Larger Mammals and Birds in the Lowlands and on the Plateau of the Park

Daniel Hegglin, Tatjana Good, Gyula Gajdon, Getenet Asmara, Berihun Gebremedhin, Stefan Irnfeld, John Lustenberger, Josef Niederberger

1, Introduction In addition to the data of our team, the other teams of the SMNP-expedition also provided interesting obser- Our team investigated the occurrence of larger mammals vations. We included their data in the list of observed (primates, ungulates, carnivores) and birds of the Simen species, but did not use them for the more detailed ana- Mountain National Park. Until now most of the research lyses on vegetation types and altitudes. The established was done on the plateau of the SMNP (Dunbar, R.I.M. & list of bird species was compared with other lists (Boswall E.P. Dunbar, 1974 c; Nievergelt, 1981). In order to provide & Demment, 1970; Dunbar, R.I.M. & P. Dunbar, 1974 c; further information for a future management plan we Lilyestrom, 1974; Bosmans & Moreaux, 1977) from collected much of our data in the lowlands. the SMNP.

2. Methods

All species of larger mammals (ungulates, primates, carnivores) and birds were identified with binoculars or telescopes on the basis of several fieldbooks (birds: Mackworth-Praed & Grant, 1957; Williams, 1973). For each observation of species we noted the date and time of observation, the coordinates of the animals (map: Simen Mountains National Park, 1:25'000, Pro Semien Fundation, 1975), the type of the vegetation in which they were (long- or short-grass area with or without Lobelia, Helichrysum-dominated area, village, rock, field, pasture, forest) and for mammals, if it was a trace or direct observation. For each observation the altitude above sea level was calculated with the help of the Geographical Information System (GIS) at the Institute of Geography, University of Zurich. Almost all data were collected using a transect method along the paths. At times we observed from a viewpoint.

The route chosen for this expedition started on the Gich plateau (16-20 January), passed over Chennek (21-23 January) down to the lowlands through Truwata Figure 6.4 a (23-26 January), Dirni (26-29 January), Agidamya (29-30 January), Muchila (30 January-2 February), with a quick trip to Nariya and Jinbar Valley, and ended back in Gich. The team spent two days collecting data in one area and moved camp on the third day to the next area. The observation of birds was more intensive in the low- lands because on arrival at Gich Camp, the first few days were spent acclimatizing and organizing the round-trip.

Figure 6.5 a Figure 6.14 a

Figure 6.13 Gelada (Theropithecus gelada).

Black-and-white colobus (Colobus guereza) were restric- ted to the small forest patches in the lowlands (Figure 6.14; Table 6.2, page 58). The average size of groups was 9.1 individuals. Their highest point of observation was at 2840 metres above sea level. For exact points of obser- vations see Figure 6.1 1.

A Golden Jackal (Canis aureus) was heard once near Gich Camp. The Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis) (Figures 6.21 and 6.22) was seen on one occasion and heard on another near Chennek (4200 metres above sea level), and seen near Mesarerya (4353 metres above sea level). Tracks of the Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) were found in an Erica forest near Kebew and on the path up to the Bwahit. In a field near Muchila a skull of a Caracal (Cara- cal caracal) was found. The Serval (Felis serval), which is known to occur in the SMNP, was not seen during our stay (Figure 6.20).

Rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) was seen at Muchila Afaf and on the way to Dirni. A rummaging spot of a Bush pig (Potamochoerus porcus) was found between Amba Ber and Muchila. A Klipspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus, Figure 6.1 7) was sighted above Dirni, seven animals were observed near Kebew and two animals at lmet Gogo. Grimm's duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia, Figure 6.1 9) and Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) were both seen once; Figure 6.14 b the former at the Jimbar, the latter in an Erica forest near Black-and-white colobus Kebew. Spines and faeces of Crested porcupine (Hystrix (Colobus guerua). cristata) were found near Chennek. For further informa- tion on the Walia ibex (Capra ibex walie), the Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis) and Klipspringer (Oreotragus oreo- tragus) see above report, Section 5 (page 44). Several authors have reported seeing Anubis as well as Hamadryas baboons in the SMNP, even in situations where they intermingle with Gelada (Crook & Aldrich- Blake, 1968; Muller, 1973). Muller (1 973) reported several groups of Anubis baboons for the same area as we did. The amount of time spent in the lowlands was higher However, there is no evidence of Hamadryas baboons in 1 than the amount spent on the plateau, so that com- the northern lowlands (see Nievergelt, 1981). Crook & parisons between the two altitude categories only show Aldrich-Blake (1 968) suggest that the main range of trends. Nevertheless, the species richness of endemic Hamadryas lies north and east of the Simen Mountains. and other bird species is higher in the areas below 3000 metres above sea level (Table 6.1 ). This emphasizes the On several occasions we could observe Geladas descen- importance of including the lower parts of the SMNP in ding the Dirni trail several hundreds of metres as mentio- the management plan. More research in the lower alti- ned by Kawai (ed., 1979). Thus, it is possible that at least tudes of the park is needed to get a general idea of the single one-male-units or bands split from the herd to fauna situation of the SMNP today. feed in the fields of the lowlands during the harvest.

