DOCSLIB.ORG

Sea Turtles in the Mediterranean Region MTSG Regional Report 2020

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sea Turtles in the Mediterranean Region MTSG Regional Report 2020 Sea turtles in the Mediterranean Region MTSG Regional Report 2020 © Sea Turtle Photography/Kostas Papafitsoros Editors: Paolo Casale, Sandra Hochscheid, Yakup Kaska, Aliki Panagopoulou Marine Turtle Specialist Group 1 Recommended citation for this report: Casale P., Hochscheid S., Kaska Y., Panagopoulou A. (Eds.) (2020). Sea Turtles in the Mediterranean Region: MTSG Annual Regional Report 2020. Report of the IUCN-SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group, 2020. Recommended citation for a chapter of this report: AUTHORS (2020). CHAPTER-TITLE. In: Casale P., Hochscheid S., Kaska Y., Panagopoulou A. (Eds.). Sea Turtles in the Mediterr Region: MTSG Annual Regional Report 2020. Report of the IUCN-SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group, 2020. 2 Table of Contents REGIONAL OVERVIEW .............................................................................................................. 4 ALBANIA ................................................................................................................................. 24 ALGERIA .................................................................................................................................. 35 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA ................................................................................................... 42 CROATIA ................................................................................................................................. 48 CYPRUS - REGION A ................................................................................................................ 55 CYPRUS - REGION B ................................................................................................................ 81 EGYPT ..................................................................................................................................... 99 FRANCE ................................................................................................................................. 115 GREECE ................................................................................................................................. 143 ISRAEL ................................................................................................................................... 164 ITALY ..................................................................................................................................... 170 LEBANON .............................................................................................................................. 193 LIBYA ..................................................................................................................................... 205 MALTA .................................................................................................................................. 210 MONACO .............................................................................................................................. 234 MONTENEGRO ..................................................................................................................... 240 MOROCCO ............................................................................................................................ 246 SLOVENIA ............................................................................................................................. 253 SPAIN .................................................................................................................................... 258 SYRIA .................................................................................................................................... 276 TUNISIA ................................................................................................................................ 286 TURKEY ................................................................................................................................. 303 3 REGIONAL OVERVIEW Paolo Casale1, Sandra Hochscheid2, Yakup Kaska3, Aliki Panagopoulou4,5 1 Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via A. Volta 6, I-56126, Pisa, Italy 2 Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Marine Turtle Research Centre, Via Nuova Macello, 80055 Portici, Italy 3 Pamukkale University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Denizli, Turkey 4 ARCHELON, the Sea Turtle Protection Society, Athens, Greece 5 The Leatherback Trust, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA General remarks The Marine Turtle Specialist Groups Regional Reporting initiative aims to gather information from all all Regional Management Units (RMUs) updating on the current status and knowledge for all sea turtle populations (RMUs) in such a manner that it is presented