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Pearson, Jennifer

Subject:

FW: Proposed development in Trefonen 14/00536/OUT
Attachments: PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT TREFONEN.pdf

From: Andy Wigley [[email protected]]

Sent: 01 May 2014 16:31 To: Klemperer, Bill

Subject: RE: Proposed development in Trefonen (14/00536/OUT)

Bill, I thought you should be aware that the Council in now in receipt of the heritage assessment from objectors to this above application. In the circumstances, would you wish to be re‐consulted on the application?

Kind regards, Andy

Please note that my mobile no. has changed

_______________________________________________________________________________ Dr Andy Wigley Historic Environment Manager Historic Environment Team Shropshire Council Shirehall Abbey Foregate SHREWSBURY SY2 6ND

Tel. (01743) 252561 Mob. 07990 085329 _______________________________________________________________________________

From: Mark Perry Sent: 01 May 2014 16:00 To: Andy Wigley

Subject: Proposed development in Trefonen (14/00536/OUT)

Hi Andy, For your information please find attached a heritage assessment that I have just received. This has been commissioned by the objectors for the site at Whitridge Way in Trefonen. Hopefully the archaeology report from Dave Parker will also be with us by the end of the week, so you’ll have two to read, compare and contrast!!

Regards, Mark Perry Senior Planner

Development Management Shropshire Council Castle View

05/06/2014
Page 2 of 2

Oswestry SY11 1JR

ꢀ: 01743 258774 ꢁ: .@.. ꢂ: www.shropshire.gov.uk

From: Liz Kilvert On Behalf Of planningdmnw Sent: 01 May 2014 15:51 To: Mark Perry

Subject: FW: Proposed development in Trefonen

From: Sent: 01 May 2014 14:54 To: planningdmnw Cc:

Subject: Proposed development in Trefonen

Dear Sir, On the behalf of Trefonen Rural Protection Group, I enclose an attachment to be placed on the Planning Portal, with regard to the proposed housing development in Trefonen ‐ Ref. 14/00536/OUT.

This is to be described as ‐ Consultee Comment and be given the description ‐ Heritage Assessment – Dr. George Nash

(George Nash being author, of the Heritage Assessment) It would be appreciated, if this documentation could be placed on the Planning Portal at the earliest opportunity.

Yours sincerely

****************************************************************************** If you are not the intended recipient of this email please do not send it on to others, open any attachments or file the email locally. Please inform the sender of the error and then delete the original email. For more information, please refer to http://www.shropshire.gov.uk/privacy.nsf ******************************************************************************

05/06/2014

2014

PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT WHITRIDGE WAY
DEVELOPMENT, TREFONEN, SHROPSHIRE

HERITAGE STATEMENT

PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT WHITRIDGE WAY DEVELOPMENT, TREFONEN

i

  • Heritage Statement
  • April 2014

HERITAGE STATEMENT

Dr George Nash
Produced on behalf of the Trefonen Rural Protection Group

PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT WHITRIDGE WAY DEVELOPMENT, TREFONEN

ii

  • Heritage Statement
  • April 2014

CONTROLLED DOCUMENT

Document No:1 Status:

Final

Copy No:

1

  • Name
  • Signature
  • Date

Prepared by:

George Nash
28st April 2014

Checked:

Laurence Hayes George Nash
29th April 2014 30th April 2014

Amended and dispatched:

PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT WHITRIDGE WAY DEVELOPMENT, TREFONEN

iii

  • Heritage Statement
  • April 2014

CONTENTS
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY.........................................................................................................1 1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 2 2.0 STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION AND CONTEXT ...........................................................................3 3.0 BASELINE CONDITIONS........................................................................................................4 4.0 PLANNING HISTORY ............................................................................................................9 5.0 THE WALKOVER SURVEY .....................................................................................................9 6.0 LANDSCAPE COMPLEXITY.................................................................................................. 12 7.0 STATEMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL .................................................................. 12 8.0 SIGNIFICANCE ................................................................................................................... 13 9.0 IMPACT ASSESSMENT ....................................................................................................... 14 10.0 DISCUSSION...................................................................................................................... 17 11.0 SUMMARY........................................................................................................................ 18 12.0 RECOMMENDATIONS AND OBSERVATIONS ....................................................................... 18 13.0 REFERENCES CONSULTED .................................................................................................. 21 14.0 CLOSURE........................................................................................................................... 22

