WALLED: DIVIDED SOCIETIES & IMPACT ON IDENTITY by Suzan D. Tugberk A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of George Mason University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Conflict Analysis and Resolution Master of Arts Conflict Resolution and Mediterranean Security Committee: Chair of Committee J .{ " I ! l f 1 f' \. '-~ LJj " 'i .l Graduate Program Coordinator ~ j Director, School for Conflict Analysis and Resolution Date: Fall Semester 2011 George Mason University Fairfax, VA University of Malta Valletta, Malta Walled: Divided Societies & Impact on Identity A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at George Mason University and the degree of Master of Arts at the University of Malta. by Suzan D. Tuğberk Bachelor of Arts George Mason University, 2006 Director: Karina Korostelina, Professor School of Conflict Analysis and Resolution Fall Semester 2011 George Mason University Fairfax, VA University of Malta Valletta, Malta Copyright 2011 Suzan D. Tuğberk All Rights Reserved DECLARATION FOR RESEARCH PAPER I declare that this research is my own work and no part of it has been copied from any other previous work on the subject, except in such instances where acknowledgment has been duly made. Signature: Date: 28 September 2011 ii DEDICATION To the key players in my life who accompany me on my journeys no matter how near or far iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis has been a process in the making upon the acceptance and enrollment of this program, knowing that it would be a mandatory component for graduation. Thank you to all of the professors and lecturers throughout the year who opened my eyes and mind to new concepts and lenses to view the world; it has been truly inspirational and made this work possible. I would like to further thank my adviser, Professor Korostelina, for all of her help, guidance and insight into identity during her course and when writing my thesis. Also, there were instrumental behind the scenes players of both universities who contributed to the overall graduate experience—I am appreciative of all their efforts and time. My family has been a constant source of support and springboard of ideas. Without their help, attending this program would not have been feasible. Thank you to my parents for their constant stream of encouragement. Thank you to my sister, Alisa, for always looking out to ensure that I am on the right track and taking full advantage of my graduate experience and program. A special note of thanks to my sister, Aylin, whom without I would not have been writing about walls and their identity impacts on society. As I was teetering between eight different thesis ideas, Aylin directed to me towards this topic and was the source of motivation for deciding on this path. Finally, I truly could not be the student I am without my fiancée, Marius, who helped make my graduate experience the best that it could be—he was there every step of the way. Thank you to all of the contributors to this program. My time as a graduate student is one of the most enjoyable experiences that I fondly look back on. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................x Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................1 1.1 Purpose of Study ................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Assumptions of Study ........................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 2: Methodology....................................................................................................6 Chapter 3: Theoretical Concepts ....................................................................................11 i. Identity................................................................................................................................................ 11 ii. Social Identity.................................................................................................................................... 11 iii. Social Identity Theory ...................................................................................................................... 12 iv. Large-group Identities ...................................................................................................................... 13 v. Chosen Traumas & Chosen Glories .................................................................................................. 13 vi. Transgenerational Transmissions & Reservoirs .............................................................................. 14 vii. Structural Violence .......................................................................................................................... 15 viii. Basic Human Needs ....................................................................................................................... 16 ix. Positive Peace & Negative Peace ..................................................................................................... 20 x. Contact Theory .................................................................................................................................. 21 Chapter 4: Literature Review .........................................................................................24 4.1 German Case Study: Background ....................................................................................................... 24 4.2 The Berlin Wall ................................................................................................................................... 27 4.3 Cyprus Case Study: Background ......................................................................................................... 34 4.4 The Green Line .................................................................................................................................... 38 4.5 Literature Review Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 41 Chapter 5: What is a Wall?.............................................................................................42 Chapter 6: The Green Line in Cyprus & Identity Impacts .........................................45 6.1 Identity before the Green Line ............................................................................................................ 45 6.2 Identity after the Green Line ............................................................................................................... 47 6.3 Conclusions of Cyprus Identity Analysis ............................................................................................ 50 Chapter 7: The Berlin Wall in Germany & Identity Impacts .....................................76 v 7.1. Identity during the Berlin Wall Years ................................................................................................ 76 7.2 Identity after the Berlin Wall ............................................................................................................... 79 7.3 Conclusions of Identity Analysis ......................................................................................................... 92 Chapter 8: Comparative Case Study Findings .............................................................97 8.1 Comparative Wall Analysis ................................................................................................................. 97 8.2 Concluding Remarks ......................................................................................................................... 105 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................107 vi LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE Table 1 South and North Cyprus 52 Main Economic Indicators, 2003 Table 2 Social Psychological Factors of Greek Cypriots 61 and Turkish Cypriots vii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE Figure 1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 18 Figure 2 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 19 Figure 3 Divided Berlin, 1948-1990 28 Figure 4 Layout of Border Fortifications 32 Figure 5 The Wall in Numbers (Berlin Wall Factsheet) 33 Figure 6 Map of the Berlin Wall 33 Figure 7 Map of Cyprus 40 Figure 8 Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot 64 Communication and Interaction Figure 9 Greek Cypriot community and 65 Turkish Cypriot Community Contact Figure 10 Influence of Contact on Level of Trust 66 Figure 11 Survey of Future Communication between Communities 67 viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BW Berlin Wall BWS Barbed Wire Sunday BZ Buffer Zone CT Contact Theory DDR Deutschland Demokratische Republik (German Democratic Republic) EOKA Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston (National Organization of Cypriot Fighters) FRG Federal Republic of Germany GC Greek Cypriot GCC Greek Cypriot Community GDP Gross Domestic product GDR German Democratic Republic GL Green Line ROC Republic of Cyprus