Index

Abhexon, 501, 565 bitter, 636 reactions, 564, 565 dimethylarsinoyl, 415 Abietadiene, 505, 506 oxocarboxylic, 550 Abietic acid, 189 phenolic, 551 Absinthin, 634 reactions, 555 Acacetin, 695 sugar, 212 Acacipetalin, 775, 776 Acidulants, 872 Acenaphthene, 919 Aconitic acid, 546 Acenaphthylene, 919 Acorin, 635 Acephate, 1010 Acrolein, 82 Aceric acid, 213, 214, 259 reactions, 180, 181, 193, 527, 538 Acesulfame K, 865, 866, 870 Acromelic acids, 829 Acetaldehyde, 72, 527 Acrylamide, 899, 900 reactions, 295, 538, 540 content in foods, 900 Acetals, 537, 541 reactions, 901, 902 reactions, 538 Acrylic acid, 1034 Acetic acid, 542, 850 Acrylonitrile, 1039 reactions, 296, 297, 543 Actin, 47 Acetoacetic acid, 551 Actinin, 47 Acetoin, 522, 536 Acylchloropropanediols, 910 reactions, 522 Acyloins, 536 Acetol, see hydroxyacetone Acylsphingosines, see ceramides Acetone, 533 Additives, 847 reactions, 540 Adenine, 396, 397 Acetophenone, 535 Adenosine diphosphate, see ADP Acetylcholine, 399 monophosphate, see AMP Acetylcysteines, see mercapturates triphosphate, see ATP Acetylfuran, 286 Adenylic acid, see AMP Acetylgalactosamine, 53, 58 Adermine, see vitamin B6 Acetylglucosamine, 58 Adhesives, 889 Acetylhistidines, 20 Adhyperflorin, 712 Acetyllactaminic acid, see acetylneuraminic acid Adipic acid, 544 Acetyllysine, 18 ADP, 18, 874 Acetylmuramic acid, 217 Adrastin, 951 Acetylneuraminic acid, 53, 58, 217 COPYRIGHTEDAdrenaline, MATERIALsee epinephrine Acetylpyridine, 590 Adriatoxin, 838 Acetylpyrroline, 18, 501 Advanced glycation end products, 319–23 Acetylpyrroline, reactions, 599 lipoxidation end products, 319 Acetyltetrahydropyridine, 18 Aflatoxicol, 946 Acetyltetrahydropyridine, reactions, 600 Aflatoxins, 942, 945–8 Acids as preservatives, 848 Aflatrem, 961 lipoamino, 129 Afzelechins, 648 aldonic, 212 Agar, 269 alicyclic, 551 Agaric acid, see agaricinic acid aromatic, 551 Agaricinic acid, 835, 865 bile, 140 Agaricone, 705

The Chemistry of Food, First Edition. Jan Vel´ısek.ˇ © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Companion Website: www.wiley.com/go/velisek/foodchemistry. 1080 INDEX

Agaritine, 17, 832 Alk(en)ylcysteine sulfoxides, 15, 31 Agarose, 269, 271 Alk(en)ylcysteines, 15, 31 AGE, see advanced glycation end products Alk(en)ylthiocysteine sulfoxides, 16 Agents, anti-caking, 889 Alkadienals, reactions, 168 anti-foaming, 889 Alkaloids, 751 bleaching, 880 ergot, 958–60 clarifying, 889 lupine, 751, 757 filling, 889 piperidine, 752 firming, 888 purine, 763 foaming, 889 pyridine, 751 gelling, 882 pyrrolizidine, 755 haze forming, 889 quinoline, 758 oxidising, 880 quinolizidine, 757 reducing, 880 tobacco, 751 Agmatine, 818, 821 true, 751, 752 Agrimoniin, 646, 647 Alkan-2-ols, 178 Agroclavine, 959 Alkan-2-ones, see methylketones Ajapin, 799 Alkanals, reactions, 167 Ajoenes, 577 Alkanes, dimethylarsinoyl, 415, 416 reactions, 577 Alkanethiosulfinic acid esters, see thiosulfinates Ajugose, 229, 230 Alkannin, 708 Alachlor, 1010 Alkenals, reactions, 163, 167, 168, 539 Alanine, α 6–9, 72 Alkenoic acids, 73, 555 β 11, 29, 370 Alkenylresorcinols, 746 Alaninebetaine, 12, 13 Alkylbenzenes, 507 Alanylhistidine, see carnosine Alkylene oxides, 854 Alapyridaine, 627 Alkylresorcinols, 746 Albendazol, 1026 Alkylxylenes, 507 Albine, 758 Allergens, 749 Albizziine, 21 Allicin, 577, 588 Albumins, 36 reactions, 577, 578 Alcohols, 509 Alliin, 15, 16 accompanying lipids, 133 reactions, 577, 578 diterpenic, 519 Alliospirosides, 772 fatty, 108 Allithiamines, 360 higher, 510 Allitol, 208 reactions, 512–514 Allomelanins, 669 terpenic, 514 Allophycocyanins, 668 triterpenic, 134 Allose, 200 Aldehydes, 527 Alloxanthoxyletin, 801 aromatic, 531 Allura Red AC, 875, 876 organoleptic properties, 528 Allyl alcohol, reactions, 513, 578, 915, 916 reactions, 529, 530 cyanide, 569 Strecker, 72 isothiocyanate, 653 terpenic, 530 isothiocyanate, reactions, 581 unsaturated, 530 sulfides, 581 Aldicarb, 1010, 1018 thiol, 581 Alditols, 207–11, 521 Allylglycine, 829 Aldoketoses, see ketoaldoses Allysine, 49 Aldosamines, 216, 307 Aloe-emodin, 709 Aldoses, 198, 199 Aloesin, 710 Aldosuloses, see ketoaldoses Aloins, 710, 865 Aldrin, 965, 1008, 1009 Altenuene, 960 ALE, see advanced lipoxidation end products Alternariol, 960 Algin, 271, 272 Altertoxins, 960 Alginates, 269, 271, 272 Altritol, 208 Alginic acid, 269, 271 Altrose, 200 Alitame, 866 Aluminium, 442 Alizarin, 709 Amanine, 827 Alk(en)ylcyclobutanones, 534 Amanitins, 827 Alk(en)ylcysteine S-oxides, 15, 31 Amanullic acid, 827 INDEX 1081

Amanulline, 827 Aminoimidazoquinolines, 896 Amaranth, 875, 876 Aminoimidazoquinoxalines, 896 Amarogentin, 633 Aminoketones, 81 Amavadin, 435 Aminooxobutanoic acid, 69 Amentoflavone, 695, 696 Aminopentanal, 72 Amides, 583 Aminophenylalanine, 19 N-substituted, 583 Aminoproline, 19, 20 reactions, 583 Aminopropanediol, 918 Amines, 581, 582 Aminopropanol, 582 biogenic, 818 Aminopropionic acid, see alanine, β biogenic, content in foods, 823 Aminopropionitrile, 19, 21, 816 biogenic, reactions, 581, 582, 825 Aminoreductones, 318 heterocyclic, 895 Aminospirostanes, 765 reactions, 936 Aminouracil, 21 Amino acids, 4 Amitrole, 1010 abiogenic D-amino acids, 26 Ammonia, 581, 582 acidic, 7, 17 Ammonium, 12 alicyclic, 6, 13 Amorphene, 504 aliphatic, 5 Amoxicillin, 1024 aromatic, 19 AMP, 874 basic, 7 Ampelopsin, 694 biogenic D-amino acids, 26 Amphetamine, 1026 encoded, see proteinogenic Ampicillin, 1024 essential, 7, 8 Amygdalin, 398, 775, 776 heterocyclic, 19 reactions, 778 hydrophilic, 7 Amyl alcohol, see pentanol hydrophobic, 7 Amyloids, 233 limiting, 7 Amylopectin, 236, 237 neutral, 7 Amylose, 236 non-essential, 7, 8 Amyrin, 136, 137 non-protein, 11 Anabasine, 752 N-substituted, 11, 13 Anabsinthin, 634 organoleptic properties, 27 Anandamide, 130 phenylpropenoyl, 12 Anatabine, 752 primary, see, proteinogenic Ancaflavin, 701 proteinogenic modified, 10 Androgens, 788 proteinogenic, 5 Androstene derivatives, 596 reactions, 23–6, 69–71 Anethole, 501, 525 selenium, 14 Aneurine, see thiamine semi-essential, 7, 8 Angelic acid, 544, 755 standard, see, proteinogenic Angelica lactone, 289, 563 sulphur-containing, 14 Angelicin, 800 Amino sugars, see aminodeoxysugars Angolensin, 797 Aminoacetophenone, 68, 69 Angustifoline, 758 Aminoacrylic acid, see dehydroalanine Anhydrides, sugar 215 Aminoadipic acid, 18, 69 Anhydrolutein, 338, 339 Aminobenzoic acid, 377, 396, 397 Anhydrosugars, 215, 281 Aminobutanal, 72, 81 Anions, toxic, 451 Aminobutanoic acid, 11, 14, 20, 22, 27 Anisaldehyde, 532 Aminobutyric acid, see aminobutanoic acid Anise ketone, 535 Aminocarboxylic acids, see amino acids Anisic acid, 552 Aminocrotonic acid, see dehydrobutyrine Anisole, 525 Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 13 Annatto, 721 Aminocyclopropanol, 830 Anserine, 30–32 Aminodeoxyaldoses, see aldosamines Anteisoacids, 93, 104 Aminodeoxyketoses, see ketosamines Antheraxanthin, 715, 716 Aminodeoxysugars, 216, 306, 311 Anthochlors, 678 Aminoethanol, see ethanolamine Anthocyanidins, 677, 678 Aminoimidazoazaarenes, 896 Anthocyanins, 875 reactions, 898, 899 reactions, 685, 687–93 Aminoimidazopyridines, 896 Anthoxanthins, 678 1082 INDEX

Anthracene, 919 Asparenyol, 807 Anthragallol, 709 Asparogesin, 248 Anthrahydroquinone, 709 Aspartame, 866, 870 Anthranilic acid, see aminobenzoic acid Aspartic acid, 6–9, 72 Anthranol, 709 Astabisin, 634 Anthraquinones, 703, 709 Astaxanthin, 722 Anthrone, 709 Astringin, 803 Antibiotics, 852 ATP, 18, 874 Antienzymes, see inhibitors of enzymes Atrazine, 1010, 1017 Antioxidants, 176, 177, 808, 857 Atrochrysone, 711 reactions, 857–60 Atromentic acid, 706 Antivitamins, 745 Atromentin, 705 Apigenin, 694 Aurantinidin, 679 Apigeninidin, 679, 680 Auraptenol, 799 Apiose, 200 Aureusidin, 699 Apocarotenals, 343, 717, 724–9, 875 Aurones, 677, 678, 699 Aquacobalamine, 382 Auroxanthin, 717 Arabinitol, 208, 210 Avenacoside, 773 Arabinoglucuronoxylans, 256, 257 Avenanthramides, 584 Arabinonic acid, 213 Avenasterol, 136, 139 Arabinose, 200 Avenin, 60 Arabinoxylans, 256, 257 Aviceunin, 801 Arachidic acid, 88 Avicularin, 696 Arachidins, 805 Avidin, 57, 58 Arachidonic acid, 91, 92 Avocadofurans, 586 Arachinyl alcohol, 108 Axeroftol, see retinol Arahypins, 805 Azaphilones, 702 Arbutin, 704 Azaspiracids, 836, 839 Archangelicin, 800 Azelaic acid, 544 Arginine, 6–9 Azetidinecarboxylic acid, 22 Aroma carriers, 889 Azodicarbonamide, 880, 940 Aromadendrin, 694 reactions, 881 Arsenates, 452 Azoformamide, see azodicarbonamide Arsenic, 450 Azorubine, 875, 876 content in foods, 445, 447–448 Azoxyglycosides, see glycosides pseudocyanogenic Arsenites, 452 Azulene, 732 Arsenobetaine, 414 Arsenocholine, 414 Bacteriochlorophylls, 663–5, 667 Arsenosugars, 415 Bacteriocins, 27, 852 Arsonium, 12 Bacteriotoxins, 962 Asarinin, 793 Badione A, 457 Asarone, 525, 865 Baeocystin, 831 Ascalonicosides, 772 Baikalein, 694 Ascladiol, 950 Balchanin, 634 Asclepic acid, 89 Balenine, 30–32 Ascorbate, sodium 386 Balsams, 619 Ascorbic acid, 384, 851 Batyl alcohol, 111 glucosyl, 386 Bayogenin, 771 pigments, 395 BDE, see diphenyl ethers, bromo- reactions, 389–394 Beewax, see waxes animal Ascorbigen oligomers, 784, 785 Behenic acid, 88 Ascorbigens, 784 Benomyl, 1010, 1016 Ascorbyl palmitate, 386 Benzaldehyde, 82, 501, 532, 778 phosphate, 386 Benzene, 930 radical, 385 Benzoanthracene, 919 sulfate, 386 Benzofluoranthene, 919 Aspalathin, 698 Benzofluorene, 920 Asparagine, 6, 7, 9, 19 Benzoic acid, 552, 848 reactions, 75 Benzoperylene, 919 Asparagusic acid, 606 Benzoquinones, 703 Asparenyn, 807 Benzothiazole, 594 INDEX 1083

