DOCSLIB.ORG

General Assembly Endorsed the Re­ Sults of the Elections

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
General Assembly Endorsed the Re­ Sults of the Elections United Nations FOURTH COMMITTEE, 1263rd GENERAL MEETING ASSEMBLY Friday, 19 January 1962 at 11.15 a.m. SIXTEENTH SESSION Official Records NEW YORK CONTENTS regard Mr. Rugira as a representative of his Govern­ Page ment unless the General Assembly endorsed the re­ sults of the elections. Agenda item 49: Question of the future of Ruanda-Urundi: re­ 3, According to the information in the report of port of the United Nations Commission for the United Nations Commission for Ruanda-Urundi Ruanda-Urundi (continued) (A/4994 and Add.1 and Corr.1) and that given by the Hearings of Mr. Pierre Ngendandumwe, Administering Authority,!! the situation in Burundi Deputy Prime Minister of Burundi and was quiet but it was not so in Rwanda. He asked Mr. Mr. Amandin Rugira, President of the Ngendandumwe whether conditions in Rwanda had any Legislative Assembly of Rwanda (con- effect on the attitude of the Burundi Government con­ tinued) . • • • • • • • • • • • . • . • • . • . • • • . 657 cerning the unity of Ruanda-Urundi. 4. Mr. NGENDANDUMWE (Deputy Prime Minister Chairman: Miss Angie BROOKS (Liberia). of Burundi) replied that he was not familiar with the situation in Rwanda. The situation in Burundi was on the whole calm, since the party in power had gained In the absence of the Chairman, Mr. Houaiss a large majority. Naturally, as in the case of any (Brazil), Rapporteur, took the Chair. election in which there were winners and losers, there was a certain amount of bitterness and dis­ AGENDA ITEM 49 content which had led to a few very localized in­ cidents. No doubt the Committee recalled the assas­ Question of the future of Ruanda-Urundl: report of the United sination of Prince Louis Rwagasore, the Prime Nations Commission for Ruanda-Urundi (A/4856, A/4865 Minister. He did not wish to bring that matter into and Corr.1, A/4970, A/4994 and Add.1 and Corr.1; AI . the discussion of the future status of the Territory C.4/516, 517 and Corr.1, 518, 519, 521, 522 and Add.1) but would prefer to speak about it later. (continued) Miss Brooks (Liberia), took the Chair. HEARINGS OF MR. PIERRE NGENDANDUMWE, 5. Mr. ABDEL WAHAB (United Arab Republic) said DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER OF BURUNDI AND that he did not expect Mr. Ngendandumwe to deal with MR. AMANDIN RUGIRA, PRESIDENT OF THE the problems of Rwanda: he merely wished to know LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RWANDA(continued) whether those problems had had a.n effect on the atti­ tude of the Burundi Government concerning possible At the invitation of the Chairman, Mr. Pierre unity. Ngendandumwe, Deputy Prime Minister of Burundi and Mr. Amandin Rugira, President of the Legislative 6, Mr. NGENDANDUMWE (Deputy Prime Minister Assembly of Rwanda, took places at the Committee of Burundi) replied that the situation in Rwanda had table. certainly had some repercussions on the situation in the neighbouring country; the refugee problem was 1. Mr. RUGIRA (President of the Legislative Assem­ evidence of that. The Burundi Government, bearing bly of Rwanda) said that he wished to clear up any in mind the history and the aspirations of its people, misunderstanding which might have arisen at the was determined that Burundi should achieve independ­ previous meeting owing to lack of clarity regarding ence as a separate State. Once it was independent, it the procedure. After having made a statement at the would be prepared to discuss the possibility of union 1261st meeting, giving his Government's views, and with its neighbours. Rwanda and Burundi already having clarified that statement in response to ques­ formed an economic unity, and the Protocol of 21 De­ tions put to him by representatives, he had not at­ cember 1961 (A/C.4/517 and Corr.1) would tend to tended the following meeting. Later, when he had strengthen that economic unity. A Commission com­ listened to the debate from the public gallery, he had posed of representatives of the Administering Au­ not been in a position to ask for the floor in order to thority and of the Governments of Rwanda and Burundi reply to a question. He wished to make it clear that, was already at work to improve the economic union while he was willing to make an official statement on within the framework of two independent States. his Government's position and future policy as a member of that Government, he was not prepared to 7. U TIN MAUNG (Burma) thanked Mr. Rugira for be cross-examined as a petitioner. He was not com­ his explanation, which had fully satisfied his dele­ petent to discuss matters arising from General As­ gation. The question at issue was one of major im• sembly resolutions or to reply to questions relating to the period prior to his Government's coming to !! RapPort soumis par le Gouvernement beige A l'As~emblk g'nf­ power. rale des Nations Unies au sulet de l'adminlstration du Ruanda..Urutldl pendant l'arm!!e 1960 (Brussels, lmprimerie Fr. Van Muysewlnkel, 2. Mr. ABDEL WAHAB (United Arab Republic) ob­ 1961) p. 26. Transmitted to members of the Trusteeship CouncU by a served that his delegation would find it difficult to note of the Secretary-General (T/1583), 657 A/C.4/SR.1263 658 General Assembly - Sixteenth Session - Fourth Committee portance and the Committee was most anxious to work of the evolution of Africa and of the world, and, ascertain the views of the countries concerned. as in other countries, the best formula would con­ 8. The General Assembly had adopted a number of tinue to be sought. He could not speak for the future resolutions laying