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Literature Review and Industry Scan of Electric School Buses Txdot Research Project 0-9907-20 Technical Memorandum 2 May 2020

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Literature Review and Industry Scan of Electric School Buses Txdot Research Project 0-9907-20 Technical Memorandum 2 May 2020 Saving Lives, Time, and Resources tti.tamu.edu Literature Review and Industry Scan of Electric School Buses TxDOT Research Project 0-9907-20 Technical Memorandum 2 May 2020 Contributors: Brittney N. Gick, John H. Overman, and Todd B. Carlson Texas A&M Transportation Institute Performed in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration Literature and Industry Scan of Electric School Buses | i Disclaimer This research was performed in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of TxDOT or FHWA. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The United States Government and the State of Texas do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of this report. Literature and Industry Scan of Electric School Buses | ii Acknowledgments This project was conducted in cooperation with TxDOT’s Environmental Division and Research and Technology Implementation Division and FHWA. The authors thank Dawn Herring and Vicky Nelson of the Texas A&M Transportation Institute for editing and designing the report. Literature and Industry Scan of Electric School Buses | iii Table of Contents List of Figures .............................................................................................................................................. iv List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................... iv List of Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................... v Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Overview ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 Types of School Buses ................................................................................................................................. 2 Diesel School Buses .............................................................................................................................. 2 Propane School Buses .......................................................................................................................... 3 CNG School Buses ................................................................................................................................. 3 Electric School Buses ............................................................................................................................ 3 Fuel Price Comparison .......................................................................................................................... 4 Charging Infrastructure ................................................................................................................................ 6 V2G and V2B Technologies ......................................................................................................................... 7 Regenerative Braking Technology .............................................................................................................. 8 Financing Opportunities............................................................................................................................... 8 Volkswagen Settlement Opportunities ................................................................................................. 8 Texas Clean School Bus Program ......................................................................................................... 9 Emissions and Total Cost of Ownership ..................................................................................................... 9 Current School Bus Statistics for Texas .................................................................................................. 10 Current Electric School Bus Deployments in the United States ............................................................. 11 Review of Current Electric School Bus Pilot Programs ........................................................................... 11 Massachusetts ................................................................................................................................... 11 California ............................................................................................................................................. 13 New York ............................................................................................................................................. 14 Planned Deployments ............................................................................................................................... 14 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 15 School District Considerations ................................................................................................................. 15 Appendix A ................................................................................................................................................. 16 Appendix B ................................................................................................................................................. 55 Appendix C ................................................................................................................................................. 62 Appendix D ................................................................................................................................................ 64 References ................................................................................................................................................ 65 Literature and Industry Scan of Electric School Buses | iv List of Figures Figure 1. Average Retail Fuel Prices in the United States ......................................................................... 4 List of Tables Table 1. School Bus Cost and Fuel Efficiency Comparison by Fuel Source ............................................. 2 Table 2. National Average Fuel Price from January 1–15, 2020 ............................................................. 5 Table 3. Electric School Buses Currently on the Market ........................................................................... 5 Table 4. AFLEET Input Summary ................................................................................................................. 9 Table 5. AFLEET Lifetime Emissions Output ........................................................................................... 10 Table 6. AFLEET TCO Output .................................................................................................................... 10 Table 7. Current Electric School Bus Deployments ................................................................................ 11 Table 8. Emission Outputs Based on Pilot Program Experiences .......................................................... 13 Table 9. Planned Electric School Bus Deployments ............................................................................... 14 Literature and Industry Scan of Electric School Buses | v List of Acronyms AC Alternate Current AFDC Alternative Fuels Data Center AFLEET Alternative Fuel Life-Cycle Environmental and Economic Transportation CNG Compressed Natural Gas CO Carbon Monoxide DC Direct Current EPA Environmental Protection Agency EVSE Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment GHG Greenhouse Gas GVWR Gross Vehicle Weight Rating ISD Independent School District LPG Liquified Petroleum Gas MPDGE Miles per Diesel Gallon Equivalent NOx Nitrogen Oxide PM Particulate Matter SOx Sulfur Oxide SP&R State Planning and Research TCO Total Cost of Ownership TCSB Texas Clean School Bus TERP Texas Emissions Reduction Plan TTI Texas A&M Transportation Institute TxDOT Texas Department of Transportation ULSD Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel V2B Vehicle-to-Building V2G Vehicle-to-Grid VAC Volt Alternate Current VEIC Vermont Energy Investment Corporation VOC Volatile Organic Compound Literature and Industry Scan of Electric School Buses | 1 Introduction According to the American School Bus Council, approximately 480,000 school buses transport nearly 25 million students in the United States each day (1). In Texas, 30,541 school buses were in operation during the 2018–2019 school year (2). School districts have many options when purchasing school buses. This technical memorandum reviews current use and availability of electric school buses on the market and provides valuable information that can assist school districts in making purchasing decisions. The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) tasked the Texas A&M Transportation Institute (TTI) with conducting this literature review and industry scan of electric school buses to proactively assist school districts in their efforts toward researching and/or implementing electric school bus use.
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