldonado Maldonado Vieira Vieira Luiz Luiz oao oao Colonel Colonel

relat­ several several were were discussed discussed ifems ifems the the Lieutenant­ Force Force Air Air Brazil, Brazil, In In

Among Among Meteorology. Meteorology. of of Association Association

International International the the of of Commission Commission tion tion Monasterio. Monasterio. Nufiez Nufiez

Radia­ the the and and Observation Observation of of thods thods Carlos Carlos Fragata Fragata de de Cap. Cap. to to succession succession

Me­ and and Instruments Instruments for for Commission Commission in in Service Service Meteorological Meteorological National National the the

the the of of Radiation Radiation on on Group Group Working Working the the of of Director Director appointed appointed been been has has Garcia Garcia

of of auspices auspices joint joint the the under under 1956 1956 ember ember Victor Victor Rolando Rolando Dr. Dr. Argentina, Argentina, In In

A A Sept­ 15 15 to to ro ro from from Switzerland, Switzerland,

Davos, Davos, in in held held was was conference conference Uruguay. Uruguay. and and Brazil Brazil Argentina, Argentina,

of of Services Services Meteorological Meteorological the the of of tion tion

CONFERENCE CONFERENCE direc­ the the in in changes changes following following the the

'THE 'THE

RADIATION RADIATION

INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL of of informed informed been been has has Secretariat Secretariat

AMERICA AMERICA LATIN LATIN IN IN activities. activities. DIRECTORS DIRECTORS new new NEW NEW their their in in success success

full full them them wish wish and and congratulations congratulations

our our directors directors new new these these offer offer We We

ceremony. ceremony.

Mognoni. Mognoni. D. D. presentation presentation the the of of account account an an contain contain

Yolando Yolando Navio Navio will will de de Bulletin Bulletin Cap. Cap. the the of of succeeds succeeds He He number number next next The The

Service. Service. Meteorological Meteorological the the of of Director Director

appointed appointed been been has has meteorology". meteorology". Fontana Fontana of of Perez Perez V. V. science science the the to to tions tions

Hispano Hispano Navio Navio de de Cap. Cap. Uruguay, Uruguay, In In contribu­ valuable valuable his his of of recognition recognition in in

1956 1956 October October Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO

165 165

General General attended attended the the 12th 12th Annual Annual regional regional meteorological meteorological networks. networks.

ted ted

by by aircraft aircraft in in flight). flight). The The Secretary­ progress progress reports reports on on implementation implementation of of

(meteorological (meteorological observations observations transmit­ to to start start the the publication publication of of periodical periodical

debated debated question question of of in-flight in-flight reports reports and and detail detail to to permit permit the the Secretariat Secretariat

Transport Transport Association Association on on the the much much received received will will be be adequate adequate in in amount amount

ization ization and and the the International International Air Air and and it it is is hoped hoped that that the the information information

the the International International Civil Civil Aviation Aviation Organ­ factorily factorily from from most most parts parts of of the the world, world,

General General has has taken taken up up discussions discussions with with Replies Replies are are coming coming forward forward satis­

cutive cutive Committee, Committee, the the Secretary­

countries countries

concerned. concerned.

Following Following a a decision decision of of the the Exe­

the the responsible responsible authorities authorities of of the the

General General plans plans to to pay pay IN-FLIGHT IN-FLIGHT official official visits visits REPORTS REPORTS to to

in in South South America America and and the the Secretary­

tion tion is is being being devoted devoted to to the the networks networks

tariat, tariat, Avenue Avenue

de de

la la Paix, Paix, Geneva. Geneva.

