DOCSLIB.ORG

Forensic Toxicology MODULE No.8: Organic Poisons: Animal Poisons

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Forensic Toxicology MODULE No.8: Organic Poisons: Animal Poisons SUBJECT FORENSIC SCIENCE Paper No. and Title PAPER No.10: Forensic Toxicology Module No. and Title MODULE No.8: Organic Poisons- II: Animal Poisons Module Tag FSC_P10_M8 FORENSIC SCIENCE PAPER No.10: Forensic Toxicology MODULE No.8: Organic Poisons: Animal Poisons TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Learning Outcome 2. Introduction to Animal Poisoning 3. Forensic Issues 4. Categorization of Venomous Animals 4.1 Vertebrates 4.1.1 Reptiles 4.1.2 Fishes 4.1.3 Amphibians 4.1.4 Birds 4.2 Non- Vertebrates 4.2.1 Arthropods 4.2.2 Arachnids 4.2.3 Cnidaria (or Coelenterates) 4.2.4 Molluscs 5. Summary FORENSIC SCIENCE PAPER No.10: Forensic Toxicology MODULE No.8: Organic Poisons: Animal Poisons 1. Learning Outcomes After studying this module, you shall be able to know about – The toxins of Animal origin. General introduction of certain animal toxins Forensic significance of animal poisoning 2. Introduction to Animal Poisoning Largely it talks about the poisons originated from living organisms which are obviously animals. While there is so much diversity in the animal kingdom, the methods of predation and self-protection is varies from species to species. Similarly, some animals use poisons as a weapon of predation or self-defence or both. Snakes are the most popular among these type creatures besides other known venomous organisms like, fishes, insects, etc. In India, deaths as a result of snake-bite are mainly accidental in nature. Venoms used in an offensive posture are generally associated with the oral pole, as in the snakes and spiders, while those used in a defensive function are usually associated with the aboral pole or with spines, as in the stingrays and scorpion fishes. In the snake, the venom provides a food-getting mechanism. Its secondary function is its defensive status. In contrast, in venomous spiders, toxin is used to paralyze the prey before the extraction of hemolymph and body fluids. The venom is not primarily designed to kill the prey, but it is only to immobilize the organism for feeding. The same can be said for scorpions, although they do use their venom in defense. In fishes, such as the scorpion fishes and stone fishes, and in elasmobranches, such as the stingray, the venom apparatus is generally used in the animal’s defense. Poisonous animals, on the other hand, usually derive their toxins through the food chain. As such, poison is often a metabolite produced by microorganisms, plants, or animals. 3. Forensic Issues Practically almost all cases of animal bites reported from around the world are accidental in nature, and the vast majority are due to unintentional or deliberate provocation of the animal by humans itself. Likewise Snakes, rarely if ever, attack human beings on their own. A number of occupations are associated with increased risk of snake bites like grass-cutting, working in rubber, coconut, areca- nut, and tea & coffee plantations. Perhaps, the only recorded case of suicide accomplished with the help of a venomous snake is that of Queen Cleopatra of Egypt (69 – 30 BC), who is said to have deliberately prompted a snake (an adder) to bite her. While homicides can be accomplished by using a venomous snake as an instrument but actual instances of murder committed by such an unusual method are rare. Deaths due to snakebites are regarded as medicolegal in nature, and a forensic autopsy is mandatory. Unfortunately, precised characters of envenomation may be lacking in such cases, and even fang marks may not always be visible. FORENSIC SCIENCE PAPER No.10: Forensic Toxicology MODULE No.8: Organic Poisons: Animal Poisons Today, immuno-diagnosis with the help of, ELISA makes it possible to conclusively diagnose death due to snakebite by analysing tissues around bite site, or blister fluid, or even body fluids such as blood and urine for venom antigens. 