DOCSLIB.ORG

Operating Systems

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Lesson -10 Software Software-i i Kompjuterit i jep instruksione (komanda) Hardware-it dhe e ben ate te funksionoje Llojet e Software-ve Kemi tre lloj software-sh kryesore: Operating Systems (Sistemet Operative ) Application Programs (Programet Aplikative) Utility Program (Utilities) Programet Ndihmese Programming Languages (Gjuhet e Programimit) What is an Operating System? An operating system is a piece of software that controls how hardware resources such as memory, the central processing unit (CPU), disk space, and other devices are used. Applications need the operating system because they need to use these hardware resources. Operating System Parts An operating system has two parts: Kernel Shell The kernel is the core of an operating system. It manages memory, files, and other devices, maintains the time and date, starts applications, and manages system resources. The shell provides direct communication between the user and the kernel. It is an interface between the user and the kernel. Operating System Types There are many different types of operating system. We can classify systems according to: the type of user interface, how many users they support (single-user or multi-user), how they perform tasks (single task or multitask), how they work with other computers (single computer or network). Operating System User Interface The user interface is the part of the operating system that you use to enter commands and data. There are two types of user interface: graphical user interface (GUI) command-line interface (CLI) A graphical user interface O.S A graphical user interface is a visual computer environment that represents programs, files, and options with images such as icons, menus, and dialog boxes on the screen. You can select and activate these options by pointing and clicking with a mouse, or by using the keyboard. A command-line interface O.S. A command-line interface does not use images or graphical menus. Instead, you type commands with the keyboard, using a special command language. Systems with command- line interfaces often seem more difficult to learn and use than systems with graphical interfaces. Users of Operating Systems Operating Systems are A single-user divided in two parts operating system according to users: examples are: A single-user MS-DOS operating system can Mac OS be used only by a single Windows user. A multi-user operating A multi-user operating system examples are: system can be used by Unix more than one user. Linux A network operating system A network operating system is an operating system which is specifically designed to support computer networks. A network operating system uses a special machine called a server to provide networking support for multiple simultaneous users as well as administrative, security, and management functions. Operating Systems tasks Operating Systems are Single-task operating divided in two parts systems type is: according to the tasks MS-DOS they do: Multitask operating Single-task operating systems types are: systems can work only Microsoft's Windows on a single task at a time. Apple's Mac OS Multitask operating systems can work on multiple tasks at the same time. MS-DOS MS-DOS is short for Microsoft Disk Operating System. MS- DOS is single task, single-user operating system with a command-line interface, which was released in 1981 for IBM PCs and similar PCs. MS-DOS, like other operating systems, controls operations such as disk input and output, video support, keyboard control, and many internal functions related to running programs and maintaining files. Microsoft Windows Microsoft Windows was one of the first graphical operating systems for home and office PCs. Microsoft Windows main versions are: Windows 3.1 Windows 95 Windows 98 Windows 2000 Windows NT ….. Windows XP Windows Vista Windows 7 Windows 8 Windows 10 Mac OS Mac OS is short for Macintosh Operating System. It is the commercial name of the Apple Macintosh operating system. Mac OS main versions are: Mac OS X v10.0 (Cheetah) Mac OS X v10.1 (Puma) Mac OS X v10.2 (Jaguar) Mac OS X v10.3 (Panther) Mac OS X v10.4 (Tiger) Mac OS X v10.5 (Leopard) Mac OS X v10.6 (Snow Leopard) Mac OS X v10.7 (Lion) UNIX Unix is a multi-user, multitasking operating system. Unix has evolved into a complex, powerful operating system that is more portable and less machine specific than many other operating systems. Unix uses a powerful command-line interface, although there are also graphical user interfaces for the Unix system. Linux Linux is a version of Unix System V which was developed for PCs with Intel 80386 and higher-level microprocessors. Linux is free and its program code can be changed by anyone who chooses to work on it, although some companies distribute it as part of a commercial package with Linux- compatible utilities. Novell NetWare Is an enterprise operating system. Examples SUSE Linux Enterprise Open Enterprise Server (OES) BeOS and Haiku It was designed as a “media OS” that could support the large file sizes and high performance processing demands of digital media and the Internet. Mobile Operating Systems The mobile platform, also referred to as mobile operating systems, manages the mobile device hardware, memory, and software resources. It controls the functioning and capabilities of a mobile device. Symbian OS Most of the mobile phones from Nokia run on Symbian operating system. Symbian has not been very successful as a smartphone operating system. Symbian is feature rich and is easy to use. Google Android Android is a Linux- derived operation system supported by many major mobile companies like Google, HTC, Samsung, Motorola, and so on. It is an open platform that encourages developers to build their favorite applications with known tools and technologies. Mobile Linux Mobile Linux is the scaled down version of Linux operating system for mobile devices. It is an open operating system that powers many mobile phones and PDAs. Nokia offers a couple of Linux mobile powered mobile phones. BlackBerry OS BlackBerry operating system is one of the most popular mobile platforms in the world. BlackBerry OS is an enterprise mobile device that can interface with various e-mail, calendar, notes, and contacts solutions. iPhone OS iPhone runs on Apple’s proprietary iPhone operating system, which is derived from Mac OS X. Currently, all iOS devices are developed by Apple and support an advanced touch and display technology. Windows OS This operating system is used on Nokia Lumnia and Samsung Omnia mobile phones. It is restricted version of Windows 8 OS. End of the Lesson .
Recommended publications
  • User Interface Design Issues in HCI