in a standardized form and made available to the public. In the case of the Mediterranean Region, which is the focus of the present report it is essentially an update of the previous reports, published in 2010 (http://iucn- mtsg.org/publications/med-report/) and 2018 (https://www.iucn-mtsg.org/regional-reports). The Mediterranean Sea is a semi-enclosed sea connected with the Atlantic Ocean through the Straight of Gibraltar and the Red Sea via the Suez Canal. It has a coastline of 46,000 km and is surrounded by 21 countries. Three species of sea turtle frequent the Mediterranean: loggerheads (Caretta caretta), greens (Chelonia mydas) and leatherbacks (Dermochelys coriacea). There are also occasional encounters of olive and Kemp’s ridleys (Lepidochelys olivacea and Lepidochelys kempii). Loggerheads and greens are the only two species with established populations in the region, belonging to 2 separate RMUs (CC- Med and CM- Med). The region is also visited by loggerheads from the North Atlantic and and North-east Atlantic RMUs (Casale et al., 2018) and by green turtles from the East Atlantic RMU. Leatherback turtles are rare, but regular visitors as they enter the Mediterranean through the Strait of Gibraltar in search of food (DC-ATL, not known which Atlantic RMU). The current report presents updated data following the guidelines provided by the MTSG Co-Chairs, where each country/Territory is represented as an independent chapter structured according to a predetermined outline and a standard spreadsheet of tables. All data presented originate from published sources – no anecdotal reports are included. Published data are those that have already appeared in any type of material that can be cited (including gray literature, internal reports in any language, etc.). A total of 22 Mediterranean countries/territories have been identified and included in this Report. For 3 countries/territories the provided information was updated in 2018 or 2019 (Table 2). Cyprus is represented as a single chapter consisting of region A and region B. All other countries are referred to information included in the first Mediterranean report (2010) (http://iucn- mtsg.org/publications/med-report/). 4 Table 2. Overview of Mediterranean Country Chapters and Information submitted Country abbreviations Country used in Table 1 YEAR OF UPDATE Albania AL 2020 Algeria AG 2020 Bosnıa & Herzegovına BH 2020 Croatia HR 2020 Cyprus Region A CY_A 2020 Region B CY_B 2019 Egypt EG 2020 France FR 2020 Greece GR 2019 Israel IL 2018 Italy IT 2020 Lebanon LB 2020 Libya LY 2020 Malta MT 2020 Monaco MC 2020 Montenegro MG 2020 Morocco MA 2020 Slovenia SI 2020 Spain ES 2020 Syria SY 2020 Tunisia TN 2020 Turkey TR 2020 5 1. RMU: Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) Mediterranean 1.1. Distribution, abundance, trends 1.1.1. Nesting sites Nesting activity is concentrated in the Eastern Mediterranean basin with Greece, Turkey and Cyprus exhibiting the highest levels of nesting. Libya is probably a site of high levels of nesting activity (Hamza, 2010; Casale et al. 2018), however most of its 1,450 km coastline of mostly sandy beaches has not yet been fully assessed. Secondary nesting sites are found in Tunisia and Israel, while there are no recent reports on other countries where some nesting is known to occur such as Lebanon, and Egypt. In recent years, loggerhead turtles are consistently exhibiting low levels of nesting activity at locations in the western Mediterranean basin (Spain, Italy as per the present report, but also France and Malta). 1.1.2. Marine areas Loggerhead turtles can be encountered throughout the entire Mediterranean region. The highest density of loggerhead turtles appears to occur in the westernmost part of the Mediterranean Sea (from the Alboran Sea to the Balearic Islands), the Sicily Straight, the Ionian sea, the Gulf of Gabès in Tunisia, the Adriatic Sea, and the south-east coast of Turkey. Juvenile loggerheads originating from the Atlantic rookeries mostly remain within the westernmost part of the Mediterranean. 1.2. Other biological data Age at sexual maturity for loggerheads has been estimated at 21-34 years. Average clutch size is 110 eggs and mean hatching success ranges between 56 and 86%. A comrehensive review including all most recent research on loggerhead and green turtles is included in Casale et al. (2018). 1.3. Threats 1.3.1. Nesting sites Coastal development and associated activies as well as non-human predation continue to persist as threats at all countries where nesting occurs (Table 1). 1.3.2. Marine habitats The negative impact of the incidental capture of turtles in fishing gear persists as a highly important threat, with recent studies estimating total annual number of captures to 132,000 resulting in 44,000 deaths per year for all gear combined. Intentional killings of turtes are reported for all countries
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Egypt – Contents (Chapter)
