Human Evolution
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Hands-On Human Evolution: a Laboratory Based Approach
Hands-on Human Evolution: A Laboratory Based Approach Developed by Margarita Hernandez Center for Precollegiate Education and Training Author: Margarita Hernandez Curriculum Team: Julie Bokor, Sven Engling A huge thank you to….. Contents: 4. Author’s note 5. Introduction 6. Tips about the curriculum 8. Lesson Summaries 9. Lesson Sequencing Guide 10. Vocabulary 11. Next Generation Sunshine State Standards- Science 12. Background information 13. Lessons 122. Resources 123. Content Assessment 129. Content Area Expert Evaluation 131. Teacher Feedback Form 134. Student Feedback Form Lesson 1: Hominid Evolution Lab 19. Lesson 1 . Student Lab Pages . Student Lab Key . Human Evolution Phylogeny . Lab Station Numbers . Skeletal Pictures Lesson 2: Chromosomal Comparison Lab 48. Lesson 2 . Student Activity Pages . Student Lab Key Lesson 3: Naledi Jigsaw 77. Lesson 3 Author’s note Introduction Page The validity and importance of the theory of biological evolution runs strong throughout the topic of biology. Evolution serves as a foundation to many biological concepts by tying together the different tenants of biology, like ecology, anatomy, genetics, zoology, and taxonomy. It is for this reason that evolution plays a prominent role in the state and national standards and deserves thorough coverage in a classroom. A prime example of evolution can be seen in our own ancestral history, and this unit provides students with an excellent opportunity to consider the multiple lines of evidence that support hominid evolution. By allowing students the chance to uncover the supporting evidence for evolution themselves, they discover the ways the theory of evolution is supported by multiple sources. It is our hope that the opportunity to handle our ancestors’ bone casts and examine real molecular data, in an inquiry based environment, will pique the interest of students, ultimately leading them to conclude that the evidence they have gathered thoroughly supports the theory of evolution. -
{Download PDF} from Lucy to Language Revised, Updated, And
FROM LUCY TO LANGUAGE REVISED, UPDATED, AND EXPANDED 1ST EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Donald C Johanson | 9780743280648 | | | | | From Lucy to Language Revised, Updated, and Expanded 1st edition PDF Book In this section the authors provide answers to the basics -- "What are our closest living relatives? Instead, the hominid fossil record suggests that our ancestry is better thought of as a bush, with the branches representing a number of bipedal species that evolved along different evolutionary lines. Evidence for Bipedalism Wren rated it really liked it Sep 19, This discovery prompted a complete reevaluation of previous evidence for human origins. The paleoanthropologist one who studies ancient humans works closely with scientific colleagues to raise funding to support field projects, with a primary expectation being the recovery of the fossilized remains of our ancestors. Like no species before us, we now seem poised to control vast parts of the planet and its life. The Early Human Fossil Record6. In the years since this dramatic discovery Johanson has continued to sco In in a remote region of Ethiopia, Donald Johanson, then one of America's most promising young paleoanthropologists, discovered "Lucy", the oldest, best preserved skeleton of any erect-walking human ever found. In Part II the authors profile over fifty of the most significant early human fossils ever found. In Part II the authors profile over fifty of the most significant early human fossils ever found. Thank you for signing up, fellow book lover! More books from this author: Donald Johanson. It is a combination of the vital experience of field work and the intellectual rigor of primary research. -
Lucy: Ethiopia's Star Skeleton
LESSON 4 Lesson Plans Lucy: Ethiopia’s Star Skeleton Context: Lucy, the skeleton of an early human ancestor, Australopithecus afarensis, was found in the Western Afar Rift, Ethiopia, in Africa. The archaeologists who found Lucy’s remains named her after a popular song. Annotations and Notes How did one of Ethiopia’s most famous “residents” come to be fossil: remains or traces of named after a Beatles’ song? It all began on November 30, 1974. It an organism turned to stone started out the same as any other day at Hadar, an archaeological by geochemical processes site in Ethiopia. Paleontologists Tom Gray and Donald Johanson surveying: an act of were exploring an area where they had found fossils before. As measuring and examining an they walked along, surveying the area, Johanson happened to area of land notice a small, broken piece of bone sticking out of the ground. As preserve: to keep he examined it, Johanson realized that the bone was anatomically (something) in its original similar to a human bone. As the two men continued to search state or in good condition the area, they realized that they had found about 40 percent of a geologist: a person who skeleton, and one that was very well preserved. studies rocks, layers of soil, etc., in order to learn about When they returned to collect and map the hundreds of pieces of the history of the Earth and the skeleton, a team of geologists and paleontologists realized its life that these bones belonged to a hominid that was approximately paleontologist: a person 3.18 million years old and, based on the size of the bones, female. -
