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(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,921,633 B2 Baust Et Al

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(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,921,633 B2 Baust Et Al USOO6921633B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,921,633 B2 Baust et al. (45) Date of Patent: Jul. 26, 2005 (54) METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR THE Evan & Littlewood, “A Matter of Life and Cell Death', PRESERVATION OF CELLS, TISSUES OR Science (1998) V. 281 p. 1317-22. ORGANS IN THE WITREOUS STATE Kerr, et al., “Apoptosis: Its Significance in Cancer and Cancer Therapy”, Cancer (1994) V. 73 p. 2013–26. (75) Inventors: John M. Baust, Candor, NY (US); Lane et al., “Addition of AScorbate During Cryopreservation John G. Baust, Candor, NY (US); Stimulates Subsequent Embryo Development” Human Robert VanBuskirk, Apalachian, NY Reproduction, vol. 17, No. 10, pp. 2686–2693, Oct. 2002. (US); Aby J. Mathew, Binghamton, DeBiasi et al., “Calpain Inhibition Protects Against Virus NY (US) Induced Apopotic Mycocardial Injury’ 2001, J. Virol. 351-361, 75. (73) Assignee: Biolife Solutions Incorporated, Pahernik et al., “Hypothermic Storage of Pig Hepatocytes: Binghamton, NY (US) Influence of Different Storage Solutions and Cell Density', 1996, Cryobiology 33: 552-566. (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this Fisher et al., “Cold-Cryopreservation of Dog Liver and patent is extended or adjusted under 35 Kidney Slices” 1996, Cryobiology 33: 163–171. U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. Rodriguez et al., “Protective Effect of Glutathione (GSH) Over Glutathione Monoethyl-Ester (GSH-E) on Cold Pres (21) Appl. No.: 10/298,497 ervation of Ioslated Rat Liver Cells' 1995, Cell Transplant. 4: 245-251. (22) Filed: Nov. 18, 2002 Levi et al., “Cold Storage of Peripheral Nerves: An In Vitro (65) Prior Publication Data Assay of Cell Viability and Function' 1994, Glia 10:121-131. US 2004/0096813 A1 May 20, 2004 Lopukhin et al., “Cold Storage of the Heart with University (51) Int. Cl. ............................. A01N1/00; AO1N 1/02 of Wisconsin Solution and 2, 3-Butanedione Monoxime: Langendorff vs Isolated Working Rabbit Heart Model.” (52) U.S. Cl. ............................................. 435/1.3; 435/2 1996, Cryobiology 33:178-185. (58) Field of Search ........................... 435/1.1, 1.2, 1.3, Zhang et al., “The Beneficial Effects of Heat-Shock for 435/2 Prolonged Hypothermic Storage” 1996, J. Surg. Res. 63: (56) References Cited 314-319. Carbognani et al., “Ultrastructural Damage of the Pulmonery U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS Endothelial Cell after Storage In Lung Preservation Solu 4.559,298. A 12/1985 Fahy ............................. 435/1 tions. Comparison Between Belzer and Euro-Collins solu 5,217,860 A 6/1993 Fahy et al. ..... ... 435/1 tions.” 1995, J. Cardiovasc. Surg. 36:93-95. 5,723,282 A 3/1998 Fahy et al. ..... ... 435/1.3 Katz et al., “Improved Small Intestinal Preservation. After 5,821,045. A 10/1998 Fahy et al. ..... ... 435/12 Lazaroid U74389G Treatment and Cold Storage In Univer 5,962.214 A 10/1999 Fahy et al. ..... ... 435/1.3 sity of Wisconsin Solution' 1995, Transplantation 59: 6,045,990 A 4/2000 Baust et al. .... ... 435/1.1 694-698. 6,187,529 B1 2/2001 Fahy et al. .................. 435/12 6,303,388 B1 10/2001 Fahy .......................... 436/518 * cited by examiner 6,395,467 B1 5/2002 Fahy et al. .................. 435/1.3 Primary Examiner Sandra E. Saucier OTHER PUBLICATIONS (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Brown & Michaels, PC Wang et al., “Mechnaisms of Calcium-Induced Disintegra (57) ABSTRACT tive Globulization of Rat Lens Fiber Cells' Investigative Ophthalmolog & Visual Science 37 (5): 915–22 (1996).* The invention provides methods for the hypothermic pres Ren et al., “The Crystallization Kinetics and the Critical ervation of cells, tissues and organs. In particular, the Cooling Rates for Vitrification of Cryoprotective Solutions”, invention provides methods for the hypothermic preserva Cryogenics 30 (Sep. Supp.): 536-40 (1990).* tion or Storage of cells, tissueS or organs in the Vitreous State. Rich et al., “Corneal Tolerance of Vitrifiabel Concentration of Glycerol”, Cryobiology 29 : 153–64 (1992).* 4 Claims, No Drawings US 6,921,633 B2 1 2 METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR THE material Stored at hypothermic temperatures. However, even PRESERVATION OF CELLS, TISSUES OR when ice crystal formation is essentially completely ORGANS IN THE WITREOUS STATE avoided, as in the Vitrification approach, there is an associ ated degree of cell death. Cell death is known to occur by two different mechanisms. The first, necrotic cell death or FIELD OF THE INVENTION necrosis, is not mediated by a specific cellular pathway. The invention relates to the hypothermic preservation of Necrosis is characterized by the loss of cell membrane cells, tissues and organs. In particular, the invention relates integrity resulting in cell Swelling, and is caused by a to the hypothermic preservation or Storage of cells, tissueS or number of pathological agents. DNA in cells that undergo organs in the vitreous State. necrosis is cleaved in a random