    ©Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd “All you’ve got to do is decide to go and the hardest part is over. So go!” TONY WHEELER, COFOUNDER – LONELY PLANET Get the right guides for your trip PAGE PLAN YOUR PLANNING TOOL KIT 2 Photos, itineraries, lists and suggestions YOUR TRIP to help you put together your perfect trip Welcome to Egypt .......... 2 17 Top Experiences ........ 6 Welcome to Need to Know ................. 14 Egypt What’s New ..................... 16 If You Like... ..................... 17 COUNTRY & CITYCITY • The original originnal Month by Month ............. 21 • Comprehensive • Adventurous Itineraries ........................ 24 Pyramids & More metropolis is packed with soaring mina- rets, and medieval schools and mosques, With sand-covered tombs, austere pyra- some of the greatest architecture of medi- mids and towering Pharaonic temples, 6 eval Islam. At the same time, Egypt’s native Egypt brings out the explorer in all of us. Christians, the Copts, have carried on their Visit the Valley of the Kings in Luxor, where traditions that in many respects – such as Tutankhamun’s tomb was unearthed, and the church’s liturgical language and the see the glittering À nds in the Egyptian Mu- traditional calendar – link back to the time Cruising the Nile ............. 27 seum in Cairo. Hop oՖ a Nile boat to visit a of the pharaohs. Tap into the history in re- waterside temple, or trek into the desert to mote monasteries and ancient churches. À nd the traces of Roman trading outposts. You never know – your donkey might stum- Beaches & Beyond ble across yet another À nd, just as many previous discoveries were made.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrating Zero Carbon and High Performance Green Building in Resorts in Western Northern Coast, Marsa Matrouh, Egypt
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences... American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) ISSN (Print) 2313-4410, ISSN (Online) 2313-4402 © Global Society of Scientific Research and Researchers http://asrjetsjournal.org/ Integrating Zero Carbon and High Performance Green Building in Resorts in Western Northern Coast, Marsa Matrouh, Egypt Maria Georgya*, Ali F. Bakrb a,bDepartment of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alexandria , Egypt aEmail: [email protected] bEmail: [email protected] Abstract The Tyndall Climate Centre in a call for papers for its December 2013 “Radical Emissions Reductions” Conference said, “Today, in 2013, we face an unavoidably radical future. Both the World Bank and International Energy Agency released reports in November 2012 and July 2013 respectively which evaluated current climate change policies and targets and concluded that “business as usual” was likely to result in four degrees of warming. The 2013 atmospheric CO2 levels are at about 400ppm. It is generally accepted by climate scientists that the CO2 level was 280ppm during the Holocene Period - a ten thousand year era of stable climates, which supported the development of human civilization. Now there is already too much carbon in the atmosphere. The current level of emissions has led to a 0.8 degree temperature increase. Already the planet is experiencing the impact of high emissions and rising temperatures. The 2012 summer arctic sea ice levels had record minimum in area and volume. Some scientists have predicted the total loss of arctic sea ice with the next decade.
    [Show full text]
  • Libya and Egypt
    Luftwaffe Airfields 1935-45 Luftwaffe Airfields 1935-45 Libya (Tripolitania & Cyrenaica) & Egypt By Henry L. deZeng IV Benina/North 21.02.41 Shown: 10 hangars (7 of which are partially destroyed), administrative and related buildings, barracks, quarters, storage buildings and a number of others, airfield operations buildings and the munitions dump. Benina/South is at the bottom right of the photo Edition: March 2016 Luftwaffe Airfields 1935-45 Copyright © by Henry L. deZeng IV (Work in Progress). (1st Draft 2016) Blanket permission is granted by the author to researchers to extract information from this publication for their personal use in accordance with the generally accepted definition of fair use laws. Otherwise, the following applies: All rights reserved. No part of this publication, an original work by the authors, may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the author. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. This information is provided on an "as is" basis without condition apart from making an acknowledgement of authorship. Luftwaffe Airfields 1935-45 Airfields Libya and Egypt Introduction Conventions 1. For the purpose of this reference work, “Libya and Egypt” means the borders that existed on 10 June 1940, the date Italy declared war on Britain and France, with hostilities commencing along the Libyan-Egyptian border the following day. 2. All place name spellings are as they appear in wartime German, Italian and Allied documents with the addition of alternate spellings where known, these mainly being transliterated spellings from Arabic.