Endemic bird species were found in high (e.g. Figure 6.1 5) While geladas live in open habitats, the Black-and-white as well as in low altitudes making the whole region an colobus depend on the forest. It is astonishing to see important bird area worthy of conservation efforts (accor- how they have adapted to small patches of forest, using ding to the criterias of Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural sometimes just a narrow strip of several metres or small History Society (EWNHS) & Birdlife International). graveyard forests of sixty to eighty metres in diameter. We had the impression that the groups were slightly Birds in forests are more difficult to localize and identify smaller in bushy forests around Muchila than in the areas than those in pastures and fields. For this reason we be- with well developed forests as for example around Dirni. lieve that many bird species in the forest were overlooked. Although it seems that colobus have been living in such Nevertheless, cultivated areas seem to be important bird small and isolated patches of forest for several decades, habitats. On the one hand, this shows that the agricultural their survival is absolutely not guaranteed. use does not only destroy habitats, but create new ones as well. On the other hand, there are many bird species Figure 6.1 5 that rely on the forest for their survival. A multifold land- The endemic Thick-billed raven scape of forest patches and extensive land use in the (Corvus crassirostris) on the Gich plateau. lowlands increases the amount of bird species. For this reason the forest must be kept intact.

4.2 Larger mammals

Larger mammals other than Black-and-white colobus, Geladas and Walia ibexes were rarely seen. Maybe our method of continuously moving around was not ideal for the observation of larger mammals. Thus, it was not possible for example to habituate carnivores to carcass- places. However, considering the many teams scattered all over the SMNP, it seems that in general the amount of larger mammals sighted has declined during the last decades. Figure 6.16 Two male Gelada (Theropithecus gelada) grooming each other.

Table 6.2 Number of observations of Gelada baboon and Black-and-white colobus groups in the different types of land use. Only observations below 3000 metres above sea level are included. For some of the observations the type of land use is missing (no indication).

Specie! forest pasture field village no indication total Gelada baboon 1 2 6 1 6 16 Black-and-white colobus 43 6 2 0 3 54

Table 6.3 Checklist of the birds of the Simen Mountains National Park (SMNP) observed by the authors and systematically ordered according to Urban & Brown (1971). The endemic bird species' names are green; the ((certain species* (see above) are written in hald letters

Family .- - - l Ciconiiformes Scopidae 34 Harnrnercop Scopus umbretta Threskiornithidae 45 Wattled ibis Bostrychia canmculata Anseriformes Anatidae 60 African black duck Anas sparsa Falconiformes Accipitridae 84 Black kite Milvus migrans 86 Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus 87 LammergeierlBeardedvulture Gypaetus barbatus 88 Hooded vulture Necrosyrtes monachus 90 Ruppel's griffon vulture Gyps rueppellii 92 Lappet-faced vulture Torgos tracheliotus 98 Harrier hawk Polyboroides typus 117 Long-legged buzzard Buteo rufinus 119 Augur buzzard Buteo rufofuscus 122 Tawny eagle Aquila rapax 125 Verreaux's eagle Aquila verreauxii Falconiidae 137 European kestrel Falco tinnunculus 138 Grey kestrel Falco ardosiaceus 140 Red-necked falcon Falco chicquera Galliformes Phasianidae 159 Erckel's francolin Francolinus erckeli 1-i 1-i Gruiformes Turnicidae 167 Botton quail Turnix sylvatica 7 ilv Rnf Nr FI Crir Fir n

