DOCSLIB.ORG

Actafutura Fax: +31 71 565 8018

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Actafutura Fax: +31 71 565 8018 Acta Futura Issue 9 AI in Space Workshop at IJCAI 2013 Advanced Concepts Team http://www.esa.int/act Publication: Acta Futura, Issue 9 (2014) Editor-in-chief: Duncan James Barker Associate editors: Dario Izzo Jose M. Llorens Montolio Pacôme Delva Francesco Biscani Camilla Pandolfi Guido de Croon Luís F. Simões Daniel Hennes Editorial assistant: Zivile Dalikaite Published and distributed by: Advanced Concepts Team ESTEC, European Space Research and Technology Centre 2201 AZ, Noordwijk e Netherlands www.esa.int/actafutura Fax: +31 71 565 8018 Cover image: Four-wheel skid-steered robot used in data collection experiments from Kohler et al. in this issue. ISSN: 2309-1940 D.O.I.:10.2420/ACT-BOK-AF Copyright ©2014- ESA Advanced Concepts Team Typeset with X TE EX Contents Foreword 7 Sensor Fault Detection and Compensation in Lunar/Planetary Robot Missions Using Time-Series Prediction Based on Machine Learning 9 Tim Köhler, Elmar Berghöfer, Christian Rauch and Frank Kirchner Planning Mars Rovers with Hierarchical Timeline Networks 21 Juan M. Delfa Victoria, Simone Fratini, Nicola Policella, Oskar von Stryk, Yang Gao and Alessandro Donati Onboard Autonomous Response for UAVSAR as a Demonstration Platform for Future Space-Based Radar Missions 31 Joshua Doubleday, Steve Chien, Yunling Lou, Duane Clark and Ron Muellerschoen Lunar Crater Identification from Machine Learning Perspective 41 Chak Pong Chung, Cheuk On Chung, and Chit Hong Yam GPU Accelerated Genetic Algorithm for Low-thrust GEO Transfer Maneuvers 49 Kai Yu and Ming Xu How Ants Can Manage Your Satellites 59 Claudio Iacopino, Phil Palmer, Nicola Policella, Alessandro Donati and Andy Brewer Pattern-Based Modeling for Timeline Planning in Space Domains 73 Simone Fratini, Nicola Policella and Alessandro Donati Procedural Onboard Science Autonomy for Primitive Bodies Exploration 83 Steve Chien, Gregg Rabideau, Dero Gharibian, David ompson, Kiri Wagstaff, Brian Bue and Julie Castillo-Rogez Space Hopper: a Serious Game Crowdsourcing the Design of Interplanetary Trajectories 93 Wiktor Piotrowski, Marcus Märtens, Dario Izzo and Daniel Hennes 5 6 Foreword I is making significant inroads in the space sector. Artifi- cial Intelligence (AI) systems are contributing to numerous space missions includ- A ing the Hubble Space Telescope, Mars Exploration Rovers, the International Space Station, and Mars Express. Many different areas of AI are already, or may be in the near future, of particular interest from a space applications point of view. ese include topics as diverse as: intelligent search and optimization methods in aerospace applications, im- age analysis for guidance navigation and control, autonomous exploration of interplanetary and planetary environments, intelligent algorithms for fault identification, as well as data mining and visual presentation of large data sets. is issue contains selected papers from the 2013 AI in Space workshop, held as a satel- lite event at the 23 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) in Beijing, China. Now in its fourth edition, this workshop was co-organized by the Advanced Con- cepts Team of the European Space Agency and the Artificial Intelligence Group of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. e goal of the AI in Space workshop is to highlight the most recent AI applications related to space, encourage collaboration between the two areas, and to provide an overview of current research. e following 9 papers were presented at the AI in Space workshop and selected for revised submission. As a result, this issue provides an interesting compilation of current research directions in the area of artificial intelligence applied to the space domain. Sensor Fault Detection and Compensation in Lunar/Planetary Robot Missions Using Time-Series Prediction Based on Machine Learning by Tim Köhler et al. introduces a system that detects sensor drop outs and compensates missing sensor signals. Planning Mars Rovers with Hi- erarchical Timeline Networks by Juan M. Delfa Victoria et al. presents a heuristic planner to solve highly constrained temporal problems for autonomous on-ground and on-board planning. Onboard Autonomous Response for UAVSAR as a Demonstration Platform for Fu- ture Space-Based Radar Missions by Joshua Doubleday et al. discusses a system for onboard processing and interpretation of radar data as well as autonomous retasking of the vehi- cle and instrument. Lunar Crater Identification from Machine Learning Perspective by Chak Pong Chung, Cheuk On Chung, and Chit Hong Yam explores different methods for lunar crater detection based on digital elevation model data provided by the Chinese Chang’E-1 and Chang’E-2 spacecrafts. GPU Accelerated Genetic Algorithm for Low-thrust GEO Trans- fer Maneuvers by Kai Yu and Ming Xu presents a GPU based