    [Show full text]
  • Cfrv Harakevet
    HaRakevet ISSN 0964-8763 Series 25 #4 Issue No. 95 December 2011 ,cfrv A Quarterly Journal on the Railways of the Middle East Edited and Published by Rabbi Dr. Walter Rothschild PhD Passauer Strasse 4, D-10789 Berlin, Germany e.mail:[email protected] 95:01: One of the new Vossloh EMD Euro4000 diesel-electric locos for IR being unloaded at Haifa on 04.11.11. (Israel Railways). 95:01() Another dramatic shot of the loco being unloaded 95:02: Hod-Hasharon stations; the train on the opposite direction would leave Kfar-Sava- EDITORIAL. Hod-Ha-Sharon-Sokolov station at 08:3. This is yet another issue where the current news allows almost no place for the On 3.09.11 the new timetable was also to historic view or for specific essays and articles or items from the Museum Archive which be introduced. I have received - my apologies to the writers. Put simply, on Israel Railways there have A press release indicated the been openings, doublings, extensions, more plans for extensions, new stock arrivals - all anticipated service: This would be the in a time of major industrial unrest and significant management changes. And elsewhere first time in the Railways‘ history that five in the region massive investment is under way in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States - there new stations would be opened on the will be much more to report here in coming years, methinks. The whole region remains same day. At the beginning of 01 the in turmoil - One hears in the media only of an undefined ‚Arab Spring‘, of massacres and new lines will be opened further on, to revolutions, of sabre-rattling and international threats, of military tensions and political Yavne West.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrating Zero Carbon and High Performance Green Building in Resorts in Western Northern Coast, Marsa Matrouh, Egypt
    American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) ISSN (Print) 2313-4410, ISSN (Online) 2313-4402 © Global Society of Scientific Research and Researchers http://asrjetsjournal.org/ Integrating Zero Carbon and High Performance Green Building in Resorts in Western Northern Coast, Marsa Matrouh, Egypt Maria Georgya*, Ali F. Bakrb a,bDepartment of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alexandria , Egypt aEmail: [email protected] bEmail: [email protected] Abstract The Tyndall Climate Centre in a call for papers for its December 2013 “Radical Emissions Reductions” Conference said, “Today, in 2013, we face an unavoidably radical future. Both the World Bank and International Energy Agency released reports in November 2012 and July 2013 respectively which evaluated current climate change policies and targets and concluded that “business as usual” was likely to result in four degrees of warming. The 2013 atmospheric CO2 levels are at about 400ppm. It is generally accepted by climate scientists that the CO2 level was 280ppm during the Holocene Period - a ten thousand year era of stable climates, which supported the development of human civilization. Now there is already too much carbon in the atmosphere. The current level of emissions has led to a 0.8 degree temperature increase. Already the planet is experiencing the impact of high emissions and rising temperatures. The 2012 summer arctic sea ice levels had record minimum in area and volume. Some scientists have predicted the total loss of arctic sea ice with the next decade. Positive feedback mechanisms are being triggered as the reduction in Arctic ice reduces the reflectivity of the globe and the melting of permafrost leads to release of trapped methane.
    [Show full text]
  • Conspectus of the Sphecid Wasps of Egypt (Hymenoptera: Ampulicidae, Sphecidae, Crabronidae)
    Egyptian Journal of Natural History, 2007, Vol. 4, pp 12 - 149 © Printed in Egypt. Egyptian British Biological Society (EBB Soc) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Conspectus of the Sphecid wasps of Egypt (Hymenoptera: Ampulicidae, Sphecidae, Crabronidae) C. Giles Roche* Lot 44, Taman Wong Wo Lo, Phase 1, Jalan Tun Mustapha, 87008 W.P. Labuan, MALAYSIA (Email: [email protected]) Historical background The sphecid wasps of Egypt and the Sinai have received much attention ever since Spinola wrote his paper in 1839 on the wasps collected by Fischer. He listed 29 species, all of which were described as new. The next main contribution was Walker’s unfortunate paper of 1871. His descriptions were seriously inadequate and his type material has disappeared, destroyed by dermestids (Innes 1912). Thus of the 27 species he created, 22 are unidentifiable and are, therefore, mere lumber in the literature. Next was Kohl’s paper of 1897 in which he dealt with the material collected by Schmiedeknecht: a number of species have as their type locality “Adelen Inseln”, which is now known to be an island in the Nile opposite Dahshour (see Morice 1900a). A few more species were added to the Egyptian list by Morice (1897a,b) and Storey (1916). Egyptian sphecidology received its main boost in the 1930s and 1940s which saw a whole series of papers by Mochi & Mochi (1937), Mochi (1939a, b & c and 1940), Honoré (1941a & b, 1942, 1944a & b) and Alfieri (1946), all of them long-term residents in Egypt and most being considerable collectors. De Beaumont published two papers on Tachysphex in 1940 and 1947 that greatly assisted the determination of that difficult genus.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Phd Thesis Ahmed Sayed Final