Class 2: Early Hominids
Earliest Hominins CHARLES J VELLA, PHD JULY 25 2018 This is latest theory of how Lucy died! We are Mammals 3 defining mammalian traits: hair, mammary glands, homeothermy Mammalian traits show an adaptation for adaptability Miocene era: 23 to 5 Ma, Warmer global period • Ape grade: Planet of the apes • Over 30 genera and 100 species of ape – compared with 6 today • Location: Africa and Eurasia Proconsul: 25 to 23 Ma, during Miocene; arboreal quadruped Primates • Larger body size • Larger brain • Complete stereoscopic vision • Longer gestation, infancy, life span • More k-selected (tend towards single offspring) • Greater dependency on learned behavior • More social Great Apes Bonobos and Chimps split ~1 Ma Superfamily: Hominoidea Gibbons, Gorillas, Orangutan, Chimpanzee, Human Greater encephalization (brain to body ratio) = smarter larger body, brachiation, social complexity, lack of tail Why did Newt Gingrich recommend this book to all new politicians? Detailed and thoroughly engrossing account of ape rivalries and coalitions. Machiavellianism: political behavior is rooted at a level of development that is below the cognitive and is as much instinctive as it is learned. de Waal 1982 De Waal: Machiavellian IQ Machiavelli's The Prince: Frans de Waal introduced the term 'Machiavellian Intelligence' to describe the social and political behavior of chimpanzees Social behaviors: reconciliation, alliance, and sabotage Tactical deception in primates: Vervet monkeys use false predator alarm calls to get extra food Chimpanzees use deception to mate with females belonging to alpha male Chimpanzee cultures • Chimp Cultures: shared behaviors in different communities: • pounding actions • fishing; • probing; • forcing • comfort behavior • miscellaneous exploitation of vegetation properties • exploitation of leaf properties; • grooming; • attention-getting. -
Australopithecus Afarensis: Lucy and Her Relatives Her Relatives Were Very Early Forms of Humans
Australopithecus Afarensis: Lucy and her Relatives her relatives were very early forms of humans. One discovery about Lucy was In 1974, an American paleoanthropologist (studies ancient peoples) named Donald Johanson discovered a partial skeleton while searching especially exciting. By studying her for artifacts under a hot African sun. skeleton, scientists found out that she After careful study, Johanson determined that the bones had come was a biped, which means she had the from a female hominid who had lived more than 3 million years ago. ability to walk on two feet. This gave She is one of the earliest hominids ever discovered. Johanson Lucy and her relatives many advantages nicknamed her “Lucy.” compared with animals such as gorillas An anthropologist in Africa called the earliest known group of and chimpanzees. With their hands free, hominids Australopithecus (aws-tray-loh-PIH-thuh-kuhs), a Latin word the hominids could gather and carry meaning “southern ape.” Donald Johanson called Lucy's group food more easily. They could also use Australopithecus Afarensis. The second part of this name refers to the their hands to defend themselves and Afar Triangle, the part of Africa where Lucy was found. their children. Through their studies of Lucy, Scientists have learned a lot about This biped trait was one key way in early hominids. By assembling her bones, they know something about which Lucy resembled us. But in other what she looked like. Lucy was short compared with humans today – ways, hominids like Lucy were quite between 3 and 4 feet tall. She had a mix of ape and human features. -
Early Hominids
CHAPTER 4 Humans living 2 million years ago shaped stone and animal bones into simple tools. Early Hominids 2.1 Introduction In Chapter 1, you explored cave paintings made by prehistoric humans. Scientists call these prehistoric humans hominids. In this chapter, you will learn about five important groups of hominids. You've already met three kinds of "history detectives"—archeologists, historians, and geographers. The study of hominids involves a fourth type, paleoanthropologists. Anthropologists study human development and culture. Paleoanthropologists specialize in studying the earliest hominids. (Paleo means "ancient") In 1974, an American paleoanthropologist, Donald Johanson, made an exciting discovery. He was searching for artifacts under a hot African sun when he found a partial skeleton. The bones included a piece of skull, a jawbone, a rib, and leg bones. After careful study, Johanson decided the bones came from a female hominid who lived more than 3 million years ago. He nicknamed her "Lucy" while he was listening to the song "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds," by the Beatles. She is one of the earliest hominids ever discovered. What have scientists found out about Lucy and other hominids? How were these hominids like us? How were they different? What capabilities, or skills, did each group have? Let's find out. 4 million 3 million 2 million 1 million years a.c.t years B.C.E. years B.C.E. years B.C.E. Homo sapiens ntandarthmlansis Ufa Australopithecus afirensis Use this timeline as a graphic organizer to help you study five groups of hominids. Early Hominids 13 2.2 Australopithecus Afarensis: anthropologist a scientist Lucy and Her Relatives who studies human develop- Traditionally, scientists have given Latin names to groups of ment and culture living things. -