implementation of a novel genetic algorithm for low-thrust trajectory design. How Ants Can Manage Your Satellites by Claudio Iacopino et al. discusses the design of an innovative ground-based automated planning and scheduling system based on ant colony optimization. Pattern-Based Modeling for Timeline Planning in Space Domains by Simone Fratini, Nicola Policella and Alessan- dro Donati describes a system for pattern-based modeling to bridge the gap between AI planning languages and the current practice in the space operational context. Procedural Onboard Science Autonomy for Primitive Bodies Exploration by Steve Chien et al. presents a close loop autonomous approach for onboard science target detection and response for time constraint missions to primitive bodies. Space Hopper: a Serious Game Crowdsourcing the Design of Interplanetary Trajectories by Wiktor Piotrowski et al. introduces an online crowdsourcing experiment that aims to improve automated trajectory design. Daniel Hennes and Dario Izzo (Associate editors) 7 8 Acta Futura 9 (2014) 9-20 Acta DOI: 10.2420/AF09.2014.9 Futura Sensor Fault Detection and Compensation in Lunar/Planetary Robot Missions Using Time-Series Prediction Based on Machine Learning T K*¹, E B¹, C R² F K¹ ¹ DFKI GmbH, Robotics Innovation Center, Robert-Hooke-Straße 5, 28359 Bremen, Germany ² University of Bremen, Robotics Research Group, Robert-Hooke-Straße 5, 28359 Bremen, Germany Abstract. Mobile robots operating in a lunar 1 Introduction or planetary space mission can usually neither be repaired from nor brought back to earth. In case Robotic applications in space have a high demand on of sensor damages or drop outs an overhaul of the the system’s reliability: there are only short communi- hardware leading to a properly working sensor is cation windows, a high latency in communication, and not possible in most cases. Instead, the system there is nearly no way of recovering a system when it is has to continue working as reliable as possible. In in a fault state. Different hierarchical behavior archi- the special case of an autonomous space robot this tectures were developed (e.g., [2]) to enable the robot means that the robot, first, needs to detect a sen- sor drop out automatically. Second, the missing to carry out high-level plans and to supervise the be- sensor signal needs to be compensated. In typical havior execution. However, faults in the sensor hard- mobile robot setups this is possible by using other ware would still be a critical problem in plan execution sensor modalities. Presented is a method to de- – although there might be several cases of single sen- tect single sensor faults by model-based predictions sor drop-outs that could be compensated. For a typi- covering multiple sensor modalities. e methods cal lunar or planetary space mission, an example could are learned using one of two methods: tested and be a wheeled mobile robot with a three-axes gyroscope, compared are a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and a camera or laser range finder, and wheel encoders. A a “Neural Gas (NG)” vector quantization method. malfunctioning single sensor in such a setup could be e test use case is a turning skid-steered robot compensated (at least partly) by a combination of the with four different sensor modalities (velocities left motor commands and the data obtained from the other and right wheels, gyroscope Z-axis, and horizontal optical flow). With the collected training and test sensors. data the model predictions turns out to be accurate By learning the correlation between actions executed enough for the purpose of a sensor fault detection. by the robot and the corresponding sensor feedback, a Moreover, by using learned models a compensation prediction of sensor signals could be possible. us, a in case of a sensor fault can be possible. model of the motor-to-sensor relation is learned which is used to generate expected sensor values when execut- *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] ing a learned action again. Such a model is specific for 9 Acta Futura 9 (2014) / 9-20 Köhler, T. et al. the learned action (or actions) and might depend on cer- is examined. tain properties of the environment. A model-based pre- e first method used to train the prediction model diction with three different methods of model genera- is called “Neural Gas”. Neural gas (NG, Martinetz et tion and with an application of detecting environmen- al. 1993, [6]) is a vector quantization method which tal conditions rather than sensor failures is presented by preserves the structure of the action-perception relation Rauch et al. [7]. and does not fit a functional description to this relation. Comparing the prediction error (between the learned, is especially can be useful if the prediction model has expected state and the actual sensor feedback) of several to cover different situations where the sensor feedback sensor modalities could lead to an identification of sin- differs depending on environmental properties only (i.e. gle sensor drop-outs. Furthermore, if a sensor failure if ambiguities exist in one modality). is identified, a compensation could be possible by us- A second method used in comparison to the NG is ing the predicted sensor values instead of the measured the “Multi Layer Perceptron” (MLP) (Rummelhart et ones.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Open File Report
