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False Killer Whales CetusGeoIssue 6 I Dec 2019 DOLPHIN & WHALE EMAGAZINE Northern Territory’s False Killer Whales Sounds Beneath the Waves: PLUS The acoustic world of whales & dolphins Boto fact file Latest news South America’s Complexities of the Dammed River Dolphins Sea Sponge Ocean Inspiration with Kohola Kai Creative SCIENCE I CULTURE I ART I CONSERVATION EDITOR’S NOTE The delicate BALANCE he delicate balance of this world In amongst the seemingly endless greed we live in is incredibly intricate, of human societies; whether in relation to T interconnected and sensitive. risking the extinction of endangered river Who would have thought that mangrove, dolphins in the Amazon by the construc- seagrass and saltmarsh systems store tion of dams (pg. 20), kidnapping belugas huge amounts of greenhouse gases and and orcas and holding them in small can absorb carbon dioxide up to 40 times jail-like pens with the intent to sell them faster than forests on land? These under- to captive facilities in China (pg. 12), or estimated systems are finally getting a the inaction of our politicians to address little credit for their importance in keeping global warming, it can be hard for us to the global balance (pg. 4). Yet, the human see the positive light. thirst for coastal encroachment still sees these systems disturbed and destroyed. Our world is an amazing place and one of With each disturbance, they release their a kind. Each new discovery and explora- carbon stores. In Australia, this results in tion reminds us of this. By diving into the 2-3 million tonnes of CO2 being released acoustic world of whales and dolphins each year. (pg. 8), or exploring the lives of false killer whales (pg. 17), and discovering the Our world is changing and we are begin- intricacies of sponges, there is much to ning to see the impact of the warming celebrate and conserve. In this issue, we climate. How marine life will be impacted gain inspiration from artist Tracie Sugo and respond to these changes is not fully from Kohola Kai Creative whose detailed understood. New research has found artworks help viewers to connect to the that warmer waters can have immediate lives of marine life and the need for their biological consequences to dolphins. In conservation through immediate positive Shark Bay, Western Australia, the impact action (pg. 26). of a warm water plume was evident in significantly lowered reproductive success I hope you enjoy and gain inspiration from of the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin this issue of CetusGeo! population (pg. 5). This raises concerns in relation to how well and how quickly these Best Wishes animals (and others) can adapt to the changing world. Liz Photo: NOAA CetusGeo Dolphin & Whale EMagazine is produced and published by Dolphin Research Australia Inc., a marine research, education & conservation charity. © All material in this magazine is copyright and may not be reproduced in part or whole without written permission. Direct requests to the editor. 2 I Issue 6 Intrigue Contents Cetus Geo Contributors Editors: Liz Hawkins & Pete Garbett Article Contributors this issue: In this ISSUE: Carol Palmer CONTENTS Jessica Tsitonakis NEWS Heather Pheloung Lara Pogson-Manning 4 The marine predator’s vital role in protecting carbon Mia Gustavsson stocks Liz Hawkins Tammy Brown Global Warming causes decline in reproduction and 5 Design: Belinda Nelson survival in resident bottlenose dolphin populations. 5 Do drones bother you? Would you like to 6 Microplastics found in 50 stranded marine mammals Contribute? along the British Coast. CetusGeo is written by 7 Counting whales from space passionate people for your pleasure. If you have an idea for an article that you 7 Wading birds increase foraging efficiency would like to contribute, please email us and pitch your proposal. INTRIGUE 8 Sounds Beneath the Waves Image Credits Cover Image: C. Palmer ISSUES 12 Russian Whale Jail - The Harsh Reality of the Captive Whale Industry Subscriptions Annual subscriptions to CetusGeo DISCOVER Dolphin & Whale magazine are complementary with 17 False killer whales – Are they regular users or resident Dolphin Research Australia Inc. species of Australia’s Northern Territory coastal waters? memberships and dolphin adoptions. CRITICAL BY NATURE $30/year Dolphin Research South America’s Dammed River Dolphins 20 Australia membership $60/year Dolphin Research FACT FILE Australia dolphin adoption 24 Boto Fact File IN CONVERSATION Enquiries [email protected] 26 Ocean Inspiration with Kohola Kai Creative www.dolphinresearchaustralia.org FACT FILE 30 Absorbing the subtle complexities of the sponge Issue 6 I 3 News The marine predator’s vital role in protecting carbon stocks habitats. These relationships are incred- ibly complex, context-specific and influ- enced by the structure of the food web, trophic levels and species present. The presence of predators can both maintain the abundance and alter the behaviour of herbivore species along with the seques- tration of C in the system. The majority of C is stored in anoxic sed- iments where organic material is trapped underneath