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Prepared By: Chief Matthew Kakekaspan & Tommy Miles

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Prepared By: Chief Matthew Kakekaspan & Tommy Miles © Tommy Miles © Tommy Miles PREPARED BY: CHIEF MATTHEW KAKEKASPAN & TOMMY MILES, BAND COUNCILOR FOR THE WASHAHO CREE NATION AT FORT SEVERN, DRS. R. HARVEY LEMELIN, MARTHA DOWSLEY, & MICHEL BEAULIEU, CENTRE FOR NORTHERN STUDIES, LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY & DR. MITCH TAYLOR FRANZ SIEBEL, PROJECT MANAGER & BRIAN WALMARK, DIRECTOR, KEEWAYTINOOK OKIMAKANAK RESEARCH INSTITUTE (KORI) WITH THE SUPPORT OF THE WASHAHO CREE NATION AT FORT SEVEN, ENVIRONMENT CANADA, HEALTH CANADA, AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES RESEARCH COUNCIL OF CANADA Giving Voice to Bear: Cree Observations and Documentation of Wabusk in Ontario: Research 2010 Report Prepared by: Chief Matthew Kakekaspan & Tommy Miles, Washaho Cree Nation at Fort Severn, Drs. R. Harvey Lemelin, Martha Dowsley & Michel Beaulieu, Centre for Northern Studies, Lakehead University, & Dr. Mitch Taylor Franz Siebel & Brian Walmark, Keewaytinook Okimakanak Research Institute (KORI) With the support of: The Washaho Cree Nation at Fort Severn, Environment Canada, Health Canada, & The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada June 2010 1 Washaho Cree Nation/Centre for Northern Studies/KORI Giving Voice to Bear: Cree Observations and Documentation of Wabusk in Ontario: Research 2010 Report Table of Contents Page Number List of Tables and Figures 3 Chief’s Address 4-6 Introduction 6-10 Research Goals 7 Wabusk in Ontario 8 Wabusk and Fort Severn: An Historical Overview 10-11 1685-1779 10 1780-1814 10 1815-and onward 10 The Management of Wabusk in Ontario 11-15 Socio-Cultural Dimensions 15-18 Wabusk movement and habitat use 16 Wabusk feeding behaviour 16 Educational Perspectives 18 Recommendations 19-22 References 23-24 2 Washaho Cree Nation/Centre for Northern Studies/KORI Giving Voice to Bear: Cree Observations and Documentation of Wabusk in Ontario: Research 2010 Report List of Tables and Figures Page Number Tables Table 1 -Polar Bear Hides Traded at Fort Severn 1761-1814 11 Table 2 – A Chronology of Polar Bear Management in Ontario 12 Table 3 – Reporting Various Polar Bear Population Numbers in 13 Ontario Figures Figure 1: Washaho Traditional Lands 7 3 Washaho Cree Nation/Centre for Northern Studies/KORI Giving Voice to Bear: Cree Observations and Documentation of Wabusk in Ontario: Research 2010 Report Chief’s Address In the summer of 2008 a research partnership between the Washaho Cree Nation at Fort Severn (hereafter Washaho), the Keewaytinook Okimakanak Research Institute (KORI), and researchers affiliated with the Centre of Northern Studies at Lakehead University and Lakehead University, was established in order to: (i) examine wabusk (polar bear, Ursus maritimus) movements and behaviours in Cree traditional territory; and, (ii) to begin community discussions in regards to the management of this species. Right from the project’s onset we indicated that we wanted to be fully integrated in all phases of the research process, since then, every attempt including the hiring of community research assistants and translators has been made to address this. Further, transparency and information-sharing continues with various presentations in the community, presentations to professional groups, and reporting mechanisms like this report which is also available as a PDF document on our web-site. For many centuries the northern Cree have harvested wabusk for food, for medicine, for tools, for spiritual purposes and for crafts. The cultural and economical importance of wabusk in our society has been recognized in park management plans (see the Polar Bear Provincial Park Management Plan, 1980), the proposed Wabusk Co-Management Agreement by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR) (1980s), Canada’s Species at Risk Act (SARA), Ontario’s Endangered Species Act (ESA), and by international law (e.g., 2010 the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) decision not to ban the trade of polar bear parts). While Canada continues to list polar bears as a species of Special Concern (defined as a wildlife species that may become threatened or endangered due to a number of threats) under SARA, Manitoba with no consultation with us, up-listed polar bears as threatened under the provincial Endangered Species Act in 2008, the Americans soon followed-suit. In 2009, the Committee on the Status of Species at Risk in Ontario (COSSARO) reclassified polar bears as threatened under the ESA. 4 Washaho Cree Nation/Centre for Northern Studies/KORI Giving Voice to Bear: Cree Observations and Documentation of Wabusk in Ontario: Research 2010 Report Because the ESA requires that a management plan for threatened species (i.e., polar bear) be developed within two years (by 2011), the duty to consult with the people that will bear the brunt of these policies has so far, been overlooked by the provincial government. Since the Southern Hudson Bay polar bear population is also a shared population between Ontario, Quebec and Nunavut this unilateral decision by Ontario overlooks the numerous international and inter-jurisdictional agreements regarding the management of this particular polar bear sub-population. Despite these setbacks, we the people most affected by human-polar bear interactions are attempting to deal with these challenges by monitoring and documenting polar bear behaviours in our territory. This report illustrates the importance and value of recognizing, documenting, and incorporating Cree Kiskayndamowin/knowledge into interdisciplinary approaches to wildlife management through a participatory approach. Since we have started this research, we have documented that polar bears use the boreal forest much more so than scientists have documented, and the diet of polar bears in Ontario is more variable than it is further north. Our historic research looks at the fur trade records for trading posts around Hudson Bay and so far, provides documentation that Cree were trading polar bear skins for several centuries prior to the establishment of the province of Ontario and the creation of the OMNR. Our preliminary biological review of existing scientific data collected by the OMNR and other researchers on the biology of polar bears in Ontario identified some apparent inconsistencies. From our understanding it does not appear that wabusk populations have declined, and uncertainties regarding the scientific information have not been clearly stated. 5 Washaho Cree Nation/Centre for Northern Studies/KORI Giving Voice to Bear: Cree Observations and Documentation of Wabusk in Ontario: Research 2010 Report This research report is to serve notice that we will no longer be kept silent or marginalized in these discussions and that our knowledge must be recognized and incorporated in co-management strategies in this province. To facilitate that participation we have begun to document and map polar bear-human encounters in our territory and we are establishing protocols for recording polar bear human encounters. This report is our first step in this process, and we now look forward to being involved in these decisions, as well as contributing our information to the development of a polar bear management plan in this province. We are thankful for the support from our funding partners including the Aboriginal Critical Habitat Protection Fund and the Aboriginal Capacity Building Fund through Environment Canada, the Climate Change and Health Adaptation Program through Health Canada, and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Matthew Kakekaspan Chief of the Washaho Cree Nation 6 Washaho Cree Nation/Centre for Northern Studies/KORI Giving Voice to Bear: Cree Observations and Documentation of Wabusk in Ontario: Research 2010 Report INTRODUCTION The Washaho (the Cree designation for the Severn River) Cree Nation at Fort Severn is the most northerly community in the province of Ontario. This small (3,959 hectares), remote Cree reserve of approximately 578 people (449 living on the reserve, and 129 living off the reserve) is situated in the Hudson Bay Lowlands, on the Severn River 9km from its mouth where it Platform for storing items out of drains into Hudson Bay. Rich in fishing resources, the area reach of dogs (polar bear skin, snowshoes, tubs of seal meat), Fort was a traditional gathering place, and like many traditional Severn, ca. 1955 Source: Archives of Ontario C 330-14 gathering places along the shores of Hudson Bay, a fort (Fort Severn) was established by the Hudson Bay Company in the 17th century. As Cree lore and historical documentation attest, the Cree people have been interacting with wabusk for several millennia. This report is a brief summary of these interactions, since European colonization. Research Goals The goal of this research and this report is to highlight Cree knowledge of polar bears. The research objectives are to: I. Document Cree Kiskayetumoowin-Knowledge (CK) of wabusk in the Washaho Cree Nation at Fort Severn; II. Conduct a historical analysis of fur trade records of polar bear skins in the Fort Severn area; III. Review existing scientific information on the polar bears of the Southern Bay sub-population; IV. Develop and implement a management strategy for human-wabusk encounters. 7 Washaho Cree Nation/Centre for Northern Studies/KORI Giving Voice to Bear: Cree Observations and Documentation of Wabusk in Ontario: Research 2010 Report This information has been shared with and reviewed by the citizens of Washaho. The community wants its voice heard and we will be examining various other forms of information sharing, especially with the ONMR and other
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