    l 122 EARTHQUAKES AND SEISMOLOGY - LEGAL ASPECTS OPEN FILE REPORT 92-2 EARTHQUAKES AND Ludwin, R. S.; Malone, S. D.; Crosson, R. EARTHQUAKES AND SEISMOLOGY - LEGAL S.; Qamar, A. I., 1991, Washington SEISMOLOGY - 1946 EVENT ASPECTS eanhquak:es, 1985. Clague, J. J., 1989, Research on eanh- Ludwin, R. S.; Qamar, A. I., 1991, Reeval­ Perkins, J. B.; Moy, Kenneth, 1989, Llabil­ quak:e-induced ground failures in south­ uation of the 19th century Washington ity of local government for earthquake western British Columbia [abstract). and Oregon eanhquake catalog using hazards and losses-A guide to the law Evans, S. G., 1989, The 1946 Mount Colo­ original accounts-The moderate sized and its impacts in the States of Califor­ nel Foster rock avalanches and auoci­ earthquake of May l, 1882 [abstract). nia, Alaska, Utah, and Washington; ated displacement wave, Vancouver Is­ Final repon. Maley, Richard, 1986, Strong motion accel­ land, British Columbia. erograph stations in Oregon and Wash­ Hasegawa, H. S.; Rogers, G. C., 1978, EARTHQUAKES AND ington (April 1986). Appendix C Quantification of the magnitude 7.3, SEISMOLOGY - NETWORKS Malone, S. D., 1991, The HAWK seismic British Columbia earthquake of June 23, AND CATALOGS data acquisition and analysis system 1946. [abstract). Berg, J. W., Jr.; Baker, C. D., 1963, Oregon Hodgson, E. A., 1946, British Columbia eanhquak:es, 1841 through 1958 [ab­ Milne, W. G., 1953, Seismological investi­ earthquake, June 23, 1946. gations in British Columbia (abstract). stract). Hodgson, J. H.; Milne, W. G., 1951, Direc­ Chan, W.W., 1988, Network and array anal­ Munro, P. S.; Halliday, R. J.; Shannon, W.
    [Show full text]
  • Section 5.4.3: Risk Assessment – Flood
    SECTION 5.4.3: RISK ASSESSMENT – FLOOD 5.4.3 FLOOD This section provides a profile and vulnerability assessment for the flood hazard. HAZARD PROFILE This section provides hazard profile information including description, extent, location, previous occurrences and losses and the probability of future occurrences. Description Floods are one of the most common natural hazards in the U.S. They can develop slowly over a period of days or develop quickly, with disastrous effects that can be local (impacting a neighborhood or community) or regional (affecting entire river basins, coastlines and multiple counties or states) (Federal Emergency Management Agency [FEMA], 2006). Most communities in the U.S. have experienced some kind of flooding, after spring rains, heavy thunderstorms, coastal storms, or winter snow thaws (George Washington University, 2001). Floods are the most frequent and costly natural hazards in New York State in terms of human hardship and economic loss, particularly to communities that lie within flood prone areas or flood plains of a major water source. The FEMA definition for flooding is “a general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of two or more acres of normally dry land area or of two or more properties from the overflow of inland or tidal waters or the rapid accumulation of runoff of surface waters from any source (FEMA, Date Unknown).” The New York State Disaster Preparedness Commission (NYSDPC) and the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) indicates that flooding could originate from one
    [Show full text]
  • Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women a Guide to Measurement
    FANTA III FOOD AND NUTRITION TECHNICAL A SSISTANCE Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women A Guide to Measurement Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women A Guide to Measurement Published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and USAID’s Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance III Project (FANTA), managed by FHI 360 Rome, 2016 Recommended citation: FAO and FHI 360. 2016. Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women: A Guide for Measurement. Rome: FAO. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), or of FANTA/FHI 360 concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO, or FHI 360 in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Additional funding for this publication was made possible by the generous support of the American people through the support of the Office of Health, Infectious Diseases, and Nutrition, Bureau for Global Health, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), under terms of Cooperative Agreement AID-OAA-A-12-00005 through the Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance III Project (FANTA), managed by FHI 360. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO, FHI 360, UC Davis, USAID or the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Of Vertebrate Fossils from the Middle Eocene Oil Shale of Messel, Germany: Implications for Their Taphonomy and Palaeoenvironment
    Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 416 (2014) 92–109 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo Isotope compositions (C, O, Sr, Nd) of vertebrate fossils from the Middle Eocene oil shale of Messel, Germany: Implications for their taphonomy and palaeoenvironment Thomas Tütken ⁎ Steinmann-Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie, Universität Bonn, Poppelsdorfer Schloss, 53115 Bonn, Germany article info abstract Article history: The Middle Eocene oil shale deposits of Messel are famous for their exceptionally well-preserved, articulated 47- Received 15 April 2014 Myr-old vertebrate fossils that often still display soft tissue preservation. The isotopic compositions (O, C, Sr, Nd) Received in revised form 30 July 2014 were analysed from skeletal remains of Messel's terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates to determine the condition of Accepted 5 August 2014 geochemical preservation. Authigenic phosphate minerals and siderite were also analysed to characterise the iso- Available online 17 August 2014 tope compositions of diagenetic phases. In Messel, diagenetic end member values of the volcanically-influenced 12 Keywords: and (due to methanogenesis) C-depleted anoxic bottom water of the meromictic Eocene maar lake are isoto- Strontium isotopes pically very distinct from in vivo bioapatite values of terrestrial vertebrates. This unique taphonomic setting al- Oxygen isotopes lows the assessment of the geochemical preservation of the vertebrate fossils. A combined multi-isotope Diagenesis approach demonstrates that enamel of fossil vertebrates from Messel is geochemically exceptionally well- Enamel preserved and still contains near-in vivo C, O, Sr and possibly even Nd isotope compositions while bone and den- Messel tine are diagenetically altered.
    [Show full text]
  • Alaska Regional Directors Offices Director Email Address Contact Numbers Supt
    Alaska Regional Directors Offices Director Email Address Contact Numbers Supt. Phone Fax Code ABLI RegionType Unit U.S Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) Alaska Region (FWS) HASKETT,GEOFFREY [email protected] 1011 East Tudor Road Phone: 907‐ 786‐3309 Anchorage, AK 99503 Fax: 907‐ 786‐3495 Naitonal Park Service(NPS) Alaska Region (NPS) MASICA,SUE [email protected] 240 West 5th Avenue,Suite 114 Phone:907‐644‐3510 Anchoorage,AK 99501 Bureau of Indian Affairs(BIA) Alaska Region (BIA) VIRDEN,EUGENE [email protected] Bureau of Indian Affairs Phone: 907‐586‐7177 PO Box 25520 Telefax: 907‐586‐7252 709 West 9th Street Juneau, AK 99802 Anchorage Agency Phone: 1‐800‐645‐8465 Bureau of Indian Affairs Telefax:907 271‐4477 3601 C Street Suite 1100 Anchorage, AK 99503‐5947 Telephone: 1‐800‐645‐8465 Bureau of Land Manangement (BLM) Alaska State Office (BLM) CRIBLEY,BUD [email protected] Alaska State Office Phone: 907‐271‐5960 222 W 7th Avenue #13 FAX: 907‐271‐3684 Anchorage, AK 99513 United States Geological Survey(USGS) Alaska Area (USGS) BARTELS,LESLIE lholland‐[email protected] 4210 University Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508‐4626 Phone:907‐786‐7055 Fax: 907‐ 786‐7040 Bureau of Ocean Energy Management(BOEM) Alaska Region (BOEM) KENDALL,JAMES [email protected] 3801 Centerpoint Drive Phone: 907‐ 334‐5208 Suite 500 Anchorage, AK 99503 Ralph Moore [email protected] c/o Katmai NP&P (907) 246‐2116 ANIA ANTI AKR NPRES ANIAKCHAK P.O. Box 7 King Salmon, AK 99613 (907) 246‐3305 (907) 246‐2120 Jeanette Pomrenke [email protected] P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Imagining Outer Space Also by Alexander C
    Imagining Outer Space Also by Alexander C. T. Geppert FLEETING CITIES Imperial Expositions in Fin-de-Siècle Europe Co-Edited EUROPEAN EGO-HISTORIES Historiography and the Self, 1970–2000 ORTE DES OKKULTEN ESPOSIZIONI IN EUROPA TRA OTTO E NOVECENTO Spazi, organizzazione, rappresentazioni ORTSGESPRÄCHE Raum und Kommunikation im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert NEW DANGEROUS LIAISONS Discourses on Europe and Love in the Twentieth Century WUNDER Poetik und Politik des Staunens im 20. Jahrhundert Imagining Outer Space European Astroculture in the Twentieth Century Edited by Alexander C. T. Geppert Emmy Noether Research Group Director Freie Universität Berlin Editorial matter, selection and introduction © Alexander C. T. Geppert 2012 Chapter 6 (by Michael J. Neufeld) © the Smithsonian Institution 2012 All remaining chapters © their respective authors 2012 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2012 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS.