vegetation. The deposition of sediment is greatly influenced by the density and height of the vegetation (i.e. roots, trunks and canopies). If herbivores, for example, are too abundant or graze too heavily on root systems, the plants can be restricted in growth, and this can lower sedimentation rates and reduce the size of the habitat, ultimately reducing the biomass of the ecosystem. The loss of predator species directly or indirectly can result in an increase in the abundance of foraging/grazing behaviour of herbivores/bioturbators, ultimately Image: E Hawkins leading to a cascading effect and top- down loss. Imbalances in the system can egetated coastal habitats including subsequently lead to loss, die-off, and Vseagrass, mangrove and saltmarsh, fragmentation of coastal vegetation, and have a ‘disproportionately large role in the with it, the capacity for these habitats to global capture and storage of natural car- sequester CO2. bon (C)’ according to researchers from the University of Queensland and elsewhere. Researchers conclude that ‘the future role This is largely due to a process called that vegetated coastal ecosystems play biosequestration, which is the process of in climate change mitigation will in part CO2 being absorbed from the atmosphere depend on the preservation of marine and stored in plants, algae and sediment predators, and therefore, policy and man- where it can be retained for millennia (as agement need to reflect this important blue C). realization as a matter of urgency’. Predators, such as finfish, sharks, pinni- Reference: Atwood, T.B. et al. (2015) peds and dolphins, play important direct Predators help protect carbon stocks in and indirect roles in maintaining the func- blue carbon ecosystems, Nature Climate tion of, and preserving, coastal vegetation Change. 5(12), 1038. 4 I Issue 6 News Global Warming causes decline in reproduction and survival in resident bottlenose dolphin populations esearchers from the Universities of for a plethora of marine species, including RZurich and Bristol conducted a study the resident bottlenose populations. on the population status of resident Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins, following The simultaneous loss of extensive an unprecedented heatwave in Western habitat and consequently prey species, the two groups suggests that the use of Australia’s Shark Bay, a UNESCO World likely prevented fish stocks from recov- ‘foraging aids’ may have shielded those Heritage Site. ering in the following years. Researchers individuals against the effects of habitat speculate lower prey abundance would loss by allowing them exclusive access to The heatwave occurred in the summer have prompted higher foraging efforts a less-severely affected foraging niche. of 2011 and caused coastal waters within from keystone predators such as the the heritage site to rise by 2-4 degrees dolphins, and a subsequent lack of Scientists predict that the occurrence of above the average temperature for a total vigilance from mothers when hunting heatwaves could increase by 41% by the of two months. Following the event, would have resulted in higher rates of end of the century. As global warming researchers detected a long-term calf mortality from shark predation. continues to have a more drastic and reduction in both the survival and Additionally, survival rates for both widespread effect in our ecosystems, reproductive rates of the dolphins. mothers and calves could have plummet- researchers investigating this incident are ed from their inability to meet the higher concerned that the inability of species to Analysis of data collected over a ten-year energy requirements their respective life recover after such an extended period of period between 2007 and 2017, revealed stages demand. time will mean that they become function- that even 7 years after the event, normal ally extinct as reproductive output will be levels of survivability and reproduction Researchers surmised that even if calves, outcompeted by the rate of mortality. had not returned. The sudden climatic their growth may be stunted due to lower shift also destroyed an overwhelming nutrient intakes during vital life stages and Reference: S. Wild et al. (2019) Long-term 36% of seagrass habitat within Shark may not become reproductively active. decline in survival and reproduction of Bay, drastically reducing the availability Researchers believe that the differing resil- dolphins following a marine heatwave, of crucial foraging and nursery grounds ience to external changes seen between Current Biology, 29 Do Drones Bother You? f you were a dolphin, the answer would be yes. New Zealand researchers recently flew Ian Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) over bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) near Great Barrier Island in New Zealand and tested their response. The researchers flew the UAV at 10m, 25m and 40m altitude and observed their behaviours before, during and after the flights. They detected more behavioural changes, including orientation chang- es and tail slaps, when the UAV was flown at 10m altitude.
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