APPENDIX 1. Correspondence from the Prehistoric Society. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 APPENDIX 2. Correspondence from RESCUE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 APPENDIX 3. Correspondence from CBA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

ABBREVIATIONS

BGS: British Geological Survey HER: Historic Environment Record NPPF: National Policy Framework PPS(5): Planning Policy Statement SM: Scheduled Monument

PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT WHITRIDGE WAY DEVELOPMENT, TREFONEN

1

  • Heritage Statement
  • April 2014

NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY

A Planning Application to construct 12 dwellings (one as an affordable option) has been submitted to Shropshire Council. The proposed development stands within the northern part of the village of Trefonen, North Shropshire and is located close to the scheduled Offa’s Dyke and other heritage assets.

This report includes the results of a walkover survey which identified 17 previously recorded and unrecorded heritage assets within a 300m radius of the proposed development. Based on the walkover survey, along with supporting documentary evidence, direct and indirect impacts will occur to a number of significant heritage assets. This report also identified potential sub-surface damage/destruction to the western extent of Offa’s Dyke; possibly a ditch section which forms the eastern boundary of the proposed development.

PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT WHITRIDGE WAY DEVELOPMENT, TREFONEN

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  • Heritage Statement
  • April 2014

  • 1.0
  • INTRODUCTION

Dr George Nash was commissioned by the Trefonen Rural Protection Group (TRPG) to prepare a Heritage Statement for land that partly abuts the eastern rampart of Offa’s Dyke within the village of Trefonen, Shropshire. The area is the subject of an application for housing development known as Whitridge Way, and is referred to throughout this report as the proposed development (Figure 1). The proposed development incorporates an area in which extensive early post-medieval industrial scowling of the land surface has taken place, underlying an historic (late post medieval) ridge and furrow agricultural regime.

This heritage statement has been prepared in accordance with statutory policy within National Policy Planning Framework (NPPF) (Chapter 12), and technical guidance within the Institute for Archaeologists (IfA) document Standard and Guidance for

Historic Environment Desk-based Assessment (2012) and English Heritage’s The Setting of Heritage Assets (2011).

Within Chapter 12 of NPPF, the Local Planning Authority (LPA) should: [para 128] In

determining applications, local planning authorities should require an applicant to describe the significance of any heritage assets affected, including any contribution

made by their setting. The level of detail should be proportionate to the assets’

importance and no more than is sufficient to understand the potential impact of the proposal on their significance. As a minimum the relevant historic environment record should have been consulted and the heritage assets assessed using appropriate expertise where necessary.

Based on this statement, the author of this report has undertaken a thorough review of available archaeological and historical data, along with aerial reconnaissance

(Plates 1 to 6) and a walkover survey (see Plates 7 to 26). Identified during the site

visit were a number of designated and non-designated heritage assets including one Scheduled Monument: a near-continuous section of Offa’s Dyke (see Table 1). In addition were a number historic buildings and structures that stand within a 300m radius of the proposed development; several of these are included within Shropshire Historic Environment Record (HER).

The author of this report is a Member of the Institute for Archaeologists (IfA), at MIfA Level and an affiliate member of the Institute of Historic Building Conservation (IHBC).

PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT WHITRIDGE WAY DEVELOPMENT, TREFONEN

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  • Heritage Statement
  • April 2014

Figure 1:
Approximate area of the Application Site (in red outline)

  • 2.0
  • STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION AND CONTEXT

The proposed development (Planning Application Ref No.: 14/00536/OUT) comprises a sub-rectangular plot of land that occupies the southern extent of a large field that

is, itself, bounded on its eastern side by a section of Offa’s Dyke and an ancient

bridleway on its western flank. The southern boundary comprises an east-west drystone wall which provides the northern extent of the rear garden plots belonging to dwellings of Carneddau Close.

PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT WHITRIDGE WAY DEVELOPMENT, TREFONEN

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  • Heritage Statement
  • April 2014

The proposed development does not stand within a Conservation Area. No Scheduled Monuments (SMs), Listed Buildings or other known heritage assets recorded by the Shropshire Historic Environment Record (HER) are present within the development boundary.1 The area of the proposed development does not stand within or constitute part of a World Heritage Site (WHS).

The proposed development is situated within c. 1m of a section of Offa’s Dyke, a Scheduled Monument. Up to 16 further designated and non-designated heritage assets are located within 300m of the proposed development (TRE 001 to TRE 017 -

see Table 1).
3.0 3.1
BASELINE CONDITIONS GEOLOGY

Based on British Geological Survey data (BGS), the proposed development site overlies two geological formations. Within the west half of the field and extending across most of the settlement is a Cefn-y-Fedw Sandstone Formation (CFS); the age of this bedrock is Visean – Namurian epoch. However, inspection of the field suggests limestone bedrock covered by thin calcareous soils. The limestone, which outcrops across the study area, is continuous. According to the BGS, coal measures underlie this formation (belonging to the Pennine Lower Coal Measures Formation and Pennine Middle Coal Measures Formation [undifferentiated] – PLMC).

Concerning coal deposits, correspondence between The Coal Authority and Mr Perry, the Case Officer at Shropshire Council, dated 22nd March 2014 considers the proposed development to be set within what is termed a Development High Risk Area and as a result objects to the planning application (14/00426/OUT) as a Coal Mining Risk Assessment report has not been submitted. This is a requirement under Policy CS6.

  • 3.2
  • BRIEF HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF TREFONEN AND THE SITE

Trefonen stands within the north-western part of the county of Shropshire and has

its origins dating to at least the construction of Offa’s Dyke, which runs through the

centre of the village. Distinct traces of the earthwork are clearly visible within the northern and southern sections of the village (Plate 21).

Until recently, the date placed on this significant linear earthwork was late 8th century (probably constructed between AD 757 and 796), during the reign of Offa, King of Mercia.2 At this time, it is more than likely that this area of the Welsh Marches was a sub-kingdom which was probably administered by one of Offa’s family (Finberg 1961). Although difficult to visualise, the earthwork comprises a large turf and stone bank with accompanying ditch; the ditch is located along the western side of the earthwork. A substantial [Scheduled] section of this monument stands within 40m of the northern boundary of the proposed development with a disturbed section standing less than 1m from the site boundary (located at NGR SJ 25948 26997). Other disturbed sections probably occupy the front garden plots of

1 HER records are referred to by their Primary Record Numbers (PRNs)

2

Recent OSL dating places sections of this linear earthwork to between the early 5th and late 7th century (CPAT Press Release April 2014).

PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT WHITRIDGE WAY DEVELOPMENT, TREFONEN

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  • Heritage Statement
  • April 2014

dwellings that stand on the western side of Chapel Lane (at Church View, NGR SJ 29535). Late 19th century mapping clearly shows the extent of the Chapel Lane section of the dyke as a series of small rectangular plots that stand on the western

side of the lane (Figure 3).

Based on place-name evidence, Trefonen is clearly of Welsh origin. The ‘Tre’

element refers to ‘home of’ or ‘homestead of’. The ‘fonen’ element probably refers to the ash tree; therefore ‘the home of the ash tree’.

During the medieval period, Trefonen was contained within the lordship of

Oswestry; however, given the close proximity of settlement to Offa’s Dyke and its

place-name, it is more than likely that its origins are rooted in an early Celtic/Welsh tradition when this part of Shropshire was once occupied by the Kingdom of Powys. Following the Norman conquest of England, this area was controlled by the Baron of Oswestry - Alan Fitz Flaad- whose family held the area throughout the medieval period. It is during this time that much of the Welsh Marches (borderlands) was engaged in sporadic skirmishing, in particular during the latter part of the 15th century when Owain Glyndŵr and the [English] Mortimer family were disputing various tracts of land either side of the border. Following the Laws in Wales Acts (1535 & 1542) and unification between Wales and England in 1538, the parish of Trefonen (and neighbouring parishes) was annexed to Shropshire.

