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Jews on Route to Palestine 1934-1944. Sketches from the History of Aliyah
JEWS ON ROUTE TO PALESTINE 1934−1944 JAGIELLONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY Editor in chief Jan Jacek Bruski Vol. 1 Artur Patek JEWS ON ROUTE TO PALESTINE 1934−1944 Sketches from the History of Aliyah Bet – Clandestine Jewish Immigration Jagiellonian University Press Th e publication of this volume was fi nanced by the Jagiellonian University in Krakow – Faculty of History REVIEWER Prof. Tomasz Gąsowski SERIES COVER LAYOUT Jan Jacek Bruski COVER DESIGN Agnieszka Winciorek Cover photography: Departure of Jews from Warsaw to Palestine, Railway Station, Warsaw 1937 [Courtesy of National Digital Archives (Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe) in Warsaw] Th is volume is an English version of a book originally published in Polish by the Avalon, publishing house in Krakow (Żydzi w drodze do Palestyny 1934–1944. Szkice z dziejów alji bet, nielegalnej imigracji żydowskiej, Krakow 2009) Translated from the Polish by Guy Russel Torr and Timothy Williams © Copyright by Artur Patek & Jagiellonian University Press First edition, Krakow 2012 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any eletronic, mechanical, or other means, now know or hereaft er invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers ISBN 978-83-233-3390-6 ISSN 2299-758X www.wuj.pl Jagiellonian University Press Editorial Offi ces: Michałowskiego St. 9/2, 31-126 Krakow Phone: +48 12 631 18 81, +48 12 631 18 82, Fax: +48 12 631 18 83 Distribution: Phone: +48 12 631 01 97, Fax: +48 12 631 01 98 Cell Phone: + 48 506 006 674, e-mail: [email protected] Bank: PEKAO SA, IBAN PL80 1240 4722 1111 0000 4856 3325 Contents Th e most important abbreviations and acronyms ........................................ -
OBITUARIES Picked up at a Comer in New York City
SUMMER 2004 - THE AVI NEWSLETTER OBITUARIES picked up at a comer in New York City. gev until his jeep was blown up on a land He was then taken to a camp in upper New mine and his injuries forced him to return York State for training. home one week before the final truce. He returned with a personal letter nom Lou After the training, he sailed to Harris to Teddy Kollek commending him Marseilles and was put into a DP camp on his service. and told to pretend to be mute-since he spoke no language other than English. Back in Brooklyn Al worked While there he helped equip the Italian several jobs until he decided to move to fishing boat that was to take them to Is- Texas in 1953. Before going there he took rael. They left in the dead of night from Le time for a vacation in Miami Beach. This Havre with 150 DPs and a small crew. The latter decision was to determine the rest of passengers were carried on shelves, just his life. It was in Miami Beach that he met as we many years later saw reproduced in his wife--to-be, Betty. After a whirlwind the Museum of Clandestine Immigration courtship they were married and decided in Haifa. Al was the cook. On the way out to raise their family in Miami. He went the boat hit something that caused a hole into the uniform rental business, eventu- Al Wank, in the ship which necessitated bailing wa- ally owning his own business, BonMark Israel Navy and Palmach ter the entire trip. -
1 Leviatan, Nissan Born in 1925 in Lithuania, Made Aliya in 1936
1 Leviatan, Nissan Born in 1925 in Lithuania, made Aliya in 1936 Joined the Palmach in 1943 Joined the Palyam in 1945 This is the Way it Was I was born in 1925 in Lithuania and came to Palestine together with my family in 1936. After I finished studying in the Achad Ha’am Elementary School in Tel Aviv, I went on to complete my studies at the Geulah Gymnasium. I happened to join the scout movement and when my group joined the Palmach I also joined. My career in the Palmach started in “D” Company, and I was arrested in the big search that the British conducted at Ramat Hakovesh in 1943. After that, my platoon went to Maoz Chaim in the Beit Shan Valley. From there I was sent to a course for squad leaders. I then spent about a year as a squad leader in a platoon in Kibbutz Heftziba. I was just about at the end of my service when I received an invitation to meet Yigal Alon. He did not have to work hard to convince me to join the Naval Company, and that is how I got to the 5 th Course for small boat commanders at Caesarea. During this period I also took part in operations against the British police in the coastal plain region. One thing led to another and I found myself in the course for naval officers at the Technion in Haifa. I ended up in Marseilles in order to accompany Ma’apilim to Palestine. The first vessel that I sailed on, at the beginning of 1947, was the “Ulua”, which became the “Chaim Arlosoroff”, under the command of Lova Eliav. -
Hebrew Studies