stress on the importance of the or assert that other political ties might not be sought unity of the Trust Territory. In paragraph 15 of later, but his Government realized that political union resolution 1605 (XV) the General Assembly had re­ was not at present feasible and would not be feasible in the immediate future. iterated its oonviction that the best future for Ruanda­ Urundi lay in its accession to independence as a 13. U TIN MAUNG (Burma) drew attention to arti­ single, united and composite State. The United Nations cle 2 (g) of the Protocol concluded between the Bel­ had of course no moral or legal right to impose a gian Government and the Government of Bur.undi solution on a people against its wishes, but it was its (A/C.4/517 and Corr.1), which enumerated the powers duty to endeavour to persuade the people that their reserved to the Administering Authority until such best future lay in a single, united and composite time as Burundi achieved independence. He wished State. He referred to the reports of various Visiting for some elucidation of the statement that the Govern­ Missions to the Trust Territory which confirmed the ment of Burundi might ask for the intervention of the United Nations view that the future of the Territory metropolitan forces, which were under Belgian com­ was envisaged as a single State. Moreover, the Work­ mand. The situation in Burundi was calm and he ing Group sent to the Territory in 1959 by the Bel­ wondered whether the Government of Burundi antici­ gian Government had advocated a solution in terms pated that it might be obliged to ask for the inter­ of the future "community" of the Trust Territory,Y vention of the metropolitan forces for the maintenance 9. The United Nations Visiting Mission to Trust of law and order. Territories in East Africa, 1960 had stated in its 14, Mr. NGENDANDUMWE (Deputy Prime Minister report on Ruanda-UrundiY that UniM et progr~s of Burundi) pointed out that until Burundi achieved national (UPRONA), the party at present in power in full independence the Trusteeship Agreement re­ Burundi, proposed that consideration should be given mained in force and the Administering Authority was to a free confederation for Burundi and Rwanda with therefore responsible for the maintenance of order a supra-national authority, the composition of which in the Territory. The police under the authority of should be determined by the councils of the two the Government of Burundi would maintain order in States. That view did not appear to be in line with normal circumstances, but if a situation were to Mr. Ngendandumwe's statements and he would like to arise in which they were unable to do so the Govern­ know whether UPRONA had changed its attitude since ment of Burundi would request the intervention of the its assumption of power after the elections. metropolitan forces under Belgian command. 10. :rvir. NGENDANDUMWE (Deputy Prime Minister 15. U TIN MAUNG (Burma) asked who was the pres­ of Burundi) replied that the attitude of his party had ent Chief of Police in Burundi. not basically changed, but had been revised and clari­ fied in the light of developments and the realities of 16. Mr. NGENDANDUMWE (Deputy Prime Minister the new situation as well as of past history. Burundi of Burundi) replied that the Minister of the Interior wanted independence as Burundi: once it was in­ and of Information in the Government of Burundi was dependent, political union or unions would be con­ the authority responsible for the maintenance of sidered, and even sought, with neighbouring coun­ order, but that during the interim period before the tries, From the economic point of view the union of achievement of independence the senior officers of Rwanda and Burundi was to be maintained, but with­ the police force were of European origin. in the. framework of two politically separate States. 17. U TIN MAUNG (Burma) wondered why the The la:te Prime Minister of Burundi had begun to con­ Government of Burundi had established its capital at sider the various possibilities of political unification Usumbura, which had been chosen by the Administer­ which might ultimately emerge after independence.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Entanglements of Modernity, Colonialism and Genocide Burundi and Rwanda in Historical-Sociological Perspective
    UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS Entanglements of Modernity, Colonialism and Genocide Burundi and Rwanda in Historical-Sociological Perspective Jack Dominic Palmer University of Leeds School of Sociology and Social Policy January 2017 Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ii The candidate confirms that the work submitted is their own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. ©2017 The University of Leeds and Jack Dominic Palmer. The right of Jack Dominic Palmer to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by Jack Dominic Palmer in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would firstly like to thank Dr Mark Davis and Dr Tom Campbell. The quality of their guidance, insight and friendship has been a huge source of support and has helped me through tough periods in which my motivation and enthusiasm for the project were tested to their limits. I drew great inspiration from the insightful and constructive critical comments and recommendations of Dr Shirley Tate and Dr Austin Harrington when the thesis was at the upgrade stage, and I am also grateful for generous follow-up discussions with the latter. I am very appreciative of the staff members in SSP with whom I have worked closely in my teaching capacities, as well as of the staff in the office who do such a great job at holding the department together.