Charadriiformes Charadriidae 208 Spot-bceasted plover Vanellus melanocephalus Scolopacidae 228 Green sandpiper Tringa ochropus Columbiformes Columbidae 293 White-collared pigeon Columba albitorques 294 Speckled pigeon Columba guinea 297 Pink-breasted dove Streptopelia lugens 298 Red-eyed dove Streptopelia semitorquata 31 1 Bruce's green pigeon Treron waalia Psittaciformes Psittacidae 316 Black-winged lovebird Agapornis taranta Cuculiformes Musophagidae 318 White-cheeked turaco Tauraco leucotis 320 Bare-faced go-away bird Corythaixoides personata White-crested turaco Turaco leucolophus Cuculidae Black-and-white cuckoo Clamator jacobinus Emerald cuckoo Chrysococcyx cupreus White-browed coucal Centropus superciliosus Strigiformes Strigidae 340 Makindel eagle owl Bubo capensis mackinderi Apodiformes Apodidae 362 Alpine swift Apus melba 363 Mottled swift Apus aequatorialis 364 Common swift Apus apus 365 Nyanza swift Apus niansea Coliiformes Coliidae 371 Speckled mousebird Colius striatus Coraciiformes Alcedinidae 377 Halfcollared kingfisher Alcedo semitorquata Meropidae 389 Little bee-eater Melittophaguspusillus 390 Blue-breasted bee-eater Melittophagus variegatus 391 Cinnamon chested bee-eater Melittophagus oreobates Coraciidae 397 Rufous-crowned roller Coracias naevia Upupidae 399 African hoopoe Upupa epops Phoeniculidae 402 Black wood-hoppoe Phoeniculus terrimus 406 Von der dechen's hornbill Tockus deckeni 408 Hemprich's hornbill Tockus hemprichii 409 Crowned hornbill Tockus alboterminatus Piciformes Capitonidae 41 3 Black-billed barbet Lybius guifsobalito 41 5 Banded barbet Lybius undatus 41 7 Red-fronted barbet Tricholaema diadematum Picidae 430 Nubian woodpecker Campethera nubica 433 Golden-backed woodpecker Dendropicos abyssinicus 435 Grey woodpecker Mesopicos goertae 436 Bearded woodpecker Thripias namaquus Passeriformes Alaudidae 449 Red-capped lark Calandrella cinerea 45 1 Masked lark Aethocorys personata 458 Short-crested lark Galerida malabarica Hirundinidae 461 African sand martin Riparia paludicola 468 Red-rumped swallow Hirundo daurica (Cercopisj 472 African rock martin Hirundo fuligula (Ptyoniprognej Ref. Nr. Fwish name

Motacillidae 476 Yellow wagtail Motacllla flava 477 Grey wagtail Motacilla cinerea 478 Mountain wagtail Motacilla clara 482 Richard's pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae 489 Abyssinian long-claw Mawnyx flavicollis Campephagidae 491 Grey cuckoo shrike Coracia caesia Pycnonotidae 494 White-vented bulbul Pycnonotus barbatus Laniidae 505 Black-headed tchagra Tchagra senegala 508 Tropical boubou Laniarius aethiopicus 519 Fiscal shrike Lanius collaris Muscicapidae 524 Stonechat Saxicola torquata 526 Somali wheatear Oenanthe phillipsi 531 lsabelline wheatear Oenanthe isabellina 533 Schalow's wheatear Oenanthe lugubris 534 Red-breasted wheatear Oenanthe bottae 538 Red-tailed rock chat Cercomela familiaris 539 Hill chat Cercomela sordida 541 White-winged cliff-chat Myrmecocichla semimfa 543 Riippel's chat Pentholaea melaena 554 Ruppel's robin-chat Cossypha semirufa 555 White-browed robin-chat Cossypha heuglini 564 Olive thrush Turdus olivaceus 566 Ground-scraper thrush Turdus litsipsirupa (Psophocichla) 569 Abyssinian catbird Parophasma galinieri 574 White-rumped babbler Turdoides leucopygius 579 Cinnamon bracken-warbler Bradypterus cinnamomeus 610 Brown woodland-warbler Phylloscopus umbrovirens 615 Stout cisticola Cisticola robusta 625 Pectoral-patch cisticola Cisticola brunnescens 627 Tawny-flanked prinia Priniasubflava 632 Red-faced apalis Apalis rufifrons -Familv ish Dusky flycatcher Muscicapa adusta Grey flycatcher Bradornis microrhynchus Paradise flycatcher Tchitrea viridis Black-throated wattle-eye Platysteira peltata Black flycatcher Melaenornis edolioides Black and white flycatcher Bias musicus Paridae 662 Black tit Parus leucomelas 663 White-backed black tit Parus leuconotus 67 5 Variable sunbird Nectarinia venusta 681 Tacazze sunbird Nectarinia tacazze 685 Malachite sunbird Nectarinia famosa Zosteropidae 687 White-breasted white-eye Zosterops abyssinicus Pale white-eye Zosterops pallidus Emberzidae 69 1 Ortolan Emberiza hortulana Fringillidae 700 White-rumped seed-eater Serinus leucopygius 704 Yellow-crowned canary Serinus canicollis 705 African citril Serinus citrinelloides 706 Black-headed siskin Serinus nigriceps 707 Streaky Seed-eater Serinus striolatus 708 Brown-rumped Seed-eater Serinus tristriatus Estrildidae 710 Pin-tailed whydah Vidua macroura 722 Yellow-bellied waxbill Estrilda melanotis Ploceidae 744 Baglafecht weaver Ploceus baglafecht 783 Grey-headed sparrow Passer griseus 784 Swainson's sparrow Passer swainsonii 790 Bush petronia Petronia dentata Sturnidae 793 Red-winged starling Onychognathus morio 795 Slender-billed chestnut-winged starling Onychognathus tenuirostris 800 Blue-eared glossy starling Lamprotornis chalybaeus Oriolidae 81 7 Black-headed oriol Oriolus larvatus 818 Black-headed forest oriol Oriolus monacha Corvidae 821 Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax 823 Pied crow Corvus albus 825 Cape rook Corvus capensis 826 Fan-tailed raven Corvus rhipidurus 827 Thick-billed raven Corvus aassirostris

