Master-Slave Relations: a Williamsburg Perspective
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W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1990 Master-Slave Relations: A Williamsburg Perspective Ywone Edwards-Ingram College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the African American Studies Commons, African History Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Edwards-Ingram, Ywone, "Master-Slave Relations: A Williamsburg Perspective" (1990). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539625579. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-fv4h-jg44 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MASTER-SLAVE RELATIONS: A WILLIAMSBURG PERSPECTIVE. A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Anthropology The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Ywone Decarlo Edwards 1990 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts wone Decarlo Edwards Approved, May 1990 farley R. Bn M Norman F. Barka DEDICATION To my mother and my daughter. iii TABLE OP CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................ V LIST OF T A B L E S ...........................................vii LIST OF F I G U R E S .........................................viii ABSTRACT .................................................. ix CHAPTER I. SOCIAL RELATIONS: THE MASTER AND THE S L A V E .............................. 2 CHAPTER 2. HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS AS SENSITIVE DATA: PART 1 AND 2 ...................................... 28 CHAPTER 3. THE POLLY VALENTINE ASSEMBLAGE ............ 5 6 CHAPTER 4. CONCLUSION ................................. 117 APPENDIX A - LETTER TO ROSCOW C O L E ....................131 APPENDIX B - LETTERS TO LUCY ANN TU C K E R .................13 7 APPENDIX C - LETTER TO MISTRESS ........................ 14 0 APPENDIX D - BEVERLEY TUCKER'S INHERITANCE .......... 142 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................... 15 0 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people have helped in the completion of this thesis. Special thanks to Dr. Marley R. Brown III, the chairman of the thesis committee, for suggesting this study and his untiring assistance. The staff of the Department of Archaeological Research, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation was a tremendous help, not only in helping to make the Polly Valentine assemblage ready for analysis, but also in imparting their knowledge of the site. I am especially grateful for the assistance of the following members of staff: George Miller, Patricia Samford, William Pitman, Amy Kowalski and Tamara Manns. George Miller work closely with me on the ceramics. Patricia Samford allowed me to tap her knowledge on the site and gave me full access to her notes. Both Samford and Miller read the draft and made valuable criticisms. Tamara Manns photographed the artifacts. Professors Norma Barka, Eric Ayisi and Theodore Rienhart were sources of inspiration in my studies. Their evaluations of my draft forced me to make neater definitions and to strenghten my analysis with more data. Ivor Noel Hume, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation archaeologist, now retired, generously informed me more on the nature of the historical and the archaeological records. Rex Ellis, Director of the Afro-American Programme, Colonial Williamsburg, shared his ideas on the historical interpretation of the Afro-Americans. He helped me to be more expressive and analytical in my writing. Ann Smart Martin read the draft and made helpful criticisms. Don Linebaugh of the William and Mary Archaeological Project Center helped in the preparation of the maps and diagrams. The staff of the Colonial Williamsburg Research Department Library was extremely helpful in pointing out their resources. Nick Nichols and Emma Lou Powers provided me with relevant bibliographical and historical material. Margaret Cook and Mary Strong of the Manuscripts and Rare Books Department, Swem Library, College of William and Mary, suggested how I could best tackle the vast collection of the Tucker-Coleman papers. They saved me many hours of archival meandering and held many boxes on the "hold shelf" pending my returns. The Jamaica National Heritage Trust kept extending my leave at my request and without the assistance of the Executive Director, Mr. Hugh Nash and the Administrative Manager Mr. George Jackson, I would have been unable to do this project. v Special thanks to the Organization of American States, Jamaica Office for providing me with a grant to begin my academic study. It would have been impossible for me to begin any work ending in this thesis without my mother, who became a mother to my daughter. Taysha - Sammy, my daughter, learned to prepare herself for the trip to the airport where she knew one day she would meet me. I am grateful to her for enduring my absence and to my mother who cared for her. My four sisters were very supportive of my studies. I appreciate the help of other members of the family and friends both in Jamaica and in the United States of America. Dr. Janet Kimbrough, a descendant of the Tucker family, welcomed me to the Tucker house and spoke at length on the family history. I hope my research will further contribute to a knowledge of her ancestors - the Tuckers; and mine - the negro slaves. vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Ceramics from the Polly Valentine S i t e .......... 7 6 2. Ceramics from Group 1 ..............................78 3. Ceramics from Group 2 ..............................80 4. Values of Tablewares.............. 82 5. Values of Teawares ............................. 8 3 6. Values of Kitchenwares............................84 7. Ware by Groups and Price Levels .................. 85 8. Functional Categories by Price Levels .......... 88 9. Average Values of the Ceramics ..................... 89 10. Toilet Items ...................................... 96 11. Ceramics Purchased from Roscow C o l e ............. 103 12. Ceramics taken from Father's Estate .......... 104 13. Percentage of Ceramics from Slave Contents by Price Levels ............................... 105 14. Comparison of Ante-bellum Slave Unit Dimensions.................................. Ill vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Polly Valentine House S i t e ...................... 57 2 . Nineteenth-Century Foundation : 1967 Excavation.............................. 58 3. Chimney Foundation .............................. 59 4. Williamsburg Plat ................................... 62 5. Tucker House and Relating Archaeological Structures .... 63 6. Past and Present Structures ....................... 64 7. Group 1 : Tableware ................................ 90 8. Group 2 : Tableware................................. 92 9. Group 1 : Teaware ................................... 94 10. Group 2 : Toilet items .............................. 97 viii ABSTRACT Archaeological analyses of slave sites which move away from economic variables, to examine more closely the social relations between masters and slaves will provide for more informed studies of slavery. While economic variables are useful, especially as starting points, they fail to adequately explain life in the last decades of American negro slavery. The symbolic approach in historical archaeology is used to study the nineteenth-century house site of Polly Valentine, to illustrate that economic variables are not enough to explain the quantity and quality of material remains on this slave site. Polly Valentine - owned by Nathaniel Beverley Tucker, a prominent Williamsburg citizen - served as a nanny to his children. Tucker thought deeply about the ideal master-slave relationship. He expressed his thoughts orally and in writing. In his relationship with "Mammy Polly", Tucker manipulated material culture - a product of social relations - as part of his ideological beliefs, of the positive good of slavery for both the master and the slave. Ceramics and architectural remains when combined with historical documents are powerful analytical tools to study the recent past as evident in this study of the Polly Valentine site in Williamsburg, Virginia. ix MASTER-SLAVE RELATIONS: A WILLIAMSBURG PERSPECTIVE CHAPTER I. SOCIAL RELATIONS : THE MASTER AND THE SLAVE "... It is an affair of the heart. It presents not a question of profit and loss, but of the sundering of a tie in which the best and purest affections are deeply implicated. It imports the surrender of friendships the most devoted, the most enduring the most valuable [Nathaniel Beverley Tucker] The Southern Messenger June 1844:337-338) Social relations provide a major key to the explanation of human behavior. Material culture is the product of social relations. The material culture on slave sites reflects the power and economic level of the slaveholders and likewise the relationship of the slaveholders and their slaves rather than a culture of slaves or poverty. The master - slave relations was the major social process that affected and regulated the usage and acquisition of material goods among slaves. The Polly Valentine site is used to study master-slave relations and to examine the hypothesis that the quality of the social relations between the master and the slave determined to a large