    [Show full text]
  • The Catholic Understanding of Human Rights and the Catholic Church in Burundi
    Human Rights as Means for Peace : the Catholic Understanding of Human Rights and the Catholic Church in Burundi Author: Fidele Ingiyimbere Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/2475 This work is posted on eScholarship@BC, Boston College University Libraries. Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2011 Copyright is held by the author, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted. BOSTON COLLEGE-SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY AND MINISTY S.T.L THESIS Human Rights as Means for Peace The Catholic Understanding of Human Rights and the Catholic Church in Burundi By Fidèle INGIYIMBERE, S.J. Director: Prof David HOLLENBACH, S.J. Reader: Prof Thomas MASSARO, S.J. February 10, 2011. 1 Contents Contents ...................................................................................................................................... 0 General Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 2 CHAP. I. SETTING THE SCENE IN BURUNDI ......................................................................... 8 I.1. Historical and Ecclesial Context........................................................................................... 8 I.2. 1972: A Controversial Period ............................................................................................. 15 I.3. 1983-1987: A Church-State Conflict .................................................................................. 22 I.4. 1993-2005: The Long Years of Tears................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Burundian Refugees and Perpetuation of Instability in the Great Lakes Region Darya Kraynaya Pace University
    Pace University DigitalCommons@Pace Honors College Theses Pforzheimer Honors College 9-1-2007 Burundian Refugees and Perpetuation of Instability in the Great Lakes Region Darya Kraynaya Pace University Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/honorscollege_theses Recommended Citation Kraynaya, Darya, "Burundian Refugees and Perpetuation of Instability in the Great Lakes Region" (2007). Honors College Theses. Paper 66. http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/honorscollege_theses/66 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Pforzheimer Honors College at DigitalCommons@Pace. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors College Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Pace. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 Darya Kraynaya Honors Thesis December 22, 2006 Burundian Refugees and Perpetuation of Instability in the Great Lakes Region For over a decade Burundi has faced internal conflict between the Tutsi and the Hutu. The Republic of Burundi received its independence on July 1, 1962 and three years later, the Prime Minister was assassinated. The assassination of Pierre Ngendandumwe, the Hutu Prime Minister, led to an outbreak of a chain of revolts by the Hutu. The conflict between the Hutu and the Tutsi in Burundi became more serious after the tragic events of Rwanda in 1994. (Situation Report: Burundi) The future of Burundi depends on the progress of possible reconciliation between the warring Hutu and Tutsi and of course the outlawed militant groups. The progress of reconciliation is essential because, although a ceasefire agreement was reached in May 2005, between the extremist Hutu group, Palipehutu-FNL ("FNL”) and the government of Burundi, the fighting still continues.
    [Show full text]
  • Will Hutus and Tutsis Live Together Peacefully ?