Following a period of relative peace and stability, the area around Trefonen became the focus for quarrying and mining.3 The underlying geology, comprising [carboniferous] coal, limestone, sandstone and shale formations served a number of allied industries including brick making, ceramics and building/construction; however, the prime material was coal. Between the 17th and 19th centuries, the area north of Trefonen was mined; the locality forming part of the Oswestry Coalfield.

It appears that industrial activity within the north of the village ceased by the late 19th century; reasons for which are not fully understood. The scowled area that occupies most of the proposed development site is covered by extensive later ridge and furrow, the date of which is difficult to determine. The buildings (including private dwellings) all appear to date from the mid- to late-18th century suggesting the village had at this time expanded (and had become locally prosperous). During this time there were three public houses in use (The Barley Mow, Efel Inn and the Royal Oak), along with All Saints Church, the Congregational Chapel and the Calvinistic

Methodist Chapel. The Royal Oak stood once stood on Offa’s Dyke, opposite Plas

Offa Cottage (TRE 010) and south of the now Scheduled section of the Dyke. The site of All Saints Church, parish church was given to the parish by the Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn in 1821; the church was consecrated in the same year. At around the same time the Congregational Chapel was constructed for the benefit of the nonconformists members of the village.

In terms of the survival of industrial remains from this period, Frost (2014) has identified a number of features including banks, bell pits, rectangular and subrectangular enclosures and inter-connecting trackways, suggesting a complex

3

The author suggests that some form of small-scale industrial activity was already ongoing during the medieval period.

PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT WHITRIDGE WAY DEVELOPMENT, TREFONEN

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  • Heritage Statement
  • April 2014

industrial process (extractive industry) was in operation. By the mid- to late-19th century a number of coal pits had been closed mainly due to flooding, including the Old Trefonen Pit (owned by the Trefonen Coal Company). This pit, opened in 1860, was working at a depth of c. 82m but closed in 1886. Earlier pits include the Trefarclawdd Colliery which was opened in 1792 but closed around 1833 due to flooding. During the latter part of the 19th century, two new pit shafts named The New Trefonen were sunk south of Pottery Cottages in 1881. These were mined for about 10 years; their closure marked the demise of the Oswestry Coalfield.

Following around 300 years of intense industrial activity, the landscape around the north of Trefonen reverted to agriculture. It is probable that the ridge and furrow marks identified on the aerial photographs date from the 19th century, although one can consider that the scowling within the area of the proposed development occurred much earlier.

  • 3.3
  • MAP REGRESSION

For this section of the report, seven historic maps where consulted, the earliest dating to 1838. The Cassini Map of c. 1838 (not reproduced) shows Trefonen as a dispersed settlement, occupying much of the land east of Trefonen Hall (around SJ 257 268). Also present on this map is the continuous north-south line of Offa’s Dyke, apparently running some way west of Chapel Lane but converging towards the road junction within the centre of the village.

The Tithe Map (Figure 2) (and its accompanying Apportionment) of 1838 shows the field in which the proposed development is located (Plot Nos. 189, 190 and 191, the proposed development falling within the southern part of Plot 189). A further two plots – Nos. 192 and 193 occupy the eastern side of the field (Figure 2). It is probable that each of the five plots are delineated by turf and/or drystone walling, some sections of which are visible as fossilised features from aerial images taken in April 2014 (see Plates 1 to 6). The boundary of this five-plotted field has, since the publication of this map, remained unchanged. Within Plot 190, a square building stands; its use and date unknown; whilst several buildings occupy sections of the Dyke within Plots 192 and 193. The presence of the buildings would have greatly disturbed the upper form of the Dyke. Fron Farm (also known as Vron) and its outbuildings occupy Plot 184 (Plate 13). The bridleway, identified from the walkover survey (TRE 014) was, at this time a trackway which would have provided access to dwellings within the western section of the village (see Plate 14).4 To the west of the trackway and south of Fron Farm are Fron Cottages - a terrace of two dwellings (TRE 017).5 Visible within this recently refurbished terrace, is the original 18th century