    User Interface Design Issues in HCI

    IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.18 No.8, August 2018 153 User Interface Design Issues In HCI Waleed Iftikhar, Muhammad Sheraz Arshad Malik, Shanza Tariq, Maha Anwar, Jawad Ahmad, M. Saad sultan Department of Computing, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Summary Command line is the interface that allows the user to This paper presents an important analysis on a literature review interact with the computer by directly using the commands. which has the findings in design issues from the year 1999 to But there is an issue that the commands cannot be changed, 2018. This study basically discusses about all the issues related they are fixed and computer only understands the exact to design and user interface, and also gives the solutions to make commands. the designs or user interface more attractive and understandable. This study is the guideline to solve the main issues of user Graphical user interface is the interface that allows the interface. user to interact with the system, because this is user There is important to secure the system for modern applications. friendly and easy to use. This includes the graphics, The use of internet is quickly growing from years. Because of pictures and also attractive for all type of users. The this fast travelling lifestyle, where they lets the user to attach with command line is black and white interface. This interface systems from everywhere. When user is ignoring the is also known as WIMPS because it uses windows, icons, functionalities in the system then the system is not secure but, in menus, pointers.
  • Designing for Increased Autonomy & Human Control

    Designing for Increased Autonomy & Human Control

    IFIP Workshop on Intelligent Vehicle Dependability and Security (IVDS) January 29, 2021 Designing for Increased Autonomy & Human Control Ben Shneiderman @benbendc Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer Interaction Lab Professor, Department of Computer Science Member, National Academy of Engineering Photo: BK Adams IFIP Workshop on Intelligent Vehicle Dependability and Security (IVDS) January 29, 2021 Designing for Increased Automation & Human Control Ben Shneiderman @benbendc Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer Interaction Lab Professor, Department of Computer Science Member, National Academy of Engineering Photo: BK Adams What is Human-Centered AI? Human-Centered AI Amplify, Augment, Enhance & Empower People Human Responsibility Supertools and Active Appliances Visual Interfaces to Prevent/Reduce Explanations Audit Trails to Analyze Failures & Near Misses Independent Oversight à Reliable, Safe & Trustworthy Supertools Digital Camera Controls Navigation Choices Texting Autocompletion Spelling correction Active Appliances Coffee maker, Rice cooker, Blender Dishwasher, Clothes Washer/Dryer Implanted Cardiac Pacemakers NASA Mars Rovers are Tele-Operated DaVinci Tele-Operated Surgery “Robots don’t perform surgery. Your surgeon performs surgery with da Vinci by using instruments that he or she guides via a console.” https://www.davincisurgery.com/ Bloomberg Terminal A 2-D HCAI Framework Designing the User Interface Balancing automation & human control First Edition: 1986 Designing the User Interface Balancing automation &
  • Exploring the User Interface Affordances of File Sharing