4. Categorization of Venomous Animals Several species of animals, with or without backbones, produce venoms or contain certain toxins that may be dangerous to humans, either externally by stinging, biting or by ingestion. Both the categories are discussed as following: 4.1 VERTEBRATES 4.1.1 REPTILES 4.1.1.1 SNAKES Snakes belong to the class Reptilia, order squamata, and sub-order Serpentes. Snakes are found all over the world except New Zealand, Ireland and in Arctic lands. Of the 2500-3000 species of snakes distributed world-wide, about 500 are poisonous to Humans. The three main families of poisonous snakes exists are the Elapidae (cobras), the Viperidae (vipers) and the Crotalidae (pit vipers). The elapids cover around half the world’s species of venomous snakes and contain the Cobras and the Mambas. Genera of the elapid family are found in Asia, the Pacific, the Americas and Africa. The existent vipers, Viperidae, of which the common viper is the best known, inhabit Europe, Asia and Africa. The Pit Vipers, Crotalidae, are largely found in North, Central and South America and include the Rattlesnake genera Crotalus and Sistrurus. There are 238 species of snakes in India out of which only 52 are poisonous. Of these 52 poisonous species majority of bites and consequential mortality is attributed to 5 species viz. Ophiophagus hannah (King Cobra), Naja naja (Common Cobra), Daboia rusellii (Russell’s Viper), Bungarus caeruleus (Krait) and Echis carinatae (Saw- Scaled viper). Venom The snake venom is the secretion of the racemose salivary glands that is a modification of the parotid salivary gland of other vertebrates, and is usually situated on each side of the head below and behind the eye, invested in a muscular sheath. It is provided with large alveoli in which the venom is stored before being conveyed by a duct to the base of the channelled or tubular fang through which it is ejected. Poison is a clear limpid fluid of a pale straw or amber colour, more rarely greenish, sometimes with a certain amount of suspended matter, is exhausted after several bites, and the glands have to recuperate. The venom retains its poisonous properties for several years in dried state. The Cobra venom is slightly viscous and when exposed to sun it becomes a little turbid. FORENSIC SCIENCE PAPER No.10: Forensic Toxicology MODULE No.8: Organic Poisons: Animal Poisons The venom of Russell’s viper is usually white or yellow. Venoms of different species of poisonous snakes vary in the toxicity, composition and antigenic structure. It is basically a mixture of one or more of the toxic substances, toxalbumins and enzymes in varying proportions such as: (1) Proteolysins: It causes liberation of histamine from the damaged muscular endothelium leading to dissolution of walls of blood vessels with extravasation of blood in the tissue space, also causes digestion of tissue proteins and peptides and produces marked tissue destruction. (2) Fibrinolysins: It enhances the coagulation process. (3) Neurotoxins: It is mainly found in elapidae venom producing curare like effect causing paralysis especially of respiratory centre. (4) Cholinestrase: It is also found in elapidae venom causing hydrolysis of acetylcholine to choline and acetic acid thus causes impairment of neuromuscular transmission. (5) Haemolysin: It is found chiefly in viper venom causing widespread haemolysis in presence of lecithinase. (6) Cytolysin: It is mainly found in viprine venom and causes lysis of cell structures of blood and tissues. (7) Agglutinins: It causes agglutination of Red Blood Corpuscles. (8) Phosphatidases: It produces haemolysis and toxic effects on heart and circulation with haemorrhage from lungs. (9) Proteinases: It has trypsin like action, causing tissue damage. It produces anticoagulant effect from destruction of fibrinogen. It also catalyses the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin thus producing coagulant effect. (10) Phospholipase: It acts as a catalyst in hydrolysis of lipids. By destroying phospholipids in nervous tissues, it alters neuromuscular conduction. It also helps in penetration of neurotoxin in to nervous tissue. (11) Hyaluronidase: It helps in rapid spreading of the venom from the local site of bite and thereby quick absorption. It is present in all snake venoms. (12) Ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease: It helps in rapid spreading of the venom from the local site of bite and thereby quick absorption. It is present in all venoms. FORENSIC SCIENCE PAPER No.10: Forensic Toxicology MODULE No.8: Organic Poisons: Animal Poisons (13) Protease: It causes dissolution of vascular wall and help in spreading of red blood cells and serum in the tissues. (14) Lecithinases: It acts on the lipid layer of the cells causing increasing fragility and permeability leading to cell destruction. The cobra venom in Neurotoxic and produces muscular paralysis involving