Benzoxazinoid hydroxamic acids, 796 Bornylane, see camphane Benzoxazinoids, 796 Boron, 441 Benzoylglycine, see hippuric acid content in foods, 440 Benzyl alcohol, 520 Botulotoxins, 963 Benzyl isothiocyanate, 787 Bourbonal, 621 Benzylamine, 582 Boviquinones, 704 Benzylpenicillin, 1024 Bovolides, 105 Berbamine, 675 reactions, 565 Berberine, 674 Brachiose, see isomaltose Bergamotenal, 531 Bracteatin, 699 Bergamotene, 504–506 Brassicasterol, 136, 139 Bergamotol, 518, 519 Brassidic acid, 89 Bergamottin, 800 Brassilexin, 807 Bergapten, 800 Brassinin, 807 Bergaptol, 800 Brazzein, 868, 870 Betacyanins, 670 Brevetoxins, 836, 841 Betaines, 12 Brilliant Black BN, 875, 877 Betalains, 669, 670 Blue FCF, 875, 876 Betalamic acid, 671, 672 Bromides, 451 Betanidin, 670, 671 Brown FK, 875, 877 Betanin, 671, 875 HT, 875, 877 reactions, 672 Bufotenine, 824 Betaxanthins, 670, 671 Bulgarene, 504 Betonicine, 12, 13 Butanal, 72, 527 Betulinic acid, 136, 137 Butanediol, 210, 511, 522 BFRs, see biphenyls, polybrominated reactions, 522 BHA, see butylated hydroxyanisole Butanedione, see biacetyl BHT, see butylated hydroxytoluene Butanoic acid, 88, 542 Biacetyl, 367, 522, 536 Butanol, 509, 511 reactions, 522 reactions, 511 Bianthrones, 711 Butanolide, see butyrolactone Bianthronyl, 711 Butein, 697 Bibenzyl, 82 Butenal, 540 Biflavonoids, 695 Butenedialdehyde, 908 Bilins, 657, 668 Butiin, 16 Binaphthyls, 708 Butin, 694 Biochanin A, 789 Butrin, 697 Biocytin, 376 Butters, plant, 97, 99, 104 Bioflavonoids, 396, 399 Butylated hydroquinone, 861 Bioresmethrin, 1010 hydroxyanisole, 860 Biotin sulfone, 375 hydroxytoluene, 860 sulfoxides, 375 Butylcysteine sulfoxide, see butiin Biotin, 375 Butylphthalide, 567 reactions, 377 Butyraldehyde, see butanal Biphenyl, 852, 853 Butyric acid, see butanoic acid Biphenyls, polybrominated, see PBBs Butyrolactone, 562 polychlorinated, see PCBs Butyrospermol, 136, 137 Bipyridyl, 753 Bisabolene, 504–6 Cabigen, see methylmethionine Bisabolol, 518, 519 Cacodylic acid, see dimethylarsinic acid Bisdemethoxycurcumin, 701 Cadabine, see stachydrine Bisphenol A, 1034, 1039 Cadalane, 504 Bityrosine, 66 Cadaverine, 818, 821 Bixin, 721, 875 Cadinene, 504–6 Blumenol, 727 Cadmium, 445 Bolaffinin, 827 content in foods, 445, 447–8 Bolecic acid, 92 Cafestol, 506, 519 Boric acid, 855 Caffeic acid, 552 Bornan-2-ol, see borneol reactions, 641 Borneol, 104, 514, 516 Caffeine, 764, 873 Bornesitol, 210 Caffeoyldaucic acid, 554 1084 INDEX

Caffeoylmalic acid, 561 Carnaubyl alcohol, see lignoceryl alcohol Caffeoylquinic acid, see chlorogenic acid Carnitine, 12, 13, 396, 398 Caffeoylshikimic acid, 561 Carnosic acid, 506, 635, 810 Caffeoyltartaric acid, see caftaric acid reactions, 811 Caftaric acid, 561 Carnosine, 30–32 Cahweol, 519 Carnosol, 506, 635, 810 Calcitroic acid, 347 Carotene, α 337–9, 715 Calcium, 418 β 337–9, 715 content in foods, 417 β epoxides, 343 Calendic acid, 90–92 β isomers, 342 Callose, 254 β radicals, 343–5 Calystegines, 760 β reactions, 342, 729 Campestane, 134, 135 γ 337–339, 715 Campesterol, 136, 139 δ 715 Camphane, 503 ε 715 Camphene, 503, 504 ζ 715 Camphor, 535 Carotenes, 713, 715, 875 Canaline, 14, 18, 22 acyclic, 713 Canavanine, 18, 22 reactions, 714, 725 Candicine, 824 Carotenoids, 713 Canthaxanthin, 723, 875 Carotenoproteins, 717 Capensinidin, 679 Carprofen, 1026 Capric acid, 88, 542 Carrageenans, 269–71 Caproic acid, 88, 542 Carthamidin, 697 Caprylic acid, 88, 542 Carthamin, 697, 698 Capsaicin, 651, 761 Carvacrol, 570, 571 Capsaicinoids, 652, 761 Carveol, 508, 514, 516 Capsaicinol, 761 Carvone, 501, 508, 534, 535 Capsanthin, 718, 875 Caryophyllene, 504–506 Capsanthone, 718 Casbene, 505, 506 Capsiate, 762 Casein, 32, 47, 51–53 Capsiconiate, 762 para-κ-casein, 55 Capsiconinoids, 762 κ-casein macropeptide, 55 Capsidiol, 519, 805 Caseinates, 56, 76 Capsorubin, 718, 875 Cassumunarins, 809 Captafol, 1010 Cassumunins, 809 Captan, 1010 Castalagin, 646 Carabiose, 270 Casuarictin, 644, 645 Caramel, 875 Catechins, 646, 648, 677, 678, 689 production, 332–3 Catecholamines, 818–820 Caramelisation, 304, 332 reactions, 820 Carane, 503 Ceftiofur, 1024 Carbaryl, 1010, 1015, 1018 Cellobiose, 218, 219 Carbendazim, 1010, 1016 Cellotriose, 219 Carbimazole, 1030 Cellulose, 251–253 Carbofuran, 1010, 1019 modified, 253, 254 Carbohydrates, see saccharides Cembrene, 505, 506 Carbolines, 78–80 Centauroside, 634 Carbon disulfide, 581 Centose, 219 Carbonyls, reactions, 536–41 Cepagenin, 772 Carbosulfan, 1010, 1019 Cephalin, 123 Carboxybiotin, 376 Cephaloridine, 1024 Carboxylic acids, 542 Ceramides, 123, 125 Carboxymethylcysteine sulfoxide, 15 Cereals, amino acid content, 44 Carboxyphenylalanine, 19 aroma, 598, 599 Carboxyphenyltyrosine, 19 ascorbic acid content, 386 Cardiolipin, 124 biotin content, 361, 376 Carene, 503, 504 composition, 59 Carmine, 712 fibre, 234 Carminic acid, 712, 875 folacin content, 361, 379, 380 Carnaubic acid, see lignoceric acid minerals, see individual minerals INDEX 1085

monosaccharides, 205 Chloropropanediol esters, 910 niacin content, 361, 369, 370 content in foods, 912 nutritional value, 42 reactions, 914–916 pantothenic acid content, 361, 372 Chloropropanediols, 909 polysaccharides, 233, 249 Chloropropanol esters, 910 protein content, 46 Chloropropanols, 854, 909 pyridoxal content, 361, 373, 375 content in foods, 911, 917 riboflavin content, 361, 366, 367 Chlorothalonil, 1010 starch content, 59 Chlorpyrifos, 1010 thiamine content, 361, 364 Chlorpyrifos-methyl, 1010 vitamin A content, 345 Chlortetracycline, 1025 vitamin E content, 352, 353 Cholanthrene, 919 vitamin K content, 358 Cholecalciferol, 345 water content, 463 Choleglobin, 663 Cerebrocuprein, 426 Cholestane, 134 Cerebrosides, 129 Cholesterol, 136, 139 Cerides, 108 content in foods, 142, 143 Ceroalbolinic acid, 712 reactions, 196 Cerotic acid, 88 Cholic acids, 140 Ceruloplasmin, 426 Choline, 396, 399 Cervonic acid, 91, 92 Chondroitin sulfate, 279 Ceryl alcohol, 108 Chondrosamine, see galactosamine Cetyl alcohol, 108 Chromates, 452 Chacobiose, 222 Chromene, 677 Chaconine, 766, 767 Chromium, 433 Chacotriose, 766 Chromium, content in foods, 429 Chafurosides, 695 Chromodulin, 433 Chalcitrin, 707 Chromopeptides, 28 Chalconaringenin, 697 Chrysanthemic acid, 1000 Chalcones, 677, 678, 685–7, 697 Chrysarone, 710 reactions, 697, 860 Chrysene, 919 Chaulmoogric acid, 93, 94, 105 Chrysin, 694 Chavicine, 754 Chrysoeriol, 695 Chavicol, 570, 571 Chrysophanol, 709 Chelidonic acid, 554 Cicerin, 803 Chilomicrons, 130 Ciceritol, 211 Chimerolectins, 813 Cichoric acid, 561 Chimyl alcohol, 111 Ciguatoxins, 836, 842 Chinovose, 216 Cinchonidine, 759 Chiricanine, 805 Cinchonine, 759 Chiriquitoxin, 841 Cineole, 524, 655 Chitin, 277 Cinerin, 1000 Chitobiose, 277 Cinnabaric acid, 677 Chitosamine, see glucosamine Cinnamaldehyde, 501, 532 Chitosan, 278 Cinnamic acid, 552 Chloramphenicol, 1026 Cinnamoyllaspartic acid, 12 Chlordane, 1008 Cinnamyl alcohol, 520 Chlordekone, 965 reactions, 521 Chlorine, 416 Cirsiliol, 695 content in foods, 417 Citraconic acid, 546 Chloroethanol, 854 Citral, 501, 530 Chloroethene, see vinyl chloride Citramalic acid, 549 Chlorogenic acids, 213, 559, 560, 641 Citranaxanthin, 723 reactions, 737 Citrastadienol, 136 Chlorogenin, 772 Citraurin, 718 Chlorohydroxystearic acids, 881 Citreoviridin, 942, 952 Chlorophenols, 1033 Citric acid, 549, 851 Chlorophyllides, 664, 665 reactions, 557 Chlorophyllins, 666, 875 Citrinin, 942, 951, 952 Chlorophylls, 663–5, 667, 875 Citronellal, 530, 531 reactions, 667, 668 Citronellol, 514, 515 1086 INDEX

Citrulline, 18 Cotinine, 753 Clathrates, 132 Couepinic acid, see licanic acid Clavines, 959 Coumaric acid, 552 Clenbuterol, 1027 Coumarin, 563, 798, 799, 865 Clerosterol, 136, 140 reactions, 568 Clovamide, see dihydroxycinnamoyl hydroxytyrosine Coumarinic acid, 568 Cloxacillin, 1024 Coumarins, 567, 798, 799 Clupadonic acid, 91, 92 content in foods, 801 Clupanodonic acid, 91 isoprenoid, 799 Cnicin, 635 Coumaroyltartaric acid, see cutaric acid Cobalamins, 382 Coumaryl alcohol, 262 Cobalt, 431 Coumestrol, 791 content in foods, 429 Creatine phosphate, 18, 74 Cobinamide, 382 reactions, 933 Cobynic acid, 382 Creatinine, 18, 74 Cobyric acid, 382 reactions, 935 Cobyrinic acid, 382 Creatone, 74 Cochineal, 712, 875 Crocetin, 721 Coenzyme A, 370 Crocin, 721, 722 Coenzymes Q, 396, 400 Crotanecine, 755 Colamine, 123 Crotocin, 952, 953 Collagen, 47, 49 Crotonic acid, 544 Colloids, 478, 479 Crotonolactone, 563 lyophilic, 478 Cryptocapsin, 718 lyophobic, 478 Cryptochlorogenic acid, 559, 560 micellar, 478, 479 Cryptoxanthin, β 337–9 Colnelenic acid, 174 Cryptoxanthins, 714, 716 Columbamine, 674 Cubebol, 654 Commersonine, 767 Cucurbitacins, 631 Commertetraose, 767 Cucurbitane, 631 Complex boric acid-apiose, 441 Cucurbitin, 19, 20 boric acid-pectin, 441 Cumin aldehyde, 532 Complexes minerals-carboxylic acids, 411 Curcumene, 504–506 minerals-peptides, 407 Curcumin, 701, 875 minerals-phenols, 411, 412 reactions, 701, 702 minerals-pigments, 412 Curcuminoids, 701 minerals-proteins, 407 antioxidative activity, 809 minerals-saccharides, 409 Curdlan, 274 Conalbumin, see ovotransferrin Cutaric acid, 561 Coniferin, 262 Cutin, 108 Coniferyl alcohol, 262 Cyanides, 452 Conjugates, cysteine 15 Cyanidin, 679 γ-glutamyl, 15, 16, 19, 30 Cyanoalanine, 19 Connectin, 47 Cyanoamino acids, 19 Consistency, 487 Cyanocobalamine, 382 Contaminants endogenous, 892, 894 Cyanogenic glycosides, 774 exogenous, 892 reactions, 778, 779 primary, see contaminants exogenous Cyanogens, 774 secondary, see contaminants endogenous Cyanolipids, 774, 780 technological, see contaminants secondary Cycasin, 780 Convicine, 748 Cyclamates, 866, 870 Copper, 426 Cyclamic acid, 870 content in foods, 429, 445 Cyclitols, see alditols Coprine, 830 Cycloalliin, 20 Coprogen, 422 Cycloartenol, 135, 136 Corilagin, 645 Cyclobranol, 136, 138 Cornoside, 704 Cyclobrassinin, 807 Corrin, 381 Cyclocitral, 729 Corrinoids, 380 Cyclodextrins, 247 reactions, 384 Cycloeucalenol, 136, 138 Cortinarins, 828 Cyclohexenones, 729 INDEX 1087

Cyclohexitols, see alditols Decarboxybetanidin, 670, 671 Cyclolaudenol, 136, 138 Decenal, 530 Cycloleucomelone, 706 Deglutamyllentinic acid, 16 Cyclolignans, 792 Dehydroacetic acid, 850, 851 Cyclomaltohexaose, 246 Dehydroalanine, 16, 27, 75 Cyclopentapyrene, 919 Dehydroascorbic acid, 385 Cyclopentenolones, 298, 300 reactions, 393 Cyclopiazonic acid, 942, 950 Dehydrobutyrine, 27 Cyclopropanediol, 830 Dehydrocholesterol, 346 Cyclosadol, 136, 138 Dehydroproteins, 70, 75, 76 Cycloses, see alditols Dehydrotheasinensin, 738 Cyclovariegatin, 706 Dehydrotocopherols, 351 Cyhalothrin, 1010 Dehydrovomifoliol, 727 Cymene, 502 Deidaclin, 775, 776 Cynaropicrin, 631 Delfinidin, 679 Cypermethrin, 1011 Deltamethrin, 1011 Cystathionine, 16 Demethoxycurcumin, 701 Cystatin, 57 Demethylangolensin, 797 Cysteamine, 370, 582 Demethyloleuropein, 630 Cysteic acid, 65 Demethylsterols, see sterols Cysteine sulfoxides, 6, 7, 9, 14–16, 72 Demethylxanthohumol, 791 dichlorovinyl, 891 Demissidine, 765–767 ethylenebis, 891 Demissine, 767 reaction, 65, 83, 934 Dendroketose, 201 Cystine, 10 Deoxyadenosylcobalamine, 382 meso 26 Deoxyalliin, 16 reactions, 65, 84 Deoxyascorbic acid, 386, 388 Cytotoxins, 963 Deoxyclovamide, see hydroxycinnamoyl tyrosine Deoxyerythrolaccin, 713 Dactyliferic acid, 560 Deoxyglycodiuloses, reactions, 316 Daidzein, 789 Deoxyglycosuloses, 215 Daidzin, 789 reactions, 313 Dairy products, aroma, 597 Deoxyhaemoglobin, 659 biotin content, 361, 377 Deoxyheptonic acid, 213, 214 corrinoids contents, 384 Deoxyhexodiuloses, 285–9, 292–7, 311, 317, 318 folacin content, 361 Deoxyhexosuloses, 283, 284, 292, 311, 319, 320 minerals, see individual minerals Deoxymyoglobin, 659 niacin content, 361, 369, 370 Deoxynivalenol, 942, 952, 953 pantothenic acid content, 361 Deoxypentodiuloses, 286 protein content, 46 Deoxypentosuloses, 285, 392 pyridoxal content, 361 Deoxyribulose, 366 riboflavin content, 361, 366 Deoxysugars, 216 thiamine content, 361, 364 Depsipeptides, 29 vitamin A content, 345 Dermatan sulfate, 279 vitamin D content, 348 Dermoxanthone, 700, 701 vitamin E content, 352 Desmin, 47 vitamin K content, 358 Desmosides, 769 water content, 463 Desmosine, 49 Dalbergin, 801 Desmosterol, 136, 139 Damascenone, 728 Dethiobiotin, 376 Damascol, 728 Dethiothiamine, 364 Damascone, 728 Dextran, 274 Daphnetin, 799 Dextrins, 240, 242 Datiscetin, 696 DHA, see cervonic acid Daucic acid, 554 Dhurrin, 775, 776 DDT, 965 Diacetoxyscirpenol, 952 Decadienal, 530 Diacetylformoin, 289, 290, 295 Decalactone, 563 Diacylglycerols, 111, 112 Decanoic acid, see capric acid ethers, 885 Decanortriterpenoids, 635 Dialk(en)ylthiosulfinates, 654 Decarbamoylsaxitoxin, 837 Dialkyl dicarbonates, 852 1088 INDEX

