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Ethernet and TCP/IP Presentation TCP/IP & LAN Oct 2007 - H. Sailer A C B D E 10/19/2017 TCP/IP & Ethernet LAN Page 1 TCP/IP illustrated, Vol 1 • Muddle though the book, chapter by chap • General Internet backbone design • Domain Name System • IXIA box demonstration • Configuration of Cisco 2950 Lan switch • IP Subnetwork address • Autonomous System, BGP • IP L3 Routers • TCP layer 4 10/19/2017 TCP/IP & Ethernet LAN Page 2 Where to go for more info • IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force - www.ietf.org • Wikipedia - an online encylopedia – www.wikipedia.org http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcp/ip • ATM, Frame Relay, MPLS - http://www.mfaforum.org/ • http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ • http://www.cisco.com/univercd/home/home.htm • http://www.bgp4.as/ Border Gateway Protocol Stuff • http://www.iol.unh.edu/ University of New Hampshire • http://williamstallings.com/ Great author of TCP books • http://lw.pennnet.com/home.cfm Lightwave Magazine • http://www.ethernetalliance.org/home • http://www.kegel.com Dan Kegel Networking Guru • http://www.ethermanage.com/ethernet/ethernet.html • http://www.tcpipguide.com/index.htm 10/19/2017 TCP/IP & Ethernet LAN Page 3 47% of adults have broadband at home 10/19/2017 TCP/IP & Ethernet LAN Page 4 10/19/2017 TCP/IP & Ethernet LAN Page 5 10/19/2017 TCP/IP & Ethernet LAN Page 6 10/19/2017 TCP/IP & Ethernet LAN Page 7 The Internet Where do IP address Society come from? ( non-profit ) www.isoc.org Internet Internet Internet Architecture Engineering Corporation Board Task Force Assigned IAB IETF Names & Numbers www.iab.org www.ietf.org www.icann.org 10/19/2017 TCP/IP & Ethernet LAN Page 8 • Internet Society - provides a corporate governance to oversee the operation of individual groups, to accept input from outside, and delegate on policy issues. • Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) - is a loosely knit group of people with day jobs to design the operation of the internet standards, the RFC’s (request for comments). • Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) – oversee’s the assignments of IP addresses, and registration of Domain Names. 10/19/2017 TCP/IP & Ethernet LAN Page 9 V1.1 17 Sep 99 The ICANN-GAC Organization Government Advisory Dept of Commerce Committee (GAC) MoU NTIA CRADA ICANN Interim NIST Board (10) Plenary GAC ICANN <$<$<$<$<$<$<$<$<$<$<$<$<$<$<$<$<$<$<$<$<$<$<$<$<$<$<$<$<$<$<$<$<$<$<$<$ [21 permanent] Secretariat Secretariat Fund Outside (NOIE) Raising Counsel (GIP) ICANN Website Comments Jones Day GAC Website Convergence IANA Website Member Internet Assigned AdHoc Group Nations Numbers Authority 1 director per region (3) Fair Practices Argentina Committee Domain Name Supporting Organization Armenia Australia At-Large Membership Address Supporting Organization ccTLD registries … 3 seats [non-functional] Names Constituency Yemen ccTLD Secretariat Committee At-Large Council MoU Signatories [AF NIC] Council (19) (50 active, (ARIN, RIPE, APNIC) 1 seat (18) gTLD registries 200+ Constituency 3 each Web site potential) Individuals (>5000) Comments On-line 3 seats 2 Council Address Council Secretariat Comments Commercial and Activities seats per 5 (9) WG-A business entities [Because the GAC is a closed, regions, 8 Dispute Announce site Constituency at-large, <2 secret activity, it's internal Resolution per region Policy structure isn't fully known.] 3 seats General General ISP and connectivity Comments Comments Assembly Assembly providers Argentina Mexico Asia Pacific Comments Constituency Armenia Morocco Telecommunity (APT) WG-B 3 seats Australia Netherlands European Union Famous Trade- Membership Advisory Comments Non-commercial Austria New Zealand International Marks domain name holders Bangladesh Niue Telecommunication Committee Protocol Supporting Organization Constituency Belgium Norway Union (ITU) Comments Brazil Papua New Guinea Organisation for Economic 3 seats Canada Registrars Peru Cooperation and Comments MoU Signatories WG-C Constituency Chile Portugal Development (OECD) (ITU, ETSI, IETF, W3C) New gTLDs Cyprus Singapore South Pacific Forum Czech Rep. Slovenia Secretariat (SPFS) WG-C1 3 seats 3 each Comments Trademark, other Denmark Spain World Intellectual Property Advisory Committee on Comments intellectual property Finland Sri Lanka Organisation (WIPO) Independent Review Protocol Council WG-C2 and anti-counterfeiting France Sweden Secretariat Comments interests Constituency [non-functional] (12) WG-C3 Gambia Switzerland Comments WG-D Germany Taiwan WG-D1 Business Plan Comments Ireland Tonga See and Internal WG-D2 Italy General Comments additional Tuvalu WG-E Procedures Comments Japan United Kingdom Assembly Global detail Korea USA DNS Root Server Awareness and Outreach Latvia Vatican City State Advisory Committee Comments Libya Vietnam Malaysia Yemen Comments 10/19/2017 TCP/IP & Ethernet LAN Page 10 Domain names on the Internet 10/19/2017 