Within Within this this framework, framework, special special atten­

free free on on request request

from from

the the WMO WMO Secre­

to to be be implemented implemented by by Members. Members.

pectus, pectus,

copies copies

of of

which which may may be be obtained obtained

networks networks have have been been or or are are planned planned

Cloud Cloud

Atlas Atlas are are

contained contained in in a a Pros­

to to what what extent extent recommended recommended regional regional

Full Full

details details

of of the the International International

inquiry inquiry with with the the object object of of ascertaining ascertaining

published published before before the the end end of of 1956. 1956. has has recently recently initiated initiated a a world-wide world-wide

and and it it is is anticipated anticipated that that they they will will all all observing observing be be networks. networks. The The Secretariat Secretariat

remaining remaining volumes volumes are are well well advanced advanced finding finding in in the the field field of of meteorological meteorological

plates plates of of this this and and of of the the Album. Album. The The attention attention is is being being devoted devoted is is the the fact­

now now been been issued, issued, as as have have also also the the bare bare Another Another question question to to which which special special

tains tains the the 224 224 plates plates with with legends, legends, has has

METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL

NETWORKS NETWORKS

Volume Volume II II of of the the Atlas, Atlas, which which con­

No. No. 4, 4, p. p. 135 135 and and Vol. Vol. I, I, No. No. 3, 3, p. p. 6g. 6g.

Vol. Vol. V, V, No. No. 3, 3, p. p. roo). roo). Bulletin Bulletin - see see for for example example Vol. Vol. IV, IV,

conference conference of of lATA lATA (see (see Bulletin, Bulletin, mentioned mentioned on on several several occasions occasions in in the the

WMO WMO observer observer to to the the gth gth technical technical tional tional Cloud Cloud Atlas Atlas has has already already been been

ology ology in in relation relation to to the the report report of of The The the the preparation preparation of of the the new new I I nterna­

Commission Commission for for Aeronautical Aeronautical Meteor­

INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL

CLOUD CLOUD

ATLAS ATLAS

discussed discussed with with the the President President of of the the

of of this this important important problem problem are are being being

Plans Plans Envoy Envoy for for Extraordinary Extraordinary further further active active in in pursuance pursuance Paris. Paris.

comments comments Swiss Swiss to to all all Minister Minister Members Members Plenipotentiary Plenipotentiary of of WMO. WMO. and and

been been Micheli Micheli circulated circulated who who has has for for information information now now been been appointed appointed and and

detailed detailed report report de de Rham, Rham, on on this this who who review review succeeds succeeds has has Mr. Mr. Pierre Pierre

observations observations Federal Federal Political Political in in their their Department, Department, daily daily work. work. Mr. Mr. A A Jean Jean

services services make make International International of of aircraft aircraft meteorological meteorological Organizations Organizations of of the the

review review of of by by the the the the use use new new which which Chief Chief meteorological meteorological of of the the Division Division for for

Secretariat Secretariat The The has has councillors councillors completed completed were were a a world-wide world-wide accompanied accompanied

to to international international air air

navigation. navigation. The The rgs6. rgs6.

the the benefit benefit of of meteorological meteorological

service service

the the

WMO WMO

Secretariat Secretariat

on on

ro ro August August

adequate adequate numbers numbers of of such such reports reports

for for

Confederation, Confederation,

paid paid

an an official official visit visit to to

reports reports and and the the desirability desirability of of receiving receiving

Houses Houses of of

Parliament Parliament

of of the the Swiss Swiss

made made by by meteorologists meteorologists of of in-flight in-flight

and and

the the Council Council

of of States, States,

i.e., i.e., the the two two

items, items, the the great great use use that that is is being being

Foreign Foreign

Affairs Affairs

of of the the National National

Council Council

statement statement stressing, stressing, amongst amongst

other other

Members Members

of of the the

Commissions Commissions for for

presenting presenting to to the the assembly assembly a a general general

PARLIAMENT PARLIAMENT burgh burgh in in September September rg56, rg56, with with a a view view to to

VISIT VISIT OF OF General General MEMBERS MEMBERS Meeting Meeting OF OF THE THE of of IAT IAT SWISS SWISS A A held held in in Edin­

WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin

October October 1956 1956

166 166

also also is is - matters matters coding coding with with connexion connexion the the on on note note 1957, 1957, a a for for WMO WMO of of

in in practices practices National National - III III Chapter Chapter budget budget annual annual the the are are annexed annexed Also Also

available. available. is is it it as as force. force. in in maintained maintained longer longer

soon soon as as published published be be will will points points these these no no those those and and obsolete, obsolete, become become may may

on on information information Final Final date. date. earlier earlier an an which which those those WMO, WMO, of of publications publications into into

at at introduced introduced be be may may codes codes the the cases cases incorporated incorporated being being those those Organization, Organization,

some some In In divergencies. divergencies. any any of of tariat tariat the the of of policy policy continuing continuing the the expressing expressing