Figures 6.1 7 Figure 6.18 Figure 6.19 Klipspringer Walia ibex Grimms Duiker (Onotragus oreotragus) (Capra ibex walie) (Sylvicapra grimmia) Table 6.4 Bird species listed in other checklists of the Simen Mountains National Park (Boswall & Demment, 1970; Dunbar, R.I.M. & P. Dunbar, 1974 Lilystrom, 1974; Bosmans & Mareaux, 1977) but not observed by our group.

Order Family

Ciconiiformes Ciconiidae 36 Black Stork Ciconia nigra 37 Abdim's Stork Ciconia abdimii Falciniformes Accipitridae 82 Black-shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus 94 European Snake Eagle Circaetus gallicus 100 Pallid Harrier lPale Harrier Circus macrourus 102 Dark Chanting Goshawk Melierax metabates 105 Great Sparrow-hawk Accipiter melanoleucus 109 African Little Sparrow-hawk Accipiter minullus 113 Grasshopper Buzzard Butastur rufipennis 124 Wahlberg's Eagle Aquila wahlbergi 126 African Hawk-eagle Hieraaetus fasciatus 131 Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus Sagittariidae 132 Secretary Bird Sagittarius serpentarius Falconidae 136 Fox Kestrel Falco alopex 145 Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus 148 Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus Galliformes Phasanidae 158 Chestnut-naped Francolin Francolinus castaneicollis Charadriiformes Scolopacidae 236 African Snipe Gallinago nigripennis Columbiformes Columbidae 301 Ring-necked Dove Streptopelia capicola Cuculiformes Cuculidae 328 Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus Bucerotidae 405 Red-billed Hornbill Tockus erythrorhynchus 41 1 Abyssinian Ground Hornbill Bucorvus abyssinicus Passerifirmes Hirundinidae 459 European Sand Martin Riparia riparia 462 Swallow Hirundo rustica 473 House Martin Delichon urbica 474 Rough-winged Swallow Psalidoprocne pristoptera Muscicapidae 525 European Common Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe 527 Pied Wheatear Oenanthe pleschanka 558 Nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos 568 Abyssinian Hill-Babbler Alcippe abyssinica Meropidae 584 European Bee-eater Merops apiaster Muscicapidae 649 Abyssinian Slaty Flycatcher Melaenornis chocolatina Nectariniidae 683 Beautiful Sunbird Nectarinia pulchella Zosteropidae 689 Green White-eye Zosterops poloigastra Ploceidae 767 Yellow Bishop Euplectes capensis Sturnidae 796 White-billed Starling Onychognathus albirostris 814 Red-billed Oxpecker Buphagus erythrorhynchus Figure 6.20 Serval (Felis serval), photographed in 1968.