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    PAF Licensing Centre PAF® Public Sector Licensees: List of licensed organisations PDF created: 29 09 2021 Licence no. Organisation names Application Confirmed PSL 05710 (Bucks) Nash Parish Council 22 | 10 | 2019 PSL 05419 (Shrop) Nash Parish Council 12 | 11 | 2019 PSL 05407 Ab Kettleby Parish Council 15 | 02 | 2018 PSL 05474 Abberley Parish Council 06 | 08 | 2018 PSL 01030 Abbey Hill Parish Council 02 | 04 | 2014 PSL 01031 Abbeydore & Bacton Group Parish Council 02 | 04 | 2014 PSL 01032 Abbots Langley Parish Council 02 | 04 | 2014 PSL 01033 Abbots Leigh Parish Council 02 | 04 | 2014 PSL 03449 Abbotskerswell Parish Council 23 | 04 | 2014 PSL 06255 Abbotts Ann Parish Council 06 | 07 | 2021 PSL 01034 Abdon & Heath Parish Council 02 | 04 | 2014 PSL 00040 Aberdeen City Council 03 | 04 | 2014 PSL 00029 Aberdeenshire Council 31 | 03 | 2014 PSL 01035 Aberford & District Parish Council 02 | 04 | 2014 PSL 01036 Abergele Town Council 17 | 10 | 2016 PSL 04909 Aberlemno Community Council 25 | 10 | 2016 PSL 04892 Abermule with llandyssil Community Council 11 | 10 | 2016 PSL 04315 Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board 24 | 02 | 2016 PSL 01037 Aberystwyth Town Council 17 | 10 | 2016 PSL 01038 Abingdon Town Council 17 | 10 | 2016 PSL 03548 Above Derwent Parish Council 20 | 03 | 2015 PSL 05197 Acaster Malbis Parish Council 23 | 10 | 2017 PSL 04423 Ackworth Parish Council 21 | 10 | 2015 PSL 01039 Acle Parish Council 02 | 04 | 2014 PSL 05515 Active Dorset 08 | 10 | 2018 PSL 05067 Active Essex 12 | 05 | 2017 PSL 05071 Active Lincolnshire 12 | 05
  • Core Strategy

    Core Strategy

    Shropshire Local Development Framework : Adopted Core Strategy March 2011 “A Flourishing Shropshire” Shropshire Sustainable Community Strategy 2010-2020 Contents Page 1 Introduction 1 2 Spatial Portrait 7 Shropshire in 2010 7 Communities 9 Economy 10 Environment 13 Spatial Zones in Shropshire 14 3 The Challenges We Face 27 Spatial Vision 28 Strategic Objectives 30 4 Creating Sustainable Places 34 Policy CS1: Strategic Approach 35 Policy CS2: Shrewsbury Development Strategy 42 Policy CS3: The Market Towns and Other Key Centres 48 Policy CS4: Community Hubs and Community Clusters 61 Policy CS5: Countryside and Green Belt 65 Policy CS6: Sustainable Design and Development Principles 69 Policy CS7: Communications and Transport 73 Policy CS8: Facilities, Services and Infrastructure Provision 77 Policy CS9: Infrastructure Contributions 79 5 Meeting Housing Needs 82 Policy CS10: Managed Release of Housing Land 82 Policy CS11: Type and Affordability of Housing 85 Policy CS12: Gypsies and Traveller Provision 89 6 A Prosperous Economy 92 Policy CS13: Economic Development, Enterprise and Employment 93 Policy CS14: Managed Release of Employment Land 96 Policy CS15: Town and Rural Centres 100 Policy CS16: Tourism, Culture and Leisure 104 7 Environment 108 Policy CS17: Environmental Networks 108 Policy CS18: Sustainable Water Management 111 Policy CS19: Waste Management Infrastructure 115 Policy CS20: Strategic Planning for Minerals 120 Contents Page 8 Appendix 1: Saved Local and Structure Plan Policies replaced by the Core Strategy 126 9 Glossary 138
  • Sources for RUYTON XI TOWNS