TCP/IP & Ethernet LAN Page 11 Domain Name System (DNS) • How to convert a URL into an IP adrs? • World is broken up into top domains • .COM, .GOV, .ORG, .NET, .MIL, etc • Root Servers control top level domains • Each ZONE has a “Authoritative Name server” • Each ISP has a DNS cache • Each PC maintains it’s own cache • Verisign controls the .com domain • Verisign.com naming-services • www.root-servers.org 10/19/2017 TCP/IP & Ethernet LAN Page 12 Root Servers at top of Domain Zone Server Zone Server ISP Administrator adds New URL’s to DB PC end user DNS Cache Server 10/19/2017 TCP/IP & Ethernet LAN Page 13 Root Servers 10/19/2017 TCP/IP & Ethernet LAN Page 14 Goal is end to end Host A Communication Host B Applications Applications Email, FTP Email, FTP TCP TCP Transport Guaranteed Transport IP Delivery IP Network Network LAN Layer Global LAN Layer Ethernet Addressing Token Ring Physical Physical LAN Network Cloud T.R. LAN Router Router 10/19/2017 TCP/IP & Ethernet LAN Page 15 Layered Protocol Architecture • Modules arranged in a vertical stack • Each layer in stack: – Performs related functions – Relies on lower layer for more primitive functions – Provides services to next higher layer – Communicates with corresponding peer layer of neighboring system using a protocol 10/19/2017 TCP/IP & Ethernet LAN Page 16 User Apps Data Encapsulation Web, Email Guaranteed User Data Delivery Application TCP Routing Header Layer 4 IP MAC Header Layer 3 Address Network Header Layer 2 Ethernet, ATM, Frame Relay, PPP, each different 10/19/2017 TCP/IP & Ethernet LAN Page 17 10/19/2017 TCP/IP & Ethernet LAN Page 18 Example: File transfer • Requires a data path to exist • Tasks: – Activate data communication path – Source determines that destination is ready – File transfer app destination file management app is ready store file for user – File format conversion 10/19/2017 TCP/IP & Ethernet LAN Page 19 Figure 2-8 10/19/2017 TCP/IP & Ethernet LAN Page 20 10/19/2017 TCP/IP & Ethernet LAN Page 21 Figure 2-10 Skip to Page 34 10/19/2017 TCP/IP & Ethernet LAN Page 22 Layer 2 LAN Topics • Ethernet LAN - Layer 2 in the protocol stack • PHY layer - Twisted Pair Copper, symbol coding • Data Link Layer - frame format and bit ordering • 48 Bits of Addressing at MAC Layer • Bridging concepts - Transparent bridging • Spaning Tree - pruning the tree of redundent paths • LAN Switching - same as bridging, yet faster • VLAN Tags - why we use them (see Cisco Handouts) • VLAN Trunking - Inter_Switch_Link protocol 10/19/2017 TCP/IP & Ethernet LAN Page 23 Each Adaptor comes with a Driver written by the vendor User Application (Web, email) Operating TCP/IP Protocol Stack System NDIS Driver from NIC vendor 10/19/2017 TCP/IP & Ethernet LAN Page 24 • Ethernet MAC Frame - Data link layer 2 – Preamble & Start of Frame delimiter – Source & Destination MAC address 48 bits – Length type field – Logical Link Control (LLC) – Data portion (encapsulates TCP/IP) – Cycle Redundency Check CRC-32 (FCS) A B C D PRE SD DA SA Len DATA FCS 10/19/2017 TCP/IP & Ethernet LAN Page 25 7 octets 1 6 octets 6 octets 2 S Destination Source Preamble Len D Address Address 46 to 1500 octets 0 to 45 4 octets Frame Check LLC and User Data PAD Sequence The first two fields in the frame carry 48-bit addresses, called the destination and source addresses. The IEEE controls the assignment of these addresses by administering a portion of the address field. The IEEE does this by providing 24- bit identifiers called "Organizationally Unique Identifiers" (OUIs), since a unique 24-bit identifier is assigned to each organization that wishes to build Ethernet interfaces. The organization, in turn, creates 48-bit addresses using the assigned OUI as the first 24 bits of the address. This 48-bit address is also known as the physical address, hardware address, or MAC address. 10/19/2017 TCP/IP & Ethernet LAN Page 26 PRE SD DA SA Len DATA FCS Preamble (PRE)— Consists of 7 bytes. The PRE is an alternating pattern of ones and zeros that tells receiving stations that a frame is coming, and that provides a means to synchronize the frame-reception portions of receiving physical layers with the incoming bit stream. Start-of-frame delimiter (SOF)— Consists of 1 byte. The SOF is an alternating pattern of ones and zeros, ending with two consecutive 1-bits indicating that the next bit is the left-most bit in the left-most byte of the destination address. 10101010 10101010 … 10101011 10/19/2017 TCP/IP & Ethernet LAN Page 27 PRE SD DA SA Len DATA FCS Destination address (DA)— Consists of 6 bytes. The DA field identifies which station(s) should receive the frame. The left-most bit in the DA field indicates whether the address is an individual address (indicated by a 0) or a group address (indicated by a 1). The second bit from the left indicates whether the DA is globally administered or unique throughout the world (indicated by a 0), or locally assigned and administered by (indicated by a 1).
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