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TAXON:Ilex Aquifolium L. SCORE:16.0 RATING:High Risk

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TAXON:Ilex Aquifolium L. SCORE:16.0 RATING:High Risk TAXON: Ilex aquifolium L. SCORE: 16.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Ilex aquifolium L. Family: Aquifoliaceae Common Name(s): English holly Synonym(s): Ilex aquifolium f. bacciflava (Weston) Rehder holly Ilex aquifolium f. ferox (Aiton) C. K. IlexSchneid. aquifolium f. heterophylla (Aiton) IlexLoes. aquifolium f. integrifolia Nolte ex IlexLoes. aquifolium f. pendula (Loudon) Schelle Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 3 Mar 2021 WRA Score: 16.0 Designation: H(Hawai'i) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Environmental Weed, Spinose-Toothed Leaves, Dioecious, Bird-Dispersed, Seed Bank Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 305 Congeneric weed 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 y 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 y 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 y Creation Date: 3 Mar 2021 (Ilex aquifolium L.) Page 1 of 20 TAXON: Ilex aquifolium L. SCORE: 16.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 n 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 >3 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 y growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 y Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 y=1, n=-1 y yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 3 Mar 2021 (Ilex aquifolium L.) Page 2 of 20 TAXON: Ilex aquifolium L. SCORE: 16.0 RATING: High Risk Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes "I. aquifolium is a common species in Europe, Asia Minor and North Africa; it is widely cultivated in North America and Finland. In parts CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. CAB of Australia it is considered a weed (Gillespie, 1991). In the southern International, Wallingford, UK part of its range it is a montane species. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental in all but the coldest parts of Europe, and many varieties and cultivars have been developed." [No evidence of domestication] [No evidence. In contrast, ornamental genotypes have contribute to invasiveness in Denmark] "Abstract Rapid range expansions are becoming more prevalent, especially as climate continues to change. The escape of ornamental plants within their native range represents a significant, but often overlooked component of this process. Few studies have focused on the role of ornamental plants in range expansions using molecular markers to identify the possibility of mixed native and cultivar populations. The purpose of the present study was to determine the genetic variation of a native woody plant with ornamental conspecifics at the edge of its distribution. We selected Ilex aquifolium L. (English holly) which Skou, A. M. T., Toneatto, F., & Kollmann, J. (2012). Are grows naturally in Denmark but is spreading eastward in plant populations in expanding ranges made up of Scandinavia, possibly due to a combination of climate change and escaped cultivars? The case of Ilex aquifolium in Denmark. introduction of more frost-tolerant cultivars. We sampled 187 Plant Ecology, 213(7), 1131-1144 individuals from older and recently established populations, and cultivated I. aquifolium throughout Denmark, and compared them using nuclear SSR and AFLP. The overall results showed no structure or clustering of plants from the historical or the expanding range, or of wild or cultivated plants. The only clusters found were for a group of cultivated hybrid I. aquifolium. The samples represented four genetic groupings, indicating either hybridization between cultivated and wild I. aquifolium or replacement of the latter by cultivars. Thus, ornamental genotypes of I. aquifolium contribute to the northeastern range expansion of the species and eventual invasiveness within its native range." 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2021). Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2021). Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Creation Date: 3 Mar 2021 (Ilex aquifolium L.) Page 3 of 20 TAXON: Ilex aquifolium L. SCORE: 16.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Source(s) Notes "Native Africa NORTHERN AFRICA: Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia Asia-Temperate WESTERN ASIA: Iran, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey Europe NORTHERN EUROPE: United Kingdom SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Albania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Herzegovina, Croatia, Italy, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Germplasm System. (2021). Germplasm Resources Slovenia Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE: Spain, France, Portugal Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Cultivated (also cult.) https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 1 Mar 2021] Naturalized Australasia AUSTRALIA: Australia NEW ZEALAND: New Zealand Northern America REGION: United States (w.) Pacific NORTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: United States [Hawaii]" 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 1 Mar 2021] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Source(s) Notes "Climatic amplitude (estimates) ͲAltitude range: 0Ͳ1700 m ͲMean annual rainfall: 700Ͳ1800 mm ͲRainfall regime: uniform CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. CAB ͲDry season duration: 0Ͳ1 months International, Wallingford, UK ͲMean annual temperature: 5Ͳ14ºC ͲMean maximum temperature of hottest month: 20Ͳ30ºC ͲMean minimum temperature of coldest month: Ͳ8Ͳ2ºC ͲAbsolute minimum temperature: > Ͳ23ºC" "In Britain it ranges from sea-level to 1600 ft (490 m) in Wales, 1650 ft (500 m) in Derby- shire, 1700 ft (520 m) in Argyll, and 1800 ft (550 m) on Mangerton Mountain (Comit. Fl.). Reaches 1400 m in France Peterken, G., & Lloyd, P. (1967). Ilex Aquifolium L. Journal (Bonnier 1912-34); ranges between 400 and 1500 m in the Alps (Rikli of Ecology, 55(3), 841-858 1946). Around the Mediterranean it is confined to the mountains; reaches 1900 m in the Caucasus; found between 1500 and 2300 m in the Atlas mountains." Creation Date: 3 Mar 2021 (Ilex aquifolium L.) Page 4 of 20 TAXON: Ilex aquifolium L. SCORE: 16.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes "Native to southern and western Europe, northern Africa, and Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. (1999). Manual western Asia, widely cultivated; in Hawai'i occasionally cultivated of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. and now naturalized at the edge of degraded wet forest, 1,860 m, University of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Pua'akala Ranch, Mauna Kea, Hawai'i, and spreading via game birds. Honolulu, HI. Planted some years ago, but first naturalized collection made in 1987 (Herbst 8846, BISH)." "Native Africa NORTHERN AFRICA: Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia Asia-Temperate WESTERN ASIA: Iran, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey Europe NORTHERN EUROPE: United Kingdom SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Albania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Herzegovina, Croatia, Italy, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Germplasm System.
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