    B u r u n d i I n t e r n a t i o n a l P e a c e C o m m i t t e e P . O . B o x 6 4 5 8 3 N a i r o b i , K e n y a November 18, 1995 Your Excellencies. President Jimmy Carter President Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere President Tumani TourŽ Archbishop Desmond Tutu Your Excellencies, On behalf of the Burundi International Peace Committee, we are happy to express our sincere gratitude to you for your love for Peace which is known by all, all over the world. It is because of such love that you have willingly accepted to take your precious time in order to bring peace in Burundi and Rwanda. The people of Rurundi and Rwanda welcome this initiative. The Burundi International Peace Committee supports all efforts toward bringing solutions to the conflict in Burundi. In this understanding, the Peace Committee salutes and supports your efforts. we are hereby enclosing a document prepared by the committee to assist you come to terms with the real problems experienced by all Burundians along with proposed solutions. We trust that you will be able to help all the Burundians come together and find ways to live together peacefully. We remain yours faithfully, WILL HUTUS AND TUTSIS LIVE TOGETHER PEACEFULLY ? Introduction More than two years have passed since the assassination of President Melchior Ndadaye of Burundi. Since then, many people have lost their lives and continue to die. One wonders whether it will be possible again for Hutus and Tutsis to live together peacefully.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Prime Ministers of Burundi
    SNo Phase Name Took office Left office Duration Political party 1 Kingdom of Burundi (part of Ruanda-Urundi) Joseph Cimpaye 26-01 1961 28-09 1961 245 days Union of People's Parties 2 Kingdom of Burundi (part of Ruanda-Urundi) Prince Louis Rwagasore 28-09 1961 13-10 1961 15 days Union for National Progress 3 Kingdom of Burundi (part of Ruanda-Urundi) André Muhirwa 20-10 1961 01-07 1962 254 days Union for National Progress 4 Kingdom of Burundi (independent country) André Muhirwa 01-07 1962 10-06 1963 344 days Union for National Progress 5 Kingdom of Burundi (independent country) Pierre Ngendandumwe 18-06 1963 06-04 1964 293 days Union for National Progress 6 Kingdom of Burundi (independent country) Albin Nyamoya 06-04 1964 07-01 1965 276 days Union for National Progress 7 Kingdom of Burundi (independent country) Pierre Ngendandumwe 07-01 1965 15-01 1965 10 days Union for National Progress 8 Kingdom of Burundi (independent country) Pié Masumbuko 15-01 1965 26-01 1965 11 days Union for National Progress 9 Kingdom of Burundi (independent country) Joseph Bamina 26-01 1965 30-09 1965 247 days Union for National Progress 10 Kingdom of Burundi (independent country) Prince Léopold Biha 13-10 1965 08-07 1966 268 days Union for National Progress 11 Kingdom of Burundi (independent country) Michel Micombero 11-07 1966 28-11 1966 140 days Union for National Progress 12 Republic of Burundi Albin Nyamoya 15-07 1972 05-06 1973 326 days Union for National Progress 13 Republic of Burundi Édouard Nzambimana 12-11 1976 13-10 1978 1 year, 335 days Union for
    [Show full text]
  • Assassinat Du Premier Ministre Du Burundi, Pierre Ngendandumwe Cinquante Ans Après Par Perpétue Nshimirimana, Le 15 Janvier 2015
    Assassinat du Premier ministre du Burundi, Pierre Ngendandumwe Cinquante ans après Par Perpétue Nshimirimana, le 15 janvier 2015 Contribution à la Commission Vérité-Réconciliation et au Mécanisme de Justice Transitionnelle L’année 2015 est une année particulière dans l’Histoire du Burundi. Elle marque, en effet, le cinquantième anniversaire du déclenchement des premiers assassinats en masse des citoyens et des intellectuels burundais ayant en commun le fait d’appartenir à l’ethnie Hutu. Cet anniversaire invite tous les Barundi épris de justice et de paix à marquer un temps d’arrêt pour une pensée envers toutes les victimes innocentes du pays. Aujourd’hui, le public attend, précisément, de la part des dirigeants du Burundi officiel, de vrais gestes symboliques et concrets dans le but d’honorer leur mémoire et de lutter contre l’oubli suivi d’une impunité invraisemblable. L’année 2015 donne l’occasion, aussi, de se souvenir en particulier de ces illustres disparus, les vrais Bâtisseurs du Burundi moderne. Il faut les mettre en lumière pour assurer la pérennité de leurs idées et de leurs projets. Au moment où le pays se dote, enfin, des membres constitutifs de la Commission Vérité et Réconciliation (C.V.R.)1, le Burundi doit regarder en face son passé et délivrer l’entière vérité à sa population en souffrance depuis si longtemps. De nombreuses familles sont dans l’attente d’explications sur l’étendue du mal répandu en toute conscience et avec détermination. Le temps de la réhabilitation des personnes injustement accusées puis assassinées dans la foulée, au cours de l’année 1965, est arrivé.