    Sources for RUYTON XI TOWNS

    Sources for RUYTON XI TOWNS This guide gives a brief introduction to the variety of sources available for the parish of Ruyton XI Towns at Shropshire Archives. Printed books:. General works - These may also be available at Shrewsbury library Eyton, Antiquities of Shropshire Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological Society Shropshire Magazine Trade Directories which give a history of the town, main occupants and businesses, 1828-1941 Victoria County History of Shropshire Parish Packs Monumental Inscriptions Small selection of more specific books (search http://search.shropshirehistory.org.uk for a more comprehensive list) C61 Reading Room Ruyton of the Eleven Towns – In Transactions of the Shropshire st Archaeological Society, 1 series, volume IX, 1886, pp244-246 FR64 Reading Room Ruyton XI Towns: Unusual name, unusual history – Yoland Brown q FR66.9 Ruyton XI Towns: 75 years of change – Jennifer M Baker From www.secretshropshire.org.uk website our ref 6001/372/3 Sources on microfiche or film: Parish and non-conformist church registers Baptisms Marriages / Banns Burials St John the Baptist 1719 -1905 1719 – 1961 / 1754-1812 & 1926- 1719-1974 1980 Methodist registers – see Methodist Circuit (Reader’s Ticket needed) Census returns 1841, 1851(indexed), 1861, 1871, 1881 (searchable database on CDROM), 1891 and 1901. Census returns for England and Wales 1841-1911 can be looked at on the Ancestry website on the computers Maps Ordnance Survey maps 25” to the mile and 6 “to the mile, c1880, c1901 (OS reference: old series XXVII.2 new series SJ 3622) Tithe map of c 1840 and apportionment (list of owners/occupiers) Newspapers Shrewsbury Chronicle, 1772 onwards Shropshire Star, 1964 onwards Archives: To see these sources you need a Shropshire Archives Reader's Ticket.
  • Vivienne Richmond Rubbish Or Riches? Buying from Church Jumble

    Vivienne Richmond Rubbish Or Riches? Buying from Church Jumble

    Article (refereed) Vivienne Richmond Rubbish or riches? Buying from Church jumble sales in late-Victorian England Originally published in Journal of Historical Research in Marketing, 2 (3), 2010, 327-41. You may cite this version as Vivienne Richmond, 2009. Rubbish or riches? Buying from Church jumble sales in late-Victorian England. Journal of Historical Research in Marketing, 2 (3), 2010, 327- 41. ISSN: 1755-750X: Goldsmiths Research Online. Available at: http://eprints.gold.ac.uk/3743/ This document is the author’s final manuscript version of the journal article, incorporating any revisions agreed during peer review. Some differences between this version and the publisher’s version remain. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. Vivienne Richmond Rubbish or riches? Buying from Church jumble sales in late-Victorian England Jumble sales are a curiously neglected sector of the second-hand trade. They originated in the rummage sale, which was “a clearance sale of unclaimed goods at the docks”, derived from the French arrumage, meaning stowage on a ship (Oxford English Dictionary). So, in 1816, a House of Commons Select Committee heard that the Earl of Elgin had bought a quantity of “packages ... [left] without direction” at a custom-house “rummage sale” and thus acquired one of the Parthenon marbles. (He believed the packages contained the marble sculptures he had himself taken from the Parthenon, and then lost track of while imprisoned in France. In fact they turned out to contain articles, including a metope, shipped from Athens by the French Ambassador to the Ottoman Porte.) (Anon., 1816, p.
  • 1 Part 1 Trefonen, Treflach and Nantmawr: the Starting Points

    1 Part 1 Trefonen, Treflach and Nantmawr: the Starting Points

    Building our community and heritage Community led planning Updated 2016 Foreword and Part 1 Table of Figures Table of Contents Foreword ................................................................................................................ 2 Why have we produced a Design Statement? ..................................... 2 Fig: 1 Map of the three settlements .................................................. 4 The three settlements ................................................................................ 2 Fig: 2 Trefonen Brook Valley ............................................................... 5 Going Forward ...................................................................................................... 3 Fig: 3 View across the Shropshire Plain from Trefonen ............... 5 1 Part 1 Trefonen, Treflach and Nantmawr: The starting points ....... 4 Fig: 4 From Mynydd Myfyr .................................................................. 5 1.1 The landscape & the past ................................................................ 4 Fig: 5 Trefonen Brook before and after heavy rain ....................... 6 1.2 The importance of what lies below ............................................... 6 Fig: 6 View of Nantmawr...................................................................... 6 1.3 The rural context ............................................................................... 8 Fig: 7 Ty Tegwch ..................................................................................... 7 1.4 English or Welsh?