    Exploring the User Interface Affordances of File Sharing

    CHI 2006 Proceedings • Activity: Design Implications April 22-27, 2006 • Montréal, Québec, Canada Share and Share Alike: Exploring the User Interface Affordances of File Sharing Stephen Voida1, W. Keith Edwards1, Mark W. Newman2, Rebecca E. Grinter1, Nicolas Ducheneaut2 1GVU Center, College of Computing 2Palo Alto Research Center Georgia Institute of Technology 3333 Coyote Hill Road 85 5th Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30332–0760, USA Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA {svoida, keith, beki}@cc.gatech.edu {mnewman, nicolas}@parc.com ABSTRACT and folders shared with other users on a single computer, With the rapid growth of personal computer networks and often as a default system behavior; files shared with other the Internet, sharing files has become a central activity in computers over an intranet or home network; and files computer use. The ways in which users control the what, shared with other users around the world on web sites and how, and with whom of sharing are dictated by the tools FTP servers. Users also commonly exchange copies of they use for sharing; there are a wide range of sharing documents as email attachments, transfer files during practices, and hence a wide range of tools to support these instant messaging sessions, post digital photos to online practices. In practice, users’ requirements for certain photo album services, and swap music files using peer–to– sharing features may dictate their choice of tool, even peer file sharing applications. though the other affordances available through that tool Despite these numerous venues for and implementations of may not be an ideal match to the desired manner of sharing.
  • Assessing the Quality of Mobile Graphical User Interfaces Using Multi-Objective Optimization

    Assessing the Quality of Mobile Graphical User Interfaces Using Multi-Objective Optimization

    Noname manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Assessing the Quality of Mobile Graphical User Interfaces using Multi-objective Optimization Makram Soui · Mabrouka Chouchane · Mohamed Wiem Mkaouer · Marouane Kessentini · Khaled Ghedira the date of receipt and acceptance should be inserted later Abstract Aesthetic defects are a violation of quality attributes that are symp-toms of bad interface design programming decisions. They lead to deteriorating the perceived usability of mobile user interfaces and negatively impact the Users eXperience (UX) with the mobile app. Most existing studies relied on a subjective evaluation of aesthetic defects depending on end-users feedback, which makes the manual evaluation of mobile user interfaces human-centric, time-consuming, and error-prone. Therefore, recent studies have dedicated their effort to focus on the definition of mathematical formulas that each targets a specific structural quality of the interface. As the UX is tightly dependent on the user profile, the combi-nation and calibration of quality attributes, formulas, and users characteristics, when defining a defect, is not straightforward. In this context, we propose a fully automated framework which combines literature quality attributes with the users profile to identify aesthetic defects of MUI. More precisely, we consider the mobile user interface evaluation as a multi-objective optimization problem where the goal is to maximize the number of detected violations while minimizing the detection complexity of detection rules and enhancing the interfaces overall quality in means M. Soui College of Computing and Informatics Saudi Electronic University, Saudi Arabia E-mail: [email protected] Mabrouka Chouchane School of computer science of Manouba, Tunisia E-mail: [email protected] Mohamed Wiem Mkaouer Rochester Institute of Technology E-mail: [email protected] Marouane Kessentini University of Michigan E-mail: [email protected] Khaled Ghedira Honoris United Universities E-mail: [email protected] 2 Makram Soui et al.
  • User Interface for Volume Rendering in Virtual Reality Environments

