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4. Representatie Van Ras En Etniciteit in Televisie Masterproef voorgelegd tot het behalen van de graad van Master in Gender en Diversiteit REPRESENTATION MATTERS! EEN INTERSECTIONELE TEKSTUELE ANALYSE VAN DE TV-SERIE ‘HOW TO GET AWAY WITH MURDER’ Manou Ballyn - 201380754 Promotor: Sofie van Bauwel Academiejaar 2017-2018 Master of Arts in Gender en Diversiteit Klassieke masterproef: 23 761 woorden “Deze masterproef is een examendocument dat niet werd gecorrigeerd voor eventueel vastgestelde fouten. In publicaties mag naar dit werk worden gerefereerd, mits schriftelijke toelating van de promotor(en) die met naam op de titelpagina is vermeld.” Abstract De Amerikaanse televisieserie How To Get Away With Murder volgt Annalise Keating, advocate en professor strafrecht. De serie kent een enorme populariteit en is ondertussen al aan het vierde seizoen toe. Toen het eerste seizoen gelanceerd werd in het najaar van 2014, haalde het een record met meer dan 20 miljoen kijkers in drie dagen tijd (Maloney, 2014). In 2015 won hoofdrolspeelster Viola Davis, die de rol van Annalise Keating vertolkt, een Emmy en werd zo de eerste Afro-Amerikaanse vrouw ooit die een prijs voor Leading Actress in a Drama won (Wieselman, 2016). Heel wat journalisten schrijven dan ook lovend over de serie en argumenteren dat het diversiteitsbarrières doorbreekt. De serie zou progressieve representaties wat betreft vrouwen, minderheden en de LGBTQ-gemeenschap naar voren schuiven, aldus Cohen (2016) en Fallon (2015). Dit inspireerde om te onderzoeken in hoeverre deze veronderstellingen correct zijn. Daarom werd in dit onderzoek de representatie van gender, etniciteit en seksualiteit in de Amerikaanse televisieserie How To Get Away With Murder onderzocht. Dit werd gedaan via een kwalitatieve tekstuele analyse. Via deze onderzoeksmethode is er niet enkel belangstelling voor de directe manifeste betekenissen, maar ook voor de latente betekenissen. Na de resultaten van de tekstuele analyse te koppelen aan de theoretische inzichten verkregen via de literatuurstudie, werd besloten dat How To Get Away With Murder op sommige vlakken een vernieuwende representatie vertoond, maar tegelijk ook stereotiepe representaties verspreid, zeker wat betreft etniciteit werden verrassende resultaten gevonden. Voorwoord Deze masterproef vormt het sluitstuk van mijn masteropleiding in Gender en Diversiteit. Het was een interessante periode die mij zowel op theoretisch niveau als in de praktijk veel nieuwe inzichten heeft bijgebracht. Doorheen deze opleiding hebben heel wat mensen mij gesteund en begeleid. Daarvoor wil ik mijn oprechte dank aan deze mensen uitspreken. Allereerst wil ik mijn masterproefbegeleider Prof. Dr. Sofie van Bauwel bedanken voor de hulp en steun bij de begeleiding van het schrijfproces. Bedankt voor de vrijheid en het vertrouwen om van dit eindwerk mijn eigen ding te kunnen maken. Bedankt ook voor de interessante, leerrijke en interactieve inleiding in het vakgebied van media en gender. Het laatste dankwoord wil ik richten tot mijn ouders en zussen. Bedankt voor de kans om deze opleiding te volgen. Jullie waren een steun en toeverlaat tijdens mijn studententijd. Bedankt mama en Chloë voor de kritische discussies, het grondige nalezen en de motiverende woorden. Bedankt Aagje voor het helpen met de lay-out van dit eindwerk. Manou Ballyn 20 mei 2018 Inhoudstafel Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Voorwoord ........................................................................................................................................ 4 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................ 7 Deel I Theoretisch Kader ..................................................................................................................... 9 1. Intersectionaliteit....................................................................................................................... 9 1.1. Oorsprong ...................................................................................................................................... 9 1.2. De intersectionele theorie ............................................................................................................ 10 2. Representatie .......................................................................................................................... 11 2.1. Mediarepresentatie ..................................................................................................................... 11 2.2. Representatie en stereotypering .................................................................................................. 12 2.3. Othering ....................................................................................................................................... 13 3. Representatie van gender in televisie........................................................................................ 14 3.1. Sekse en gender ........................................................................................................................... 14 3.2. Stereotypes m.b.t. gender ............................................................................................................ 16 3.3. De gaze ......................................................................................................................................... 18 4. Representatie van ras en etniciteit in televisie........................................................................... 20 4.1. Stereotypes m.b.t. ras en etniciteit .............................................................................................. 20 4.1.1. Stereotype voorstelling van Afro-Amerikanen in televisie ................................................. 21 4.1.2. Stereotype voorstelling van hispanics in televisie .............................................................. 23 4.2. Color-blindness ............................................................................................................................. 25 5. Representatie van seksualiteit in televisie ................................................................................. 27 5.1. Heteronormativiteit ..................................................................................................................... 27 5.2. Homoseksualiteit in televisie........................................................................................................ 28 6. Onderzoeksobject .................................................................................................................... 30 7. Onderzoeksvraag ..................................................................................................................... 31 8. Methode.................................................................................................................................. 32 8.1. Kwalitatieve tekstuele analyse..................................................................................................... 32 8.2. Credibiliteit en reflexiviteit ........................................................................................................... 33 9. Procedure ................................................................................................................................ 34 10. Bespreking van de resultaten .................................................................................................... 35 5 10.1. Gender en professionele rollen .................................................................................................... 35 10.2. Karakteristieken ........................................................................................................................... 39 10.2.1. Rationaliteit vs. emotionaliteit............................................................................................ 39 10.2.2. Onafhankelijkheid vs. afhankelijkheid ................................................................................ 42 10.3. De gaze ......................................................................................................................................... 44 10.4. Etnische stereotypering................................................................................................................ 46 10.4.1. Afro-Amerikaanse stereotypering....................................................................................... 46 10.4.2. Latina stereotypering .......................................................................................................... 50 10.5. Colorblindness .............................................................................................................................. 51 10.6. Homoseksualiteit ......................................................................................................................... 54 11. Conclusie ................................................................................................................................. 57 12. Referentielijst .......................................................................................................................... 61 Bijlage 1: Beschrijving personages ..................................................................................................... 71 Bijlage 2: Lijst van geanalyseerde afleveringen .................................................................................. 73 Bijlage
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