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Valley History OHIO VALLEY HISTORY A Collaboration of The Filson Historical Society, Cincinnati Museum Center, and the University of Cincinnati. VOLUME 5 • NUMBER 3 • FALL 2005 OHIO VALLEY EDITORIAL BOARD HISTORY STAFF Compton Allyn Christine L. Heyrman Joseph P. Reidy Editors Cincinnati Museum Center University of Delaware Howard University History Advisory Board Wayne K. Durrill J. Blaine Hudson Steven J. Ross Christopher Phillips Stephen Aron University of Louisville University of Southern Department of History University of California California University of Cincinnati at Los Angeles R. Douglas Hurt Purdue University Harry N. Scheiber Joan E. Cashin University of California Managing Editors James C. Klotter Ohio State University at Berkeley John B. Westerfield II Georgetown College The Filson Historical Society Andrew R. L. Cayton Steven M. Stowe Bruce Levine Miami University Indiana University Ruby Rogers University of California Cincinnati Museum Center R. David Edmunds at Santa Cruz Roger D. Tate University of Texas at Dallas Somerset Community Zane L. Miller Editorial Assistant College Cathy Collopy Ellen T. Eslinger University of Cincinnati Department of History DePaul University Joe W. Trotter, Jr. Elizabeth A. Perkins University of Cincinnati Carnegie Mellon University Craig T. Friend Centre College University of Central Florida Altina Waller James A. Ramage University of Connecticut Northern Kentucky University CINCINNATI MUSEUM CENTER THE FILSON HISTORICAL BOARD OF TRUSTEES SOCIETY BOARD OF DIRECTORS Chair David Bohl Steven R. Love President George H. Vincent Ronald D. Brown Kenneth W. Love R. Ted Steinbock Past Chair Otto M. Budig, Jr. Craig Maier Vice-President H.C. Buck Niehoff Brian Carley Jeffrey B. Matthews, M.D. Ronald R. Van Stockum, Jr. John F. Cassidy Shenan P. Murphy Vice Chairs Dorothy A. Coleman Robert W. Olson Secretary-Treasurer Jane Garvey Richard O. Coleman Scott Robertson Henry D. Ormsby Dee Gettler Bob Coughlin Yvonne Robertson David L. Armstrong R. Keith Harrison David Davis Elizabeth York Schiff Emily S. Bingham William C. Portman, III Diane L. Dewbrey Steve C. Steinman Jonathan D. Blum Treasurer Edward D. Diller Merrie Stewart Stillpass Sandra A. Frazier Mark J. Hauser Charles H. Gerhardt, III James L. Turner Margaret Barr Kulp Leslie Hardy Secretary Thomas T. Noland, Jr. Francine S. Hiltz Martiné R. Dunn Barbara Rodes Robinson David Hughes H. Powell Starks President and CEO Robert F. Kistinger J. Walker Stites, III Douglass W. McDonald Laura Long William M. Street Vice President of Museums Orme Wilson III John E. Fleming Director Mark V. Wetherington Ohio Valley History (ISSN Louisville, Kentucky, 40208. nati. Cincinnati Museum History. Back issues are $8.00. 746-3472) is published in Editorial Offices located at Center and The Filson Historical For more information on Cin- Cincinnati, Ohio, and Louis- the University of Cincinnati, Society are private non-profit cinnati Museum Center, including ville, Kentucky, by Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221-0373. organizations supported almost membership, visit www.cincymu- Museum Center and The Filson Contact the editorial offices entirely by gifts, grants, sponsor- seum.org or call 513-287-7000 or Historical Society. Periodical at [email protected] or ships, admission and member- 1-800-733-2077. postage paid at Cincinnati, [email protected]. ship fees. For more information on The Ohio, with an additional entry Ohio Valley History is a col- Memberships of Cincinnati Filson Historical Society, at Louisville, Kentucky. laboration of The Filson Histori- History Museum at Cincinnati including membership, visit www. Postmaster send address cal Society, Cincinnati Museum Museum Center or The Filson filsonhistorical.org or call 502- changes to The Filson Historical Center, and the Department of Historical Society include a 635-5083. Society, 1310 S. Third Street, History, University of Cincin- subscription to Ohio Valley © Cincinnati Museum Center and The Filson Historical Society 2005. OHIO VALLEY HISTORY Volume 5, Number 3, Fall 2005 A Journal of the History and Culture of the Ohio Valley and the Upper South, published in Cincinnati, Ohio, and Louisville, Kentucky, by Cincinnati Museum Center and The Filson Historical Society. Contents Hope and Humiliation: Humphrey Marshall, the Mountaineers, and the Confederacy’s Last Chance in Eastern Kentucky Brian D. McKnight 3 Addition through Division: Robert Taft, the Labor Vote, and the Ohio Senate election of 1950 Michael Bowen 21 “Ain’t Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me Around”: Berea College’s Participation in the Selma to Montgomery March Dwayne Mack 43 A Whole New Ball Game: Sports Stadiums and Cover: Cumberland Gap, ca. 1862. The Urban Renewal in Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Filson Historical St. Louis, 1950-1970 Society Aaron Cowan 63 Reviews 87 Announcements 110 F A L L 2 0 0 5 1 Book Reviews Wayne Winkler. Walking Toward the Sunset: Monatan Indians of Virginia. The other tri-racial The Melungeons of Appalachia. Macon, Georgia: group was an admixture of Portuguese soldiers Mercer University Press, 2004. 