firstly the muscles of the mouth, throat and lastly muscles of respiration, seats the action of venom being upon the motor nerve cells, the action resembling curare. It consists of: (i) Neurotoxin (ii) Cholinesterase (iii) Proteases (iv) Phosphatidases (v) Hyaluronidase (vi) Ribonuclease (vii) Thromboplastin (viii) Fibrinolysin (ix) Proteolysin (x) Cardiotoxin (xi) Phospholipase- A. Cobra venom produces convulsions and paralysis, while krait venom produces only muscular paralysis. The viperine venom is predominantly haemolytic and hemotoxic. It causes lysis of red cells and other tissue cells and coagulation disorders bringing about coagulation of the blood and clotting of the pulmonary arteries. There will be haemorrhage from the site of bite, associated with the necrosis of renal tubules, convulsions from intra-cerebral haemorrhage. It consists of: (i) Proteases (ii) Hyaluronidase (iii) Haemorrhagin (iv) Haemolysin (v) Leucolysin (vi) Lecithinase (vii) Cytolysin (viii) Thromboplastin (ix) Phospholipase- A (x) Proteinases. Fatal doses of various bites are: (i) Dried cobra venom : 12 - 15 mg (ii) Dried viper venom : 15 - 20 mg (iii) Dried krait venom : 5 - 6 mg (iv) Dried Saw Scaled viper venom : 8 mg Fatal Period: The death may occur instantaneously from neurogenic shock resulting from fright otherwise the fatal period is: (i) In colubrine bite : ½ - 24 hours (ii) In viperine bite : 2 - 4 days Antivenoms Antivenoms are prepared by immunizing horses with venom from poisonous snakes and extracting the serum and purifying it.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Master of Science in Biomedical Forensic Sciences Master of Science in Biomedical Forensic Sciences
    MASTER OF SCIENCE IN BIOMEDICAL FORENSIC SCIENCES MASTER OF SCIENCE IN BIOMEDICAL FORENSIC SCIENCES Program Overview The M.S. in Biomedical Forensic Sciences trains individuals for a variety of disciplines applied to crime scene investigation and evidence analysis. The only program of its kind based at a major medical center, students benefit from unique opportunities to engage with forensic science practitioners, examine cadavers, utilize extensive laboratory and library resources and access a 32-acre outdoor forensic science research facility that includes: • A crime scene house • Open fields, wooded areas and a cranberry bog • A decomposition field In addition, the University’s medical campus, home to Boston’s largest research park, is very close to the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner for Massachusetts as well as the Boston Police Department’s Crime Laboratory. Program Highlights: Through the class curriculum, laboratory • Only program of its kind based at a medical school, experiments, thesis research and mentoring, and one of the few forensic science graduate programs I had many opportunities to learn from professors offered in New England who have practical experiences and are active • Emphasis on biomedical specialties including toxicology, members in their fields. pathology, DNA analysis and bloodstain pattern analysis - Drew Horsley, Class of 2014 • Access to state-of-the-art laboratory equipment used in forensic DNA analysis, drug chemistry, trace analysis, and microscopy • Coursework in criminal law including a mock court
    [Show full text]
  • Primer on Forensic Toxicology
    1 OSAC’s purpose is to strengthen the nation's use of forensic science by providing technical leadership necessary to facilitate the development and promulgation of consensus-based documentary standards and guidelines for forensic science, promoting standards and guidelines that are fit-for-purpose and based on sound scientific principles, promoting the use of OSAC standards and guidelines by accreditation and certification bodies, and establishing and maintaining working relationships with other similar organizations. 2 The six subcommittees of the Chemistry/Instrumental Analysis SAC include Fire Debris and Explosives, Geological Materials, Gunshot Residue, Materials (Trace), Seized Drugs and Toxicology. 3 This resource is intended to provide a brief overview, or the “what”, “why”, “where”, and “how”, of the field of Forensic Toxicology. 4 Toxicology is the study of drugs and chemicals on biological systems. Toxicology relies on information from numerous scientific and social disciplines as well as engineering and statistics. 