Diallyl oligosulfides, reactions, 578 Dihydroporphyrins, 663 Diallyl disulfide, 501 Dihydroquercetin, see taxifolin Diallylthiourea, 581 Dihydroriboflavin, 365 Diaminobutanoic acid, 17, 21, 22, 816 Dihydrosterculic acid, 94 Diaminobutyric acid, see diaminobutanoic acid Dihydrostreptomycin, 1025 Diaminopropanoic acid, 17, 21, 816 Dihydrotricetin, 694 Diaminopropionic acid, see diaminopropanoic acid Dihydrovitamin K1, 358 Diaminovaleric acid, see ornithine Dihydroxyacetone, 200, 201 Diaminozide, 1011, 1019 Dihydroxycholecalciferol, 347 Diarylbutanoids, 809 Dihydroxycinnamoylaspartic acid, 12 Diarylheptanoids, 701, 810 Dihydroxycinnamoylglutamic acid, 12, 13 Diarylpentanoids, 809 Dihydroxyglutamic acid, 17 Diazinone, 1011 Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, 72 Dibenzoanthracene, 919 Dihydroxyphenylalanine, 72, 817 Dibenzodioxins, polybrominated, see PBDD Dihydroxypipecolic acid, 20 polychlorinated, see PCDD Diindolylmethane, 784 Dibenzofurans, polybrominated, 991 Diketoses, 215 polychlorinated, see PCDF Dill ether, 524 Dibenzopyrene, 919 Dimethoate, 1011 Dibenzoyl peroxide, 880 Dimethyl dicarbonate, 852 Dicaffeoyltartaric acid, see cichoric acid reactions, 575 Dicapsaicin ether, 762, 763 Dimethyl sulfide, 575 Dicarboxylic acids, 544 Dimethylarsinic acid, 450 Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, see DDD Dimethylarsinoylribosides, 415 Dichloroethane, 999, 1000 Dimethylglycine, 11, 12, 398 Dichloromethane, 999, 1000 Dimethylpolysiloxane, 890 Dichloropropane, 909 Dimethylsterols, 134–136 Dichloropropanols, 909 Dimethylstyrene, 507 Dichlorostearic acid, 881 Dinogunellin, 844 Dichlorvos, 1011 Dinophysistoxins, 837 Dichromates, 452 Diosgenine, 772 Dicofol, 107 Diosmetin, 695 Dicoumarol, 357 Dioxanes, 537 Didehydronootkatone, 535 Dioxodioxanes, 555 Didehydroretinol, 337, 338, 339 Dioxogulonic acid, 390, 394 Dieldrin, 965, 1008, 1009 Dioxolanes, 537, 541, 542 Diethyl dicarbonate, 852 Dipeptides, cyclic see dioxopiperazines reactions, 854 Dipetalin, 801 Diethyl pyrocarbonate, see diethyl dicarbonate Diphenols, reactions, 733 Diethylstilboestrol, 796 Diphenyl ethers, polybrominated, 965, 987 Diferulic acids, 553 Disaccharides, 219, 225, 229 Diffusivity, 490, 491 reactions, 280 Diflubenzurone, 1011 Dispersions, coarse 478, 480 Digallic acid, 643 colloidal, 479 Dihomomethionine, 17 molecular, 478 Dihydroacacipetalin, see heterodendrin Disulfides, 575 Dihydroactindiolide, 729 Disulfiram, 831 Dihydroasparagusic acid, 606 Dithiines, 576 Dihydroavermectin, 1027 reactions, 577 Dihydrocapsaicin, 761 Dithiocarbamic acid, 83 Dihydrocapsiconiate, 762 Divicine, 748 Dihydrocarvone, 534 Djenkolic acid, 16, 816 Dihydrochalcones, 677, 678, 695, 696, 698, 866 DNA, reaction with radicals, 186 Dihydrofolic acid, 378 Domic acid, 840 Dihydrogynocardin, 775, 776 Domoic acid, 836, 840 Dihydroibotenic acid see tricholomic acid Dopa, see dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydrokaempherol, see aromadendrin Dopamine, 818, 820, 821 Dihydrolipoic acid, 400 Dopaxanthin, 671 Dihydromyricetin, see ampelopsin Doramectin, 1027 Dihydronaphthalenes, 507 DPA, see clupadonic acid Dihydrophaeophytins, 664 Drimane, 732 INDEX 1089

Drimenol, 732 Enamines, 539 Drugs, veterinary 1023 Endosulfan, 1011 Dulcin, 866, 867 Endotoxins, 963 Dulcoside, 868, 869 Endraxanthone, 700 Dyes, reactions, 879, 880 Endrin, 965, 1008, 1009 synthetic, 875–879 Enrofloxacin, 1026 Enterobactin, 422 Echimidine, 755 Enterodiol, 798 Echimidinic acid, 756 Enterolactone, 798 Echinatine, 756 Enterotoxins, 963 Echinenone, 337–9 EPA, see timnodonic acid Eggs, 56–59 Epiafzelechins, 648 amino acid content, 43 Epicatechins, 648 aroma, 598 Epichlorohydrin, 918 ascorbic acid content, 387 Epigallocatechin gallate, 648 biotin content, 361 Epigallocatechins, 648 carotenoids in, 722 Epilactose, 229 cholesterol content, 142, 143 Epiminocholestanes, 765 corrinoids contents, 383, 384 Epinephrine, 819–821 folacin content, 361 Epiprogoitrin, 782 lipid content, 115 Epirosmanol, 811 minerals, see individual minerals Epitheaflavinic acid, 738 monosaccharides, 204 Epithioalkanes, 784 niacin content, 361 Epoxycarotenoids, reactions, 727 nutritional value, 42 Epoxycaryophyllene, 524 pantothenic acid content, 361, 371 Epoxyretinol, 342 protein content, 46 Equol, 797 pyridoxal content, 361, 373 Ergocalciferol, 345 riboflavin content, 361, 366 Ergocornine, 959 shell, 57 Ergocriptine, 959 thiamine content, 361 Ergocristine, 959 vitamin A content, 341 Ergoline, 959 vitamin D content, 348 Ergometrine, 959 vitamin E content, 352 Ergopeptines, 959 vitamin K content, 358 Ergosine, 959 water content, 463 Ergostane, 134, 135 Elaidic acid, 89, 90 Ergosterol, 136, 140, 346 Elasticity, 487, 488 Ergotamine, 959 Elastin, 47, 50 Ergothioneine, 12, 13, 20 Elements, essential, 403 Eriodyctiol, 694 functionally beneficial, 403 Eritadenine, 397 invariable, 403 Erlose, 225 majority, 402 Erucic acid, 89 mineral, 402 Erytaurin, see gentiopicrin minority, 402 Erythraric acid, see tartaric acid non-essential, 403 Erythrin, 677 organogenic, 402 Erythritol, 208, 210, 870 toxic, 403, 443 Erythroascorbic acid, 388, 394 trace, 402 Erythrocentaurin, 634 ultra trace, 402 Erythrocuprein, 426 variable, 403 Erythrodiol, 136, 137 Elemicin, 525 Erythrolaccin, 713 Eleostearic acid, 91 Erythromycin, 1026 Ellagic acid, 644 Erythronic acid, 213 Ellagotannins, 643, 644 Erythronilide, 1026 Elsinan, 275 Erythropterine, 675 Elymoclavine, 959 Erythrose, 198 Embelin, 704 Erythrosine, 875, 876 Emodins, 709 Erythrulose, 201 Emulsifiers, 882 Esculetin, 799 Emulsions, 485 Estafiatin, 634 1090 INDEX

Esters, 557 Fat, milk fatty acids in, 98 glycerol, 884 structural, 120 glycols, 884 Fats, 87 organoleptic properties, 569 cholesterol content, 142 oxopropyl fatty acid, 915 emulsification, 120 Estolides, 146 Fatty acids, 88 Estragole, 525 abbreviations, 112 Ethanal, see acetaldehyde alicyclic, 105 Ethanine, see theanine alkynoic, 88, 93, 104 Ethanol, 509 amides, 129, 145 reactions, 510 autoxidation, 154–157 Ethanolamine, 582 biosynthesis, 95 Ethene, see ethylene branched, 88, 92, 93, 104 Ether hydroperoxides, 527 chlorinated, 106, 881, 882 Etherolenic acid content in fats and oils, 97 Ethers, 524 cyclic peroxides, 157 aromatic, 525 cyclic, 88, 92, 93, 105, 148, 149 glyceryl, 111 cyclohexane, 105, 149 terpenic, 524 cyclohexene, 149 Ethiin, 15, 16 cyclopentane, 105, 148 Ethyl acetate, 558 cyclopentene, 148 butyrate, 558 cyclopropane, 105 caprinate, 558 cyclopropene, 105 capronate, 558 dimers, 149–151, 168 caprylate, 558 endoperoxides, 157 carbamate, 939 epoxy, 105, 157, 161–4 carbamate, content in foods, 939 essential, 396 carbamate, reactions, 940, 941 furan, 93, 95, 105, 161–3 decadienoate, 501 hydroxy, 106, 157 lactate, 558 long chain, 88 Ethylcysteine sulfoxide, see ethiin medium chain, 88, 97 Ethylene, 13 melting points, 106, 107 glycol, 854 metabolism, 96 oxide, see oxirane monoenoic, 88, 89 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 872 nitro, 106 Ethylenethiourea, 1019 oxoacids, 157 Ethylglutamine, see theatine polyenoic, 88 Ethylglyoxal, 394 reactions, 96, 145, 151–4, 169–74 Ethylmaltol, 621 salts, 145 Etrimfos, 1011 short chain, 88, 97 Eucalyptol, see cineole solubility, 108 Eudesmane, 634 sulfur-containing, 106 Eugenol, 501, 571, 653 trans 103, 104, 152 Euglobulins, 36 trimers, 150 Eumelanins, 426, 669 ultra-long chain, 88 unsaturated, 88, 89 Euphol, 135, 136 very long chain, 88 Europinidin, 679 saturated, 88, 97 Exotoxins, 963 Favism, 747, 748 Extensin, 10 Febantel, 1026 Exudates, 233 Felinine, 16, 17 Fellopterin, 800 FAD, 364 Fenchane, 503 Fagopyritol, 211 Fenchol, 514, 516 Falcarindiol, 806 Fenchone, 535 Falcarinol, 806 Fenitrothione, 1011 Fallacinol, 710 Fenvalerate, 1011 Farnesene, 504, 506 Ferredoxins, 422 Farnesol, 518, 519 Ferrichrome, 422 Fasciculic acids, 834 Ferritin, 421 Fasciculols, 834 Ferrylmyoglobin, 663 INDEX 1091

Ferulic acid, 552 reactions, 295, 541 dimers, 553 Formic acid, 542, 850 reactions, 572, 573 Formononetin, 789 Ferulyl alcohol, see coniferyl alcohol Formose, 298, 299 Fibre, 234 Formylkynurenine, 68 utilisation, 234 Formyltetrahydrofolic acid, 378 Filbertone, 501, 533 Foxim, 1027 Fish, amino acid content, 42 Fraxidin, 799 aroma, 596 Fructofuranose, 201 biotin content, 361 Fructooligosaccharides, 220, 221, 223 carotenoids, 722 Fructopyranose, 201 corrinoids contents, 384 Fructosamine, 217 folacin content, 361 Fructose, 201 haem pigments, 660 anhydrosugars, 282 lipid content, 115 Fructosylamine, 216 minerals, see individual minerals Fruits, anthocyanins, 682–684 niacin content, 361 aroma, 599–604 nutritional value, 42 ascorbic acid content, 387, 395, 396 pantothenic acid content, 361 biotin content, 361, 377 protein content, 46 bitter compounds, 629, 630 pyridoxal content, 361 carotenoids in, 718, 719 riboflavin content, 361, 366 citric acid content, 550 thiamine content, 361 fibre, 234 vitamin A content, 341 folacin content, 361, 379 vitamin D content, 348 glucitol, 210 vitamin E content, 352 isocitric acid content, 550 vitamin K content, 358 lipid content, 115 water content, 463, 465 malic acid content, 550 Flavan, 677 minerals, see individual minerals Flavan-3,4-diols, see leucoanthocyanidins monosaccharides, 205 Flavan-3-ols, see catechins niacin content, 361, 370 Flavanones, 677, 678, 693, 694 pantothenic acid content, 361, 372 reactions, 697 pectin content, 260 Flavanonols, 677, 678, 694 protein content, 46 Flavin adenine dinucleotide, see FAD pyridoxal content, 361 mononucleotide, see FMN riboflavin content, 361, 367 Flavomentin, 705 thiamine content, 361, 364 Flavonoids, 677 vitamin A content, 341, 345 antioxidative activity, 812 vitamin E content, 352 Flavonols, see dihydroflavones vitamin K content, 358 Flavones, 677, 678, 694, 695 water content, 463, 465 Flavour enhancers, 873 Fucose, 216 reversion, 178 Fucosterol, 136, 140 Flavourings, 864 Fucoxanthin, 716 Flazine, 78 Fulvine, 756 Fluoranthene, 919 Fumaric acid, 546, 851 Fluorene, 919 Fumonisins, 942, 956–958 Fluorine, 441 Fungi, vitamin D content, 348 content in foods, 440 Furan, 903, 904 FMN, 364 content in foods, 905, 906 Foams, 486 reactions, 906–908 Folacin, 377 Furan-2-carbaldehyde, 283, 284, 315 reactions, 379–381 Furan-2-carboxylic acid, 394 Folic acid, 377 Furan-3-ones, 284, 288 Folpet, 1011 Furaneol, 288, 289, 585 Fomentariol, 707 Furanmethanethiols, 586 Food, functional, 2 Furanocoumarins, 798, 799 intolerance, 3 Furanophenathrenequinones, 812 novel, 2 Furans, 585 organic, 3 Furcellaran, 269, 271 Formaldehyde, 72, 527 Furosine, 18, 331 1092 INDEX