    [Show full text]
  • CARES ACT GRANT AMOUNTS to AIRPORTS (Pursuant to Paragraphs 2-4) Detailed Listing by State, City and Airport
    CARES ACT GRANT AMOUNTS TO AIRPORTS (pursuant to Paragraphs 2-4) Detailed Listing By State, City And Airport State City Airport Name LOC_ID Grand Totals AK Alaskan Consolidated Airports Multiple [individual airports listed separately] AKAP $16,855,355 AK Adak (Naval) Station/Mitchell Field Adak ADK $30,000 AK Akhiok Akhiok AKK $20,000 AK Akiachak Akiachak Z13 $30,000 AK Akiak Akiak AKI $30,000 AK Akutan Akutan 7AK $20,000 AK Akutan Akutan KQA $20,000 AK Alakanuk Alakanuk AUK $30,000 AK Allakaket Allakaket 6A8 $20,000 AK Ambler Ambler AFM $30,000 AK Anaktuvuk Pass Anaktuvuk Pass AKP $30,000 AK Anchorage Lake Hood LHD $1,053,070 AK Anchorage Merrill Field MRI $17,898,468 AK Anchorage Ted Stevens Anchorage International ANC $26,376,060 AK Anchorage (Borough) Goose Bay Z40 $1,000 AK Angoon Angoon AGN $20,000 AK Aniak Aniak ANI $1,052,884 AK Aniak (Census Subarea) Togiak TOG $20,000 AK Aniak (Census Subarea) Twin Hills A63 $20,000 AK Anvik Anvik ANV $20,000 AK Arctic Village Arctic Village ARC $20,000 AK Atka Atka AKA $20,000 AK Atmautluak Atmautluak 4A2 $30,000 AK Atqasuk Atqasuk Edward Burnell Sr Memorial ATK $20,000 AK Barrow Wiley Post-Will Rogers Memorial BRW $1,191,121 AK Barrow (County) Wainwright AWI $30,000 AK Beaver Beaver WBQ $20,000 AK Bethel Bethel BET $2,271,355 AK Bettles Bettles BTT $20,000 AK Big Lake Big Lake BGQ $30,000 AK Birch Creek Birch Creek Z91 $20,000 AK Birchwood Birchwood BCV $30,000 AK Boundary Boundary BYA $20,000 AK Brevig Mission Brevig Mission KTS $30,000 AK Bristol Bay (Borough) Aleknagik /New 5A8 $20,000 AK
    [Show full text]
  • Obituary 1967
    OBITUARY INDEX 1967 You can search by clicking on the binoculars on the adobe toolbar or by Pressing Shift-Control-F Request Form LAST NAME FIRST NAME DATE PAGE # Abbate Barbara F. 6/6/1967 p.1 Abbott William W. 9/22/1967 p.30 Abel Dean 11/27/1967 p.24 Abel Francis E. 9/25/1967 p.24 Abel Francis E. 9/27/1967 p.10 Abel Frederick B. 11/11/1967 p.26 Abel John Hawk 12/7/1967 p.42 Abel John Hawk 12/11/1967 p.26 Abel William E. 7/10/1967 p.28 Abel William E. 7/12/1967 p.12 Aber George W. 3/14/1967 p.24 Abert Esther F. 7/26/1967 p.14 Abrams Laura R. Hoffman 8/14/1967 p.28 Abrams Laura R. Hoffman 8/17/1967 p.28 Abrams Pearl E. 10/19/1967 p.28 Abrams Pearl E. 10/20/1967 p.10 Achenbach Helen S. 11/6/1967 p.36 Achenbach Helen S. 11/8/1967 p.15 Ackerman Calvin 5/22/1967 p.34 Ackerman Calvin 5/25/1967 p.38 Ackerman Fritz 11/27/1967 p.24 Ackerman Harold 10/27/1967 p.26 Ackerman Harold 10/28/1967 p.26 Ackerman Hattie Mann 4/14/1967 p.21 Ackerman Hattie Mann 4/19/1967 p.14 Adamczyk Bennie 5/3/1967 p.14 Adamo Margaret M. 3/15/1967 p.15 Adamo Margaret M. 3/20/1967 p.28 Adams Anna 6/17/1967 p.22 Adams Anna 6/20/1967 p.17 Adams Harriet C.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual, 2008