Explore Your Inner Animals Worksheet
TEACHER MATERIALS EXPLORE YOUR INNER ANIMALS WORKSHEET OVERVIEW This worksheet accompanies the Click & Learn “Explore Your Inner Animals” (http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/explore- your-inner-animals). As they work through the Click & Learn, students explore multiple lines of evidence for common descent found among the bodies and cells of both extinct and extant organisms. This content was also featured in the film Your Inner Fish and in the Great Transitions: The Origin of Tetrapods short film. Visit http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/your-inner-fish for more information. The student worksheet is designed to help ensure students successfully navigate the interactive and can be completed in class or assigned as homework. Students may complete all of the different sections or only some of them. KEY CONCEPTS AND LESSON OBJECTIVES • Species descend from other species. Even distantly related species, like humans and sponges, can trace their shared ancestry back to a common ancestor. • Evidence for common descent includes the fossil record and anatomical, genetic, and developmental homologies among organisms. • The fossil record provides a history of life on Earth. It includes fossils with features that are intermediate, or transitional, between those of major groups of animals. • When a series of transitional fossils are viewed together, they reveal the gradual sequence of change connecting one major group to another. • An organism’s DNA codes for proteins that result in an organism’s visible traits. • Scientists infer function and behavior from anatomical structures. • Natural selection is the process by which heritable traits that confer a survival and/or reproductive advantage to individuals that possess them increase in frequency within a population over generations. -
From Ardipithecus Ramidus to Homo Sapiens
36 Duke of Edinburgh Prize to: Gen Suwa Professor and Director, The University Museum, The University of Tokyo for “Human Origins and Evolution: from Ardipithecus ramidus to Homo sapiens” Outline of the work: Prof. Gen Suwa is a biological anthropologist and paleoanthropologist who has considerably contributed to the understanding of human evolution through the discovery and analysis of fossil human remains and associated contextual evidence. His most notable contribution is the elucidation of the earliest stages of human ancestry via the discovery and analysis of the 4.4 million-year (Ma)-old Ardipithecus ramidus and the nearly 6-Ma-old but more fragmentary Ardipithecus kadabba fossils. Other major works include the discovery and naming of the 8-Ma-old African great ape Chororapithecus abyssinicus, the establishment of the timing of the split between the Homo and the robust Australopithecus lineages, the dating of the earliest Acheulean stone tools to 1.75 Ma, and various studies on more recent Pleistocene and Holocene fossil and skeletal materials. Between the 1980s and 1990s, Prof. Suwa has led the comparative analysis of Australopithecus and early Homo, particularly regarding dental fossil records spanning a period between 4 and 1 Ma. Importantly, his work is internationally recognized as the standard for the period between 3 and 2 Ma, which is crucial for the understanding of the emergence of the genus Homo and its subsequent evolutionary trajectories. Suwa’s work on the dentition contributed significantly to the elucidation of the evolution of the earliest Australopithecus species from the more primitive Ardipithecus ramidus by 4.2 Ma, which then largely evolved as a lineage with considerable populational variation and finally split into two clades just after 3 Ma. -
Genetics and Genomics in the Study of Human Evolution and Prehistory
Paweł Golik Instytut Genetyki i Biotechnologii Wydział Biologii, Uniwersytet Warszawski Genetics and genomics in the study of human evolution and prehistory The presentation will be available How do we know about the past? • Fossil remains - paleontology • Most of evolutionary history • Fragmentary, require favorable conditions to be preserved © nationalgeographic.com DNA as the source of information • Comparative analysis of contemporary sequences • phylogenetic inference • population analysis (admixture, coalescence) DNA as the source of information • Ancient DNA (aDNA) • partial and complete sequences • limits in hominids: ~400 kYA (thousands of years) (partial, mtDNA) • oldest complete hominin genome ~ 120 kYA (neanderthal) • oldest H. sapiens genome - 45 kYA (Ust’- Ishim, Siberia) • oldest complete genome - > 700 kYA years (a horse species) - preserved in permafrost Bence Viola, MPI EVA, nature.com aDNA Hofreiter et al. 2014, Bioessays 36 Ancestors? Multiple hominid fossils found. The relations are uncertain: ancestors or cousins? The tree • Evolution is not linear • The status of many fossils often unclear - cannot be assigned to a particular branch • There is no “missing link” - current paleontology has many fossils of transitory forms from ape-like to human-like We are animals! Linnaeus, 1735 Systema Naturae We are primates Humans Chimps Gorilla Orangutan milionów lat temu Macaque Gibbon MY (millions of years) Taxonomy • Hominids - the family Hominidae: • currently: humans, chimpanzees (and bonobos), gorillas, orangutans • oldest -