Fusarin, 942, 958 Gingerols, 652 Fusel oil alcohols, see alcohols, higher derivatives, 809 reactions, 653 Gitogenin, 772 Gababetaine, 12, 13 Gliadins, 36, 60, 61 Gadoleic acid, 89 Globulin G, see lysozyme Galactans, 231 Globulins, 36 Galactinol, 211 Glucans, 231 Galactitol, 208, 210 β 254, 255, 272 Galactolipids, 128 Glucitol, 208, 210 Galactomannans, 249 Glucoalyssin, 782 Galactonic acid, 213 Glucoaubrietin, 782 Galactonolactones, 213, 214 Glucobarbarin, 782 Galactooligosaccharides, 220, 226, 227 Glucoberteroin, 782 Galactosamine, 216 Glucobrassicanapin, 782 Galactose, 200, 227 Glucobrassicin, 782 Galactosides, α 747 Glucobrassicins, reactions, 785 Galactosylglycerols, 128 Glucocapparin, 782 Galangin, 696 Glucocheirolin, 782 Galbanolene, 614 Glucochlearin, 782 Gallates, 862 Glucoerucin, 782 Gallic acid, 552 Glucoerysolin, 782 reactions, 735 Glucofructans, see fructans Gallocatechin gallate, 648 Glucofuranose, 201 Gallocatechins, 648 Glucoiberin, 782 Gallotannins, 643, 644 Glucoibervirin, 17, 782 Gambierol, 843 Glucolimnantin, 782 Gangliosides, see sialoglycosphingolipids Glucomannans, 249 Garcinic acid, 549 Gluconapin, 17, 782 Garcinol, 700, 701 Gluconapoleiferin, 782 Garcinone, 700 Gluconasturtiin, 782 Gardenoside, 730 Gluconic acid, 213 Gardoside, 730 Gluconolactones, 213, 214 Gartanin, 700 Glucooligosaccharides, 219, 220 Geddic acid, see gheddic acid Glucoputranjivin, 782 Gelatine, 50 Glucopyranose, 201 Gellan, 272, 273 Glucoraphanin, 782 Gels, of gelatine, 481–3 Glucoraphasatin, 782 of polysaccharides, 483–5 Glucoraphenin, 782 of proteins, 482, 483 Glucosamine, 216 Geniposide, 730 Glucose, 200 Geniposidic acid, 730 Glucose, anhydrosugars, 282 Genistein, 789 Glucose, formulae, 202 Genistin, 789 Glucose, syrups, 246 Gentamycins, 1024 Glucosibarin, 782 Gentianose, 225 Glucosinolates, 745, 746, 781 Gentiobiose, 219 Glucosinolates, reactions, 783 Gentiopicrin, 633 Glucosylamine, 216 Gentisein, 699, 700 Glucotropaeolin, 782 Gentisic acid, 552 Glucovanillin, 532 Gentisin, 700 Glutamate, sodium hydrogen, 27 Geosmin, 501, 517, 519 Glutamates, 873 Geranial, 530, 531 Glutamic acid, 6, 7, 9, 72, 873 Geraniin, 646 reactions, 72, 73 Geraniol, 514, 515 semialdehyde, 69 Geranyl acetate, 558 Glutamine, 6, 7, 9 Geranylacetone, 725 reactions, 75 Germacrene, 504–506, 634 Glutamylalk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxides, 30, 31 Gheddic acid, 88 Glutamylalk(en)yl cysteines, 30, 31 Gibberellins, 519 Glutamylalk(en)yl glutathiones, 30, 31 Gingerdiol, 653 Glutamylcysteinylglycine, see glutathione INDEX 1093

Glutaric acid, 544 Grasshopper ketone, 726, 728 Glutathione, 29, 31 Graveolone, 801 Glutelins, 36, 60, 61 Green S, 875, 877 Gluten, 60 Guaiacol, 570, 571 Glutenins, see glutelins Guaiane, 631 Glutiminic acid, see oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid Guanine, 675 Glycans, see polysaccharides Guanylic acid, 873 Glyceollins, 792 Guaranine, 764 Glyceraldehyde, 199 Gulose, 200 Glyceric acid, 213 Gum arabic, 264–6 Glyceroglycolipids, 123, 128 bassora, see tragacanth Glycerol, 209, 511 ghatti, 268 reactions, 886, 915, 916 guar, 249, 250 Glycerolipids, 123 karaya, 267, 268 Glycerophospholipids, 123 konjak, 249, 250 Glycidol, 913, 917 gellan, 272 reactions, 886 larch, 266 Glycidyl esters, 913 locust, 249, 250 Glycine, 6–9, 72 tamarind, 251 derivatives, 13, 14 xanthan, 272 Glycitein, 789 Gums, 233, 264 Glycitin, 789 bacterial, 272 Glycitols, see alditols Gymnopilene, 835 Glycoalkaloids, steroid 765 Gymnopilin, 835 Glycogen, 276 Gymnoprenol, 835 Glycolaldehyde, 72, 82 Gynecogens, 788 reactions, 295, 311 Gynocardin, 105, 775, 776 Glycolic acid, 213, 546 Gypsogenic acid, 770 Glycolipids, 123, 127 Gyromitrin, 832 Glycols, 521 reactions, 833 Glycopeptides, 28 Glycoproteins, 36 Haem, 658 Glycosaminoglycans, see mucopolysaccharides Haematin, 658 Glycosans, see anhydrosugars Haemin, 658 Glycosides, C 214 Haemocyanin, 426 N 216 Haemoglobin, 47 O 214 Haemosiderin, 421 reactions, 281 Haemovanadin, 434 Glycosulosonic acids, 302 Harmane, 78 Glycosylamines, 216, 306–309 Hastanecine, 755 reactions, 310 HBB, see hexabromobiphenyl Glycosylsaccharose, 223, 225 HCB, see hexachlorobenzene Glycylglycine, 29 HCH, see hexachlorocyclohexane Glycyrrhetic acid, 771 Hebevinosides, 835 Glycyrrhizin, 868 Hederagenine, 770 Glyoxal, reactions, 295, 302, 311 Heliosupine, 756 Glyoxylic acid, 550 Heliotric acid, 756 Glyphosate, 1011 Heliotridine, 755 Gnetin, 804 Heliotrine, 756 Goitrin, 784 Heliotropin, 614 Gomphidic acid, 706 Hemiarin, 799 Gomphrenin, 671 Hemicelluloses, 233, 254, 255 Gonyautoxins, 837 Heparin, 280 Gorlic acid, 94 Heptachlor, 965, 1008 Gossypol, 505, 730, 731 Heptadienal, 530 reactions, 731 Heptanol, 509 Gosypetin, 696 Heptenal, 530 Gramine, 824 Herbacetin, 696 Graminin, 248 Hercynine, 12, 13 Gramisterol, 136, 138 Hernandulcin, 519, 868 Grandinin, 646, 647 Hesperetin, 693, 694 1094 INDEX

Hesperidin, 697 Homomethionine, 15, 17 chalcone, 697 Homopantothenic acid, 371 Heterodendrin, 775, 776 Homopolysaccharides, 231 Heterofructans, 247 Homoserine, 14 Heteroglucans, 247, 251, 254 Hopeaphenol, 805 Heteroglycans, see heteropolysaccharides Hordatines, 824 Heterolipids, 87 Hordein, 60 reactions, 192–194 Hordenine, 820, 821 Heteromannans, 247, 249 Hotrienol, 514, 515 Heteropolysaccharides, 231 reactions,, 517 Heteroxanthine, 764 Hulupones, 640 Heteroxylans, 255, 256 Huluponic acids, 640 Hexabromobiphenyl, 965 Humectants, 889 Hexabromocyclododecane, 985, 992 Humulene, 504–506 Hexachlorobenzene, 965, 1009 Humulinic acids, 638, 639 Hexachlorocyclohexane, 965, 1009 Humulones, 636, 637 Hexadecanoids, 174 Hyaluronic acid, 279 Hexahomomethionine, 17 Hydnocarpic acid, 94 Hexahydroxybiphenylic acid, 643, 644 Hydrangenol, 801 Hexamethylenetetramine, 539, 852 Hydrates, 294–8 Hexanal, 172 Hydrazines, substituted 832 Hexanoic acid, see caproic acid Hydrocarbons, 502 Hexanol, 509 accompanying lipids, 132, 133 Hexenals, 172, 173 alicyclic, 507 Hexenol, 513 aliphatic, 507 Hexodiuloses, 215 chlorinated, 999, 1000 Hexosamines, 216 fatty acids products, 507 Hexoses, 198 monocyclic aromatic, see MAHs Hexosuloses, 215 monoterpenic, 502 Hexyl acetate, 558 persistent chlorinated, 1006 Hibiscus acid, 549 polycyclic aromatic, see PAHs Hippuric acid, 12, 13 sesquiterpenic, 503 Hircinoic acid, 93 Hydrogen cyanide, 13, 19, 865 Hirsulone, 688 peroxide, 186 Hirsutidin, 679 sulfide, see sulfane Hispidol, 699 Hydroperoxides, 155–7 Hispidulin, 695 reactions, 159–168, 172–84 Histamine, 818, 819, 821 Hydroxy acids, 93 Histaminol, 512 Hydroxyacetone, reactions, 521 Histidine, 6–9 Hydroxyacetylfuran, 285 dipeptides, 30 Hydroxyalkanals, reactions, 539 reactions, 66, 67 Hydroxyalkenals, 180, 181 Histidinebetaine, see hercynine Hydroxyanthocyanidin, 679 Histones, 37 Hydroxyarginine, 18 Holocalin, 775, 776 Hydroxybenzoic acid, 552 Hololectins, 813 Hydroxycarbonyl compounds, 302, 303 Homarine, 12, 13 Hydroxycarboxylic acids, 546 Homoarginine, 18 Hydroxycholecalciferol, 347 Homobetaine, see alaninebetaine Hydroxycinnamoyl aspartic acid, 12 Homocapsaicins, 761 glutamic acid, 12, 13 Homocarnosine, 30, 31 tyrosine, 12 Homocitrulline, 18 Hydroxycitric acid, see garcinic acid Homocysteic acid, 27 Hydroxycobalamine, 382 Homocysteine, 15 Hydroxyglucobrassicin, 782 Homodihydrocapsaicins, 761 Hydroxyglutamic acid, 17 Homoeriodyctiol, 694 Hydroxyhernandulcin, 519 Homoferreirin, 803 Hydroxyionone, 726 Homofuraneol, 585 reactions, 727 Homogalacturonans, 258 Hydroxyleucine, 14, 69 Homoglycans, see homopolysaccharides Hydroxylubimin, 805 Homolipids, 87 Hydroxylupanine, 758 INDEX 1095

Hydroxylysine, 10, 18 of saccharases, 745 Hydroxymethylfuran-2-carbaldehyde, 283, 284 Inosine, 874 Hydroxymethylproline, 19 Inosinic acid, 873, 874 Hydroxynorleucine, 14 reactions, 874 Hydroxynorvaline, 14 Inositol, 396, 398, 399 Hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, 72 Inositols, see alditols Hydroxypipecolic acid, 20 Intolerance of food, 747 Hydroxyproline, 10 of lactose, 747 betaine, 12 Inulin, 247 Hydroxypropanal, 72, 82, 540 Inulobiose, 224, 225 Hydroxypyranone, 394, 566 Invert sugar, 223 Hydroxyretinol, 338 Iodine, 439 Hydroxystachydrine, see betonicine content in foods, 440 Hydroxysulfonic acids, 328 Iodinin, 676 Hydroxytryptophan, 68 Iodogorgic acid, see triiodothyronine Hydroxytyrosol, 512, 520 Ionol, 728 Hygroaurins, 673, 674 Ionone, 338, 726 Hylocerenin, 671 reactions, 728 Hyperflorin, 712 Ipomeamarone, 805 Hypericin, 711, 712, 865 Ipomeanine, 805 Hyperin, 696 Ipomeanols, 805 Hyperoside, see hyperin Iprodion, 1011 Hypochlorites, reactions, 881 Iridane, 730 Hypocrellin, 708 Iridoids, 730 Hypoglycins, 14, 817 Iron, 421 Hypotaurine, 400 content in foods, 425, 445 Isanic acid, 92 Ibotenic acid, 17, 20, 27, 830 Isoacids, 93, 104 reactions, 830 Isoallicin, pigments from, 579 Ichangin, 629 Isoalliin, 15, 16 Iditol, 208 Isoalloxazine, 676 Idose, 200 Isoalloxazines, 676 Illudins, 834 Isoamyl acetate, 558 Imidazoles, 589 Isoamyl alcohol, 509, 511 reactions, 589 Isoascorbic acid, 384 substituted, 315 Isobergapten, 800 Imidazopyridines, 18 Isobetanidin, 670, 671 Imidazoquinolines, 18 Isobityrosine, 66 Imidazoquinoxalines, 18 Isobornylane, 503 Imines, reactions, 539 Isobutanoic acid, 542 Immunoglobulin, 53, 55, 58 Isobutyric acid, see isobutanoic acid IMP, see inosinic acid Isobutanol, 509, 511 Imperatorin, 800 Isobutrin, 697 Indene, 920 Isobutyl acetate, 558 Indenopyrene, 919 Isobutylthiazole, 501 Indican, 670 Isobutyraldehyde, 527 Indicaxanthin, 671, 672 Isobutyric acid, see isobutanoic acid Indigo, 669, 670 Isocamphane, 503 Indigotine, 875, 876 Isocarthamidin, 697 Indirubin, 670 Isocarthamin, 697, 698 Indole, 69, 588 Isochavicine, 754 Indoleacetic acid, 69 Isochromene, 701 Indoles, antimicrobial activity, 807 Isochromenes, 701 Indolylethanol, 825 Isocitric acid, 549 Indolylacetaldehyde, 785 Isocoumarins, 798, 799 Indolylacetamide, 785 Isodomoic acids, 840 Indolylacetic acid, 785 Isoeugenol, 571 Indolyllactic acid, 825 Isoflavanones, antimicrobial activity, 803 Indospicine, 18 Isoflavones, 699 Inhibitors of enzymes, 743 Isoflavones, antimicrobial activity, 803 of proteases, 744 Isoflavones, phytooestrogens, 788 1096 INDEX