    U.S. Government Printing Offi ce Style Manual An official guide to the form and style of Federal Government printing 2008 PPreliminary-CD.inddreliminary-CD.indd i 33/4/09/4/09 110:18:040:18:04 AAMM Production and Distribution Notes Th is publication was typeset electronically using Helvetica and Minion Pro typefaces. It was printed using vegetable oil-based ink on recycled paper containing 30% post consumer waste. Th e GPO Style Manual will be distributed to libraries in the Federal Depository Library Program. To fi nd a depository library near you, please go to the Federal depository library directory at http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/public.jsp. Th e electronic text of this publication is available for public use free of charge at http://www.gpoaccess.gov/stylemanual/index.html. Use of ISBN Prefi x Th is is the offi cial U.S. Government edition of this publication and is herein identifi ed to certify its authenticity. ISBN 978–0–16–081813–4 is for U.S. Government Printing Offi ce offi cial editions only. Th e Superintendent of Documents of the U.S. Government Printing Offi ce requests that any re- printed edition be labeled clearly as a copy of the authentic work, and that a new ISBN be assigned. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402-0001 ISBN 978-0-16-081813-4 (CD) II PPreliminary-CD.inddreliminary-CD.indd iiii 33/4/09/4/09 110:18:050:18:05 AAMM THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE STYLE MANUAL IS PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION AND AUTHORITY OF THE PUBLIC PRINTER OF THE UNITED STATES Robert C.
    [Show full text]
  • SPITZER and HHT OBSERVATIONS of BOK GLOBULE B335: ISOLATED STAR FORMATION EFFICIENCY and CLOUD STRUCTURE1 Amelia M
    The Astrophysical Journal, 687:389Y405, 2008 November 1 Copyright is not claimed for this article. Printed in U.S.A. SPITZER AND HHT OBSERVATIONS OF BOK GLOBULE B335: ISOLATED STAR FORMATION EFFICIENCY AND CLOUD STRUCTURE1 Amelia M. Stutz,2 Mark Rubin,3 Michael W. Werner,3 George H. Rieke,2 John H. Bieging,2 Jocelyn Keene,4 Miju Kang,2, 5, 6 Yancy L. Shirley,2 K. Y. L. Su,2 Thangasamy Velusamy,3 and David J. Wilner7 Received 2008 June 4; accepted 2008 July 12 ABSTRACT We present infrared and millimeter observations of Barnard 335, the prototypical isolated Bok globule with an embedded protostar. Using Spitzer data we measure the source luminosity accurately; we also constrain the density profile of the innermost globule material near the protostar using the observation of an 8.0 m shadow. Heinrich Hertz Telescope (HHT) observations of 12CO 2Y1 confirm the detection of a flattened molecular core with diameter 10,000 AU and the same orientation as the circumstellar disk (100 to 200 AU in diameter). This structure is probably the same as that generating the 8.0 m shadow and is expected from theoretical simulations of collapsing embedded protostars. We estimate the mass of the protostar to be only 5% of the mass of the parent globule. Subject headings:g infrared: ISM — ISM: globules — ISM: individual (Barnard 335) — stars: formation 1. INTRODUCTION diameter (Harvey et al. 2003a). This source has a strong bipolar outflow (e.g., Cabrit & Bertout 1992; Hirano et al. 1988), oriented Bok & Reilly (1947) and Bok (1948) were the first to suggest that ‘‘Bok globules’’ could be the sites of isolated star formation.