5 Forensic toxicology deals with the application of toxicology to cases and issues where adverse effects of the use of impairing, toxic and lethal concentrations of drugs have administrative or medicolegal consequences, and where the results are likely to be used in a legal setting. 6 Other career opportunities exist in hospitals, universities, and industry. 7 Paracelsus is often credited with one of the original conceivers of toxicology. Manly Hall, a famous author of the 19th Century called him "the precursor of chemical pharmacology and therapeutics and the most original medical thinker of the sixteenth century.“ A principle tenet of forensic toxicology is that the “dose makes something a poison”. For example, water is generally a safe and essential beverage all living organisms require to live, but if taken in an excessive amount this can interfere with a body’s chemistry and create a toxic environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Forensic Toxicology in Death Investigation
    If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. CHAPTER 5 Forensic Toxicology in Death Investigation Eugene C. Dinovo, Ph.D., and Robert H. Cravey Forensic toxicology is a highly specialized States, warrant an official investigation by the area of forensic science which requires exper­ coroner or medical examiner to determine the tise in analytical chemistry, pharmacology, cause of death. The resolution of many legal biochemistry, and forensic investigation. The questions depends on the official pronounce­ practicing forensic toxicologist is concerned ment of the cause of death. The settlement of not only with the isolation and identification insurance claims often rests on the pro­ of drugs and other pOlsons from tissues, but nouncement of the death investigator. Accu­ also with the interpretation of his findings for racy in determining the cause of death depends the medical examiner, coroner, or other legal on the cooperation and free flow of informa­ authority. tion among all members of the medicolegal In our modern drug-oriented society the investigative team: the police homicide need for the services of a toxicologist is clear. investigator, the medical examiner's investi­ The benefits received from medication are so gator, the forensic pathologist, the forensic well publicized that society tends to minimize toxicologist, and the medical examiner. the dangers and pitfalls. The American people The homicide investigator is usually the spend over $9 billion a year on drugs. In first to view the scene and, if he is properly 1971, the public spent approximately $5% bil­ trained, it is he who maintains the scene lion on prescription drugs and about $3'12 bil­ undisturbed for the medical examiner whom lion for over-the-counter medications (Arena he calls.
    [Show full text]
  • 73Rd Aafs Annual Scientific Meeting
    AMERICAN ACADEMY OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 73RD AAFS ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC MEETING PROGRAM • FEBRUARY 2021 WELCOME MESSAGE Welcome to the 73rd American Academy of Forensic Sciences Annual Scientific Meeting. We are 100% virtual this year and it is my pleasure and excitement to greet each and every one of you. While we could not be in Houston, we have planned a jammed packed week of science, collegial interactions, collaborations, learning, social networking, and just plain fun! The Academy has nearly 6,500 members representing 70 countries. We usually meet annually in the U.S., but this year we are meeting virtually and worldwide for the first time. I cannot wait to see how many locations across the globe will be represented by our attendees. Jeri D. Ropero-Miller, PhD 2020-21 AAFS President Our meeting theme this year, One Academy Pursuing Justice through Truth and Evidence, has fueled the culture of the Academy since its inception. It has also encouraged more than 1,000 presentations for this week with over 560 oral, more that 380 posters, and countless presenters in the 18 workshops, and special sessions. The Exhibit Hall will be accessible to attendees the entire week. Don’t miss out on all the latest products and technology available to the forensic science industry. You also will want to participate in the Gamification activity by going on a virtual scavenger hunt to earn points towards winning some fun prizes. Don’t forget to visit the online AAFS store between sessions for your chance to purchase meeting apparel. I cannot thank everyone enough for all the effort, dedication, and support for making this virtual event memorable for all.