THE NON-CHOSEN BODY: POETICS AND POLITICS IN $/21$.,0+,¶6LILY LA TIGRESSE Zafrira Lidovsky Cohen Yeshiva University, Stern College for Women Beginning with the female grotesque body in its midst, this study examines the bodies of key fictional characters from the center and margins of con- temporary Israeli society that Alona Kimhi constructs in her novel Lily La Tigresse and considers their political implications.1 It asserts that the image of a well-built and almighty Jewish male body that the Zionist revolutionaries of the early twentieth FHQWXU\GUHDPWRIUHPDLQVLQ.LPKL¶VYLHZa beau ideal in present-day Israel. However, the idealization of a healthy Jewish male body has given rise not to a healthy Jewish nation that the Zionist forefathers de- sired, but to a self-appointed sociocultural elite that seeks to sustain its posi- tion on the top by violently excluding all others who are pushed to the margins and left to invent their own identities. Crossing borders or the ends of man I come or sur- render to the animal²to the animal in itself, to the animal in me and the animal at unease with itself. Jacques Derrida 1. THE POLITICS OF THE BODY IN ISRAELI CULTURE AND SOCIETY The Zionist revolution aimed at creating a new people fit for a new land was not only a national, political, and cultural movement of liberation, but DOVR D ³ERGLO\ UHYROXWLRQ´2 According to Meira Weiss and others, (male) bodybuilding and nation building have been wholly interwoven since the early days of Zionism with the purpose of curing what Yehuda Lieb Pinsker IDPRXVO\GXEEHG³-XGRSKRELD´WKHGLVHPERGLHG-HZLVKQDWLRQLQWKH Dias- pora and the image of a feeble, sickly Jewish man it has fostered.3 The trend has been reinforced through the idealization of the body of the Jewish pio- neer (halutz) working the soil of the land of Israel during the first half of the twentieth century and later on by way of glorification of the sabra, an Israeli born, new Jew, stereotypically a kibbutznik (or moshavnik), whose perfectly 1 A. -
JERUZALÉM — Věčný Zdroj Umělecké Inspirace Jerusalem — Eternal Source of Artistic Inspiration 2
JERUZALÉM — věčný zdroj umělecké inspirace Jerusalem — Eternal Source of Artistic Inspiration 2. česko-izraelské kolokvium / 2nd Czech-Israeli Colloquium Praha / Prague, 5 / 9 / 2017 Jerusalem’s Share in Building the New Prague Bianca Kühnel (Hebrew University of Jerusalem) In the lecture the part played by Jerusalem and its loca sancta buildings in the construction of the New Prague by Emperor Charles IV will be emphasized. The presentation is mainly based on two architectural monuments, the All Saints Chapel in the Royal Palace and the Wenceslas Chapel in the S. Vitus Cathedral, following the ways in which both echo essential Jerusalem traditions. The Return to Zion – Views of Jerusalem in Jewish Illuminated Manuscripts from Bohemia Sara Offenberg (Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva) The notion of the return to Zion is manifested throughout Jewish history both in texts and images. The hopes for eschatological redemption and the rebuilding of the Temple are apparent in Jewish art from the late antique and up to the modern period. At times the hopes are expressed mostly in the saying of “Next year in Jerusalem” at the end of the Passover Haggadah, and the text is usually accompanied by an image of Jerusalem. The city is designed by the imagination of the patron and the illuminator of the manuscript and thus looks like a medieval or early modern European urban space. In this paper I shall examine this notion in some Hebrew illuminated manuscripts produced in Bohemia. Prague and Jerusalem – The Holy Sepulchre in Kryštof Harant‘s Travels (1598) Orit Ramon (Open University of Israel) Kryštof Harant, a Czech pilgrim who visited Jerusalem in 1598, published his travel log in Czech by 1608. -
Jerusalem Tour June 18, 2019
April 7, 2019 Jerusalem Tour June 18, 2019 General: In our tour, we shall unveil the exciting historical layers of Jerusalem and will understand its complexity and beauty. The tour will be made through the eyes of an 8th generation “Sabra” (Israeli born) whose forefathers came to the land more than two hundred years ago. Pick up and way to Jerusalem Pick up from the hotel in Tel Aviv area. Drive to Jerusalem (about an hour from Tel Aviv). On the way, background about Israel and the about the historical developments of the last century will be given. Mount Scopus Here we meet sharp and dramatic change in the landscape. We shall look at the Judean Desert and review its geographical, historical and spiritual ties to Jerusalem. Painting by Ludwig Blum Mount of Olives This is a wonderful lookout to review the historical background of the city, to get oriented and recognize its major sites. We shall discuss the mountain’s religious importance. The Old city We shall enter the Old City by foot through one of its historical gates. The ancient walls and a tower of King Herod palace can still be seen. We shall walk in the colorful and vivid bazaar streets. The Jewish quarter After an overview of the history of the Quarter, we shall visit the following sites: The Cardo – ancient Roman main street. Outside look at the restored ”Hurva” synagogue. And more… Kotel (Western Wall) The Kotel is a remain of the external Jewish Temple compound. It is the symbol of the belongings of the Jewish people to their land and roots. -
Reverend John Stanley G Rauel