    User Interface for Volume Rendering in Virtual Reality Environments

    User Interface for Volume Rendering in Virtual Reality Environments Jonathan Klein∗ Dennis Reuling† Jan Grimm‡ Andreas Pfau§ Damien Lefloch¶ Martin Lambersk Andreas Kolb∗∗ Computer Graphics Group University of Siegen ABSTRACT the gradient or the curvature at the voxel location into account and Volume Rendering applications require sophisticated user interac- require even more complex user interfaces. tion for the definition and refinement of transfer functions. Tradi- Since Virtual Environments are especially well suited to explore tional 2D desktop user interface elements have been developed to spatial properties of complex 3D data, bringing Volume Render- solve this task, but such concepts do not map well to the interaction ing applications into such environments is a natural step. However, devices available in Virtual Reality environments. defining new user interfaces suitable both for the Virtual Environ- ment and for the Volume Rendering application is difficult. Pre- In this paper, we propose an intuitive user interface for Volume vious approaches mainly focused on porting traditional 2D point- Rendering specifically designed for Virtual Reality environments. and-click concepts to the Virtual Environment [8, 5, 9]. This tends The proposed interface allows transfer function design and refine- to be unintuitive, to complicate the interaction, and to make only ment based on intuitive two-handed operation of Wand-like con- limited use of available interaction devices. trollers. Additional interaction modes such as navigation and clip In this paper, we propose an intuitive 3D user interface for Vol- plane manipulation are supported as well. ume Rendering based on interaction devices that are suitable for The system is implemented using the Sony PlayStation Move Virtual Reality environments.
  • Effective User Interface Design for Consumer Trust Two Case Studies

    Effective User Interface Design for Consumer Trust Two Case Studies

    2005:097 SHU MASTER'S THESIS Effective User Interface Design for Consumer Trust Two Case Studies XILING ZHOU XIANGCHUN LIU Luleå University of Technology MSc Programme in Electronic Commerce Department of Business Administration and Social Sciences Division of Industrial marketing and e-commerce 2005:097 SHU - ISSN: 1404-5508 - ISRN: LTU-SHU-EX--05/097--SE Luleå University of Technology E-Commerce ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis is the result of half a year of work whereby we have been accompanied and supported by many people. It is a pleasant aspect that we could have this opportunity to express our gratitude to all of them. First, we are deeply indebted to our supervisor Prof. Lennart Persson who is from Division of Industrial Marketing at LTU. He helped us with stimulating suggestions and encouragement in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. Without his never-ending support during this process, we could not have done this thesis. Especially, we would like to express our gratitude to all of participants, who have spent their valuable time to response the interview questions and discuss with us. Finally, we would like to thank our family and friends. I, Zhou Xiling am very grateful for everyone who gave me support and encouragement during this process. Especially I felt a deep sense of gratitude to my father and mother who formed part of my vision and taught me the good things that really matter in the life. I also want to thank my friend Tang Yu for his never-ending support and good advices. I, Liu XiangChun am very grateful for my parents, for their endless love and support.
  • Using Microsoft Visual Studio to Create a Graphical User Interface ECE 480: Design Team 11

    Using Microsoft Visual Studio to Create a Graphical User Interface ECE 480: Design Team 11

    Using Microsoft Visual Studio to Create a Graphical User Interface ECE 480: Design Team 11 Application Note Joshua Folks April 3, 2015 Abstract: Software Application programming involves the concept of human-computer interaction and in this area of the program, a graphical user interface is very important. Visual widgets such as checkboxes and buttons are used to manipulate information to simulate interactions with the program. A well-designed GUI gives a flexible structure where the interface is independent from, but directly connected to the application functionality. This quality is directly proportional to the user friendliness of the application. This note will briefly explain how to properly create a Graphical User Interface (GUI) while ensuring that the user friendliness and the functionality of the application are maintained at a high standard. 1 | P a g e Table of Contents Abstract…………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1 Introduction….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3 Operation….………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………3 Operation….………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………3 Visual Studio Methods.…..…………………………….……………………………………………………………………………4 Interface Types………….…..…………………………….……………………………………………………………………………6 Understanding Variables..…………………………….……………………………………………………………………………7 Final Forms…………………....…………………………….……………………………………………………………………………7 Conclusion.…………………....…………………………….……………………………………………………………………………8 2 | P a g e Key Words: Interface, GUI, IDE Introduction: Establishing a connection between
  • How to Use the Graphical User Interface TCS Technical Bulletin

