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The Mississippian Transition at the Washausen Site: Demography and Community at a Tenth-Eleventh Century A.D. Mound Town in the American Bottom, Illinois

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The Mississippian Transition at the Washausen Site: Demography and Community at a Tenth-Eleventh Century A.D. Mound Town in the American Bottom, Illinois THE MISSISSIPPIAN TRANSITION AT THE WASHAUSEN SITE: DEMOGRAPHY AND COMMUNITY AT A TENTH-ELEVENTH CENTURY A.D. MOUND TOWN IN THE AMERICAN BOTTOM, ILLINOIS by Casey R. Barrier A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology) in the University of Michigan 2014 Assistant Professor Robin Andrew Beck, Chair Professor Joyce Marcus Professor Carla M. Sinopoli Associate Professor Michael Witgen © Casey R. Barrier 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I could not have written this dissertation without the guidance, support, and assistance of numerous individuals and institutions. First of all, I would like to thank my PhD advisor, Rob Beck, who has provided unwavering support to me during the last several years. Rob has been the kind of advisor that has allowed me to grow as an archaeologist, scholar, colleague, and professional. From the first day Rob became my mentor at the University of Michigan, he challenged me to view myself as a more than just a graduate student. I would not be where I’m at today without Rob Beck. I also would like to thank my other committee members, Joyce Marcus and Carla Sinopoli, as well as Michael Witgen from the Department of History and Program in American Culture. These individuals helped guide me through the long journey of dissertation research and writing. I could not have finished this project without their full support. My seven years in Ann Arbor as a PhD student at the University of Michigan could never be replaced. The Department of Anthropology and especially the Museum of Anthropology are truly special institutions. I want to thank all of my professors and fellow graduate students. I have had the honor to learn from Rob Beck, Kent Flannery, Joyce Marcus, John O’Shea, Carla Sinopoli, John Speth, Bob Whallon, Henry Wright, and Norm Yoffee. I have also learned so very much from my peers – fellow graduate students at the University of Michigan. I cannot list them all, but the following individuals have been especially important: Alice Wright, Colin Quinn, Anne Compton, Ashley “Shooby” Schubert, Christina ii Perry Sampson, Travis Williams, Shaun Lynch, Andy Gurstelle, Cameron Gokee, Howard Tsai, Amanda Logan, Jess Beck, Andy White, Ryan Hughes, and Perry Sherouse. Alice Wright deserves special mention. Alice is not only one of the best archaeologists that I know, but she instantly became my best friend at Michigan. I am truly lucky to have Alice as a life-long friend and colleague! I would also like to very much thank my MA advisor while at the University of Alabama, John Blitz. John has been an inspiration to me for many years, and he continues to provide support and guidance for me to this day. There are also several people who helped me early on that I would like to thank. Two of my earliest mentors were Jim Fenton and Chris Gunn. I had the pleasure to work for several years for Jim at Wilbur Smith Associates, a CRM firm in Lexington, Kentucky. I learned from Jim that archaeology was more than just about excavations, survey, or artifact description. I learned from Jim that archaeology could and should always be anthropology! Chris Gunn took me under his wing as a young undergraduate student at the University of Kentucky, and he showed me how to become a junior professional- scholar. Chris – thanks for spending so many countless hours teaching me how to devise research, write grant proposals, analyze ceramics, and write reports, conference papers, and articles. And perhaps most of all, thanks for showing me that archaeology should always be enjoyable and done with good friends! There are also a handful of individuals that I met while in the MA program at the University of Alabama who are truly irreplaceable: Jera Davis, Paul Noe, Alissa Lamb, Blakely Brooks, Elizabeth Davis, James Stavely, Shelly Hines-Brooks, and Jenny Williams. These individuals created the perfect graduate school experience for me during those two years spent in iii Tuscaloosa. More importantly, they became life-long friends that I will forever consider my close family and do whatever possible to keep close by. There are also several people from my CRM days who should be thanked. These individuals taught me how to do fieldwork, and they strengthened my early conviction that archaeology should always be a fun endeavor, and one done with good friends. Again, I cannot list them all, but the following people need special mention: Tracey Sandefur, Pat Trader, Robert Ball, Howard Beverly, Kurt Rademaker, Dave Buskiewicz, Dona Daugherty, Myrissa Byrd, Ann Wilkinson, Crista Haag, Steve Culler, Courtney Stoll, and Tanya Peres. I would not be where I am today with the loving support and guidance of my family. My parents, David and Janis Barrier, and my sister, Stacey, have always been there for me since Day 1. I cannot thank them enough for everything they give me; all I can do is say, “I love you!” My wife, Sarah Mulberry, is not only my biggest supporter, but she is also my closest friend. Anyone who knows Sarah understands how she is responsible for