Reverend John Stanley Grauel Whatever your faith or beliefs, you cannot help but be deeply moved by John Grauel's story of his dramatic life, a Christian minister who became a founding father of Israel, a pacifist who fought in what he came to feel was a more noble cause. • David Schoenbaum, author broadcaster Reverend John Stanley Grauel was a Methodist what business he was in. He said he was interviewing Minister who served as a secret Haganah operative counselors for camp. “If those tough looking guys were on the famed Jewish Holocaust Refugee ship, Exodus counselors, I’d like to meet the campers,” was my re- ’47.1Later in his life, when his health and finances were sponse. Bucky invited me for lunch, which I this case particularly bad, he wrote his autobiography in which meant sandwiches at his desk, and we talked. I found he he explains how he became involved with the Haga- had been informed about my work next door, even if I nah. had not been told about his. He was running a recruit- 2 ing office for the Haganah here in the States. “Perhaps it was my discontent that made me notice the activists of others, but when I returned to Philadel- ...Talking to Bucky, I knew I had found my niche. I phia, I began to be aware of the stream of young men would join the Haganah, the underground, going in and out of the next office. I have always exer- cised more than my share of curiosity, nurtured through to become a part of that organization to rescue those 3 the years by the fact that people hesitate to punch a cler- who could be helped to leave Europe. -
Uri Goren's Personal Story About Exodus 1947
On Both Sides of the Crypto Uri Goren For the complete book: www.uri-goren.com On Both Sides of the Crypto By Uri Goren Translated by Aryeh Malkin, Kibbutz Ein Dor April 2010 משני צדי הקריפטו אורי גורן Copyright © 2008 All rights reserved to the author The material in this book is not to be copied, photographed, stored electronically or broadcast by any means, optically or electronically. No commercial use may be made of any material in the book without the express permission in writing from the author. Originally printed in Hebrew, Israel 2008 Chapter 2: “Exodus” The nights are warm and pleasant on the French Riviera in the month of July. A ship carrying 4,500 passengers on its deck is waiting to sail. She is waiting for the pilot who will guide her out of port and into the open sea. The launch did not arrive so someone went to his house to call him. The ship’s crew is on edge; dawn has come and the British have spotted the vessel in the port of Sète, west of Marseille, and demanded of the French government to block our exit. The French procrastinated as they were aware of the precarious situation of the passengers, the remnants of the Holocaust. They preferred to cast a blind eye and not to intervene. The hours go by; we must leave tonight. The young captain of the ship, an Israeli, a member of the Hagana - Yitzchak (Ike) Aharonovitz - decides to leave without the pilot, at night, under cover of darkness. On its way the ship runs into a sandbar and with great effort manages to pull itself off and to continue. -
The Place of Diasporic Imagery in the Canon of Israeli National Art
arts Article The National, the Diasporic, and the Canonical: The Place of Diasporic Imagery in the Canon of Israeli National Art Noa Avron Barak Department of Arts, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba 8499000, Israel; [email protected] Received: 9 January 2020; Accepted: 15 March 2020; Published: 26 March 2020 Abstract: This article explores Jerusalem-based art practice from the 1930s to the 1960s, focusing particularly on the German immigrant artists that dominated this field in that period. I describe the distinct aesthetics of this art and explain its role in the Zionist nation-building project. Although Jerusalem’s art scene participated significantly in creating a Jewish–Israeli national identity, it has been accorded little or no place in the canon of national art. Adopting a historiographic approach, I focus on the artist Mordecai Ardon and the activities of the New Bezalel School and the Jerusalem Artists Society. Examining texts and artworks associated with these institutions through the prism of migratory aesthetics, I claim that the art made by Jerusalem’s artists was rooted in their diasporic identities as East or Central European Jews, some German-born, others having settled in Germany as children or young adults. These diasporic identities were formed through their everyday lives as members of a Jewish diaspora in a host country—whether that be the Russian Empire, Poland, or Germany. Under their arrival in Palestine, however, the diasporic Jewish identities of these immigrants (many of whom were not initially Zionists) clashed with the Zionist–Jewish identity that was hegemonic in the nascent field of Israeli art. -
On Both Sides of the Crypto
