A GENEALOGICAL HISTORY Jews and Muslims in British Colonial America $C* Elizabeth Hirschman and Donald Yates Jews and Muslims in British Colonial America m 2012 Also by Elizabeth Caldwell Hirschman and Donald N. Yates When Scotland Was Jewish: DNA Evidence, Archeology, Analysis ofMigrations, and Public and Family Records Show Twelfth Century Semitic Roots (McFarland, 2007) Jews and Muslims in British Colonial America A Genealogical History Elizabeth Caldwell Hirschman and Donald N. Yates McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers Jefferson, North Carolina, and London 5.Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data 6. Hirschman, Elizabeth Caldwell, 1949- Jews and Muslims in British colonial America : a genealogical history / Elizabeth Caldwell Hirschman and Donald N. Yates, p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7864-6462-3 softcover : acid free paper (So) 1. Jews — United States — History — 17th century. 2. Jews — United States — History— 18th century. 3. Muslims — United States — History — 17th century. 4. Muslims — United States — History — 18th century. United States — History — Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775. United States — Ethnic relations. I. Yates, Donald Neal. II. Title. E184.3512.H57 2012 305.800973 -dc23 2011048960 British Library cataloguing data are available © 2012 Elizabeth Caldwell Hirschman and Donald N. Yates. All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writingfrom the publisher. Front cover images © 2012 Shutterstock Manufactured in the United States of America McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers Box 611, Jefferson, North Carolina 28640 www.mcfarlandpub.com 1 Table of Contents Preface j Introduction 4 One. Mapmakers, Privateers and Promoters 7 Two. Sephardim in the New World 25 Three. Virginia: First — and Not So English — Colony 45 Four. Massachusetts: Pilgrims, Puritans, Jews and Moors 60 Five. New York Colony: Dutch, British and Jewish 83 Six. Pennsylvania: Quakers and Other Friends 104 Seven. Maryland: Catholic in Fler Tastes 123 Eight. Huguenot South Carolina 140 Nine. Georgia, the Last Colony 159 Ten. Beacon of Freemasonry: Elias Ashmole, John Skene and Early American Lodges I 73 Appendices A: Jewish Naming Practices and Most Common Surnames 1 9 B: Rituals and Practices of the Secret Jews ofPortugal 201 C: Muslim Rituals and Beliefs 202 D: Customs and Beliefs of the Roma and Sinti 203 E: Lists ofImmigrants to Virginia 1585-1700 204 F: Lists ofSettlers in Massachusetts 212 G: Names from The Town & Country Social Directory, 1846-1996 216 V VI Table of Contents H: Pennsylvania Names 217 I: Maryland Names 223 J: South Carolina Names 224 K: Lists ofSettlers in Early Georgia 236 Notes 230 References 267 Index 273 Preface For most Americans, the story of their nation’s origins seems safe, reliable and com- forting. We were taught from elementary school that the United States was created by a group of brave, white Christians drawn largely from England who ventured to these shores in search of religious freedom and the opportunity to fulfill their own destiny. Recent revi- sions to this idealized and idyllic narrative have never seriously questioned its basic tenets. So although we now recognize some of the contributions made by Africans to America’s success and feel perhaps a heightened sense of regret, remorse and even guilt over the destruc- tion of American native cultures, we never have had much reason to doubt the basic premise of the story. Our founding mothers and fathers were white, Christian and British. In this work, we present a series of Colonial documents, contemporary firsthand accounts, records, portraits, family genealogies and ethnic DNA test results which fundamentally challenge the national storyline depicting America’s first settlers as white, British and Chris- tian. We postulate that many of the initial colonists were of Sephardic Jewish and Muslim Moorish ancestry. Usually arriving as crypto—Jews with their religious adherence disguised, and crypto-Muslims, these immigrants served in prominent economic, political, financial and social positions in all of the original colonies. The evidence in support of this radical new narrative begins with an examination of the British colonial companies organized in England to bring settlers to North America and exploit the natural riches believed to be there. Of course, both Spain and France had already made forays into North America, found- ing St. Augustine and exploring parts of the coastline as far north as Newfoundland, though their activities as foreign powers are given short shrift in our Anglo-centric version of the birth of America. What is even less frequently