Discoverer of Lucy Skeleton Hopes to Find What Made Us Human 4 November 2014, by Deborah Netburn, Los Angeles Times
Discoverer of Lucy skeleton hopes to find what made us human 4 November 2014, by Deborah Netburn, Los Angeles Times paleoanthropology and what he hopes to find next. Q: Before Lucy, what was the accepted narrative of human evolution? A: In the early 1970s when I first went into the field, there was a tug-of-war going on between Europe and Africa. Most people thought our most primitive origins were in Africa, but where we really became human was Europe. Q: How did the discovery of Lucy change that? A: She shifted, very dramatically, anthropologists' view of where we obtained our human features. She showed us it happened in Eastern Africa, and more specifically in the Afar region of Ethiopia where she was found. She also allowed us to say conclusively that upright walking went back as much as 3.5 million A reconstruction of a female Australopithecus afarensis. years. That was a major leap in our understanding Image: Wikimedia Commons. of the sequence of events of human evolution. Q: How do you know she walked upright? This month marks the 40th anniversary of the A: Because we had her pelvis. It's a very rare discovery of Lucy, the partial skeleton of an apelike discovery to find a pelvis, and hers is so strikingly creature that walked upright 3.5 million years ago. different from the pelvis of a four-legged animal like The 1974 find would forever change humanity's a chimp. A four-legged animal has a high narrow understanding of where our species came from pelvis with the hip bones facing forward. -
Lucy Discoverer on the Ancestor People Relate to Donald Johanson Reflects on the Enduring Charisma of the Australopithecus Afarensis Fossil He Found 40 Years Ago
NATURE | NEWS: Q&A Lucy discoverer on the ancestor people relate to Donald Johanson reflects on the enduring charisma of the Australopithecus afarensis fossil he found 40 years ago. Ewen Callaway 21 November 2014 Morton Beebe/Corbis Donald Johanson with Lucy in a 1982 picture. “Feeling really lucky,” Donald Johanson wrote in his diary the morning of 24 November 1974, while staying at a remote camp in northern Ethiopia’s Afar region. Hours later, the palaeoanthropologist, now at Arizona State University in Tempe, happened upon the 3.2-million-year-old remains of a small-bodied early human, possibly on the lineage that gave rise to Homo sapiens. He and his collaborators named it Australopithecus afarensis, and the skeleton became known to the world as Lucy. Forty years on, Johanson, now 71, talks about the discovery and Lucy’s enduring importance and appeal. What did scientists know about early human evolution before Lucy? Before my discoveries at the site of Hadar in Ethiopia, we had relatively few fossil species, and only a handful that were as old as 3 million years: There was a piece of arm, a single tooth, a chunk of jaw and maybe a bit of skull. But we didn't have any idea of what early hominids looked like. What took you to Ethiopia in the early 1970s? A young geologist by the name of Maurice Taieb [who is now director of research at the European Centre of Research and Teaching of Geosciences of the Environment in Aix-en-Provence, France] had been exploring the Afar region, and during the course of that preliminary work in the late 1960s, he encountered large areas that were very fossil-rich. -
ASU Reviewed 8/12/2020 NONREIMBURSABLE
NASA OGC Reviewed 8/11/2020; ASU Reviewed 8/12/2020 NONREIMBURSABLE SPACE ACT AGREEMENT BETWEEN ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY / INSTITUTE OF HUMAN ORIGINS (ASU IHO) AND THE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION (NASA) FOR THE LUCY IN SPACE CONTEST ARTICLE 1. AUTHORITY AND PARTIES In accordance with the National Aeronautics and Space Act (51 U.S.C. § 20113(e)), this Agreement is entered into by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, located at 300 E Street SW, Washington, DC 20546 (hereinafter referred to as “NASA”) and the Arizona Board of Regents for and on behalf of Arizona State University and its Institute of Human Origins, located at 951 South Cady Mall, Social Sciences #103, PO Box 874101, Tempe, AZ 85287-4101 (hereinafter referred to as “ASU IHO” or “Partner”). NASA and Partner may be individually referred to as a “Party” and collectively referred to as the “Parties.” ARTICLE 2. PURPOSE The purpose of this agreement (“Agreement”) is to set forth the terms and conditions under which the Parties will cooperate in the conduct of the Lucy in Space Contest for grades 6–12, wherein U.S. students nationwide will be prompted to submit patch designs along with an essay describing their design (grades 6–8) or artwork/media and an essay/poem describing their art (grades 9–12) (the “Contest”). The Contest is intended to engage middle school through high school students in the human drive to explore, discover, and acquire knowledge about our origins and our place in the natural world on Earth, as epitomized by the Lucy fossil, and in the Solar System, as epitomized by the NASA Lucy Mission.