Lesson -10 Software Software-i i Kompjuterit i jep instruksione (komanda) Hardware-it dhe e ben ate te funksionoje Llojet e Software-ve Kemi tre lloj software-sh kryesore: Operating Systems (Sistemet Operative ) Application Programs (Programet Aplikative) Utility Program (Utilities) Programet Ndihmese Programming Languages (Gjuhet e Programimit) What is an Operating System? An operating system is a piece of software that controls how hardware resources such as memory, the central processing unit (CPU), disk space, and other devices are used. Applications need the operating system because they need to use these hardware resources. Operating System Parts An operating system has two parts: Kernel Shell The kernel is the core of an operating system. It manages memory, files, and other devices, maintains the time and date, starts applications, and manages system resources. The shell provides direct communication between the user and the kernel. It is an interface between the user and the kernel. Operating System Types There are many different types of operating system. We can classify systems according to: the type of user interface, how many users they support (single-user or multi-user), how they perform tasks (single task or multitask), how they work with other computers (single computer or network). Operating System User Interface The user interface is the part of the operating system that you use to enter commands and data. There are two types of user interface: graphical user interface (GUI) command-line interface (CLI) A graphical user interface O.S A graphical user interface is a visual computer environment that represents programs, files, and options with images such as icons, menus, and dialog boxes on the screen. You can select and activate these options by pointing and clicking with a mouse, or by using the keyboard. A command-line interface O.S. A command-line interface does not use images or graphical menus. Instead, you type commands with the keyboard, using a special command language. Systems with command- line interfaces often seem more difficult to learn and use than systems with graphical interfaces. Users of Operating Systems Operating Systems are A single-user divided in two parts operating system according to users: examples are: A single-user MS-DOS operating system can Mac OS be used only by a single Windows user. A multi-user operating A multi-user operating system examples are: system can be used by Unix more than one user. Linux A network operating system A network operating system is an operating system which is specifically designed to support computer networks. A network operating system uses a special machine called a server to provide networking support for multiple simultaneous users as well as administrative, security, and management functions. Operating Systems tasks Operating Systems are Single-task operating divided in two parts systems type is: according to the tasks MS-DOS they do: Multitask operating Single-task operating systems types are: systems can work only Microsoft's Windows on a single task at a time. Apple's Mac OS Multitask operating systems can work on multiple tasks at the same time. MS-DOS MS-DOS is short for Microsoft Disk Operating System. MS- DOS is single task, single-user operating system with a command-line interface, which was released in 1981 for IBM PCs and similar PCs. MS-DOS, like other operating systems, controls operations such as disk input and output, video support, keyboard control, and many internal functions related to running programs and maintaining files. Microsoft Windows Microsoft Windows was one of the first graphical operating systems for home and office PCs. Microsoft Windows main versions are: Windows 3.1 Windows 95 Windows 98 Windows 2000 Windows NT ….. Windows XP Windows Vista Windows 7 Windows 8 Windows 10 Mac OS Mac OS is short for Macintosh Operating System. It is the commercial name of the Apple Macintosh operating system. Mac OS main versions are: Mac OS X v10.0 (Cheetah) Mac OS X v10.1 (Puma) Mac OS X v10.2 (Jaguar) Mac OS X v10.3 (Panther) Mac OS X v10.4 (Tiger) Mac OS X v10.5 (Leopard) Mac OS X v10.6 (Snow Leopard) Mac OS X v10.7 (Lion) UNIX Unix is a multi-user, multitasking operating system. Unix has evolved into a complex, powerful operating system that is more portable and less machine specific than many other operating systems. Unix uses a powerful command-line interface, although there are also graphical user interfaces for the Unix system. Linux Linux is a version of Unix System V which was developed for PCs with Intel 80386 and higher-level microprocessors. Linux is free and its program code can be changed by anyone who chooses to work on it, although some companies distribute it as part of a commercial package with Linux- compatible utilities. Novell NetWare Is an enterprise operating system. Examples SUSE Linux Enterprise Open Enterprise Server (OES) BeOS and Haiku It was designed as a “media OS” that could support the large file sizes and high performance processing demands of digital media and the Internet. Mobile Operating Systems The mobile platform, also referred to as mobile operating systems, manages the mobile device hardware, memory, and software resources. It controls the functioning and capabilities of a mobile device. Symbian OS Most of the mobile phones from Nokia run on Symbian operating system. Symbian has not been very successful as a smartphone operating system. Symbian is feature rich and is easy to use. Google Android Android is a Linux- derived operation system supported by many major mobile companies like Google, HTC, Samsung, Motorola, and so on. It is an open platform that encourages developers to build their favorite applications with known tools and technologies. Mobile Linux Mobile Linux is the scaled down version of Linux operating system for mobile devices. It is an open operating system that powers many mobile phones and PDAs. Nokia offers a couple of Linux mobile powered mobile phones. BlackBerry OS BlackBerry operating system is one of the most popular mobile platforms in the world. BlackBerry OS is an enterprise mobile device that can interface with various e-mail, calendar, notes, and contacts solutions. iPhone OS iPhone runs on Apple’s proprietary iPhone operating system, which is derived from Mac OS X. Currently, all iOS devices are developed by Apple and support an advanced touch and display technology. Windows OS This operating system is used on Nokia Lumnia and Samsung Omnia mobile phones. It is restricted version of Windows 8 OS. End of the Lesson .