Isoflavonoids, 677, 678, 798, 799 Kaempherol, 696 Isofumigaclavine, 951 Kahweofuran, 586 Isohumulones, 637 Kahweol, 506 Isohumulones, reactions, 639 Kanamycins, 1025 Isohypericin, 711, 712 Kaurene, 505, 506 Isoimperatorin, 800 Kava pyrones, 566 Isoindigo, 670 Kavain, 566 Isoindirubin, 670 Kelose, 225, 226 Isokestose, 225 Keratan sulfate, 279 Isoleucine, 6–9, 14, 26, 72 Keratin, 50 allo 26 Kermes, 712 Isoliquiritigenin, 697 Kermesic acid, 712 Isolupanine, 758 Kestose, 224–6 Isomalt, 224, 870 Ketoacids, see oxoacids Isomaltitol, 225 Ketoaldoses, 215 Isomaltol, 287, 501, 585 Ketodeoxyoctonic acid, 213, 214, 259 Isomaltose, 219 Ketols, 164 Isomaltotriose, 219 Ketones, 527, 532 Isomaltulose, 223–5 accompanying lipids, 133 Isomenthol, 514, 516 alicyclic, 533 Isomenthone, 534 aliphatic, 533 Isopanose, 219 terpenic, 534 Isophthalic acid, 1035 Ketoprofen, 1027 Isopimpinellin, 800 Ketosamines, 216, 307, 312 Isopiperine, 754 Ketoses, 198, 200 Isopiperitenol, 516 Ketosylamines, 307 Isoprenoids, see terpenoids Kievitone, 790 Isopulegol, 654 Kitol, 340 Isopyromucic acid, see hydroxypyranone Kojibiose, 219 Isoquercitrin, 696 Isoquinoline, 590, 674 Lac, 712 Isoquinolines, 674 Laccaic acid, 713 Isoraffinose, 229 Lacceric acid, 88 Isoretronecanol, 755 Lacceryl alcohol, 108 Isorhamnetin, 696 Lactalbumin, 47, 53, 55 Isorosmanol, 811 Lactaldehyde, reactions, 521 Isosaccharinic acids, 292, 293 Lactams, 73 Isosafrole, 526, 865 Lactarazulene, 732 Isosakuranetin, 694 Lactaroviolin, 732 Isosorbides, 886 Lactic acid, 546, 851 Isotachysterol, 349 esters, 887 Isothiocyanates, 82, 579, 580 oligomers, 887 reactions, 581 reactions, 547, 548 Isotrehalose, 218, 219 Lactides, 555 Isouramil, 748 Lactitol, 227, 870 Isovaleraldehyde, 527 Lactobacillic acid, 93, 94 Isovanillin, 614 Lactofucopentaose, 228 Isowighteone, 790 Lactoglobulin, 40, 47, 53, 55 Isowillardiine, 21 Lactols, see hemiacetals Isoxanthohumol, 791 Lactones, 556, 562, 569 Isoxazolinonylalanine, 20, 21 galactonic acid, 213 Isoxerocomic acid, 706 gluconic acid, 213 Iso-α-acids, 637 Lactosaccharose, 223, 227 Itaconic acid, 546 Lactose, 226, 229 Lactotetraose, 228 Jalapinolic acid, 93, 106 Lactucaxanthin, 716 Jasmolin, 1000 Lactucin, 631 Jasmone, 174, 534 Lactucopicrin, 631 Jasmonic acid, 94, 174 Lactulose, 227, 229 Jatrorrhizine, 674 Lactylates, see lactic acid esters Juglone, 708 Laevoglucosan, 216 INDEX 1097

Laevulinic acid, 213, 289, 551 Lilagenin, 772 Laminaribiose, 219 Limettin, 799 Laminine, 12, 13 Limocitrin, 695 Lanceal, 531 Limonene, 503, 504 Lanceol, 518, 519 chlorinated, 882 Lanostane, 134 epoxides, 508 Lanosterol, 135, 136 hydroperoxides, 508 Lanthionine, 16, 26, 27, 75 reactions, 508 meso,27 Limonin, 629 Laricic acid, see agaricinic acid reactions, 629 Lariciresinol, 794 Limonoic acid, 629 Laricitrin, 696 Limonoids, 629 Lasiocarpic acid, 756 Linalool oxides, 524, 525 Lasiocarpine, 756 reactions, 517 Lathosterol, 136, 139 Linalool, 514, 515 Lathyrine, 21 reactions, 517 Lathyrogens, 805 Linamarin, 775, 776 Lauric acid, 88 Linatin, see aminoproline Lauryl alcohol, 108 Lincomycin, 1026 Lavandulol, 514, 517 Lindane, 965, 1009 Lawsone, 708 Linoleic acid, 90 Lead, 445 conjugated, 103 content in foods, 445, 447–448 reactions, 147, 152, 155, 158 Leaianafulvene, 834 Linolenic acid, 90, 92 Lecithin, 123, 126, 884 reactions, 147, 155, 158 Lectins, 813 Linustatin, 775, 776 content in foods, 814 Lipid sulfates, 129 Legumes, 18, 20, 21, 61 Lipids, 87 alditols, 212 biosynthesis, 113 amino acid content, 45 complex, 130 composition, 61 content in foods, 115 oligosaccharides, 230 digestion, 113 protein content, 46 epicuticular, 108 saponin content, 769 interactions with water, 471 Lenthionine, 16, 576, 612 nutrition, 114 Lentinan, 275 occurrence, 114 Lentinic acid, 16, 30 oxidation by metals, 175 Leptidine, 766 oxidised, reactions, 179, 184 Leptinidine, 766 reactions, 145 Leucine, 6–9, 14, 72 Lipoic acid, 400 reactions, 69 Lipoids, 87 Leucoanthocyanidins, 649, 677, 678 Lipopeptides, 28 Leucocyanidin, 649 Lipoproteins, 36, 130, 131 Laucopterine, 675 Lipovitellenin, 57, 58 Leucodelphinidin, 649 Lipovitellin, 57, 58 Leucomentin, 705 Liquiritigenin, 694 Leucopelargonidin, 649 Lithorubine BK, 875, 877 Levan, 247 Lithospermic acid, 560 Levanbiose, 225 Livetin, 57 Licanic acid, 93, 94, 95, 106 Loganin, 633 Lichesterol, 136 Lophenol, 136, 138 Lignans, 792 Lotaustralin, 775, 776 antioxidative activity, 809 Lubimin, 805 content in foods, 795 Lubricants, 889 phytooestrogens, 788, 791 Lucernol, 791 Lignin, 233, 262, 263 Lucidin, 709 Lignoceric acid, 88 Lucumin, 775, 776 Lignoceryl alcohol, 108 Lugangetin, 801 Ligstroside, 629 Lumichrome, 366 Ligustilide, 567 Lumiflavin, 366 Lilac alcohol, reactions, 517 Lumisterol, 350 1098 INDEX

Lupanine, 758 Mannitol, 208, 210, 870 Lupeol, 136, 137 Mannonic acid, 213 Lupinine, 758 Mannosamine, 216 Lupiwighteone, 790 Mannose, 200 Lupulones, 636, 637 Marasmicin, 16 Lutein, 338, 339, 716, 875 Marasmin, 15, 16 Luteolin, 694 Marein, 697 Luteolinidin, 679, 680 Matairesinol glycosides, 794 Luteone, 790 Matairesinol, 794 Luteoxanthin, 717 Mateine, 764 Lycopene, 713, 725, 875 Mayonnaise, 120 Lycotetraose, 767 Meat, 44–52 Lysergic acid, 959 amino acid content, 42 Lysine, 6–9, 18, 72 aroma, 594–6 reactions, 69 ascorbic acid content, 386, 387 Lysinebetaine, see laminine biotin content, 361, 376, 377 Lysinoalanine, 16, 75 corrinoids contents, 384 Lysinonorleucine, 49 defects, 51 Lysophosphatides, 123 folacin content, 361, 380 Lysophosphatidic acid, 123 haem pigments, 660 Lysozyme, 57, 58, 852, 853 lipid content, 115 Lysyl taurine, 34 minerals, see individual minerals Lyxose, 200 monosaccharides, 204 niacin content, 361, 369 Maackiain, 791 nutritional value, 42 Macroelements, see elements, majority pantothenic acid content, 361, 371, 372 Macroglobulin, 55 protein content, 46 Macronutrients, 2 pyridoxal content, 361, 373, 375 Macropeptides, see polypeptides riboflavin content, 361 Maggi lactone, see abhexon thiamine content, 361, 364 Magnesium, 418 vitamin A content, 341, 345 content in foods, 417 vitamin D content, 348 MAHs, 929, 930 vitamin E content, 352 content in foods, 930 vitamin K content, 358 Mahuaniin, 648 water content, 463, 465 Maillard reaction, inhibition, 328 Meconic acid, 554 nutrition, 327 Medicagenic acid, 770 Maitotoxin, 843 Medicarpin, 791 Malathione, 1011 Megastigmane, 724 Maleinic acid, 546 Melamine, 1035 Malic acid, 548, 549, 851 Melanins, 669 Malondialdehyde, 168, 182, 183 Melanoidins, 304, 323–6 Malonic acid, 544 Melanoproteins, 318, 319 Maltitol, 221, 870 Melatonine, 821 Maltodextrin, 245 Melezitose, 225 Maltol, 287, 501, 587 Melibiose, 229 Maltose, 217–20 Melilotic acid, 568 syrups, 246 Melissic acid, 88 Maltotriose, 219 Melissyl alcohol, see myricyl alcohol Maltoxazine, 315 Menadione, 356–9 Maltulose, 221, 225 Menaquinone, 356 Malvalic acid, 94 Menthane, 502 Malvidin, 679 Menthanediol, 654, 655 Malvone, 688 Menthanolone, 612 Mandelonitrile, 778 Menthenethiol, 603 Manganese, 428 Menthofuran, 524, 865 content in foods, 429 Menthol, 514, 516, 654 Mangiferin, 700 Menthone, 534, 655 Mangostins, 700 Mercaptans, see thiols Mannans, 231 Mercaptoacetaldehyde, 72, 82 Manninotriose, 229 Mercaptoethanal, see mercaptoacetaldehyde INDEX 1099

Mercaptohexanol, 512 Methylheptenone, see filbertone Mercapturic acids, 16, 17 Methylhistidine, 10, 20 Mercury, 448 Methylhydantoine, 74 content in foods, 445, 447–8 Methylimidazole, 333, 334 Merolectins, 813 Methylisoborneol, 514, 517, 519 Mesaconic acid, 546 Methylketones, 73, 178, 533 Mescaline, 824 Methyllanthionine, 27 Mesifurane, 586 Methyllinamarin, see lotaustralin Metalaxyl, 1011 Methylmercaptohistidine, see ovothiol A Metalloproteins, 36, 409 Methylmethionine, 399 Metallothioneins, 30, 407, 408 Methyloxirane, 854 Metalopeptides, 28 Methylphaeophorbides, 665 Metals, heavy 443 Methylproline, 19, 20 Metasaccharinic acids, 284, 292 Methylpropanal, 72 Metatartaric acid, 872 Methylspinaceamine, 825 Methacrylic acid, 1034 Methylsterols, 134, 136 Methaemoglobin, 659 Methyltetrahydrofolic acid, 378 Methanal, see formaldehyde Methylthioacetaldehyde, 528 Methanethiol, 82, 574 Methylthioalkanals, 528 Methanol, 509 Methylthioalkyl esters, 576 Methiin, 15, 16, 816 Methylthioesters, 597 Methimazole, 1030 Methylthioethanal, see methylthioacetaldehyde Methional, 72, 82, 528, 576 Methylthionorvaline see homomethionine Methionine, 6–9, 14, 17, 72 Methylthiopropanal, see methional sulfone, 65 Methysticin, 566 sulfoxide, 65 Metmyoglobin, 659 sulfoximine, 881, 882 Micelles, 54 Methionol, 512, 576 Microelements, see elements, trace Methoxyglucobrassicin, 782 Milk, 52–56 Methoxymellein, 633, 802 amino acid content, 43 Methyl anthranilate, 611 aroma, 596 Methyl eugenol, 525 ascorbic acid content, 387, 396 Methyl isoeugenol, 525 biotin content, 361, 377 Methyl N-methylanthranilate, 603 cholesterol content, 142 Methyl oleoside, 629 corrinoids contents, 383, 384 Methylamine, 582 folacin content, 361, 380 Methylarbutin, 704 lipid content, 115 Methylarsonic acid, 450 minerals, see individual minerals Methylazoxymethanol, 780 monosaccharides, 204 Methylbutanal, 72 niacin content, 361, 369, 370 Methylbutenethiol, reactions, 638 nutritional value, 42 Methylchromones, 710 oligosaccharides, 229 Methylchrysene, 920 pantothenic acid content, 361, 371, 372 Methylcobalamine, 382 protein content, 46 Methylcyanidin, 679 pyridoxal content, 361, 373, 375 Methylcysteine, 15 riboflavin content, 361, 366 sulfoxide, see methiin thiamine content, 361, 364 Methyldihydrofolic acid, 379, 380 vitamin A content, 341, 345 Methylenecycloartanol, 136, 138 vitamin D content, 348 Methyleneglutamic acid, 17 vitamin E content, 352 Methyleneglutamine, 17 vitamin K content, 358 Methyleneproline, 19 water content, 463, 465 Methylequol, 797 Mimosine, 21, 817 Methyleugenol, 865 Minerals, bonding, 404 Methylfalcarindiol, 806 complexes, 404–412 Methylfuran-2-carbaldehyde, 283, 284 interactions, 404 Methylglutamic acid, 17, 27 Minerals, see elements, mineral Methylglycine, see sarcosine Mint lactone, 566 Methylglyoxal, 536 Miraculin, 870 reactions, 293, 521 Miraxanthins, 671 Methylguanidine, 74 Mirex, 965, 1008, 1009 1100 INDEX

