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The World's Smallest Republic : Indian Stream Carl Gustafson Document généré le 1 oct. 2021 04:41 Histoire Québec The World's Smallest Republic : Indian Stream Carl Gustafson Volume 16, numéro 2, 2010 URI : https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/66139ac Aller au sommaire du numéro Éditeur(s) Les Éditions Histoire Québec La Fédération des sociétés d’histoire du Québec ISSN 1201-4710 (imprimé) 1923-2101 (numérique) Découvrir la revue Citer cet article Gustafson, C. (2010). The World's Smallest Republic : Indian Stream. Histoire Québec, 16(2), 36–40. Tous droits réservés © Les Éditions Histoire Québec, 2010 Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d’auteur. L’utilisation des services d’Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d’utilisation que vous pouvez consulter en ligne. https://apropos.erudit.org/fr/usagers/politique-dutilisation/ Cet article est diffusé et préservé par Érudit. Érudit est un consortium interuniversitaire sans but lucratif composé de l’Université de Montréal, l’Université Laval et l’Université du Québec à Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche. https://www.erudit.org/fr/ Histoire Québec Vol 16, no2:Layout 1 10-10-28 15:49 Page 36 HISTOIRE QUÉBEC VOLUME 16 NUMÉRO 2 2010 The World’s Smallest Republic : Indian Stream by Carl Gustafson Rev. Carl Gustafson (1908-97) spent almost his entire life in the Eastern Townships. He attended school in Waterville and went on to McGill University, where he graduated with degrees in Arts and Divinity. He was ordained by the United Church of Canada and served many congregations in the Townships over a span of more than half a century. Over the years, he developed a deep love for the Townships and a profound understanding of the history and nature of this region. The manuscript for this article was discovered after his death by his son, Carl Gustafson Jr. “I solemnly swear that to the United States of a clause in the of Indian Stream. Americans, on best of my power and ability, I Treaty of Paris of 1783 which the other hand, took action to will support inviolate the established the international claim land in the territory. Constitution and laws of Indian boundary. The clause referred to Stream. So help me God.” With the boundary line as proceeding In 1796, David Gibbs, Nathaniel this oath, members were admit- westward “to the northwestern- Wales and Moody Bedel, resi- ted to the Assembly of a new most head of the Connecticut dents of New Hampshire, republic lying between north- River, thence down the middle bought from Chief Phlip of the eastern New Hampshire and the of that river to the forty-fifth St. Francis Indians 16,000 acres Province of Quebec. degree of north latitude.” A sur- of land and hunting rights for vey of the state of New $3,000.This transaction was The area was centered in what is Hampshire interpreted “the recorded in the County Office at now a little village of 300 people, northwesternmost head of the Grafton, N.H. called Pittsburg, New Hamp - Connecticut River” to include shire. The village is located on Hall’s Stream, which flowed Since the same territory was Indian Stream from which the into it; and, thus, ran the boun - now registered in the two coun- earlier community got its name. dary line down that stream to tries, in due time people from what was thought to be the 45th both Canada and the United At a meeting held on July 9, parallel of latitude. This placed States began to settle, each with 1832, a Constitution was adop - Indian Stream in New Hamp - the impression that they were ted which provided for a shire. settling in their own country. As Council of five members in the territory was in an area addition to the Assembly. The Canadians interpreted “the remote from any large centres, it Relevant statutes were enacted northwesternmost head of the was largely ignored by both and courts of law were establi - Connecticut River” to include countries and the settlers were shed. This little republic with a only the Connecticut itself and thrown back on their own population of 69 families, com- so took the position that Indian resources. Being left on their prising 414 people, continued to Stream belonged to Canada and own, the land holders formed a govern itself for three years until ran the line accordingly. community organization which 1835. met periodically to approve Each country acted on the transfers of land and to collect How it all started assumption that its interpreta- money to cover the cost of sur- tion was correct. And so, in 1792 veys, the construction of roads, The basic reason for the setting and 1793, when new townships etc. While the anomalous nature up of the republic was the con- were being laid out in Canada, of the boundary line was being fusion caused by different