    [Show full text]
  • Forensic Toxicology: Career Choices and Development Karen Sco Ph.D, MRSC, Michele (Shelly) Merves Ph.D., DABFT Barry Logan Ph.D, DABFT C
    Forensic Toxicology: Career Choices and Development Karen ScoU Ph.D, MRSC, Michele (Shelly) Merves Ph.D., DABFT Barry Logan Ph.D, DABFT C. Chem., C. Sci. Assistant Laboratory Director- 2013-14 President, AAFS Associate Professor, Toxicology NMS Labs & Forensic Science Pinellas County Forensic Lab Center for Forensic Science Research Arcadia University Largo, FL and Educaon Glenside, PA Willow Grove, PA Forensic Toxicology Answers the QuesNon: Did Alcohol or Drugs, Cause or Contribute to, this Person’s Death or Intoxicaon? BL PracNce Areas • Human performance – Driving – Post Crash – Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault • Death InvesNgaon • Regulated • High throughput vs less casework/complex (interpretaon) BL Forensic Toxicology Analy&cal Interpreve SM AnalyNcal Toxicology • Understanding the chemistry of the analyte. • Knowing the capabiliNes of various analyNcal plaorms (i.e. how instruments work). • Understanding Quality Management requirements. • Understanding data evaluaon and assessment. • Applying insight into working with problemac specimens. • Understanding method development and opNmizaon. • Performing method validaon. SM InterpreNve Toxicology • Understanding the source of the sample and its limitaons. • Understanding how the result was obtained and its limitaons. • Thorough familiarity with the published literature on drug concentraons. • Knowing the therapeuNc, toxic and potenNally fatal outcomes associated with different toxins. • Relang laboratory findings to invesNgave, autopsy, and cogniNve and behavioral findings. SM Key Competencies
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook of Forensic Medicine
    Handbook of Forensic Medicine Handbook of Forensic Medicine Edited by Burkhard Madea Institute of Forensic Medicine University of Bonn Bonn, Germany This edition first published 2014 © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Wiley Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, formed by the merger of Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing. Registered office: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial offices: The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of the authors to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
    [Show full text]
  • Tox Part 1.Pdf
    1 Agree or Disagree? • "All substances are poisons; there are none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy.“ – Paracelsus Swiss-German Physician (1493-1541) 2 Central Focus Students can explain how forensic toxicologists use components of chemistry, biology, and medicine to interpret and justify their toxicology results from bodily tissues/fluids. Students can explain the proper techniques used to identify toxins in the body and describe why toxins have different effects on different people. 3 Learning Standards Ga. SFS3. Students will analyze the use of toxicology in forensic investigations. a. Classify toxins and their effects on the body. c. Evaluate forensic techniques used to isolate toxins in the body 4 Day 1 Essential Questions • What is the difference between the type(s) of evidence that is analyzed by a forensic chemist versus a forensic toxicologist during a criminal investigation? • Why is toxicology important to criminal investigations? • How is lethality of a drug/poison determined? 5 Learning Targets. I can… • SFS1a – LK1: Match historical forensic scientists with their role in crime scene investigations • SFS3a – LK3: Describe how toxicology applies to criminal investigations. • SFS3a – LR6: Compare/contrast intoxicants, poisons, and toxins • SFS3a – LR7: Classify toxins and their effects on the body • SFS3a – LR8: Categorize toxin/poison exposure as intentional, deliberate, or accidental • SFS3a – LK4: Explain LD50 and how it applies to forensic toxicology 6 Toxicology • Mathieu Orfila