    How to Use the Graphical User Interface TCS Technical Bulletin

    How to Use the Graphical User Interface TCS Technical Bulletin A. Create/Edit the Graphical Interface (Build Mode) Accessing the site using the Graphical Interface requires that you first build a layout (one or more layers/tabs depending on your site). This is done using the setup wizard to upload images/backgrounds and place controllers in appropriate locations on those images/backgrounds. When finished and saved, the User accesses the site using the Graphical Interface. 1. Click the “+” button to add a layer/tab for the site. (Skip to step 7 to edit an existing layer.) 2. Name the layer/tab by clicking in the field and entering the desired name. 3. Click the Choose File button to select the desired background image from your computer’s drive and click the Save button. 4. The Place View will open showing you the layer/tab title, a Save Positions button, the background image, and a bin of available controllers along the right-hand edge of the Graphical Interface which can be placed onto the layer/ tab. 5. Drag/drop controller icons from the icon bin to the desired location on the background image. Moving your mouse over each icon will show that controller’s name. The arrows at the top and bottom of scroll bar or the scroll bar itself allow you to scroll through the available controllers. NOTE: If you have placed controller icons too close to the icon bin and you would like to move them, you may need to scroll the available controllers up or down to clear the area around an icon to allow it to be dragged/dropped again.
  • Introduction to GREET1 2011 Graphical User Interface

    Introduction to GREET1 2011 Graphical User Interface

    Introduction To GREET1_2011 Graphical User Interface Jeongwoo Han Systems Assessment Group Center for Transportation Research Argonne National Laboratory The GREET Training Workshop Washington, DC, Jan. 31, 2012 Outline . Purpose of GREET GUI . Structure and Operation of GREET GUI . Outputs of GREET GUI . Installation and Compatibility Issues with GREET GUI . Help with GREET GUI 2 Outline . Purpose of GREET GUI . Structure and Operation of GREET GUI . Outputs of GREET GUI . Installation and Compatibility Issues with GREET GUI . Help with GREET GUI 3 GREET GUI Development GREET 1 Excel Model Fuel Cycle (or WTW) Modeling for Light Duty Vehicles 4 GREET GUI Development Receives GREET GUI Communicate Display GREET 1 Excel Model Fuel Cycle (or WTW) Modeling for Light Duty Vehicles Run 5 Outline . Purpose of GREET GUI . Structure and Operation of GREET GUI . Outputs of GREET GUI . Installation and Compatibility Issues with GREET GUI . Help with GREET GUI 6 Steps of a Typical GREET GUI Session Copyright and information screens Load GREET Model User selects/specifies fuel blending options (in the background) User reviews/modifies key assumptions for User selects simulation year(s), fuel types, fuel production, fuel transportation and vehiclevehicle type type and and other other simulation key options options distribution, and vehicle operation Run GREET Model User selects/specifies feedstock, production (in the background) and fuel market shares Generate output file for energy use and UserUser selects/specifies selects/specifies fuel fuel pathways pathways and and emission rates and input log file for a record vehiclevehicle technologiestechnologies of inputs made during the concluded session 7 Outline . Purpose of GREET GUI .
  • A High Level User Interface for Topology Controlled Volume Rendering