Table 6.5 Checklist of the larger mammals of the Simen Mountains National Park (listed in Hurni (ed.), 1986). lThe species registered by the authors are written in bold letters.

Bush buck Tragelaphus scriptus Grimm's duicker Sylvicapra grimmia Klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus Walia ibex Capra ibex walie Bush pig Potamochoerusporcus Golden jackal Canis aureus gure 6.21 Ethiopian wolf Canis simensis Hyaenidae Spotted hyena hiopian wolf Crocuta crocuta anis simensis) Mustelidae Honey badger Mellivora capensis Felidae Leopard Panthera pardus Caracal Caracal caracal Serval Felis serval African wildcat Felis (sylvestris) libyca Cercopithecidae Anubis baboon Papio anubis Black-faced vervet Cercopithecus aethiops Gelada baboon Theropithecus gelada Hamadryas baboon Papio hamadryas Colobidae Black-and-white colobus Colobus guereza Hystricidae Crested porcupine Hystrix cristata Procaviidae Rock hyrax Procavia capensis

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Stahli, P. & Zurbuchen, M. (1978): Two topographic maps 1: 25000 of Simen, Ethiopia. - Geographica Bernensia (Bern) G 8: 11-32, 2 maps. Appendix V

Mammal species occuring in the Simen area. Names given in Amharic, English, German and Latin (scientific names). Bold types: species endemic to Ethiopia.

Amharic English German Scientific Name

Walia (Walya) Walia ibex Walia Steinbock Capra ibex walie (Abyssinian ibex) (~thiopischerSteinbock) (Capra walie)

Sassa (Sessa) Klipspringer Klippspringer Oreotragus oreotragus

Midakwa Grimm's Duiker (Bush Duiker) Kronenducker Sylvicapra grimmia

Dukula Bushbuck (Schirrantilope) Buschbock Tragelaphus scriptus

Agazen Greater Kudu Grosser Kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros

Azama Bushpig (Flussschwein) Buschschwein Potamochoerusporcus

Gelada Gelada Dschelada Theropithecus gelada (Highland Baboon) (Berg-Pavian)

Djindjero (Nedsch Djindjero) Hamadryas Baboon Mantelpavian (Hamadryas) Papio hamadryas

Djindjero (Tekur Djindjero) Anubis Baboon Anubis-Pavian Papio anubis

Tota Green (Vervet) monkey Grune Meerkatze Cercopithecus aethiops

Guereza Abyssinian Black and White Colobus (Guereza) Colobus abyssinicus Colobus (Colobus monkey)

Kai Kebero Ethiopian Wolf ~thiopischerWolf Canis simensis simensis Simen Fox Semien Fuchs (Simenia simensis)

Kebero Common Jackal Gold-Schakal Canis aureus (Golden Jackal)

Nebbr Leopard Leopard Panthera pardus

Dero Serval (Serval Cat) Serval Leptailurus (Felis) serval

Delg Ambessa Caracal Karakal Caracal (Felis) caracal

7 Djibb Spotted Hyaena Flecken-Hyane Crocuta crocuta Amharic English German E;'., --

Marbella Ratel (Honey Badger) Honigdachs Mellivora capensis

Eshkoko Rock Hyrax Klippschliefer Procavia capensis

Djarrt 1 Kenfiz Crested Porcupine Stachelschwein Hystrix cristata

Tinchel Abyssinian Hare Hase Lepus starcki ?

Ait Rats, Mice, (Shrews) Ratten, Mause, (Spitzmause)

Unstriped Grass Rat Arvicanthis abyssinicus

Groove-toothed Rat Pelomys harringtoni

Soft-furred Rat Myomys albipes

Narrow-headed Rat Stenocephalemys griseicauda

Harsh-furred Rat lophuromys flavopunctatus

Swamp Rat Otomys typus

Filfel Mole Rat Wurzelratte Tachyoryctes splendens

Ait Megot shrews Spitzmause

(shrew) (Spitzmaus) Crocidura baileyi A Survey on the Flora and Fauna of the Simen Mountains National Park Ethiopia

Dedicated to the people of the Simen mountains

Editors:

Bernhard Nievergelt Tatjana Good Ren6 Guttinger

Group for Wildlife and Conservation Biology Institute of Zoology University of Zurich Switzerland

With the assistance of the Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Organisation, the National Herbarium and the Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Addis Abeba University and the Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society

Published as special issue of

JOURNAL OF THE ETHIOPIAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY