Chapter 6 Operating Systems
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Chapter 1: Introduction What Is an Operating System?
Chapter 1: Introduction What is an Operating System? Mainframe Systems Desktop Systems Multiprocessor Systems Distributed Systems Clustered System Real -Time Systems Handheld Systems Computing Environments Operating System Concepts 1.1 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002 What is an Operating System? A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware. Operating system goals: ) Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier. ) Make the computer system convenient to use. Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner. Operating System Concepts 1.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002 1 Computer System Components 1. Hardware – provides basic computing resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices). 2. Operating system – controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the various application programs for the various users. 3. Applications programs – define the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users (compilers, database systems, video games, business programs). 4. Users (people, machines, other computers). Operating System Concepts 1.3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002 Abstract View of System Components Operating System Concepts 1.4 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002 2 Operating System Definitions Resource allocator – manages and allocates resources. Control program – controls the execution of user programs and operations of I/O devices . Kernel – the one program running at all times (all else being application programs). -
User Interface Design Issues in HCI
IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.18 No.8, August 2018 153 User Interface Design Issues In HCI Waleed Iftikhar, Muhammad Sheraz Arshad Malik, Shanza Tariq, Maha Anwar, Jawad Ahmad, M. Saad sultan Department of Computing, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Summary Command line is the interface that allows the user to This paper presents an important analysis on a literature review interact with the computer by directly using the commands. which has the findings in design issues from the year 1999 to But there is an issue that the commands cannot be changed, 2018. This study basically discusses about all the issues related they are fixed and computer only understands the exact to design and user interface, and also gives the solutions to make commands. the designs or user interface more attractive and understandable. This study is the guideline to solve the main issues of user Graphical user interface is the interface that allows the interface. user to interact with the system, because this is user There is important to secure the system for modern applications. friendly and easy to use. This includes the graphics, The use of internet is quickly growing from years. Because of pictures and also attractive for all type of users. The this fast travelling lifestyle, where they lets the user to attach with command line is black and white interface. This interface systems from everywhere. When user is ignoring the is also known as WIMPS because it uses windows, icons, functionalities in the system then the system is not secure but, in menus, pointers. -
Software User Guide
Software User Guide • For the safe use of your camera, be sure to read the “Safety Precautions” thoroughly before use. • Types of software installed on your computer varies depending on the method of installation from the Caplio Software CD-ROM. For details, see the “Camera User Guide”. Using These Manuals How to Use the The two manuals included are for your Caplio Software User Guide 500SE. Display examples: 1. Understanding How to Use Your The LCD Monitor Display examples may be Camera different from actual display screens. “Camera User Guide” (Printed manual) Terms: This guide explains the usage and functions In this guide, still images, movies, and sounds of the camera. You will also see how to install are all referred to as “images” or “files”. the provided software on your computer. Symbols: This guide uses the following symbols and conventions: Caution Caution This indicates important notices and restrictions for using this camera. 2. Downloading Images to Your Computer “Software User Guide” Note *This manual (this file) This indicates supplementary explanations and useful This guide explains how to download images tips about camera operations. from the camera to your computer using the provided software. Refer to This indicates page(s) relevant to a particular function. “P. xx” is used to refer you to pages in this manual. Term 3. Displaying Images on Your This indicates terms that are useful for understanding Computer the explanations. The provided software “ImageMixer” allows you to display and edit images on your computer. For details on how to use ImageMixer, click the [?] button on the ImageMixer window and see the displayed manual. -
Windows Command Prompt Cheatsheet
Windows Command Prompt Cheatsheet - Command line interface (as opposed to a GUI - graphical user interface) - Used to execute programs - Commands are small programs that do something useful - There are many commands already included with Windows, but we will use a few. - A filepath is where you are in the filesystem • C: is the C drive • C:\user\Documents is the Documents folder • C:\user\Documents\hello.c is a file in the Documents folder Command What it Does Usage dir Displays a list of a folder’s files dir (shows current folder) and subfolders dir myfolder cd Displays the name of the current cd filepath chdir directory or changes the current chdir filepath folder. cd .. (goes one directory up) md Creates a folder (directory) md folder-name mkdir mkdir folder-name rm Deletes a folder (directory) rm folder-name rmdir rmdir folder-name rm /s folder-name rmdir /s folder-name Note: if the folder isn’t empty, you must add the /s. copy Copies a file from one location to copy filepath-from filepath-to another move Moves file from one folder to move folder1\file.txt folder2\ another ren Changes the name of a file ren file1 file2 rename del Deletes one or more files del filename exit Exits batch script or current exit command control echo Used to display a message or to echo message turn off/on messages in batch scripts type Displays contents of a text file type myfile.txt fc Compares two files and displays fc file1 file2 the difference between them cls Clears the screen cls help Provides more details about help (lists all commands) DOS/Command Prompt help command commands Source: https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc754340.aspx. -
Designing for Increased Autonomy & Human Control
IFIP Workshop on Intelligent Vehicle Dependability and Security (IVDS) January 29, 2021 Designing for Increased Autonomy & Human Control Ben Shneiderman @benbendc Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer Interaction Lab Professor, Department of Computer Science Member, National Academy of Engineering Photo: BK Adams IFIP Workshop on Intelligent Vehicle Dependability and Security (IVDS) January 29, 2021 Designing for Increased Automation & Human Control Ben Shneiderman @benbendc Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer Interaction Lab Professor, Department of Computer Science Member, National Academy of Engineering Photo: BK Adams What is Human-Centered AI? Human-Centered AI Amplify, Augment, Enhance & Empower People Human Responsibility Supertools and Active Appliances Visual Interfaces to Prevent/Reduce Explanations Audit Trails to Analyze Failures & Near Misses Independent Oversight à Reliable, Safe & Trustworthy Supertools Digital Camera Controls Navigation Choices Texting Autocompletion Spelling correction Active Appliances Coffee maker, Rice cooker, Blender Dishwasher, Clothes Washer/Dryer Implanted Cardiac Pacemakers NASA Mars Rovers are Tele-Operated DaVinci Tele-Operated Surgery “Robots don’t perform surgery. Your surgeon performs surgery with da Vinci by using instruments that he or she guides via a console.” https://www.davincisurgery.com/ Bloomberg Terminal A 2-D HCAI Framework Designing the User Interface Balancing automation & human control First Edition: 1986 Designing the User Interface Balancing automation & -
End-User Computing Security Guidelines Previous Screen Ron Hale Payoff Providing Effective Security in an End-User Computing Environment Is a Challenge
86-10-10 End-User Computing Security Guidelines Previous screen Ron Hale Payoff Providing effective security in an end-user computing environment is a challenge. First, what is meant by security must be defined, and then the services that are required to meet management's expectations concerning security must be established. This article examines security within the context of an architecture based on quality. Problems Addressed This article examines security within the context of an architecture based on quality. To achieve quality, the elements of continuity, confidentiality, and integrity need to be provided. Confidentiality as it relates to quality can be defined as access control. It includes an authorization process, authentication of users, a management capability, and auditability. This last element, auditability, extends beyond a traditional definition of the term to encompass the ability of management to detect unusual or unauthorized circumstances and actions and to trace events in an historical fashion. Integrity, another element of quality, involves the usual components of validity and accuracy but also includes individual accountability. All information system security implementations need to achieve these components of quality in some fashion. In distributed and end-user computing environments, however, they may be difficult to implement. The Current Security Environment As end-user computing systems have advanced, many of the security and management issues have been addressed. A central administration capability and an effective level of access authorization and authentication generally exist for current systems that are connected to networks. In prior architectures, the network was only a transport mechanism. In many of the systems that are being designed and implemented today, however, the network is the system and provides many of the security services that had been available on the mainframe. -
Exploring the User Interface Affordances of File Sharing
CHI 2006 Proceedings • Activity: Design Implications April 22-27, 2006 • Montréal, Québec, Canada Share and Share Alike: Exploring the User Interface Affordances of File Sharing Stephen Voida1, W. Keith Edwards1, Mark W. Newman2, Rebecca E. Grinter1, Nicolas Ducheneaut2 1GVU Center, College of Computing 2Palo Alto Research Center Georgia Institute of Technology 3333 Coyote Hill Road 85 5th Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30332–0760, USA Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA {svoida, keith, beki}@cc.gatech.edu {mnewman, nicolas}@parc.com ABSTRACT and folders shared with other users on a single computer, With the rapid growth of personal computer networks and often as a default system behavior; files shared with other the Internet, sharing files has become a central activity in computers over an intranet or home network; and files computer use. The ways in which users control the what, shared with other users around the world on web sites and how, and with whom of sharing are dictated by the tools FTP servers. Users also commonly exchange copies of they use for sharing; there are a wide range of sharing documents as email attachments, transfer files during practices, and hence a wide range of tools to support these instant messaging sessions, post digital photos to online practices. In practice, users’ requirements for certain photo album services, and swap music files using peer–to– sharing features may dictate their choice of tool, even peer file sharing applications. though the other affordances available through that tool Despite these numerous venues for and implementations of may not be an ideal match to the desired manner of sharing. -
Assessing the Quality of Mobile Graphical User Interfaces Using Multi-Objective Optimization
Noname manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Assessing the Quality of Mobile Graphical User Interfaces using Multi-objective Optimization Makram Soui · Mabrouka Chouchane · Mohamed Wiem Mkaouer · Marouane Kessentini · Khaled Ghedira the date of receipt and acceptance should be inserted later Abstract Aesthetic defects are a violation of quality attributes that are symp-toms of bad interface design programming decisions. They lead to deteriorating the perceived usability of mobile user interfaces and negatively impact the Users eXperience (UX) with the mobile app. Most existing studies relied on a subjective evaluation of aesthetic defects depending on end-users feedback, which makes the manual evaluation of mobile user interfaces human-centric, time-consuming, and error-prone. Therefore, recent studies have dedicated their effort to focus on the definition of mathematical formulas that each targets a specific structural quality of the interface. As the UX is tightly dependent on the user profile, the combi-nation and calibration of quality attributes, formulas, and users characteristics, when defining a defect, is not straightforward. In this context, we propose a fully automated framework which combines literature quality attributes with the users profile to identify aesthetic defects of MUI. More precisely, we consider the mobile user interface evaluation as a multi-objective optimization problem where the goal is to maximize the number of detected violations while minimizing the detection complexity of detection rules and enhancing the interfaces overall quality in means M. Soui College of Computing and Informatics Saudi Electronic University, Saudi Arabia E-mail: [email protected] Mabrouka Chouchane School of computer science of Manouba, Tunisia E-mail: [email protected] Mohamed Wiem Mkaouer Rochester Institute of Technology E-mail: [email protected] Marouane Kessentini University of Michigan E-mail: [email protected] Khaled Ghedira Honoris United Universities E-mail: [email protected] 2 Makram Soui et al. -
Introduction to MS-DOS
1.Introduction to MS-DOS : MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) was the Microsoft-marketed version of the first widely-installed operating system in personal computers. It was essentially the same operating system that (Bill Gates's) young company developed for IBM as Personal Computer - Disk Operating System in 1981. Most users of either DOS system simply referred to their system as Disk Operating System. Like PC-DOS, MS-DOS was (and still is) a non-graphical line-oriented command- driven operating system, with a relatively simple interface but not overly "friendly" user interface. Its prompt to enter a command looks like this: C:\> MS-DOS does not care about anything called an icon, wallpaper or screen saver. Rather than being considered as a Graphical User Interface (GUI) MS-DOS is what is known as a command-line interface. You type commands on what is called the command line. MS-DOS is a single-user, single-tasking computer operating system. In spite of its very small size and relative simplicity, it is one of the most successful operating systems that has been developed to date. In DOS, a file name consists of eight character followed by a 3 character file extension. The size of a file is restricted to a 4 byte file descriptor, which limits a file’s maximum size to approximately 4 billion characters. The first release of DOS could not read or write to disk drives so users could only read and write to a floppy disc. DOS was not a state of the art operating system, even for its time. -