On Both Sides of the Crypto Uri Goren On Both Sides of the Crypto Uri Goren On Both Sides of the Crypto By Uri Goren Translated by Aryeh Malkin, Kibbutz Ein Dor April 2010 משני צדי הקריפטו אורי גורן Copyright © 2008 All rights reserved to the author The material in this book is not to be copied, photographed, stored electronically or broadcast by any means, optically or electronically. No commercial use may be made of any material in the book without the express permission in writing from the author. Originally printed in Hebrew, Israel 2008 Table of Contents Foreword 7 Chapter 1: Ha’apala - the Illegal Immigration 13 Chapter 2: “Exodus” 49 Chapter 3: Procurement 61 Chapter 4: Childhood and Adolescence 73 Chapter 5: Military Service 83 Chapter 6: Service in the Intelligence 103 Chapter 7: Business 115 Chapter 8: Family 123 Chapter 9: People 137 Chapter 10: Viewpoints & Opinions 159 A Personal Note from the Editor 169 Appendices 171 Foreword I do not presume that I am writing history, but rather, from my own personal point of observation, I endeavor to describe events in which I participated. What I write is meant particularly for my own extended family and for a number of good friends. Who would have believed… My generation, “the generation of ‘48”, was something special. I think that there were few generations that had to assume burdens as weighty as those which we had to take upon ourselves. We were the second generation of those who founded small rural settlements, who were field workers and pioneers – but men with ideals and values; they knew travail and bloodshed; from World War II and the Holocaust to the fight for the right of the Jewish people to a Homeland of their own – a fight with the Arab rioters and with an antagonistic British Mandate, which prevented Jews from entering their Homeland. -
The SS Ben Hecht
1 The S.S. Ben Hecht "The Mandate of Conscience" By Judith Rice Ben Hecht1 S.S. Ben Hecht shadowed by the British Navy She is the last ship afloat; the last man standing from the fight. She was the ship of the outcasts, the rejected, the despised. Jewish leadership, afraid to disturb, he cried out for the dying. The Aliyah Bet veterans are almost all gone now, passing under the grey waves of lapping history and forgetfulness. Peter Bergson & 1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Hecht 2 Ben Hecht’s struggle to save Jewish lives is still deliberately obscured, to protect the ethos, the myths of Jewish/Zionist leadership. As the blackening blood colored clouds of the coming Holocaust gathered before 1939, Europe’s Jews were desperate for refuge. No one wanted Jews, not even America. The famed words of the Jewish poetess Emma Lazarus2 on the Statue of Liberty in New York’s harbor, "Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, the wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest- tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!" were meaningless. The American lamp was not lit for European Jewry. The door was tightly closed. The only place that did want them was the promised Jewish national home in Palestine, the Palestine of the Balfour Declaration3. The League of Nations4 British Mandate for Palestine envisioned for possible Jewish settlement encompassed 43,000 square miles. The size of the Jewish national home was massively reduced in 1922. Winston Churchill signed the severance of 32,500 square miles from the Palestine Mandate area. -
The United States Navy and Israeli Navy Background, Current Issues, Scenarios, and Prospects
The United States Navy and Israeli Navy Background, current issues, scenarios, and prospects Dov S. Zakheim Cleared for Public Release COP D0026727.A1/Final February 2012 Strategic Studies is a division of CNA. This directorate conducts analyses of security policy, regional analyses, studies of political-military issues, and strategy and force assessments. CNA Strategic Studies is part of the global community of strategic studies institutes and in fact collaborates with many of them. On the ground experience is a hallmark of our regional work. Our specialists combine in-country experience, language skills, and the use of local primary-source data to produce empirically based work. All of our analysts have advanced degrees, and virtually all have lived and worked abroad. Similarly, our strategists and military/naval operations experts have either active duty experience or have served as field analysts with operating Navy and Marine Corps commands. They are skilled at anticipating the “problem after next” as well as determining measures of effectiveness to assess ongoing initiatives. A particular strength is bringing empirical methods to the evaluation of peace-time engagement and shaping activities. The Strategic Studies Division’s charter is global. In particular, our analysts have proven expertise in the following areas: • The full range of Asian security issues • The full range of Middle East related security issues, especially Iran and the Arabian Gulf • Maritime strategy • Insurgency and stabilization • Future national security environment and forces • European security issues, especially the Mediterranean littoral • West Africa, especially the Gulf of Guinea • Latin America • The world’s most important navies • Deterrence, arms control, missile defense and WMD proliferation The Strategic Studies Division is led by Dr.