304 pp. ISBN: who garrisoned the Spanish forts in seventeenth- 0865549192 (cloth), $34.00. century South Carolina upcountry, their African slaves, and Native Americans. Not surprisingly, olonial America was born of the struggle be- whites discriminated against them once society Ctween Native Americans who fought to retain encroached on their isolation. Rather than accept the land, and Europeans who sought to conquer the “Negro” designation, the Melungeons subse- it. The emergence of slavery built upon African quently refused to attend segregated schools, and labor heightened concerns about racial control, they used their various origin legends to “prove” to and the practical necessity of being able to identify white authorities that they had no African “blood” who was African embedded the in order to avoid discrimination. “one drop” rule into American By the 1950s, the Melungeons racial stratification. Alongside joined their Appalachian neigh- the conflict over the politics of bors by migrating to Midwestern domination, however, a significant industrial cities where they finally degree of biological fusion also oc- escaped the “stain” of race. Al- curred between Europeans, Native ways insisting on their whiteness, Americans, and Africans. Scorned the migrants’ children often knew by the dominant society, and often little or nothing about their ances- by some within their own ethnic try. But their need to know their groups, tri-racial people often own heritage has spurred a new isolated themselves on the remote interest in establishing the real regions of the backcountry. Soci- origins of the Melungeons. ety identified them by unflattering The First Union, or gathering, of names that the people themselves people of Melungeon heritage was resented. Such is the case of the held at Wise, Virginia, in 1997, Melungeons who, for two hundred and several have followed since. years, lived in the relative isolation An organization and website has of mountainous Hopkins County, Tennessee. been established to facilitate research and share The origin of the term itself is lost in obscurity, information. Current research into Melungeon as is the history of the people. Multiple theories of origins has caused a significant controversy between their origin have been propagated, some fanciful, amateur Melungeon researchers attempting to es- others plausible but impossible to prove. Winkler tablish their own heritage and professional scholars thinks it is most likely that the Melungeons evolved less inclined to embrace legends as evidence. Re- from a merger of two groups, one composed of Eu- cent Melungeon DNA samples have demonstrated ropeans and possibly blacks, who mixed with the that the group carried some of the genetic markers F A L L 2 0 0 5 87 BOOK REVIEWS Mark W. Mehrer. Cahokia’s Coun- tryside: Household Archaeology, Settlement Patterns, and Social Power. Dekalb: Northern Illinois Univer- sity Press, 1995. 230 pp. ISBN: 0875805655 (paper), $32.00. Rinita A. Dalan, George R. Holley, William I. Woods, Harold W. Watters, Jr., and John A. Koepke. Envisioning Cahokia: A Landscape Perspective. Dekalb: Northern Illinois Univer- sity Press, 2003. 251 pp. ISBN: found among Iberian, African, and Native American 0875805949 (paper), $29.50. populations. To his credit, Winkler, who is himself of Melungeon ancestry, recognizes his African line ahokia’s Countryside and Envisioning Cahokia of descent. He also acknowledges that, like most Cargue that landscape and the built environment “white” African Americans who “pass” into main- should be considered critical components of Mis- stream society, Melungeons refused to recognize sissippian social and political development in the their African descent to avoid the social penalties American Bottom region of Illinois. They differ, of racism. Melungeons have always identified however, in how each develops a landscape point themselves as white, and generally married people of view and employs it to understand Cahokia, the society recognized as white. Consequently, as Win- largest and most complex pre-Columbian polity in kler observes, over time “they became ‘whiter’—but North America. Mississippian peoples were a farm- never white enough to completely avoid the hostility ing society, known for building mound complexes, and suspicion of their Caucasian neighbors or the and are often described as having been chiefdoms. epithet ‘Melungeon.’” (247) However, merely calling a polity a chiefdom says Although not
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