    A High Level User Interface for Topology Controlled Volume Rendering

    Topological Galleries: A High Level User Interface for Topology Controlled Volume Rendering Brian MacCarthy, Hamish Carr and Gunther H. Weber Abstract Existing topological interfaces to volume rendering are limited by their re- liance on sophisticated knowledge of topology by the user. We extend previous work by describing topological galleries, an interface for novice users that is based on the design galleries approach. We report three contributions: an interface based on hier- archical thumbnail galleries to display the containment relationships between topo- logically identifiable features, the use of the pruning hierarchy instead of branch decomposition for contour tree simplification, and drag-and-drop transfer function assignment for individual components. Initial results suggest that this approach suf- fers from limitations due to rapid drop-off of feature size in the pruning hierarchy. We explore these limitations by providing statistics of feature size as function of depth in the pruning hierarchy of the contour tree. 1 Introduction The overall goal of scientific visualisation is to provide useful insight into existing data. As visualisation techniques have become more complex, so have the interfaces for controlling them. In cases where the interface has been simplified, it has often been at the cost of the functionality of the program. Thus, while expert users are capable of using state of the art technology, novice users who would otherwise have uses for this technology are restricted by unintuitive interfaces. Topology-based volume rendering, while powerful, is difficult to apply success- fully. This difficulty is due to the fact that the interface used to design transfer func- Brian MacCarthy University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, e-mail: [email protected] Hamish Carr University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, England e-mail: [email protected] Gunther H.
  • Xfel Database User Interface P.D

    Xfel Database User Interface P.D

    THPB039 Proceedings of SRF2015, Whistler, BC, Canada XFEL DATABASE USER INTERFACE P.D. Gall, V. Gubarev, D. Reschke, A. Sulimov, J.H. Thie, S. Yasar DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany Abstract Using this protection system we have divided all The XFEL database plays an important role for an customers into different groups: effective part of the quality control system for the whole ● RI group has permission to view production cavity production and preparation process for the results from RI only and open information European XFEL on a very detailed level. Database has the ● ZANON group has permission to view Graphical User Interface based on the web-technologies, production results from ZANON only and open and it can be accessed via low level Oracle SQL. information ● DESY group has permission to view all results INTRODUCTION from all companies Beginning from TTF a relational database for cavities ● Not authorised people have access to the open was developed at DESY using the ORACLE Relational information only Database Management System (RDBMS) [1]. To get authorised access to the database one have to The database is dynamically accessible from contact the responsible persons listed in the XFEL everywhere via a graphical WEB interface based on database GUI pages. ORACLE. At the moment we use the version Oracle GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE Developer 10g Forms and Reports. The graphical tools are developed in Java. The XFEL database GUI was developed to meet the The database is created to store data for more than 840 requirements of experts involved. According to the people cavities coming from the serial production and about 100 needs the GUI applications can logically be divided into modules.
  • The Three-Dimensional User Interface

    The Three-Dimensional User Interface

    32 The Three-Dimensional User Interface Hou Wenjun Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications China 1. Introduction This chapter introduced the three-dimensional user interface (3D UI). With the emergence of Virtual Environment (VE), augmented reality, pervasive computing, and other "desktop disengage" technology, 3D UI is constantly exploiting an important area. However, for most users, the 3D UI based on desktop is still a part that can not be ignored. This chapter interprets what is 3D UI, the importance of 3D UI and analyses some 3D UI application. At the same time, according to human-computer interaction strategy and research methods and conclusions of WIMP, it focus on desktop 3D UI, sums up some design principles of 3D UI. From the principle of spatial perception of people, spatial cognition, this chapter explained the depth clues and other theoretical knowledge, and introduced Hierarchical Semantic model of “UE”, Scenario-based User Behavior Model and Screen Layout for Information Minimization which can instruct the design and development of 3D UI. This chapter focuses on basic elements of 3D Interaction Behavior: Manipulation, Navigation, and System Control. It described in 3D UI, how to use manipulate the virtual objects effectively by using Manipulation which is the most fundamental task, how to reduce the user's cognitive load and enhance the user's space knowledge in use of exploration technology by using navigation, and how to issue an order and how to request the system for the implementation of a specific function and how to change the system status or change the interactive pattern by using System Control.