    [Show full text]
  • Crime-Scene-Technician-Curriculum-Guide
    © A Curriculum Guide for Contextualized Instruction in Workforce Readiness Crime Scene Technician The Literacy Institute at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Adult Learning Resource Center 3600 W Broad St. Ste 112 Richmond, VA 23230 www.valrc.org Southwest Virginia Community College 724 Community College Road Cedar Bluff, VA 24609 1 www.pluggedinva.com This work by Virginia Commonwealth University is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. PluggedInVA© is a project of the Virginia Adult Learning Resource Center at Virginia Commonwealth University. PluggedInVA© has received funds from the Governor's Productivity Investment Fund, The Chancellor's Elearning Enhancement & Development Grant, the Virginia Department of Education Office of Adult Education & Literacy, the Virginia Community College System, the Virginia Employment Commission, and the Department of Labor. This curriculum guide was developed as part of a Department of Labor Trade Adjustment Assistance Community College and Career Training grant to Southwest Virginia Community College. 2 October, 2013 Table of Contents I. PluggedInVA Introduction and Project Rationale II. PluggedInVA Curriculum Framework III. Instructional Schedules Monthly Objectives Weekly Instructional Template IV. Capstone Project Project Description Project Planning Template V. Instructional Approaches and Strategies VI. Materials and Resources Appendices i. Sample Instructional Activities ii. College Survival Resources iii. Online Collaboration Tool Example v. Phlebotomy Classroom Activities and Resources A. Career Assessment B. Ethics and Justice C. Mythbusting in Forensic Science D. What is Leadership? And What is Its Value? Information about the PluggedInVA project, including resources for planning and implementation, are available on the PluggedInVA website. 3 I. Introduction PluggedInVA is a career pathways program that prepares adult learners with the knowledge and skills they need to succeed in postsecondary education, training, and high-demand, high-wage careers in the 21st century.
    [Show full text]
  • Affidavit of Stuart H. James
    STATE OF WISCONSIN : CIRCUIT COURT : MANITOWOC COUNTY STATE OF WISCONSIN, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) Case No. 05-CF-381 V. ) ) Honorable Judge Angela Sutkiewicz, STEVEN A. AVERY, ) Judge Presiding ) Defendant. ) AFFIDAVIT OF STUART H. JAMES Now comes your affiant, Stuart H. James, and under oath hereby states as follows: 1. I am of legal majority and can truthfully and competently testify to the matters contained herein based upon my personal knowledge and to a reasonable degree of scientific certainty. The factual statements herein are true and correct to the best of my knowledge, information, and belief. 2. I am a forensic scientist and bloodstain pattern analyst with James and Associates Forensic Consultants, Inc. in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. A copy of my current CV is attached and incorporated herein as Exhibit A. All of the opinions expressed herein are expressed to a reasonable degree of certainty in the field of bloodstain analysis. 3. In my professional experience, it is extremely difficult to clean blood stains with heavy applications of bleach and paint thinner. 4. I have examined the following materials in the case of State of Wisconsin v. Steven A. Ave,y, Manitowoc County Case No. 05-CF-381, received from Attorney Kathleen T. Zellner: EXHIBIT 1 6 a. Photographs of RAV -4 vehicle b. Photographs of bone fragments c. Photographs of burn area behind garage d. Photographs of burn barrel contents e. Photograph of blood sample container f. Video and photographs of blood tube packaging g. Photographs of garage and contents h. Photograph of burned cell phone 1. Photographs of blood stain on Steven A very' s bathroom floor J.