Secre­ the the inform inform to to or or codes codes special special those those into into session session eighth eighth the the to to

these these use use will will they they that that confirm confirm prior prior adopted adopted those those all all classifies classifies which which

to to asked asked been been have have IGY IGY the the during during resolutions, resolutions, Committee Committee Executive Executive to to

Antarctica Antarctica in in stations stations operate operate will will guide guide a a and and Year Year Geophysical Geophysical national national

which which services services All All IGY. IGY. the the of of date date Inter­ the the of of data data meteorological meteorological for for

opening opening 1957, 1957, the the July July on r r on officially officially forms forms standard standard the the (EC-VIII), (EC-VIII), 4 4 lution lution

force force into into come come will will codes codes These These Reso­ by by adopted adopted Nomenclature Nomenclature Ice Ice

17 17 (EC--VIIl). (EC--VIIl). Resolution Resolution of of provisions provisions International International Abridged Abridged the the of of text text the the

the the with with accordance accordance in in IGY IGY the the during during Administration, Administration, Assistance Assistance Technical Technical

use use for for adopted adopted been been have have which which Nations Nations United United the the and and WMO WMO between between

tables tables code code and and specifications specifications forms, forms, Arrangement Arrangement Working Working the the are are report report

code code instructions, instructions, the the contains contains which which the the to to annexes annexes fo"rteen fo"rteen the the Among Among

Year, Year, Geophysical Geophysical International International the the

during during Antarctica Antarctica for for codes codes Regional Regional adopted. adopted. lutions lutions

: : VII VII Part Part section, section, supplementary supplementary reso­ the the of of texts texts the the and and session session the the

a a has has now now Regions, Regions, WMO WMO individual individual of of work work the the of of summary summary general general a a by by

the the in in use use for for adopted adopted codes codes the the followed followed resolutions, resolutions, and and documents documents

to to devoted devoted sections sections of of consists consists which which relevant relevant the the of of note note a a with with Committee Committee

- codes codes Regional Regional - II II Chapter Chapter Executive Executive the the of of session session eighth eighth the the of of

agenda agenda final final the the contains contains French, French, and and

codes. codes. Ice Ice B-r: B-r: Part Part of of

English English in in available available report, report, This This

1956 1956 September September in in and and codes, codes, Seismic Seismic

1956 1956 Part Part of of : : March March B-2 B-2 in in issue the the by by

ro.-. ro.-. fr. fr. Sw. Sw. : : Price Price

completed completed now now is is publication publication this this of of

I95· I95· IJ. IJ. Pp. Pp. 53· 53· RC. RC. No. No. WMO-

- codes codes International International - I Chapter Chapter

resolutions. resolutions. with with report report bridged bridged A A tee-

Commit­ Executive Executive the the of of session session Eighth Eighth

fr. fr. Sw. Sw. 3.-. 3.-. - III III ter ter

Chap­ fr. fr. Sw. Sw. - II II Chapter Chapter 6.-, 6.-,

PUBLICATIONS PUBLICATIONS WMO WMO RECENT RECENT

IJ.-, IJ.-, fr. fr. Sw. Sw. - I I Chapter Chapter : : Price Price

4· 4· 9· 9· Loose-leaf. Loose-leaf. TP. TP. No. No. - WMO WMO

Codes. Codes. - B B Volume Volume Reports: Reports: Weather Weather

Secretariat. Secretariat. the the to to

close close conveniently conveniently situated situated building building

new new a a Vermont, Vermont, de de chemin chemin at at 32 32

86). 86).

p. p. No. No.

V, V,

(Vol. (Vol.