inter- the Township of Drayton was discussed in Congress, the New pretations by Canada and the formed to include the territory Hampshire Legislature felt that 36 Histoire Québec Vol 16, no2:Layout 1 10-10-28 15:49 Page 37 HISTOIRE QUÉBEC VOLUME 16 NUMÉRO 2 2010 something should be done to reaction on the part of the fede - The situation in Indian Stream indicate that it had jurisdiction ral authorities amounted to a had been brought to the atten- over Indian Stream. Conse - tacit recognition of the new tion of the Lieutenant Governor quently, it directed the Attorney- regime since it levied customs of Lower Canada. In April, 1835, General to proceed against any duties on products coming into he brought the matter to the parties that resisted its autho - New Hampshire and Vermont. attention of the British Minister rity. But because of the uncertain in Washington, who, in turn, location of the true boundary The state of New Hampshire, took up the matter with the and also because of the fierce however, acted as though there State Department. And there, resistance of the people of were no doubt about its jurisdic- for the time being, the matter Indian Stream, little effective tion over Indian Stream. In rested. action was taken at that time. August, 1834, it sent authorities into the district to collect debts. Although Indian Stream has Arbitration was no help They were driven off by the set- been declared a republic, the tlers. The sheriffs returned later people still retained something Since there were unresolved dis- in the winter and again in the of their previous loyalties. So putes over the location of vari- spring of 1835, but were again factions developed. Some favou - ous parts of the Canada-U.S.A. repulsed by the inhabitants who red Canada; others favoured the border, the matter was finally by now were building a block United States. Luther Parker, referred to the King of the house for the defence of their who had been active in the Netherlands for arbitration. In territory. organization of the republic and 1831, the King made his report had at one time been a member which, among other things, stat- Thoroughly exasperated, New of the Executive Council, now ed that Indian Stream belonged Hampshire sent a Company of came to favour New Hamp - to Canada. This ruling, howe - the 24th Regiment of the State shire. Another resident, Jona - ver, was never accepted by the Militia to Stewartstown, the nea - than Knight, favoured Canada. United States and the situation rest town in the state to Indian A fist fight ensued in which became ever more confused. Stream. This Company, consis - Parker drew a butcher’s knife. ting of about 50 men, arrived on Knight complained to the Cana - Many of the people looked to August 6, 1835. Apparently, the dian authorities in the person of Canada for help. In 1826, some move was made mainly as a Alexander Rea, the magistrate of them appealed for help to show of force since the Com - of Hereford. Rea promptly expand their holdings. Their pany did not at that time enter arres ted Parker and took him to appeal was addressed to Indian Stream itself. the Sherbrooke Jail where he Alexander Rea, a land agent and was released for lack of a true magistrate living in what is now Canadian reaction was restrained bill. Hereford, Quebec. Rea forwar - ded their request to Joseph The official Canadian reaction Rea also sent a petition to the Bouchette, Surveyor-General of was more restrained. Canada Lieutenant Governor asking Lower Canada. Apparently no did not levy customs duties. that legal protection be provi - action was taken on their One reason for this could have ded to the residents of Indian request. been that they regarded Indian Stream. Apparently, this assu - Stream as being part of Canada rance was given. On September It was out of these frustrating and, thus, not subject to duties. 26, 1835, Rea called a public circumstances that, in despera- Or, it could have been because meeting where he told the peo- tion, the people of Indian all of the produce was flowing ple that they were assured of Stream, on July 9, 1832, made south and nothing was coming British protection and that they their Declaration of Indepen - north to Canada upon which should choose magistrates dence. The immediate American duties could be levied. according to British law. 37 Histoire Québec Vol 16, no2:Layout 1 10-10-28 15:49 Page 38 HISTOIRE QUÉBEC VOLUME 16 NUMÉRO 2 2010 Republic of Indian Stream. (Source: Société historique de Stanstead, d’après Carl Gustafson. Journal de la SHS, vol. 23, 2009) Establishing law and disorder him.” There followed a number An incident occurred that was to of Keystone-Cops-like episodes aggravate the dislike of the Alexander Rea came to be where the authorities of one side Americans for Rea.
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