mentioned regarding these Spanish and French settlements and voyages is that many of the colonists and sailors were of Sephardic Jewish and Muslim Moorish descent. Several of those aboard Christopher Columbus’s first voyage in 1492 and famously even Columbus (Colon) himself were ofJewish ancestry. They were Jews or crypto-Jews. One historian of Inquisitional Spain and biographer of Christopher Columbus, Simon Wiesenthal, notes that throughout the sixteenth century the movement of the Marranos to the New World had continued,’ and that “after the expulsion of the Jews and flight of the Marrano element, it was the turn of the Moriscos to serve as scapegoats for the ills of society.” The same writer estimates that, all told, Spain lost one and one-half million people 1 2 Preface as a consequence of the “purification” of its population of Jews and Moors. “Many occu- pations were virtually abandoned,” he writes. “Trade, the crafts, and the sciences languished. Moreover, since these branches of endeavor had been the domain of Jews and Moriscos, they had become in themselves suspect. Spaniards had to be extremely careful about entering any of these fields Spanish life as a whole was the worse for these injustices Spain was swamped with fortune hunters from all parts of Europe ... but they could not revive the Spanish economy. Just as the irrigation canals dug by the Moors in Andalusia were allowed to silt up, so the very channels on which the country’s health depended fell into neglect.”' We document that Spain’s loss was Britain’s gain. Beginning with the initial planning, organization and promotion of the first British colonial efforts, Sephardic Jews and Muslim Moors were present as navigators, ship captains, sailors, metallurgists, cartographers, financiers and colonists. Among these we find Joachim Ganz, Simon Ferdinando, Walter Raleigh, John Hawkins, Humphrey Gilbert, Richard Hakluyt Sr. and Jr., Francis Drake, Martin Frobisher and Abraham Ortelius. The first and second British colonies in North America, Virginia and Massachusetts were provisioned, funded and peopled by persons of Sephardic Jewish and Muslim Moorish descent. Current genetic genealogical studies of the Appalachian descendants of these early colonists demonstrate that they carried DNA haplotypes (male or female lineages) and genes from Sephardic, Ottoman and North African founders. Further, these early North American colonists often bore straightforwardly Jewish and Muslim surnames. Attested are Allee, Aleef, Sarazin, Moises, Bagsell, Haggara, Ocosand and even Saladin. Indeed, given the patently non-Christian backgrounds of so many settlers up and down the Atlantic coastline of the American colonies, it becomes difficult to ignore the significant declarations of religious tolerance inscribed in the U.S. Constitution. Even (and particularly) New York, founded by the Dutch as New Amsterdam, was heavily peopled by Sephardic Jews and Muslim Moors. The presence of persons from these ethnic affiliations on the governing boards of the Dutch West and East India Companies is no accident. They included Jonathan Coen (Cohen) and Cornelius Speelman (another classic Jewish name). Other New Amsterdam, and later New York, residents were Jacob Abrahamsen and Denys Isacksen. We present contemporaneous testimony suggesting that even the leading Knickerbocker families of the New York colony — the van Cortlandts, Philipses, van Rensselaers, De La Nos and De Lanceys — were of Sephardic ancestry. This fresh look at Colonial American genealogies and settler lists presents for the first time in one source the Spanish, Hebrew, Arabic and Jewish origins and meaning of more than 5,000 surnames, the vast majority of them widely assumed before to be sturdy British family names of ancient bearing. Many of our name etymologies plainly contradict the standard reference works. The decipherment of surname history is an involved subject, one that can extend over centuries of transformation in several countries and require knowledge of a multitude of languages. For instance, in order to understand the sea change suffered by the ancient Jewish name Phoebus to English Phillips (and Scottish Forbes and Frobisher), with stages along the way as Pharabas and Ferebee and Furby, one must have an appreciation for the synthesizing religions of the Roman Empire, including the Cult of Mithras and naming practices of Greek-speaking congregations of Jews, as well as conversion of Berber populations to Judaism, conquest of Spain by Berber armies in 710 and subsequent devel- opment ofJudeo-Arab culture, not to mention the medieval French, Norman, Anglo-Saxon and Scottish linguistic, orthographic and social filters the surname passed through until