Epistolario (1816-1817)

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Epistolario (1816-1817) ANTONIO CANOVA EPISTOLARIO (1816-1817) A cura di Hugh Honour e Paolo Mariuz tomo i SALERNO EDITRICE ROMA EDIZIONE NAZIONALE DELLE OPERE DI ANTONIO CANOVA COMITATO SCIENTIFICO Gianni Venturi, Presidente . † Giulio Carlo Argan · Franco Barbieri † Elena Bassi · Vittore Branca · Antonio Giuliano · Mario Guderzo † Francis Haskell · Hugh Honour · Gérard Hubert · Paola Marini Paolo Mariuz · † Giuseppe Mazzariol · Fernando Mazzocca † Massimiliano Pavan · Giuseppe Pavanello · † Carlo Pietrangeli Fernando Rigon · Giandomenico Romanelli · Mario Scotti Alberto Vecchi VOLUME XVIII ANTONIO CANOVA EPISTOLARIO (1816-1817) tomo i Antonio Canova, Marte e Venere, incisione di Domenico Marchetti su disegno di Giovanni Tognoli. La traduzione del saggio introduttivo e delle note critiche di Hugh Honour è stata curata da Marcello Fantoni e Paolo Mariuz. isbn 88-8402-376-9 Tutti i diritti riservati - All rights reserved Copyright © 2002 by Salerno Editrice S.r.l., Roma. Sono rigorosamente vietati la ri- produzione, la traduzione, l’adattamento, anche parziale o per estratti, per qualsiasi uso e con qualsiasi mezzo effettuati, compresi la copia fotostatica, il microfilm, la memorizzazione elettronica, ecc., senza la preventiva autorizzazione scritta della Sa- lerno Editrice S.r.l. Ogni abuso sarà perseguito a norma di legge. SOMMARIO INTRODUZIONE xi CRITERI DI TRASCRIZIONE E RINGRAZIAMENTI xxxix TAVOLA DELLE ABBREVIAZIONI DEL TOMO PRIMO xl EPISTOLARIO (1816) 1 A John Fleming INTRODUZIONE La prima lettera di questo volume, scritta il 3 gennaio 1816 « alle ore due di notte » (ossia quattro ore dopo l’Angelus), segna il momento in cui Canova, all’età di 59 anni, inaugura una nuova fase della sua vita. La lettera è indiriz- zata al cardinale Ercole Consalvi, il potente segretario di Stato di Pio VII, che gli aveva affidato la difficile missione di assicurare il ritorno a Roma delle opere d’arte estorte dai Francesi in seguito al trattato di Tolentino ed esposte a Parigi nel Musée Napoleon. Canova, in compagnia del fratellastro Giam- battista Sartori, lasciò Roma il 15 agosto 1815, raggiunse Parigi due settimane dopo, e qui, esercitando la sua influenza sui sovrani delle potenze alleate, ot- tenne la restituzione della maggior parte delle sculture, dei dipinti e dei ma- noscritti strappati agli stati italiani, che vennero portati via dal Louvre sotto la protezione di una scorta armata fornita dal duca di Wellington. Un con- voglio con i pezzi piú importanti fu inviato alla volta di Roma il 28 ottobre, mentre Canova il giorno successivo partí per l’Inghilterra, dove trascorse un mese. A causa dell’ostilità dei Francesi, Canova tornò in Italia attraverso le Fiandre, la Germania e l’Austria, affrettando le ultime tappe del viaggio do- po aver ricevuto la notizia di un incidente occorso sul valico del Moncenisio al carro che trasportava il Laocoonte. Non sorprende perciò che fosse – come scrisse – « stracco del viaggio ». Il 6 gennaio il papa conferí a Canova il titolo di marchese d’Ischia e gli as- segnò una pensione annuale di 3.000 scudi, che lo scultore provvide a distri- buire tra istituzioni culturali e scientifiche prima della fine dell’anno. Fu am- messo nel patriziato romano e il suo nome fu iscritto nel Libro d’oro del Campidoglio con i simboli che egli aveva scelto per il suo stemma, una