    [Show full text]
  • Ore Bin / Oregon Geology Magazine / Journal
    -----, Vo1.21, No.1 THE ORE.-BIN January 1959 Portland, Oregon STATE OF OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES Head Office: 1069 State Office Bldg., Portkmd 1, Oregon Telephone: CApitol 6-2161, Ext. 488 State Governing Board William Kennedy, Chairman, Portland Hollis M. Dole, Director Les R. Child Grants Pass Nadie Strayer Baker Staff Field Offices L. L. Hoagland Assayer & Chemist 2033 First Street, Boker Ralph S. Mason Mining Engineer N. S • Wagner, Field Geologist T. C. Matthews Spectroscopist H. C. Brooks, Field Geologist V.C.Newton, Jr., Petroleum Engineer 239 S.E. "HOI Street, Grants Pass H. G. Schlicker Geologist • Len Ramp, Field Geologist M. L. Steere Geologist Norman·Peterson, Field Geologist R. E. Stewart Geologist ***************************************** OREGON'S MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1958 By Ralph S. Mason * The value of minerals produced in the State in 1958 was within a fraction of one percent of the all-time high reached in 1957 - despite a general business recession during the year. A preliminary estimate by the U. S. Bureau of Mines of the value of Oregon's mineral production is $42,118,000. Generally speaking, the Bureau bases its valuation figures on minerals as they leave the pit or mine. The value of the same minerals at point of use in the State or shipping point for out-of-State movement woulcl'be several times the above amount. If mineral production were reported in the same manner as other commodi ties in the State the value would be in the neighborhood of $100,000,000. Chrome mining came to an abrupt halt in May; Harvey Aluminum Company energi zed its two potl ines at The Dalles in August; cutbacks in zirconium produc­ tion were announced by Wah Chang Corporation in September; the first pound of uranium "yellow cake" was produced by Lakeview Mining Company in December; and Government support for quicksilver terminated December 31.
    [Show full text]
  • GRAIL Reveals Secrets of the Lunar Interior
    GRAIL Reveals Secrets of the Lunar Interior — Dr. Patrick J. McGovern, Lunar and Planetary Institute A mini-flotilla of spacecraft sent to the Moon in the past few years by several nations has revealed much about the characteristics of the lunar surface via techniques such as imaging, spectroscopy, and laser ranging. While the achievements of these missions have been impressive, only GRAIL has seen deeply enough to reveal inner secrets that the Moon holds. LRecent Lunar Missions Country Name Launch Date Status ESA Small Missions for Advanced September 27, 2003 Ended with lunar surface impact on Research in Technology-1 (SMART-1) September 3, 2006 USA Acceleration, Reconnection, February 27, 2007 Extension of the THEMIS mission; ended Turbulence and Electrodynamics of in 2012 the Moon’s Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) Japan SELENE (Kaguya) September 14, 2007 Ended with lunar surface impact on June 10, 2009 PChina Chang’e-1 October 24, 2007 Taken out of orbit on March 1, 2009 India Chandrayaan-1 October 22, 2008 Two-year mission; ended after 315 days due to malfunction and loss of contact USA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) June 18, 2009 Completed one-year primary mission; now in five-year extended mission USA Lunar Crater Observation and June 18, 2009 Ended with lunar surface impact on Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) October 9, 2009 China Chang’e-2 October 1, 2010 Primary mission lasted for six months; extended mission completed flyby of asteroid 4179 Toutatis in December 2012 USA Gravity Recovery and Interior September 10, 2011 Ended with lunar surface impact on I Laboratory (GRAIL) December 17, 2012 To probe deeper, NASA launched the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission: twin spacecraft (named “Ebb” and “Flow” by elementary school students from Montana) flying in formation over the lunar surface, tracking each other to within a sensitivity of 50 nanometers per second, or one- twenty-thousandth of the velocity that a snail moves [1], according to GRAIL Principal Investigator Maria Zuber of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
    [Show full text]