    EVALUATION OF THE LAND RESOURCES FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT - CASE STUDY: EL-HAMMAM CANAL AND ITS EXTENSION, NW COAST OF EGYPT Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften im Department Geowissenschaften der Universität Hamburg vorgelegt von Ahmed Sayed Ahmed Sayed aus El-Wadi El-Gedid, Ägypten Hamburg 2013 Als Dissertation angenommen vom Department für Geowissenschaften der Universität Hamburg Auf Grund der Gutachten von Prof. Dr. Eva Maria Pfeiffer Prof. Dr. Mohamed Metweally Dr. Alexander Gröngröft Hamburg, den 30.01.2013 Prof. Dr. Jürgen Oßenbrügge Leiter des Departments für Geowissenschaften Table of Contents CONTENTS I. LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................ IV II. LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... VII III. LIST OF ABRIVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .............................................................. IX CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER II: STATE OF THE ART – LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................... 6 2.1. LAND EVALUATION (D EFINITIONS AND OBJECTIVES ) ................................................................. 6 2.2. THE METHODOLOGY OF LAND EVALUATION ................................................................................ 7 2.2.1. Categoric systems (USDA land capability system) ..........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Words: Egypt, Mediterranean, Sea Level, Sea Level Rise, Rates, Vulnerability
    Athens Journal of Sciences- Volume 7, Issue 4, December 2020 – Pages 195-206 On the Vulnerability of the Egyptian Mediterranean Coast to the Sea Level Rise By Tarek M. El-Geziry Sea level rise (SLR) along the Egyptian Mediterranean coast was valued using tide gauge data. There is considerable difference in both mean sea level and rate of increase in different parts of this stretched coastal zone. The tide gauge station at Sidi Abdel-Rahman showed a SLR of 1.0 mm/year. SLR at Alexandria Western Harbour and Mersa Matrouh was 2.2 and 2.4 mm/year, respectively. The SLR along the central Delta region was observed as 3.8 mm/year at Burullus. The stations in Port Said and Abu-Qir showed a SLR of 4.8 mm/year and 6.4 mm/yr, respectively. Moreover, physical vulnerability of the coast to changes in sea level was evaluated revealing that the Delta coastal zone is very high vulnerable to any SLR. In contrast, vulnerability along the western section of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast varies from moderate to high. Keywords: Egypt, Mediterranean, sea level, sea level rise, rates, vulnerability Introduction Global sea level has risen at a rate of 1.8 mm/year over the 20th century as a consequence of the global temperature rise (IPCC 2007). This sea level rise (SLR) distresses coastal ecosystems (IPCC 2007, Nicholls et al. 2007) in numerous ways, e.g. coastal erosion, saltwater intrusion, flooding, etc. It will also affect the coastal communities and economies. As a low-elevated coast, the Egyptian Mediterranean coast is greatly vulnerable to SLR (El-Raey et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Egypt – Alexandria
    ©Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd Alexandria & the Mediterranean Coast Why Go? Alexandria .................... 318 Egypt’s northern coastline runs for 500km along dazzling Around Alexandria .......343 Mediterranean shores. Think of it as an Egyptian Riviera, Aboukir .........................343 drawing swarms of summertime revellers who come to cool Rosetta (Ar-Rashid) .....343 off in the sea air and splash in the water. Along its western stretches, the translucent shades of turquoise and lapis are Mediterranean Coast ...345 so pure, so vibrant, you’ll hardly believe your eyes. El Alamein .....................345 The once-great port city of Alexandria is the region’s Sidi Abdel Rahman .......347 hub, with ancient sights, terrifi c seafood restaurants, and a Marsa Matruh ...............348 distinctly diff erent urban pulse than that of Cairo. Further Sallum ..........................352 west, historic battlefi elds are reminders of the intense desert campaigns of WWII’s North African front. During peak sea- son, beach resort towns are as much a cultural experience as anything else, as you join throngs of vacationing families on the seashore. At other times, there’s a good chance you’ll Best Places to Eat have the irresistibly gorgeous waters all to yourself. » Picnic at Agiba Beach (p 349 ) » Zephyrion (p 343 ) » Farag (p 334 ) When to Go » Mohammed Ahmed (p 334 ) Alexandria °C/°F Te m p Rainfall inches/mm Best Places to 50/122 2.4/60 2.0/50 Stay 40/104 1.6/40 » 30/86 Windsor Palace Hotel 1.2/30 (p 331 ) 20/68 0.8/20 » Sofitel Cecil Alexandria 10/50 0.4/10 (p 331 ) 0/32 0 » Almaza Bay (p 350 ) J FDNOSAJJMAM Jun–mid-Sep Apr–May & Nov–Mar Chilly Best beach sea- mid-Sep–Oct for a beach break, son; Alexandria Beaches are vir- great for hotel and the coast are tually empty, but discounts.