Molybdenum, 432 Naringenin, 693, 694, 697 Molybdenum, content in foods, 432 chalcone, 697 Momordicosides, 632 reactions, 899 Monascin, 701 Naringin dihydrochalcone, 866, 867 Monascorubin, 701 Natamycin, 852 Monascorubramine, 702 Neapolitanose, 219 Monellin, 868, 870 Necic acids, 755, 756 Monensin, 1026 Necines, 755 Moniliformin, 942, 958 Neoacids, 93 Monoacylglycerols, 111, 112 Neobetanidin, 670, 671 ethers, 885 Neocarotenoids, 717 Monocrotaline, 756 Neochlorogenic acid, 559, 560 Monolignols, 262 reactions, 641 Monosaccharides, 198, 199 Neoflavonoids, 677, 678, 798, 799 derivatives, 207 Neogitogenin, 772 reactions, 280, 283, 291–5 Neoglucobrassicin, 782 Montanic acid, 88 Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, 866, 867, 870 Morelid, 627 Neohesperidose, 222 Morin, 696 Neoisomethol, 516 Mosesins, 845 Neokestose, 225, 226 Mucilages, 233, 264 Neolinustatin, 775, 776 Neomethol, 514, 516 Mucolipids, 131 Neosolaniol, 952, 953 Mucopeptides, 278 Neosugar, 225 Mucopolysaccharides, 278 Neotame, 866, 867, 870 Mucoproteins, 278, 280 Neotigogenin, 772 Mugineic acid, 22 Neotrehalose, 217–19 Multiflorine, 758 Neoxanthin, 716 Mureins, 217 Nepetin, 695 Muscaflavin, 673, 674 Neral, 530, 531 Muscapurpurin, 673 Nerol oxide, 524, 525 Muscarine, 831 Nerol, 514, 515 Muscarufin, 705 Nerolidol, 518, 519 Muscaurins, 672 Nervonic acid, 89 Muscazone, 830 Neryl acetate, 558 Muscimol, 830 Netobimin, 1026 Mutagens, 895 Neurosporen, 713 Mutarotation, 202, 307 Neurotoxins, 963 Mutatochrom, 517 Niacin amide, see nicotinamide Mutatoxanthin, 717 Niacin, 367 Muurolene, 504–6 reactions, 368 Mycooestrogens, 788, 796 Nickel, 430 Mycosterols, 138 content in foods, 429 Mycotoxins, 942 Nicotelline, 753 Myoglobin, 38, 47, 419, 658 Nicotianamine, 22 Myomesin, 47, 419, 420 Nicotianine, 22 Myomesin, 47 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, see NAD Myosin, 47 Nicotinamide, 367 Myosmine, 753 Nicotine, 752 Myrcene, 502, 504 Nicotinic acid, 367, 753 Myricetin, 696 glucopyranosyl, derivative, 369 Myricyl alcohol, 108 reactions, 369 Myristic acid, 88, 89 Nicotinoids, 999 Myristicin, 526 Nicotinoylglucose, 369 Myristoleic acid, 89 Nicotyrine, 753 Myristoleyl alcohol, 109 Nigerose, 219 Myristyl alcohol, 108 Nisin, 16, 27, 852, 853 Nitrates, 451, 452 content in foods, 453, 454 NAD, 367, 368 content in water, 453 Naphthoquinones, 703, 708 Nitriles, 568, 569, 451, 452, 855 INDEX 1101

Nitritocobalamine, 382 lipid content, 115 Nitrogen trichloride, 881 protein content, 46 Nitrolinoleic acids, 106 Nystose, 224, 225 Nitrooleic acid, 95 Nitrosamides, 930, 931 Oaklins, 689, 690 reactions, 937 Obtusifoliol, 136, 138 Nitrosamines, 930, 931 Obtusilic acid, 89 content in foods, 931 Ochratoxins, 942, 948 reactions, 932–4 Ocimene, 502, 504 Nitrosoagmatine, 935 Octaacetylsaccharose, 873 Nitrosoanabasine, 935 Octadienol, 514 Nitrosoanatabine, 935 Octadienone, 533 Nitrosobiotin, 377 Octanoic acid, see caprylic acid Nitrosocysteine, 937 Octanol, 513 Nitrosodiethylamine, 931 Octenol, 173, 501, 513 Nitrosodimethylamine, 931, 933 reactions, 514 Nitrosohaemochrome, 662 Octenone, 533 Nitrosohydroxyproline, 931 Octopamine, 820 Nitrosomethylguanidine, 933 Nitrosomethylurea, 935 N-substituted, 584 Nitrosomorpholine, 934 Oestradiol, 788 Nitrosomyoglobin, 662 Oestrane, 788 Nitrosonornicotine, 935 Oestriol, 788 Nitrosopiperidine, 931, 934 Oestrogens, 788 Nitrosoproline, 931, 934 Oestrone, 788 Nitrosopyrrolidine, 931, 934 Ofidine, see balenine Nitrososarcosine, 933 Oil, abrasin, 103 Nitrosothiazolidine carboxylic acid, 931, 934 almond, 101, 118 Nitrosothiazolidine, 934 avocado, 101, 118 Nitrosylmyoglobin, see nitrosomyoglobin Babassu, 98 Nitroxyhaemochrome, see nitrosohaemochrome blackcurrant, 103 Nitroxymyoglobin, see nitrosomyoglobin boleka, 104 Nivalenol, 942, 952, 953 borage, 103 Nobiletin, 695 coconut, 98, 118 Nomilin, 629 cottonseed, 101, 118 Nomilinic acid, 629 crambe, 101 Nonadienals, 172, 173, 501, 530 evening primrose, 103 Nonatrienal, 530 fish, 100 Nonenal, 530 hazelnut, 101, 118 Nootkatol, 518, 519 hempseed, 118 Nootkatone, 505, 535 linseed, 97, 118 Noradrenaline, see norepinephrine maize, 118 Norathyriol, 699, 700 mustard, 101, 118 Norbadione A, 457 olive, 97, 98, 101, 118 Norbaeocystin, 831 palm kernel, 98 Norbixin, 721, 875 palm, 97, 118 Nordihydrocapsaicins, 761 peanut, 97, 101, 118 Nordihydroguaiaretic acid, 792 perilla, 118 Norepinephrine, 819–21 poppyseed, 101, 118 Norfuraneol, 288, 585 rapeseed, 97, 101, 118 Norharmane, 78 rice, 97, 118 Norleucine, 14, 72 safflower, 97, 101, 118 Nornicotine, 752, 753 sesame, 97, 101, 118 Nortropane, 760 soybean, 97, 101, 118 Norvaline, 14, 72 sperm, 109 Nothofagin, 698 sunflower, 97, 101, 118 Nucleopeptides, 28 wheat germ, 97, 101, 118 Nucleoproteins, 36 wood, 103 Nuts, amino acid content, 45 Oils, 87 composition, 61 carotenoids in, 722 fatty acids, 103 drying, 111 1102 INDEX

Oils (continued) Ovotransferrin, 57, 58 essential, 618–21 Oxalic acid, 544, 745 refining, 119 content in foods, 545 sterols in, 144 reactions, 390, 544 virgin, 118 Oxaloacetic acid, 550 vitamin E content, 353, 356 Oxalylalanine see oxalyldiaminopropionic acid vitamin K content, 358 Oxalyldiaminopropanoic acid, see oxalyldiaminopropionic acid Oilseeds, amino acid content, 45 Oxalyldiaminopropionic acid, 21, 815, 816 composition, 61 Oxanthrone, 709 nutritional value, 42 Oxathianes, 587 protein content, 46 Oxazoles, 592 Okadaic acid, 836, 837 reactions, 592, 593 Okanin, 697 Oxazolidine carboxylic acids, 78 Okra, 268, 269 Oxfendazol, 1028 Oleanolic acid, 136, 137, 770 Oximes, 937, 938 Oleic acid, 89, 90, 884 Oxindole, 68, 69 reactions, 146, 155, 156 Oxirane, 854 Oleocanthal, 630 Oxiranes, reactions, 854 Oleoresins, 619 Oxoacids, 106 Oleoside, 629 reactions, 557 Oleuropein, 630 Oxobutanoic acid, 72, 81, 82, 550 Oleyl alcohol, 109 Oxobutyric acid, see oxobutanoic acid Oligofructose, 224 Oxohistidine, 67 Oligopeptides, 28 Oxoproline, see oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid Oligosaccharides, 198, 217 Oxopropionic acid, see pyruvic acid Ononin, 789 Oxopyrrolidine carboxylic acid, see pyroglutamic acid Ononitol, 210 Oxosuccinic acid, see oxaloacetic acid Oosporein, 705, 706 Oxovitisins, 691 Opsins, 339 Oxyacanthine, 674 Orcein, 676 Oxygen metabolism, 185 Orcinol, 677 Oxyhaemocyanin, see haemocyanin Orellanine, 831 Oxyhaemoglobin, 659 Orelline, 831 Oxylipins, 174 Orellinine, 831 Oxymyoglobin, 658 Organohalogens, 963 Oxynicotine, 753 Orientin, 695 Oxypeucedanin, 800 Ornithine, 17, 72, 81 Oxypolymerisation, 164 reactions, 934 Oxytetracycline, 1025 Ornithinoalanine, 75, 76 Oxythiamine, 359 Ornithyl alanine, 34 Ornithyl aminobutyric acid, 34 PAHs, 918 Ornithyl taurine, 34 content in foods, 924–6 Orotic acid, 396, 397 reactions, 927–9 Oryzenin, 61 Pahutoxin, 845 Oryzin, 61 Palatinitol, 223, 224 Osbeckic acid, 554 Palatinose, see isomaltulose Osladin, 868, 869 Pallidol, 804 Osmosis, 490 Palmatine, 674 Osthenol, 799 Palmidin, 711 Osthol, 799 Palmitic acid, 88, 89 Osuloses, 215 Palmitoleic acid, 89 Otonecine, 755 Palmitoylglycine, 130 Ovalbumin, 47, 57, 58 Palmolein, 98 Ovoflavoprotein, 57, 58 Palmstearin, 98 Ovoglycoprotein, 57, 58 Palytoxin, 836, 844 Ovoinhibitor, 57, 58 Panaxydiol, 807 Ovomacroglobulin, 57, 58 Pangamic acid, 397 Ovomucin, 57, 58 Panose, 219 Ovomucoid, 57, 58 Pantetheine, 371 Ovostatin, see ovomacroglobulin Panthenol, 371 Ovothiol A, 20 Pantoic acid, 370 INDEX 1103

Pantolactone, 371 cytomodulating, 33 Pantothenic acid, 370 glutamyl, 30 reactions, 371 heterodetic, 28 Pantothenyl alcohol, see panthenol heteromeric, 28 Pantoyllactone, see pantolactone homeomeric, 28 Parabens, 849 homodetic, 28 Parasorbic acid, 566 immunomodulating, 33 Parathione, 1011, 1018 linear, 28, 32 Paraxanthine, 764 mineral-binding, 33 Parietin, 709 opioids, 33 Parinaric acid, 106 organoleptic properties, 34 Parkeol, 136 toxic, 827 Paspalitrem, 961 Peptidoglycans, see mucopeptides Passicoriacin, 775, 776 Peptoids, see peptides heteromeric Passiedulin, 775, 776 Peptones, 53 Patent Blue V, 875, 876 Perception auditorial, 2 Patulin, 942, 949, 950 gustative, 2 Pavoninins, 845 haptic, 2 Paxilline, 961 olfactory, 2 PBBs, see biphenyls, polybrominated tactile, see perception haptic PBDDs, 991 visual, 2 PBDEs, content in foods, 989 Perchlorates, 452 PBDEs, see diphenyl ethers, polybrominated Perferrylmyoglobin, 663 PCBs, 964, 965 Perfluoroctane sulfonamide, 995 congeners, 966 Perfluoroctanoic acid, 995 content in foods, 981 Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, 965 PCDD, 965, 978 Perilenequinones, 708 PCDD/PCDF content in foods, 981 Perillal, see perillaldehyde PCDF, 965, 978 Perillaldehyde, 531, 868, 869 PCP, see pentachlorophenol oxime, 866 Pectenotoxins, 837 Perillyl alcohol, 514, 516 Pectic acids, 257 Perloryline, 78 Pectin, 233, 257–262 Permethrin, 1011, 1015 gels, 260 Peroxy acids, 540 Pectinic acids, 257 Persenone, 103, 104 Pedunculagins, 644, 645 Perylene, 920 Pelargonidin, 679 Pesticides, 999 Penicillic acid, 942, 951, 952 classical, 964, 1002, 1014 Pentachlorophenol, 1009 contact, 1014 Pentanal, 72 modern, 1002–5, 1010 Pentanediol, reactions, 523 non-systemic, 1003–5 Pentanedione, 536 systemic, 1003–5 reactions, 523 traditional, 1002–6 Pentanoic acid, see valeric acid Petanin, 681 Pentanol, 509 Petroselinic acid, 89 optically active, 509, 511 Petunidin, 679 Pentanolide, see valerolactone PFASs, see substances, per(poly)fluoroalkyl Pentathiepane, see lenthionine PFOA, see perfluoroctanoic acid Pentenal, 530 PFOS, see perfluorooctanesulfonic acid Pentobarbital, 1026 PFOSA, see perfluoroctane sulfonamide Pentosans, see arabinoxylans Phaeomelanins, 669 Pentoses, 198 Phaeophorbides, 664, 665 Pentosidine, 322 Phaeophytinisation, 666 Pentosulose, 394 Phaeophytins, 664 Pentylfuran, 166 Phagopyrin, 712 Peonidin, 679 Phallacidin, 828 Peptides, antihypertensive, 33 Phallacin, 828 antimicrobial, 33 Phallasacin, 828 bioactive, 33 Phallisin, 828 bitter, 32 Phalloidin, 828 cyclic, 28, 33 Phalloin, 828 1104 INDEX

Pharnoquinone, 356 Photosensitisers, 170 Phaseolin, 791 Phthalates, 1037 Phaseolunatin, see linamarin Phthalic acid, 1037 Phaseoluteone, 790 Phthalides, 563, 566 Phellandrene, 503, 504 Phycobilins, see bilins Phenanthraquinones, 703 Phycobiliproteins, see bilins Phenanthrene, 919 Phycocyanins, 668 Phenazine, 676 Phycoerythrins, 668 Phenazines, 676 Phyllocactin, 671 Phenol, 571 Phyllodulcin, 801, 868, 869 Phenolic acids, antioxidative activity, 808 Phylloquinone, 356 Phenols, 570 epoxide, 358 antioxidative activity, 807 reactions, 358 reactions, 733, 859 Physetin, 696 Phenoxazine, 676 Phytanic acid, 93 Phenylacetaldehyde, 72, 82, 532 Phytic acid, 410, 419, 420, 745 Phenylacetic acid, 552 content in cereals, 420 Phenylalanine, 6–9, 19, 72, 82 Phytin, 410, 419, 420, 745 reactions, 66, 820 Phytoalexins, 802 Phenylarsonic acid, 450 Phytoanticipins, 802 Phenylethanal, see phenylacetaldehyde Phytochelatins, 408 Phenylethanol, 511, 512, 520 Phytoene, 713, 725 Phenylethyl acetate, 558 Phytoferritin, 422 Phenylethyl alcohol, see phenylethanol Phytofluene, 713 Phenylethyl isothiocyanate, 787 Phytol, 664 Phenylethylamine, 818–821 reactions, 667 Phenylglycine, 19 Phytolaccagenic acid, 770 Phenyloxirane carboxylate, 621 Phytomonic acid, see lactobacillic acid Phenylphenol, 852, 853 Phytooestrogens, 788 Phenylpropanal, 82, 532 Phytosiderophores, 22, 407 Phenylpropanoic acid, 552 Phytosphinganine, 124, 125 Pheomelanins, 426 Phytosterols, 138 Phlein, see inulin Phytuberin, 805 Phlobaphens, 684 Phytylmenaquinone, see vitamin K1 Phloretin, 698 Piceatannol, 803 Phlorizin, 698 Piceid, 803 Phlorofucofuroeckol, 651 Picrocrocin, 635 Phloroglucinols, 636 reactions, 636 Phlorotannins, 651 Pigments, 656 Phorate, 1012 carotenoid see carotenoids Phorbol, 519 chlorophyll, 663 Phosphates, cyclic, 420 haeme, 658 linear, 420 indigoid, 670 Phosphatides, 123 indole, 668 Phosphatidic acids, 123, 885 inorganic, 879 Phosphatidylcholine, 123 isoalloxazine, 668 Phosphatidylethanolamine, 123 isoquinoline, 668 Phosphatidylglycerol, 124 pterine, 668 Phosphatidylinositol, 124 purine, 668 Phosphatidylserine, 123 pyrimidine, 668 Phosphocreatine, see creatine phosphate quinoid, 703 Phospholipids, 36, 123–7 reactions, 656 Phosphonium, 12 Pimaricin, see natamycin Phosphopeptides, 28 Pimelic acid, 544 Phosphoproteins, 36 Pimpinellin, 800 Phosphorus, 418 Pinane, 503 content in foods, 417 Pinene, 503, 504 Phosphoserine, 10 Pinitol, 211 Phosphothreonine, 11 Pinobanksin, 694 Phosvitin, 57, 58 Pinocembrin, 694 Photodieldrin, 1009 Pinoresinol, 793, 794 INDEX 1105

Pinosylvin, 803 nutritional value, 42 Pinotins, 691, 692 protein content, 46 Pipecolic acid, 20 saccharose, 222 Piperanine, 753, 754 starch, 238 Piperettine, 753, 754 Poultry, amino acid content, 42 Piperidine, 751, 753 aroma, 596 Piperidinecarboxylic acid, see pipecolic acid lipid content, 115 Piperidone, 583 protein content, 46 Piperine, 652, 753, 754 Prebetanin, 671 Piperitol, 793 Precarthamin, 697, 698 Piperitone, 654, 655 Premelanoidins, 323 Piperoleines, 753, 754 Prenylflavonoids, phytooestrogens, 788, 790 Piperonal, 532 Prenylnaringenins, 791 Piperyline, 753, 754 Preservatives, 848 Pirimifos-methyl, 1012 Previtamins D, 346, 349, 350 Pisatin, 791 Primeverose, 222 Planteose, 229 Proacacipetalin, see acacipetalin Plasmalogens, 123, 124 Proanthocyanidins, see procyanidins Plasmanic acids, 124 Procyanidins, 646, 649 Plasmenic acids, 124 Progesterone, 1029 Plasticisers, 889 Progoitrin, 17, 782 Plasticity, 487 Prolamins , see gliadins Plastoquinones, 400 Proline,6,7,9,10 Platynecine, 755 reactions, 934 Plumbagin, 708 Prolinebetaine, see stachydrine Pollutants, persistent organic 892, 963 Propanal, 527 Polyacetylenes, antimicrobial activity, 806 Propanediol, reactions, 521 Polyamines, 818 Propanoic acid, see propionic acid content in foods, 823 Propanol, 509, 511 Polygalacturonic acid, 257, 258 reactions, 511 Polyols, see alditols Propargylglycine, 829 Polypeptides, 28, 53 Propellants, 888 Polyporic acid, 705 Propenylguethol, 621 Polysaccharides, 198, 230 Propiconazole, 1012 branched, 331 Propiin, 15, 16 building units, 232 Propiolactone, 562 classification, 232 Propionaldehyde, see propanal cyclic, 331 Propionic acid, 542, 851 fungal, 272 reactions, 543 linear, 331 Propylcysteine sulfoxide, see propiin non-cellulose, 233 Propylene oxide, see methyloxirane non-starch, 233 Propylthiocysteine sulfoxide, 16 non-utilisable, 233 Propylthiouracil, 1030 reserve, 232 Protamines, 36 seaweed, 269 Protein concentrates, 62 structural, 232 isolates, 62 utilisable, 233 dimers, 64 Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone, 890, 891 hydrolysates, 85 Polyvinylpyrrolidone, 891 isocyanate derivatives, 64 Ponceau 4R, 875, 876 oxoacyl derivatives, 64 Poriferastane, 134–6 radicals, 64 Porphyrins, 657 available, 35 Portisins, 692, 693 content in foods, 46 Portulaxanthin, 671, 672 cross-linked, 75, 76 Potassium, 416 denatured, 35 content in foods, 417 digestion, 40 Potatoes, anthocyanins, 685 fibrilar, 36 aroma, 606 globular, 36 ascorbic acid, 385, 387 interactions, 469 dietary fibre, 235 modified, 35, 62 lipid content, 115 myofibrillar, 47, 48 1106 INDEX

Protein concentrates (continued) reactions, 591 native, 35 substituted, 315 non-traditional sources, 62 Pyrazolalanine, 21 nutritional value, 41 Pyrene, 919 reactions, 35, 39, 63, 64, 75–7, 80, 82–5, 186 Pyrethrinic acid, 1000 sarcoplasmatic, 47, 49 Pyrethrins, 1000 toxic, 827 Pyrethroids, 1000 Proteoglycans, see mucoproteins Pyridine, 751 Proteoses, 53 Pyridines, 589 Protoalkaloids, 751, 752 reactions, 589, 590 Protocatechuic acid, 552 Pyridoimidazoles, 896 Protohypericin, 711 Pyridoindoles, 896 Protopectin, 257 Pyridosine, 18, 331 Protoporphyrin IX, 658 Pyridoxal, 372 Protopseudohypericin, 711 phosphate, 372 Provitamin D2, see ergosterol glucopyranosyl, 373 D3, see dehydrocholesterol reactions, 373–375 Provitamins, 335 Pyridoxamine, 372 A, content in foods, 341 phosphate, 372 D, 346, 350 Pyridoxic acid, 373 Prunasin, 775, 776, 778 Pyridoxine, see pyridoxol Pseudo alkaloids, 751, 752 Pyridoxol, 372 Pseudocereals, amino acid content, 44 phosphate, 372 composition, 59 Pyridoxolactone, 373 starch, 238 Pyrodextrins, 241 Pseudocyanogenic glycosides, 779 Pyroglutamic acid, 27, 29, 73, 81 glycosides, reactions, 780 Pyrophaeophorbides, 665 Pseudocyanogens, 774 Pyrophaeophytins, 665 Pseudoglobulins, 36 Pyroside, 704 Pseudohypericin, 711, 712 Pyrosin, 248 Pseudoionone, 725 Pyrovitamins D, 349 Pseudooligosaccharides, 211 Pyrraline, 320 Psicose, 201 Pyrroles, 588 Psilocin, 831 reactions, 588, 589 Psilocybin, 831 substituted, 315 Psoralen, 800 Pyrrolidine, 751 Psychosine, 129 Pyrrolidinylcyclopentenones, 655 Pteridine, 675 Pyrrolidone, 583 Pterine, 675 Pyrroline, 81 Pterines, 675 Pyrrolizidine, 755 Pterocarpans, phytooestrogens, 788, 790 Pyrrolysine, 6–9 Pteroic acid, 377 Pyruvaldehyde, see methylglyoxal Pteroylglutamic acid, see folic acid Pyruvic acid, 72, 81, 82, 213, 550 Pulchellidin, 679 Pulegone, 534, 865 Quassin, 635, 865 Pullulan, 275 Quassinoids, 635, 1000 Pulvinic acids, 706 Quebrachitol, 211 Punicalagins, 644, 646 Quercetin, 696 Punicic acid, 91, 92 Quercimeritrin, 696 Purine, 675, 763 Quercitrin, 696 nucleotides, 873, 874 Quillajic acid, 770 Purines, 675 Quinic acid, 213, 551 Purpurin, 709 Quinidine, 759 Purpurogallin, 707 Quinine, 759, 865, 873 Putrescine, 818, 819, 821 Quinizarin, 709 Pyocyanin, 676 Quinochalcones, 697 Pyran-4-ones, 288 Quinolactones, 641 Pyranoanthocyanins, 690–692 Quinoline Yellow, 875, 876 Pyranocoumarins, 798–800 Quinoline, 590, 758, 759 Pyrans, 587 Quinolines, 759 Pyrazines, 590, 591 Quinolizidine, 757 INDEX 1107

Quinones, 84, 85, 703 Roburin, 646, 647 reactions, 736 Roquefortine, 951 Quinoxaline, 592 Rose oxide, 524, 525 Quinuclidine, 759 Rosinidin, 679 Quisqualic acid, 21 Rosmanol, 635, 811 Rosmaridiphenol, 811 Radiation dose, 456 Rosmarinecine, 755 Radicals, alkoxyl, 157 Rosmarinic acid, 560 hydrogen, 154 Rosmariquinone, 811 hydroperoxyl, 155 Rotenone, 1001 hydroxyl, 186 Rotundone, 608 Radioactivity, 454 Rubane, 759 Radionuclides, 454 Ruberythric acid, 709 Raffinose, 229, 230 Rubratoxins, 942 Rancidity hydrolytic, 178 Rubredoxins, 422 ketonic, 178 Rubropunctamine, 702 oxidative, 178 Rubropunctatin, 701 Raspberry ketone, 535 Rubusoside, 869 Reaction, Maillard 304, 305 Rumenic acid, 103 Reactions, non-enzymatic browning, 304 Rutin, 696 enzymatic browning, 732 Rutinose, 222 Rearrangement, Amadori 307, 308 Rye, see cereals Heyns, 307, 308 Rebaudioside, 868, 869 Sabinane, see thujane, 503 Reductic acid, 319 hydrate, 514, 516 Reductones, 290, 291 Saccharides, autoxidation, 301 Reinoutrin, 696 complex, 198, 278 Resinoids, 619 conjugated, 198 Resins, 619 esters, 214 gum, 619 ethers, 214 Resveratrol, 803 glycosides, 214 dimers, 804 hydroperoxides, 301 Retardants, flame 984 interactions with water, 471–3 Retinal, 338–340 nutrition, 207 Retinoic acid, 338, 339 oxidation, 300–302 Retinoids, 337 phosphates, 214, 215 Retinol, 337–40 Saccharin, 866, 867, 870 content in foods, 341 Saccharinic acids, 292 reactions, 342 Saccharose, 221, 222, 225 Retinyl glucuronide, 338, 339 esters, 887 palmitate, 338, 339 production, 222 Retronecine, 755 reactions, 281 Rhamnetin, 696 Safflor yellow, 697 Rhamnogalacturonan, 258, 259 Safranal, 729 Rhamnose, 216 Safrole, 526, 865 Rhapontigenin, 805 Sakebiose, see nigerose Rhein, 709 Sakuranetin, 694 Rhodanides, see thiocyanates Salicylic acid, 552 Ribitol, 208, 210 Salsolinol, 819, 820 Riboflavin, 364, 365, 875 Salts, interactions with water, 469 endoperoxide, 367 Sambubiose, 222 reactions, 366 Sambunigrin, 775, 776 Ribonic acid, 213 Sanguiin, 646, 647 Ribose, 200 Santalins, 699 Ribulose, 201 Santalol, 518, 519 Ricinine, 774 Santokin, 863 Ricinoleic acid, 93, 94 Santonin, 634 estolides, 146 Saponins, 769 Rishitin, 805 steroid, 769, 771 Robinetin, 696 triterpenoid, 769 Robinobiose, 222 Sapotoxins, 774 1108 INDEX

Sarcosine, 11, 12 reactions, 581 Sarracinic acid, 755, 756 Sinapic acid, 552 Sarsapogenin, 772 Sinapine, 561 Saxitoxin, 836, 837 Sinapoyl choline, see sinapine Schizophyllan, 275 malic acid, 561 Scirpusin, 804 Sinapyl alcohol, 262 Sclerocitrin, 707 Sinensal, 531 Scleroglucan, 275 Sinensetin, 695 Scoparon, 799 Singlet oxygen, 170, 171, 185 Scopoletin, 799 Sinigrin, 17, 782 Scorbamic acid, 395 Sitosterol, 136, 139 Scutellarein, 694 Skatole, 69, 588, 595, 597, 817, 874 Se-amino acids, biosynthesis, 414 Smilagenin, 772 Sebacic acid, 544 Sodium chloride, 855 Secalin, 60, 248 content in foods, 624 Secalinin, 60 Sodium, 416 Secoiridoids, 629, 730 content in foods, 417 Secoisolariciresinol, 794 Solabiose, 222, 229 Secolariciresinol glycoside, 794 Solamargine, 766, 767 Secologanin, 633 Solamarine, 766, 767 Sedanenolide, 567 Solanidanes, 765 Sedanolide, 567 Solanidine, 765–767 Sedimentation, 490, 491 Solanine, 766, 767 Se-dimethylselenocysteine, 436 Solanthrene, 768 Sedoheptulose, 200 Solasodine, 765–7 Selacholeic acid, see nervonic acid Solatriose, 766 Selachyl alcohol, 111 Solerole, 564 Selenium, 435 Solerone, 564 content in foods, 437 Solonone, 533 Selenocystathionine, 9 Sols, 480 Selenocysteine, 6, 7, 9 Sophorose, 219 Selenocystine, 9 Sorbic acid, 543, 849 Selenomethionine 9 reactions, 850 Selinene, 504–6 Sorbitans, 884–96 Senecinic acid, 756 ethers, 886 Senecioic acid, 544, 755 Sorbitol, 870 Senecionine, 756 Sorbose, 201 Seneciphylline, 756 Sotolon, 565 Sennosides, 711 reactions, 564, 565 Sequestrants, 177, 889 Soya, content of isoflavones, 789 Sequoitol, 210 Soyasapogenols, 770 Serine,6–9,72 Soyasaponins, 770, 771 Serinol, 125, 918 Sparteine, 758 Serotine, 819, 821 Spermaceti, 109 Serotonine, 819, 821 Spermidine, 819, 821 Sesamin, 793 reactions, 819, 826 Sesaminol glycosides, 793 Spermine, 819, 821 Sesamol, 793 reactions, 819, 826 Sesamolin, 793 Sphingoglycolipids, 123, 128 Sesamolinol, 793 Sphingoheterolipids, 123 Sherry lactone, see solerole Sphingohomolipids, 123 Shikimic acid, 213, 551 Sphingolipids, 123 Shogaols, 653 Sphingomyelin, 125 Sialic acids, 217 Sphingophospholipids, 123, 124 Sialoglycosphingolipids, 129, 132 Sphingosines, 123–125 Sialolipids, 129 Sphondin, 800 Siderophores, 422 Spices, 612–614 Silicon, 442 Spinacine, 853 content in foods, 440 Spinasterol, 136, 140 Silybins, 795 Spiraein, 696 Sinalbin, 782 Spiraeoside, see spiraein INDEX 1109