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Knowledge in Burundi Stanislas Bigirimana
    11. The meaning of violence and the violence of meaning: the politics of knowledge in Burundi Stanislas Bigirimana INTRODUCTION: RESEARCH, KNOWLEDGE AND VIOLENCE IN BURUNDI This chapter starts from the premise that ‘scientific’ research is a process of discourse formation. In doing so it draws on the work of Lonergan (1957) which asserts that the process of human knowing is unified but comprises four operations, namely experiencing, understanding, judging (choosing, deciding), and acting. This conceptual insight is applied here to the case of Burundi in the Central African Great Lakes region in order to illuminate how and why the politics of knowledge is relevant both to the phenomenon of violence and its supposed solutions. Burundi completed its third election cycle in 2020. It is the first time in Burundi’s history that an elected leader has lasted more than three months. Burundi achieved independence on 1 July 1962. The newly independent state suffered instability from 1961 to 1966. In 1961, Prince Louis Rwagasore of the Union for National Progress (UPRONA) was elected on 18 September and was assassinated on 13 October. The period until 1966 was characterized by political pluralism as different groups from the ‘new’ Western-educated elite formed political parties and competed for power and votes within the context of a constitutional monarchy. This period left scars on the Burundian political imagination, reflecting the tension between the mythical foundation of a traditional monarchy of divine right and an emerging Western type democratic model aimed at abolishing inborn privileges and instituting an electoral system. In January 1965, Prime Minister Pierre Ngendandumwe was assassinated before even forming his cabinet.
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Knowledge in Burundi Stanislas Bigirimana
    11. The meaning of violence and the violence of meaning: the politics of knowledge in Burundi Stanislas Bigirimana INTRODUCTION: RESEARCH, KNOWLEDGE AND VIOLENCE IN BURUNDI This chapter starts from the premise that ‘scientific’ research is a process of discourse formation. In doing so it draws on the work of Lonergan (1957) which asserts that the process of human knowing is unified but comprises four operations, namely experiencing, understanding, judging (choosing, deciding), and acting. This conceptual insight is applied here to the case of Burundi in the Central African Great Lakes region in order to illuminate how and why the politics of knowledge is relevant both to the phenomenon of violence and its supposed solutions. Burundi completed its third election cycle in 2020. It is the first time in Burundi’s history that an elected leader has lasted more than three months. Burundi achieved independence on 1 July 1962. The newly independent state suffered instability from 1961 to 1966. In 1961, Prince Louis Rwagasore of the Union for National Progress (UPRONA) was elected on 18 September and was assassinated on 13 October. The period until 1966 was characterized by political pluralism as different groups from the ‘new’ Western-educated elite formed political parties and competed for power and votes within the context of a constitutional monarchy. This period left scars on the Burundian political imagination, reflecting the tension between the mythical foundation of a traditional monarchy of divine right and an emerging Western type democratic model aimed at abolishing inborn privileges and instituting an electoral system. In January 1965, Prime Minister Pierre Ngendandumwe was assassinated before even forming his cabinet.
    [Show full text]
  • Wounded Memories: Perceptions of Past Violence in Burundi and Perspectives for Reconciliation
    Wounded Memories: Perceptions of past violence in Burundi and perspectives for reconciliation Patrick Hajayandi Wounded Memories: Perceptions of past violence in Burundi and perspectives for reconciliation Research Report Patrick Hajayandi Published by the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation 105 Hatfield Street, Gardens, Cape Town, 8001, South Africa www.ijr.org.za ISBN: 978-1-928332-51-0 Text © 2019 Institute for Justice and Reconciliation All rights reserved. Orders to be placed with the IJR: Tel: +27 (21) 202 4071 Email: [email protected] The contributors to this publication write in their personal capacity. Their views do not necessarily reflect those of their employers or of the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation. The front cover photograph shows the rocks at Kiganda. These are connected to the signing of a peace treaty between the King of Burundi, Mwezi Gisabo, and the German officer Captain von Beringe in 1903. Designed and produced by COMPRESS.dsl | www.compressdsl.com Table of contents Foreword 1 Acknowledgements 3 Research team 5 Acronyms 6 Executive summary 7 Chapter 01 Introduction 11 Chapter 02 Historical background 14 2.1. Winds of change 17 2.2. First elections and first signs of political instability 18 2.3. Rwagasore at loggerheads with the colonial administration 19 2.4. The thorny road to independence 21 2.5. Major violent crises in the post-independence era 23 2.5.1. The 1965 crisis and ethnic radicalization 24 2.5.2. The 1972 Genocide against the Bahutu 24 2.5.3. 1988: The Ntega and Marangara crisis 26 2.5.4. The 1990’s reforms and resistances 27 2.5.5.