lira e un serpente, gli emblemi di Orfeo e Euridice, a ricordo delle sue prime sta- tue e del loro committente Giovanni Falier, che lo aveva avviato sulla strada della fama.1 Alcuni amici di Canova pensavano che il titolo nobiliare fosse superfluo, se non addirittura assurdo, per un artista del suo rango e i ministri del governo napoletano e di quello austriaco sembrano essere stati riluttanti ad accettare questa parvenza di nobiltà, poiché spesso continuarono a rivol- gersi a lui come al « cavalier Canova ». A parte questo, fin dal 1814, egli fu 1. Un documento che si trova a Possagno registra il pagamento di 78 scudi per il diploma (PLFC, b. 6, f. 1). xi INTRODUZIONE suddito dell’Impero austriaco e il 17 gennaio 1816 l’imperatore Francesco I lo ammise all’ordine di Leopoldo: mai nessun artista prima di lui aveva ricevu- to onori tanto grandi. Comunque, in un certo senso, lo stile di vita di Canova in parte cambiò, per quanto continuasse a lavorare nello studio in vicolo delle Colonnette, che aveva usato fin dal 1783 e ingrandito dal 1815 in un edificio nella paralle- la via della Frezza.2 La sua abitazione si trovava nella vicina via del Corso al numero 52; qui, nel 1816, alcune stanze furono ridipinte e la cucina fu am- pliata. Inoltre, gli arredi furono rinnovati e modeste somme di denaro furo- no impiegate nell’acquisto di stoviglie di rame, di coltelli e forchette d’ar- gento, di un servizio da tavola da dodici in terraglia napoletana (non porcel- lana), probabilmente in previsione di una maggiore affluenza di ospiti, sep- pure non in gran numero.3 Il personale di servizio era costituito da una go- vernante, Felice Nataletti, che era stata impiegata presso di lui alcuni anni, prima del 1815, quando fu menzionata nel testamento di Canova, da un cuo- co, da una cameriera e da un cameriere.4 Canova possedeva una carrozza e due cavalli, come i membri dell’alta borghesia, senza tuttavia lo sfarzo dei cardinali o dell’antica nobiltà.5 Il buono stato delle finanze di Canova è testimoniato dal mensile scambio di lettere con il suo procuratore a Venezia, Domenico Selva, fratello del suo amico di lunga data, l’architetto Giannantonio Selva; Canova, infatti, era già stato incluso nell’elenco dei cento uomini piú ricchi di Roma nel 1813, quan- do la maggioranza degli artisti erano ridotti in povertà.6 La sua ricchezza de- rivava dalla sua attività di scultore, non solo grazie alle opere a cui stava la- vorando, ma anche per quelle che gli venivano commissionate e di cui rice- veva un anticipo alla stipula del contratto. Il vitalizio che gli era stato asse- 2. Un conto per « lavori ad uso di stagnaro fatti alli nuovi studi in via della Frezza » comincia- ti l’11 luglio 1815 e saldati il 15 maggio 1816, si trova a Possagno, PLFC, b. 10. 3. PLFC, b. 1, b. 4, b. 10. 4. Roma, Archivio del Vicariato, Stato dell’anime, parrocchia di San Lorenzo in Lucina, 1816, ri- porta: « Felice Nataletti governante zitella aet. 48, Santi Magnoni (o Magnani) da Cesena “coco” aet. 36, Francesca de’ Gregori 36, e Giacomo Buonpresso 26 ». Felice Nataletti sarebbe rimasta come governante e Santi Magnoni come cuoco fino alla morte di Canova, ma gli altri due ser- vitori venivano sostituiti ogni pochi anni. Per la ricerca in questo archivio e le relative trascri- zioni sono debitore a Ornella Francisci Osti. 5. Le ricevute per le tasse pagate per due cavalli si trovano a Possagno, PLFC. 