fashion. Thus, the DNA from cells that have undergone necrosis appears as a continuous DESCRIPTION OF BACKGROUND Smear when Subjected to gel electrophoresis. The Second cell INFORMATION death mechanism, apoptosis or programmed cell death, is The preservation of eukaryotic cells, tissueS or organs is the result of the activation of a specific biochemical pathway commonly carried out by chilling them Sufficiently to slow 15 involving a cascade of biochemical activation Steps that or halt metabolic processes that require ongoing Support by ultimately result in the death of the cell. Apoptosis is an organism or the environment to maintain viability. The characterized by cell Shrinkage, intact plasma membranes, preservation of cells, tissueS or organs by Such chilling is and non-random cleavage of DNA at an approximately 180 generally referred to as hypothermic preservation or hypo nucleotide interval, evidenced by a ladder of DNA cleavage thermic Storage. products upon gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA. Apop There are two broad types of hypothermic Storage for tosis is reviewed, for example, by Kerr et al., 1994, Cancer cells, tissueS or organs. The first involves Storage at tem 73: 2013 and Evan & Littlewood, 1998, Science 281: 1317. peratures above the freezing point of the Solution or medium It has recently been determined that the cell death accom in which the Sample is Suspended, immersed or with which panying hypothermic and cryogenic Storage involves an the sample is perfused. For example, Such temperatures may 25 apoptotic component. U.S. Pat. No. 6,045,990, incorporated be in the range of about 17 C. to 0° C. Such conditions are herein by reference, demonstrates, in part, that Survival and appropriate only for Short term Storage, generally on the recovery from cryopreservation can be enhanced by the order of hours to Several days to about a week. inclusion of anti-apoptotic agents in the preservation The Second broad type, cryogenic Storage, involves Stor medium. age at lower temperatures (below 0°C.), for example, as low There is a need in the art for improved methods of as -80° C. to -196° C. Storage under these conditions is hypothermic and cryogenic preservation. more appropriate for longer periods of time. In this Second SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION broad category, there are two general Subclasses of preser Vation approach. The first Sub-class involves the freezing of 35 The invention is drawn to methods and compositions for the Samples in a medium or Solution that permits the the preservation of cells, tissueS or organs in the vitreous formation of ice crystals. For this approach, cryoprotective State. agents (e.g., dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO), glygerol) are The invention encompasses a method of preserving a added that mitigate the effect of the formation of ice crystals, eukaryotic cell, tissue or organ comprising: a) contacting the essentially by causing dehydration of the cells that prevents 40 cell, tissue or organ with a hypothermic Storage Solution, intracellular water crystal formation. This approach will be wherein the Solution comprises: i) a composition that inhib referred to herein as “cryopreservation.” its apoptosis, and ii) a concentration of a vitrification com The Second Sub-class involves immersing or Suspending position that is sufficient for vitrification of the solution; and cells or tissues in, or perfusing organs with, a Solution b) Vitrifying the cell, tissue or organ, wherein the Vitrifica comprising an agent that prevents ice nucleation within the 45 tion occurs both within the cell, tissue or organ and in the extracellular and intracellular environment thereby prevent hypothermic Storage Solution comprising and comprised by ing ice formation Reducing the temperature of Such a the cell, tissue or organ. Solution below its glass transition temperature (Tg) results in The Vitrification is accomplished through use of a hypo the formation of a glass or vitreous State, which is defined as thermic Storage Solution comprising an agent that prevents an amorphous Solid without crystalline Structure. That is, the 50 ice nucleation within the extracellular and intracellular envi Second Sub-category involves preservation in a Solution that ronment thereby preventing ice formation and that has a forms a glass or vitreous State, instead of freezing in a glass transition temperature (Tg) lower than the homoge crystalline State. In this approach, the cell, tissue or organ neous nucleation temperature of the Solution. Reduction of never comes in contact with or experiences the formation of the temperature of a Sample in a hypothermic Storage extra- or intracellular ice crystals. This approach is referred 55 Solution to below the glass transition temperature results in to herein as "vitrification.” In Such a Solution, an amorphous Vitrification of the Solution and the cell, tissue or organ in glass forms when the Solution is cooled below the glass that Solution. Under these circumstances, there is no crys transition temperature (Tg), and the formation of this amor talline ice formation in or around the cells as the Sample phous glass or vitreous State precludes the Subsequent align becomes a Solid.
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