Spiramycins, 1025 Sugarglycerides, 887 Spirobrassinin, 807 Suillin, 704 Spiromentin, 705 Sulfadiazine, 1025 Spirosolanes, 765 Sulfadimethoxine, 1025 Squalene, 133 Sulfadimidine, 1025 Stachyose, 229, 230 Sulfadoxine, 1025 Stanols, 195 Sulfane, 573, 579 Starch, 233–45 Sulfatides, see sulfoglycosylsphingolipids gelatinisation, 238, 239 Sulfides, 575, 579 hydrolysates, 245 Sulfites, 854 modified, 242–245 Sulfitocobalamine, 382 resistant, 234 Sulfmyoglobin, 663 retrogradation, 239 Sulfoglycosylsphingolipids, 129 sources, 238 Sulfolipids, 123, 129 syrups, 246, 247 Sulfonium, 12 Starches, see amyloids Sulforaphane, 787 Stearic acid, 88, 89 Sulfur dioxide, 854 Stearolic acid, 92 reactions, 855 Stearyl alcohol, 108 Sulfur, 421 Sterculic acid, 93, 94 content in foods, 417 Sterides, 108 Sulfuretin, 699 Sterigmatocystin, 942, 948 Sunset Yellow, 875, 876 Steroids, 134 Superoxide anion, 185 biosynthesis, 141 Supinidine, 755 derivatives, 141, 142 Surfactants, 474 esters, 141, 142 Sweeteners, 864 glycoside esters, 141 Sweetness of sweet substances, 621 glycosides, 141, 142 Sweroside, 633 reactions, 194–197 Swertiamarin, 633 Symphytine, 756 Sterols, 134, 136, 138 Synephrine, 820 Sterubin, 694 Synergists, 177, 888, 889 Steviol glycoside, 870 Syringetin, 696 Steviol, 869 Syringic acid, 552 Steviolbioside, 869 Syringin, 262 Stevioside, 506, 868, 869 Syringol, 570, 571 Stigmastane, 134, 135 Syrups, 246 Stigmasterol, 136, 139 Stilbene, 82, 803 Tagatose, 201 Stizolobic acid, 21 Talose, 200 Stizolobinic acid, 21 Tangeretin, 695 Strombine, 627 Tannins, 643, 746 Styrene, 1035 condensed, 643, 646 Styrylpyrones, see kava pyrones hydrolysable, 643 Suberic acid, 544 Tannoids, see proanthocyanidins Suberin, 108, 775, 776 Taractophyllin, 775, 776 Submicelles, 54 Taraxanthin, 716 Substances, acidic, 621, 622 Taraxasterol, 137 antinutritional, 742, 743 Tartaric acid, 549, 851 astringent, 621, 643 esters, 887 bitter, 621, 627 reactions, 390, 544, 556 cooling, 621, 654 Tartrazine, 875, 876 hot, see pungent Taste, acid, 621, 625 kokumi, 626 astringent, 621, 643 per(poly)fluoroalkyl, 994 bitter, 621, 627 pungent, 621, 652 cooling, 621, 654 salty, 621, 623 hot, see pungent sweet, 621, 622 kokumi, 626 umami, 621, 626 pungent, 621, 652 Succinic acid, 544 salty, 621, 623 Sucralose, 866–868, 870 sweet, 621, 622 Sucrose, see saccharose umami, 621, 626 1110 INDEX

Taurine, 20, 396, 399 Thiamphenicol, 1026 Taxadiene, 505, 506 Thiazoles, 592 Taxifolin, 694 reactions, 593 Taxiphyllin, 775, 776 Thiazolidine carboxylic acid, 77 TBHQ, see butyl hydroquinone Thiazolidines, reactions, 593 Tea pigments, reactions, 737 Thiazolines, reactions, 593 Tellimagrandin, 644, 645 Thickeners, 882 Tennecetin, see natamycin Thienothiophenes, 588 Tenuazonic acid, 960 Thioacrolein, 577, 578 Terephthalic acid, 1035 Thiochrome, 362 Terpenoids, 501 Thioctic acid, 396 accompanying lipids, 133 Thiocyanates, 452 antimicrobial activity, 805 Thiohydantoines, 82 antioxidative activity, 810 Thioimidazolebetaine, 12 Terphenylquinones, 704 Thiols, 573, 574, 579 Terpinene, 503, 504 reactions, 575 Terpinenol, 514, 516 Thiophenes, 587 Terpineol, 514, 516 reactions, 587, 588 Testosterone, 1029 Thiopropanal S-oxide, 578, 579 Tetrabromobisphenol, 985, 992 Thiopropanal sulfoxide, see thiopropanal S-oxide Tetrachloroethane, 999, 1000 Thiosulfinates, 576, 580 Tetrachloroethylene, 999, 1000 reactions, 577 Tetrachloromethane, 999, 1000 Thioureas, 84 Tetracycline, 1025 Threaric acid, see tartaric acid Tetrafucol, 651 Threitol, 208 Tetrahydrocurcumin, 809 Threonic acid, 213 Tetrahydrofolic acid, 378 reactions, 390 Tetrahydroporphyrins, 663 Threonine, 6–9, 26, 72 Tetraiodothyronine, see thyroxine allo,26 Tetraphyllins, 775, 776 Threose, 199 Tetrapyrroles, 657 Thujane, 503, 504 Tetrasaccharides, 219, 225 Thujone, 535, 865 Tetrodotoxin, 836, 841, 842 Thyminose, 216 Tetroses, 198 Thymol, 570, 571 Teucrin, 520, 865 Thyronine, 19 Teuflin, 520 Thyroxine, 19, 439 Teuquin, 520 Tiglic acid, 544, 755 Teuscorolide, 520 Tigogenin, 772 Texture, 487 Timnodonic acid, 91, 92 Thalin, see thaumatin Tin, 443 Thaumatin, 868, 870 Tocochromanols, 350 Theacitrin, 739 Tocol, 349 Theaflavins, 738 Tocomonoenols, 351 Theanderose, 225 Tocopherols, 349, 350 Theanine, 17, 27 antioxidant activity, 353 Thearubigins, 738 oligomers, 353–6 Theasapogenols, 771 reactions, 353–6 Theasinensin, 738 Tocopheryl quinones, 353 Theaspirans, 726 radicals, 353 Theaspirones, 727 Tocotrienol, 349, 350 Theine, 764 Tocotrienols, 350 Thelephoric acid, 706 Toluene, 930 Theobromine, 764 Tomatidenol, 765, 766 Theophylline, 764 Tomatidine, 765–767 Thiabendazole, 852, 1012 Tomatine, 767, 768 Thiamine, 359 Torosachrysone, 711 chloride hydrochloride, 360 Toxaphene, 965, 1008 disulfide, 362 Toxicants, 1009 phosphates, 359 natural, 742 thiol, 362 Toxin HT-2, 943, 952, 953 reactions, 361–4 PR, 951 INDEX 1111

T-2, 943, 952. 953 Tropolone, 707 Toxins, 750 Tropomyosin, 47 alternaria, 960 Tropone, 707 botulinum, 963 Tropones, reactions, 707 marine, 835 Troponin, 47 microbial, 942 Troponoids, 707 Trachelanthic acid, 755, 756 Tryptamine, 818, 821 Trachyphyllin, 801 Tryptathionine, 68, 69 Tragacanth, 266, 267 Tryptophan, 6–9 Transesterification, see ester interchange reactions, 68, 821 Transferrin, 421 Tryptophol, 511, 512, 520 Trehalose, 217–219 Tuberculostearic acid, 105 Tremorgens, 961 Turanose, 225 Trenbolone, 1029 Turmerone, 535 Triacetinidin, 680 Tylosin, 1025 Triacylglycerols, 111, 112 Tyramine, 818–21 acidolysis, 188, 189 N-substituted, 584 alcoholysis, 188–191 Tyrosine, 6, 7, 9, 10, 19, 72 ester interchange, 188, 191, 192 reactions, 66, 67 fatty acids, 116, 117 Tyrosol, 511, 512, 520 glycerolysis, 190, 191 hydrolysis, 187, 188 Ubiquinones, see coenzymes Q interesterification, 188 Umbelliferone, 799 melting points, 121, 122 Umbelliferose, see isoraffinose polymorphic forms, 121, 122 Undecadienal, 530 Triadimefon, 1012 Undecanone, 612 Tricarboxylic acids, 544 Uracilalanine, see willardine Tricetin, 694 Uric acid, 874 Trichione, 708 Ursolic acid, 136, 137 Trichloroamine, see nitrogen trichloride Uvaol, 136, 137 Trichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, see DDT Trichloroethane, 999, 1000 Vaccenic acid, 89, 90 Trichloroethylene, 999, 1000 Vaccinin, 215 Trichloromethane, 999, 1000 Valencene, 504–6 Tricholomic acid, 17, 20, 27, 830 Valeric acid, 542 Trichothecenes, 942, 952 Valerolactone, 562 Trichothecin, 952, 953 Valine, 6–9, 72 Tricitinidin, 679 Vanadium, 434 Tridecatrienal, 530 Vanillic acid, 552 Tridentoquinone, 704 Vanillin, 501, 532 Triglochinin, 775, 776 Vanillylamine, 761 Trigonelline, 368, 369, 764 Variegatic acid, 706 reactions, 590 Variegatin, 705 Trihomomethionine, 17 Variegatorubin, 707 Trihydroxybenzaldehyde, 633 Vegetables, amino acid content, 45 Triiodothyronine, 19, 439 aroma, 604–6 Trimethoprim, 1026 ascorbic acid content, 387, 395, 396 Trimethylamine oxide, 583 biotin content, 361, 377 Trimethylammonioacetate, see trimethylglycine bitter compounds, 630–633 Trimethylarsinoylribosides, 415 carotenoids, in, 718–20 Trimethylglycine, 11, 12 citric acid content, 550 Trioses, 198 composition, 61 Trioxsalen, 800 content of glucosinolates, 786 Triphenylene, 919 fibre, 234 Trisaccharides, 219, 225 folacin content, 361, 380 Trisulfides, 575 fructans, 249 Triterpenes, 134 glucitol, 210 Triticin, 248 lipid content, 115 Trolox, 863 malic acid content, 550 Tropane, 760 minerals, see individual minerals Tropeosides, 772 monosaccharides, 205, 206 1112 INDEX

Vegetables, amino acid content (continued) D3, see cholecalciferol niacin content, 361, 370 D4, 346 pantothenic acid content, 361, 372 D5, 346 pectin content, 260 E, 349 protein content, 46 H, 375 pyridoxal content, 361, 373, 375 K, 356 riboflavin content, 361, 367 K1, see phylloquinone thiamine content, 361, 364 K2, see menaquinone vitamin A content, 341, 345 K3, see menadione vitamin D content, 348 PP, see nicotinamide vitamin E content, 352 U, see methylmethionine vitamin K content, 358 Vitamins, 335 water content, 463, 465 hydrophilic, see water-soluble Veratric acid, 552 lipophilic, see fat-soluble Veratrole, 525 B-group, 335 Verbascose, 229, 230 fat-soluble, 335 Verbascoside, 554 water-soluble, 335 Verbenol, 654 Vitexin, 695 Vernolic acid, 93, 94, 95 Vitisins, 693 Verrucarin, 952, 953 Vitispiranes, 727 Vescalagin, 646 Volkenin, 775, 776 Vicianin, 775, 776 Vomitoxin, see deoxynivalenol Vicianose, 222 Vulgaxanthins, 671 Vicine, 748 Vinclozolin, 1012 Warfarin, 357 Viniferins, 804, 805 Water activity, 494 Vinyl acetate, 1035 microorganisms, 495 Vinyl chloride, 1035 organoleptic properties, 495 Vinylamine, 82 reactions, 495 Violaxanthin, 716 Water, 459 Viridifloric acid, 755, 756 adsorption, 474–477 Viroidin, 828 bound, 496 Viroisin, 828 classification, 460 Viscoelasticity, 498 content in foods, 463, 465 Viscosity, 487–9 drinking, 459 Vitamin A, 337 free, 496 A, reactions, 342 ground, 459 A1, see retinal interactions electrostatic, 467 A2, see didehydroretinol interactions hydrophobic, 467 B1, see thiamine interactions non-covalent, 467 B10, see aminobenzoic acid interactions with lipids, 471 B12, see corrinoids interactions with proteins, 469 B13, see orotic acid interactions with saccharides, 471–3 B15, see pangamic acid interactions with salts, 469 B16, see dimethylglycine interactions, 466–9 B17, see amygdaline monomolecular layer, 475 B2, see riboflavin quality, 461, 462 B20, see carnitine surface phenomena, 459 B3, see nicotinic acid surface tension, 473 B4, see adenine vicinal, 496 B5, see pantothenic acid Wax esters, 108 B6, see pyridoxal Waxes, animal, 109 B6, see pyridoxamine epicuticular, 108–10 B6, see pyridoxol mineral, 110 B7, see biotin plant, 109, 110 B9, see folacin Wheat, see cereals C, 384 Whisky lactone, 564 D, 345 Wighteone, 790 D, reactions, 349 Willardiine, 21 D1, 346 Wine lactone, 564 D2, see ergocalciferol Wines, aroma, 608 INDEX 1113

bitter compounds, 640 Xylitol, 208, 210, 870 alditols, 210 Xyloglucans, 251, 254, 255 monosaccharides, 206 Xylose, 200 oligosaccharides, 206 Xylulose, 201

Xanthan, 272, 273 Yamogenin, 772 Xanthiletin, 801 Yangonin, 566 Xanthine, 763, 874 Yessotoxin, 838 Xanthogalenol, 791 Yuccagenin, 772 Xanthohumol, 791 Xanthommatin, 677 Zanhic acid, 770 Xanthone, 699 Zeacarotenes, 715 Xanthones, 699 Zearalanol, 1030 Xanthophylls, 713, 714 Zearalenol, 955 reactions, 714 Zearalenone, 942, 954–6 Xanthopterine, 380, 675 Zeaxanthin, 716 Xanthotoxin, 800 Zein, 61 Xanthoxylethin, 801 Zierin, 775, 776 Xenooestrogens, 788, 796 Zinc, 424 Xerocomic acid, 706 content in foods, 425, 445 Xerocomorubin, 707 Zingiberene, 504–506 Ximenic acid, 89 Zoosterols, 138 Xylans, 231 Zwiebelanes, reactions, 579