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Knowledge in Burundi Stanislas Bigirimana
    11. The meaning of violence and the violence of meaning: the politics of knowledge in Burundi Stanislas Bigirimana INTRODUCTION: RESEARCH, KNOWLEDGE AND VIOLENCE IN BURUNDI This chapter starts from the premise that ‘scientific’ research is a process of discourse formation. In doing so it draws on the work of Lonergan (1957) which asserts that the process of human knowing is unified but comprises four operations, namely experiencing, understanding, judging (choosing, deciding), and acting. This conceptual insight is applied here to the case of Burundi in the Central African Great Lakes region in order to illuminate how and why the politics of knowledge is relevant both to the phenomenon of violence and its supposed solutions. Burundi completed its third election cycle in 2020. It is the first time in Burundi’s history that an elected leader has lasted more than three months. Burundi achieved independence on 1 July 1962. The newly independent state suffered instability from 1961 to 1966. In 1961, Prince Louis Rwagasore of the Union for National Progress (UPRONA) was elected on 18 September and was assassinated on 13 October. The period until 1966 was characterized by political pluralism as different groups from the ‘new’ Western-educated elite formed political parties and competed for power and votes within the context of a constitutional monarchy. This period left scars on the Burundian political imagination, reflecting the tension between the mythical foundation of a traditional monarchy of divine right and an emerging Western type democratic model aimed at abolishing inborn privileges and instituting an electoral system. In January 1965, Prime Minister Pierre Ngendandumwe was assassinated before even forming his cabinet.
    [Show full text]
  • Distributional Conflict, the State, and Peace Building in Burundi
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Economics Department Working Paper Series Economics 2005 Distributional conflict, the state, and peace building in Burundi Léonce Ndikumana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/econ_workingpaper Part of the Economics Commons Recommended Citation Ndikumana, Léonce, "Distributional conflict, the state, and peace building in Burundi" (2005). Economics Department Working Paper Series. 49. https://doi.org/10.7275/1069125 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Economics at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Economics Department Working Paper Series by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS Working Paper Distributional conflict, the state, and peace building in Burundi by Léonce Ndikumana Working Paper 2005-13 UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Distributional conflict, the state, and peace building in Burundi Léonce Ndikumana* Department of Economics University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003 Tel: (413) 545-6359; Fax: (413) 545-2921 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~ndiku This draft: June 2005 Abstract This paper examines the causes of conflict in Burundi and discusses strategies for building peace. The analysis of the complex relationships between distribution and group dynamics reveals that these relationships are reciprocal, implying that distribution and group dynamics are endogenous. The nature of endogenously generated group dynamics determines the type of preferences (altruistic or exclusionist), which in turn determines the type of allocative institutions and policies that prevail in the political and economic system. While unequal distribution of resources may be socially inefficient, it nonetheless can be rational from the perspective of the ruling elite, especially because inequality perpetuates dominance.
    [Show full text]
  • Prioritizing Protection from Mass Atrocities: Lessons from Burundi
    Occasional Paper Series Prioritizing Protection from Mass Atrocities:Lessons from Burundi 1 Prioritizing Protection from Mass Atrocities: Lessons from Burundi Gregory Mthembu-Salter Elana Berger Naomi Kikoler Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect • Occasional Paper Series 2 Prioritizing Protection from Mass Atrocities:Lessons from Burundi About the Centre The Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect was established in February 2008 as a catalyst to promote and apply the norm of the “responsibility to protect” popula- tions from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity. Through its programs, events and publications, the Centre is a resource and a forum for governments, international institutions and non-gov- ernmental organizations on prevention and early action to halt mass atrocities. Cover Photo: United Nations peacekeeper writes notes at a mass grave in Gatumba, Burundi, August 16, 2004. Thompson Reuters. The views expressed in the Occasional Paper are those of the author and are not necessarily held by the Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect. © Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, 2011. All Rights Reserved Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect • Occasional Paper Series Prioritizing Protection from Mass Atrocities:Lessons from Burundi 3 CONTENTS Executive Summary . 1 Introduction . 2 Responsibility to Protect . 2 A Short History of Burundi . 2 Regional and International Response . 4 Mediation Efforts . 4 The Use of Force . 8 Economic Sanctions . 11 Conclusion
    [Show full text]