    [Show full text]
  • 11591344.Pdf
    The Study on Tourism Development Projects in the Arab Republic of Egypt Final Report Main Report Table of Contents Introduction Part I Overview of National Tourism Development 1. Findings on National Tourism Development ････････････････････････････････ 1-1 1.1 National Development Plan and Tourism Sector ･････････････････････････････ 1-1 1.2 Tourism Development Plans ････････････････････････････････････････････ 1-7 1.3 Tourism Administration and Activities ･･･････････････････････････････････ 1-15 1.4 Tourism Products and Tourism Market ･･･････････････････････････････････ 1-25 1.5 Tourism Facilities ･･･････････････････････････････････････････････････ 1-46 1.6 Transportation ･･････････････････････････････････････････････････････ 1-50 1.7 Environment ･･･････････････････････････････････････････････････････ 1-56 1.8 Tourism Services and Human Resource Development ･･･････････････････････ 1-62 1.9 Major Development Issues ････････････････････････････････････････････ 1-66 2. Development Framework and Priority Areas ･･･････････････････････････････ 2-1 2.1 Development Scenario and Framework････････････････････････････････････ 2-1 2.2 Socioeconomic Impacts ････････････････････････････････････････････････ 2-8 2.3 Selection of Priority Areas･････････････････････････････････････････････ 2-11 Part II Upper Egypt Regional Tourism Development 1. Existing Condition････････････････････････････････････････････････････ 1-1 1.1 Socio-economy ･･････････････････････････････････････････････････････ 1-1 1.2 Tourism Products and Tourism Market ････････････････････････････････････
    [Show full text]
  • HIGH COMMAND, Africa
    www.accademiawargame.it 2 Life's but a walking shadow ... It is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signify nothing. W. Shakespeare HIGH COMMAND Grand tactical rules for the second World War Copyright 2005 - 2006 Richard Affinati Game Designer: Richard Affinati (ITALY) Graphics Wizard and Chief Playtester: Mike Patton (USA) Acknowledgments: Norman MacKenzie “Kiss Rommel” Luca Mazzamuto “Alto Comando” Lorenzo Sartori “Dadi & Piombo” Andrew Carless “Translations” Historical Background www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk and www.topedge.com QUESTIONS: Please direct any questions or comments about the game to: Riccardo Affinati: [email protected] CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION: www.accademiawargame.it Dedication: HIGH COMMAND is dedicated as a token of remembrance to the soldiers of the Second World War. www.accademiawargame.it 3 HIGH COMMAND Grand tactical rules for the second World War GAME PHILOPHY For many years we played Napoleonic battles in such a tactical way that warga- mers would never allow us to field more than a couple of Division per side. Then we discovered methods that allowed us to simulate entire battles without them getting too complicated. However today Ligth Tank M.3A1 STUART III that old destructive mentality still ruins our Second World War games, preven- Adolf Hitler was shocked by the defeats ting us from recreating entire battles. being suffered by the Italian Army and in At the most, expert wargamers put a few January 1941, sent General Erwin Rom- more tanks and platoons on immense mel and the recently formed Deutsches tables and worry about tactical problems Africa Korps to North Africa.
    [Show full text]