~· ~· Bulletin Bulletin apartment apartment an an to to transferred transferred been been now now

the the of of issue issue last last the the in in found found be be may may has has Unit Unit Assistance Assistance Technical Technical The The

session session the the of of account account general general A A building. building. separate separate a a in in publications publications

the the of of most most store store to to ago ago time time some some

index. index. subject subject useful useful a a with with concludes concludes

made made were were arrangements arrangements pressure, pressure,

publication publication The The meetings. meetings. ICAOjRAN ICAOjRAN

the the relieve relieve To To archives. archives. the the all all and and

of of recommendations recommendations with with

dealing dealing

staff staff the the house house to to inadequate inadequate been been

for for and and correspondence correspondence by by mendations mendations

time time some some for for has has building building Secretariat Secretariat

recom­ and and resolutions resolutions of of adoption adoption

present present the the in in available available space space The The

the the for for procedures procedures and and mendations, mendations,

recom­ and and resolutions resolutions of of preparation preparation ACCOMMODATION ACCOMMODATION

956 956 I I October October Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO

167 167

next next issue. issue.

is is regretted regretted It It that that owing owing to to lack lack of of space space other other reviews reviews have have had had to to be be held held over over for for the the

and and dynamical dynamical methods methods in in synoptic synoptic meteorology, meteorology, L. L. K. K.

Another Another chapter chapter is is devoted devoted to to Numerical Numerical

the the book book

are are

all all

excellent. excellent. symposia symposia of of the the Rome Rome meeting meeting of of the the lAM. lAM.

equations, equations,

and and the the

general general

appearance appearance of of contains contains the the papers papers presented presented at at one one of of the the

The The

reproduction reproduction

of of figures, figures, tables tables and and I4 I4 main main chapters chapters of of the the book, book, each each of of which which

This This subject subject is is also also dealt dealt with with

in in

one one of of the the

will will convince convince

him him

to to the the

contrary. contrary.

spheric spheric ozone ozone and and meteorological meteorological

conditions. conditions.

with with the the

international international

research research

programme programme

attaching attaching to to the the relationship relationship

between between

atmo­

reading, reading, a a

perusal perusal

of of the the

chapter chapter

dealing dealing

the the increased increased importance importance meteorologists meteorologists

are are

of of meteorological meteorological

knowledge knowledge

must must

be be dull dull

general general circulation circulation of of the the atmosphere atmosphere stresses stresses

anybody anybody

If If

believes believes that that

this this great great

volume volume

book, book, deals deals with with Atmospheric Atmospheric ozone ozone and and the the

and and adds adds reproduced reproduced to to the the value value as as the the of of first first the the chapter chapter book. book. of of the the

given given delivered delivered at at the the end end by by of of Professor Professor each each chapter chapter K.R. K.R. greatly greatly Ramanathan Ramanathan

Furthermore, Furthermore, The The the the fact fact summary summary that that the the of of the the presidential presidential discussion discussion address, address,

catch catch

up up

with with

two two

years' years' development. development. fields fields are are at at present present in in the the centre centre of of interest. interest.

reduce reduce

its its value, value,

since since

it it is is fairly fairly easy easy to to some some indication indication of of which which of of these these specialized specialized

after after

the the

papers papers

were were presented presented does does not not in in the the field field of of meteorology meteorology and and also also gives gives

fact fact

that that

the the

book book is is

appearing appearing two two years years taking taking place place among among the the scientists scientists working working

of of

the the

present present state state

of of the the

subject. subject. The The tion tion of of the the great great specialization specialization which which is is

one one of of the the

papers papers is is devoted devoted to to a a summary summary tation. tation. gives gives It It an an impressive impressive demonstra­

assistance assistance

in in

this this

respect. respect.

In In most most chapters chapters about about the the value value of of this this book book and and its its presen­

The The book book

under under

review review

will will be be of of considerable considerable sive sive volume volume but but something something might might be be said said

including including

complete complete

bibliographic bibliographic references. references. the the 104 104 papers papers contained contained in in this this comprehen­

of of

progress progress

in in a a particular particular

field field

of of his his science, science, is is certainly certainly It It not not possible possible to to review review here here

complete complete and and up-to-date up-to-date picture picture of of the the state state

tables. tables. Price Price : : So So shillings. shillings.

sciences) sciences) is is the the difficulty difficulty of of obtaining obtaining a a

+ +

tions) tions)

1956. 1956.

Pp. Pp. xm xm 594 594 ; ; figures figures and and

worker worker in in meteorology meteorology (as (as well well as as in in other other

London London (Butterworths (Butterworths Scientific Scientific Publica­

One One of of the the great great problems problems of of the the research research

ber ber I954 I954 (Publication (Publication AIM AIM No. No. rojC). rojC).