User Interface for Volume Rendering in Virtual Reality Environments
User Interface for Volume Rendering in Virtual Reality Environments Jonathan Klein∗ Dennis Reuling† Jan Grimm‡ Andreas Pfau§ Damien Lefloch¶ Martin Lambersk Andreas Kolb∗∗ Computer Graphics Group University of Siegen ABSTRACT the gradient or the curvature at the voxel location into account and Volume Rendering applications require sophisticated user interac- require even more complex user interfaces. tion for the definition and refinement of transfer functions. Tradi- Since Virtual Environments are especially well suited to explore tional 2D desktop user interface elements have been developed to spatial properties of complex 3D data, bringing Volume Render- solve this task, but such concepts do not map well to the interaction ing applications into such environments is a natural step. However, devices available in Virtual Reality environments. defining new user interfaces suitable both for the Virtual Environ- ment and for the Volume Rendering application is difficult. Pre- In this paper, we propose an intuitive user interface for Volume vious approaches mainly focused on porting traditional 2D point- Rendering specifically designed for Virtual Reality environments. and-click concepts to the Virtual Environment [8, 5, 9]. This tends The proposed interface allows transfer function design and refine- to be unintuitive, to complicate the interaction, and to make only ment based on intuitive two-handed operation of Wand-like con- limited use of available interaction devices. trollers. Additional interaction modes such as navigation and clip In this paper, we propose an intuitive 3D user interface for Vol- plane manipulation are supported as well. ume Rendering based on interaction devices that are suitable for The system is implemented using the Sony PlayStation Move Virtual Reality environments. -
Using Microsoft Visual Studio to Create a Graphical User Interface ECE 480: Design Team 11
Using Microsoft Visual Studio to Create a Graphical User Interface ECE 480: Design Team 11 Application Note Joshua Folks April 3, 2015 Abstract: Software Application programming involves the concept of human-computer interaction and in this area of the program, a graphical user interface is very important. Visual widgets such as checkboxes and buttons are used to manipulate information to simulate interactions with the program. A well-designed GUI gives a flexible structure where the interface is independent from, but directly connected to the application functionality. This quality is directly proportional to the user friendliness of the application. This note will briefly explain how to properly create a Graphical User Interface (GUI) while ensuring that the user friendliness and the functionality of the application are maintained at a high standard. 1 | P a g e Table of Contents Abstract…………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1 Introduction….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3 Operation….………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………3 Operation….………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………3 Visual Studio Methods.…..…………………………….……………………………………………………………………………4 Interface Types………….…..…………………………….……………………………………………………………………………6 Understanding Variables..…………………………….……………………………………………………………………………7 Final Forms…………………....…………………………….……………………………………………………………………………7 Conclusion.…………………....…………………………….……………………………………………………………………………8 2 | P a g e Key Words: Interface, GUI, IDE Introduction: Establishing a connection between -
How to Use the Graphical User Interface TCS Technical Bulletin
How to Use the Graphical User Interface TCS Technical Bulletin A. Create/Edit the Graphical Interface (Build Mode) Accessing the site using the Graphical Interface requires that you first build a layout (one or more layers/tabs depending on your site). This is done using the setup wizard to upload images/backgrounds and place controllers in appropriate locations on those images/backgrounds. When finished and saved, the User accesses the site using the Graphical Interface. 1. Click the “+” button to add a layer/tab for the site. (Skip to step 7 to edit an existing layer.) 2. Name the layer/tab by clicking in the field and entering the desired name. 3. Click the Choose File button to select the desired background image from your computer’s drive and click the Save button. 4. The Place View will open showing you the layer/tab title, a Save Positions button, the background image, and a bin of available controllers along the right-hand edge of the Graphical Interface which can be placed onto the layer/ tab. 5. Drag/drop controller icons from the icon bin to the desired location on the background image. Moving your mouse over each icon will show that controller’s name. The arrows at the top and bottom of scroll bar or the scroll bar itself allow you to scroll through the available controllers. NOTE: If you have placed controller icons too close to the icon bin and you would like to move them, you may need to scroll the available controllers up or down to clear the area around an icon to allow it to be dragged/dropped again.