making me something more than just an archaeologist. Sarah has given me the gift of having a rich and fulfilling life. I only hope I can give back to her half of what she’s given to me. Sarah – thanks for being a part of my life – I love you! Sarah’s parents, John and Janice Mulberry, have also provided to me their full support and love. I don’t really consider them my “in-laws;” they’re just part of my family. And one more member of my family must be named – my Labrador Retriever and best friend, Orwell. Orwell has been with me throughout the entire journey of graduate school, and I know he’ll be right by my side going forward! The research for this dissertation could not have been conducted without the full support of many individuals. I would like to especially thank John and Lucretia “Cricket” Kelly for all they have done for me. John and Cricket made Monroe County, Illinois, feel like home while I iv was in the field. Katie Parker and Sarah Sherwood also deserve special thanks for their support and guidance. Tim Horsley, my close friend and colleague, cannot be thanked enough. Tim is the best archaeo-geophysicist I know, and I know of no one with a bigger heart! I would also like to very much thank the landowners of the Washausen site, the Hawkins family, as well as “Mo.” They made fieldwork at Washausen a true pleasure. Also, I could not have done any of this work without the assistance of many people both in the field and in the lab, including: Kevin Garrett, Shaun Lynch, Ashley Schubert, James Scott, Jim Mertz, Kathryn Clappison, Danielle Bridges, Casey Sreenan, Sophia Reini, and Fred Gee. Institutional support was essential for this research project. Primary funding was provided by a National Science Foundation Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant (BCS- 1339216), and by a James Bennett Griffin Fellowship. Other funding was provided by the University of Michigan’s Museum of Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, and Rackham Graduate School. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………………….ii LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………………...vii LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………………………..ix ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………...…......x CHAPTER 1. THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF KIN-BASED AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES: AN EARLY MISSISSIPPIAN CASE STUDY FROM EASTERN NORTH AMERICA………………………………………………………………………….1 CHAPTER 2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND THE 2011 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN-WASHAUSEN ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT……...………………...25 CHAPTER 3. SHIFTING COMMUNITIES: THE SPATIAL ORGANIZATION AND DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE WASHAUSEN COMMUNITY.............45 CHAPTER 4. THE 2011 UM-WAP FIELD INVESTIGATIONS AT WASHAUSEN……77 CHAPTER 5. FEAST, FAMILY, AND FIELD: COMMUNITY CONSTRUCTION DURING THE MISSISSIPPIAN TRANSITION AT WASHAUSEN………………….138 BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………………………………...160 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1. Map of the American Bottom region, with sites mentioned in text highlighted…....14 Figure 1.2. American Bottom chronology (calibrated dates) (adapted from Kelly 2008:Figure 37)…………………………………………………………………………………………….16 Figure 2.1. Photograph of Washausen site locality (foreground) in the American Bottom, with tree-covered limestone bluffs in background (photograph by author)………………………..26 Figure 2.2. 1875 plat map showing location of the Washausen site (red star) along the banks of Fountain Creek prior to construction of the modern levee…………………………………...26 Figure 2.3. Contour map of the Washausen site (courtesy of John Kelly)……………………...32 Figure 2.4. Photographs showing Mound A (top) and Mound B (bottom) at the Washausen site, outlined in red (photograph by author)……………………………………………………….33 Figure 3.1 Gray-scale of processed magnetometer data, plotted from -3.5 nT (white) to +3.5 nT (black) (from the 2011 UM-WAP geophysical survey)……………………………………...47 Figure 3.2. Gray-scale of processed magnetometer data, displaying secondary plaza at Washausen……………………………………………………………………………………50 Figure 3.3. Gray-scale of processed magnetometer data, with yellow arrows referencing buried relict paleochannels…………………………………………………………………………...52 Figure 3.4. Photograph showing 1 x 2 meter unit excavated to clip the edge of a rectangular basin structure (Structure 4, Feature 26), as predicted from the magnetometer data (photograph by author)……………………………………………………………………….65 Figure 3.5. Map of the Washausen settlement, showing distribution of rectangular basin structures (black)……………………………………………………………………………...67 Figure 3.6. Graphs showing village-level demographic changes through time in the central American Bottom at the Washausen and Range Sites; data displayed for Range depict only the largest temporally discrete community for each archaeological phase as presented in Kelly (1990a:Table 9)………………………………………………………………………...74 vii Figure 4.1. Map showing location of six excavation areas..…………………………………….79 Figure 4.2. Photograph showing excavations of Structure 1 at Washausen (photograph by author)………………………………………………………………………………………...80 Figure 4.3. Profile map of Structure 1 (Feature 5) basin and fill zones (west profile)………….81 Figure 4.4.
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