Association Association of of Meteorology, Meteorology, Rome, Rome, Septem­ forecasting. forecasting.

Scientific Scientific Proceedings Proceedings of of the the International International a a vital vital problem problem for for the the future future of of weather weather

of of the the Commission Commission for for Instruments Instruments and and chapter. chapter.

in in correspondence correspondence with with the the Presidents Presidents sea sea criterion criterion tables, tables, is is annexed annexed to to the the

mission mission for for Maritime Maritime Meteorology Meteorology and and cations cations given given in in Captain Captain Petersen's Petersen's

made made in in the the first first session session of of the the Com­ alents, which which alents, includes includes the the specifi­

revised revised in in accordance accordance with with proposals proposals addition addition a a table table of of wind wind speed speed equiv­

Marine Marine Observations- which which has has been been observing observing wave wave characteristics. characteristics. In In

cation cation No. No. 8 8 contains contains Chapter Chapter ro­ matters matters affecting affecting the the methods methods of of

This This supplement supplement to to WMO WMO Publi­ 1947, 1947, which which gives gives guidance guidance on on all all

ological ological Organization Organization at at Toronto Toronto m m

Loose-leaf. Loose-leaf. WMO WMO - No. No. 8. 8. TP. TP. 3· 3· orology orology of of the the International International Meteor­

Supplement Supplement No. No. 7 7 (August, (August, rg56). rg56). by by the the Commission Commission for for Maritime Maritime Mete­

Instrument Instrument and and Observing Observing Practice: Practice: also also includes includes the the text text first first proposed proposed

Guide Guide to to International International Meteorological Meteorological Publication Publication No. No. 8, 8, this this revised revised chapter chapter

mation mation given given in in the the first first issue issue of of WMO WMO

Besides Besides bringing bringing up-to-date up-to-date the the infor­ Region Region II. II.

which which concerns concerns national national practices practices in in mission mission for for Maritime Maritime Meteorology. Meteorology.

now now completed completed by by the the issue issue of of Part Part A-2 A-2 Methods Methods of of Observation Observation and and the the Com­

WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin October October 1956 1956 CALENDAR OF COMING EVENTS

World Meteorological Organization Ig56 r6-3o October 2nd session of the Commission for Maritime Meteoro­ logy (CMM), Hamburg, Germany 22-25 October Working Group on Radiosonde Comparisons (CIMO), Ziirich, Switzerland zg October Working Group on Atmospherics of the Commission for Aerology (CAe), Ziirich, Switzerland

I957 ro-rg January 3rd session of Working Group on Meteorological Tele­ communications of Regional Association I, Las Pal­ mas, Canary Islands 14-26 January znd session of the Commission for Climatology (CCl), Washington, U.S.A. 21 January-g February 2nd session of Regional Association I (Africa), Las Palmas, Canary Islands About March vVorking Group on Networks of the Commission for (provisional) Synoptic Meteorology (CSM) (town not yet fixed) r8 June 2nd session of the Commission for Aerology (CAe), Paris, France r8 June 2nd session of the Commission for Instrum{)nts and Methods of Observation (<(IMO), Paris, France September/October gth session of the WMO Executive Committee, Geneva, Switzerland Beginning October 2nd session of the Commission for Bibliography and Publications (CBP), Paris, France About October 2nd session of Regional Association III (South Amer­ ica), Caracas, Venezuela

Other International Organizations I956 22 October United Nations Scientific Committee on Atomic Radiation, New York, U.S.A. 29 October- 3 November 45th Executive Council of UNESCO, New Delhi, India 5 November- 5 December gth General Conference of UNESCO, New Delhi, India 26 November- I December Study Groups IV (Phototelegraphy and Facsimile) and IX (Operational methods and quality of service) of CCIT (ITU), Geneva, Switzerland g-q. December 8th plenary assembly of CCIT (ITU), Geneva, Switzerland

I957 January gth session of the Executive Committee for Desert Locust Control in Arabian Peninsula (FAO), Cairo, Egypt End January rst session of the Permanent Advisory Committee for Humid Tropic Research (UNESCO), Abidjan, Ivory Coast

168

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