6. « Lista dei maggiori contribuenti della città di Roma nell’anno mdcccxiii », cfr. Lizzani 1952, p. 269. xii INTRODUZIONE gnato dalla Serenissima per il Monumento all’ammiraglio Angelo Emo continuò a essergli erogato dal tesoro austriaco ogni tre mesi. Gli Austriaci pagavano an- che la pensione annuale assegnatagli dal Regno d’Italia come membro dell’I- stituto Italiano di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti. I guadagni che eccedevano i biso- gni immediati erano prudentemente messi a frutto. Nel 1801 Canova aveva deciso di investire il ricavato della statua di Perseo nell’acquisto di un appez- zamento di terreno che sarebbe stato poi chiamato « campi persei », vicino a Possagno.7 La sua proprietà terriera in questa zona fu presto ampliata e data in affitto a contadini, molti dei quali erano suoi lontani parenti. Secondo un’usanza diffusa in Italia, egli accrebbe i suoi introiti con prestiti a interesse, il piú cospicuo dei quali fu quello di 6.000 scudi al cardinale Annibale Gen- ga nel 1816.8 Non c’è dubbio che Canova abbia finanziato anche i prestiti fat- ti a Roma da Giambattista Sartori, prestiti che nel 1817 ammontavano a non meno di 103.765 scudi; nello stesso periodo solo Letizia Ramolino Bonapar- te (Madame Mère) e il principe Camillo Borghese sono menzionati come prestatori di somme piú elevate.9 * Giambattista Sartori, il fratellastro di Canova, di diciassette anni piú giova- ne, aveva raggiunto Antonio a Roma nel 1801 e gradualmente era divenuto suo inseparabile compagno e segretario.10 Avendo ricevuto un’educazione presso il Seminario di Padova, almeno in parte finanziata da Canova, egli svi- luppò un serio interesse per la letteratura classica e l’antichità, in particolar modo per la numismatica; imparò a leggere l’inglese, il francese e un po’ di tedesco. In qualità di prete, diceva messa ogni giorno in casa, in una cappel- la privata, ed era generalmente conosciuto come « l’abate ». Le sue lettere personali, firmate « Giovanni Battista Sartori », qualche volta « Giovanni Bat- tista Sartori-Canova », e occasionalmente « Giovanni Battista Canova », di solito includono messaggi del « fratello » e sono state per questo comprese 7. Canova a Tiberio Roberti, 7 maggio 1801, BCB, R. 217. 8. PLFC b. 9, f. 1. 9. Cfr. D’Errico 1997, p. 509. 10. « Revd. Sig. D. Gio. Batt. Sartori veneto sacerdote [aet. ] 25 » e « Sig.ra Angela Zardo vene- ta, madre, di Francesco Sartori 63 » sono registrati nel 1801 come viventi insieme a Canova, al n. 349 della strada Paolina (Roma, Archivio del Vicariato, San Lorenzo in Lucina, Stato dell’anime, 1801, f. 33v). xiii INTRODUZIONE nel corpus dell’epistolario, insieme a quelle a lui indirizzate. L’intimità delle loro relazioni era cosa risaputa dai loro amici: scrivendo a Canova Pietro Giordani notava: « ogni lettera, ch’io scrivo al nostro carissimo abate, è scrit- ta anche a te ».11 I familiari di casa Canova, di via del Corso 52, includevano anche Dome- nico Manera, conosciuto come Meneghetto (figlio di una zia di Canova, An- na), della stessa età circa di Giambattista Sartori.12 Era stato avviato alla scul- tura e sembra sia stato impiegato come assistente nello studio di Canova pri- ma del 1812, quando fu mandato a Napoli a sovrintendere ai preparativi per la fusione in bronzo del Cavallo che, all’epoca, era destinato a sostenere la statua di Napoleone.
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