    [Show full text]
  • Forensic Toxicology – Robert WENNIG
    ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND HUMAN HEALTH – Forensic Toxicology – Robert WENNIG FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY Robert WENNIG Laboratoire National de Santé- Toxicologie. Université du Luxembourg-Campus Limpertsberg. L 1511 (Luxembourg) Keywords : Forensic toxicology, history, recent developments, analytical toxicology, spectrometric methods, chromatographic methods, immunoassays, quality assurance, alternative matrices, post-mortem toxicology, drug facilitated crime, drugs and driving, pharmaceutical and illicit drugs, inorganic poisons, natural toxins, toxic mushrooms, toxicological findings interpretation, future challenges. Content 1. Introduction 2. History of Forensic Toxicology 3. Summary of Properties of some Common Toxic Substances 3.1. Inorganic Poisons 3.2. Organic Poisons 3.2.1. Natural Organic Poisons 3.2.2. Synthetic Organic Poisons 4. General Principles of Forensic Toxicology 4.1. Tools of Forensic Toxicology 4.2. Post-mortem Forensic Toxicology 4.3. Forensic Toxicology of the Living 5. Case Work 5.1. Specimens to be investigated 5.1.1. Biological Samples 5.1.2. Food, Drinks, Medicines, Drug Addict's Paraphernalia 6. Interpretation of toxicological Findings 7. Scientific organizations and associations of Forensic Toxicology 8. Future Challenges Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch SummaryUNESCO – EOLSS A look at historySAMPLE of forensic toxicology shows CHAPTERS us that poisons were difficult to detect and legislation inadequate until progress of toxicological analysis was made in the 19th century. Many famous criminal poisoning cases contributed to progress of toxicology. In this chapter a summary of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of some common toxic inorganic, organic natural compounds, synthetic drugs and toxicants are outlined. The general principles of forensic toxicology followed by the tools available for post-mortem or living persons’ case work are explained.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxicological Analyzes and Its Use in Forensic Science
    Forensic Research & Criminology International Journal Research Article Open Access Toxicological analyzes and its use in forensic science Abstract Volume 6 Issue 5 - 2018 Over the centuries, the history of drug and drug use has undergone significant changes Jefferson Lemes Carvalho in Forensic Sciences, in which Toxicology is used, mainly in the toxicological Laboratory of the Legal Medical Institute Leonídio Ribeiro, analyzes and methods used routinely by civil or criminal experts. Toxicology, federal District, Brazil as a multifunctional science, covers several other related areas, such as Clinical Toxicology, Social Toxicology, Environmental Toxicology and Occupational Correspondence: Jefferson Lemes Carvalho, Laboratory of Toxicology, Toxicology applied to Doping Control, and essential Forensic Toxicology, the Legal Medical Institute Leonídio Ribeiro, federal District, as well as others. This article was elaborated with searches in scientific publications, Brazil, Email bibliographical reviews, scientific journals and Forensic Science books, as well as other sources of scientific knowledge. There are currently many techniques used in Received: October 04, 2018 | Published: November 16, 2018 the routine of Forensic Toxicology laboratories, among which the use of the following are most frequently used: Thin Layer Chromatography - CCD, Immunoassay methods, High Performance Liquid Chromatography - HPLC, Gas Chromatography - GC and Liquid or Gas Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrophotometry - HPLC/ MS. Throughout this article, in a
    [Show full text]
  • As Seen on Forensic Update – NFSTC@FIU 1
    As Seen on Forensic Update – NFSTC@FIU 1 As Seen on Forensic Update Saw something cool in the Forensic Update? You can get all the details from each edition via the links below. NFSTC’s online forensic news series is where we share some of the coolest technologies and industry news. November 2019 • Thermo Fisher Rapid DNA Center of Excellence • Where DNA falls short in cracking crimes, scientists can use this new tool • A safer way for police to test drug evidence • A breath test for opioids • Opioids PPE • A fourth amendment framework for voiceprint database searches October 2019 • Department of Justice announces interim policy on emerging method to generate leads for unsolved violent crimes • Pitt researchers create breathalyzer that can detect marijuana • ANSI National Accreditation Board • FIU Digital Forensics Professional Program • NICE Conference • 9th Annual Forensic Science Symposium September 2019 • NFSTC@FIU named Rapid DNA Center of Excellence by Thermo Fisher Scientific • Fentanyl analogue identification toolkit aids forensic toxicology • ISHI student ambassadors • GCC Forensics Conference and Symposium • Forensic Science Week August 2019 • NIST’s new PCR-based DNA profiling standards • Research: Improving the chemiluminescense of luminol • Was that song stolen? Forensic Musicology with Joe Bennett, PhD, of the Berklee College of Music. Listen to the full interview here. As Seen on Forensic Update – NFSTC@FIU 2 July 2019 • How forensic face recognition works • SOCOM seeks smartphone app for fingerprint data • Deep fakes: Researchers
    [Show full text]