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Moravský Ornitolog Ferdinand Stolička Moravian Ornithologist Ferdinand Hrubý J. / Ornitolog Ferdinand Stolička Moravský ornitolog Ferdinand Stolička Moravian ornithologist Ferdinand Stoliczka Jiří Hrubý V Zápolí 31, CZ-104 00 Praha 4; e-mail: [email protected] Hrubý J. 2006: Moravský ornitolog Ferdinand Stolička. Sylvia 42: 130–135. Ferdinand Stolička (1838–1874) se ornitolo- gické práci věnoval během dvanáctiletého pobytu v Britské Indii, kde pracoval jako pale- ontolog. Z jeho přírodovědných cest měly největší význam tři výpravy do západního Himálaje; poslední ho zavedla až do Tarimské pánve a Stoličkovi se stala osudnou – zemřel v necelých 36 letech v pohoří Karákóram. V západní Indii objevil bramborníčka poušt- ního (Saxicola macrorhynchus), který v ang- ličtině nese jeho jméno. Ze sběrů Stoličkovy poslední výpravy popsal Allan Hume sedm nových druhů ptáků, z nichž čtyři dodnes známe jako poddruhy „stoliczkae“. Mezi no- vými Humeovými druhy byl i Stoliczkana stoliczkae, což bylo ovšem jen synonymum tehdy necelý rok platného Severcovova popi- su: Leptopoecile sophiae (pěnčík středoasij- ský). Rod pěnčík Hume i Stolička považovali za sýkoru, později byl řazen do čeledi pěni- covitých. Z nedávných analýz DNA nicméně vyplývá, že jeho nejbližšími příbuznými jsou Ferdinand Stolička (1838–1874) zřejmě mlynaříci (Aegithalidae). Ferdinand Stoliczka (1838–1874) was active in ornithology during his 12 years’ stay in British India where he worked as a palaeontologist. Among his scientific journeys three expeditions to the Western Himalaya were the most important; the last brought him as far as the Tarim Basin and proved fateful for him – Stoliczka died in the Karakoram Mts. when he still was not 36. In western India he discovered Saxicola macrorhynchus – the bird since then named Stoliczka’s Bushchat. Allan Hume described seven new bird species from collections brought by Stoliczka’s last expedition – four of them are still known as the stoliczkae subspecies. Among the new de- scriptions by Hume there was also a Stoliczkana stoliczkae which had, however, been described less than one year earlier by Severtzov as Leptopoecile sophiae. Hume and Stoliczka believed that this Tit Warbler was a member of the tits family, later it has rather been considered to be a relative of warblers. The latest DNA analyses nevertheless suggest that its closest relatives may be long-tailed tits (Aegithalidae). Keywords: Ferdinand Stoliczka, White-browed Tit Warbler, Leptopoecile sophiae, Stoliczka’s Bushchat, Saxicola macrorhynchus 130 SSylvia_2006.inddylvia_2006.indd 113030 331.10.20061.10.2006 99:24:02:24:02 SYLVIA 42 / 2006 „Mezi naše nejzajímavější pozorování Prževalskij, ale učinil tak ruský zoolog [toho dne] určitě patřil drobný střízlíko- a preparátor Poljakov). Ve Stoličkově vitý ptáček s dlouhým vztyčeným ocás- případě byl takovým uznalým kolegou kem, na němž jsme při bližším pohledu známý ornitolog Allan O. Hume. objevili úžasné barvy. Temeno hlavy Již při čtení knihy o Pákistánu však měl hnědočervené, ocásek domodra, jas- pro mě bylo citované sporné mínění ně fialové hrdlo přecházelo do hrudi méně zajímavé než člověk, o jehož exis- s nachovým nádechem. Tento malý skvost tenci jsem se poprvé dozvěděl až díky byl pěnčík Stoliczkův a určitě si zasloužil Mountfortovi a jeho nechuti k „ješitným hezčí a zajímavější název. Velmi se mi přírodovědcům“. Kdo vlastně byl onen nelíbí, jak přírodovědci v minulosti usi- Stoliczka s velmi slovansky znějícím jmé- lovali o nesmrtelnost tím, že svými často nem? A proč se po něm jmenuje právě nevyslovitelnými jmény pojmenovávali pták nejvyšších asijských pohoří? nové živočišné druhy. Pěnčík Stoliczkův České prameny poskytují o morav- a rehek Güldenstädtův už by docela ském cestovateli a paleontologovi stačili, ale je úplná hrůza uvědomit Ferdinandu Stoličkovi (nar. 1838 v hájov- si, že známý divoký kůň z Mongolska ně Zámeček u Kroměříže) obecné infor- už se teď navěky bude jmenovat kůň mace (mnohdy zavádějící či přímo myl- Przewalského a budoucí generace ať si né), ale jako zoolog je u nás prakticky na tom třeba překousnou jazyk.“ neznámý; mlčení o jeho přínosu na poli (Mountfort G. 1969: The Vanishing ornitologie záslužně prolomil až Klápště Jungle: Two Wildlife Expeditions to (2004). Pakistan. Collins, Londýn, str. 156) Stolička posledních 12 let svého krát- kého života strávil v Britské Indii coby Když jsem tyto věty četl, byl pro mě zaměstnanec geologického ústavu v Kal- Guy Mountfort velice důležitý (spolu- katě a celý poslední rok připadl na jeho autor mého prvního opravdu moderní- nejvýznamnější expedici, tzv. Druhou ho atlasu ptáků), ale jeho názor se mi jarkandskou misi. Její trasa v letech nezamlouval. Protože jak by se díval na 1873/74 vedla přes himálajské i karákó- vynikající knihu B. a R. Mearnsových ramské průsmyky do Tarimské pánve, „Biographies for Birdwatchers“, která je kde před Stoličkou žádný seriózní zoo- celá založena na tom, že někteří ptáci log nepůsobil. Na zpáteční cestě nedale- byli pojmenováni po reálných osobách ko Karákóramského průsmyku Stolička – přírodovědcích, cestovatelích nebo tře- v necelých 36 letech umírá ve výšce ba i příbuzných autora prvního popisu... 4640 m n. m., pravděpodobně na akutní Zarazilo mě také to, že si Mountfort horskou nemoc (Hrubý 2004). nestěžuje na ptačí druhy pojmenované po Nad Stoličkovou smrtí se vznáší hned Gurneym, Swinhoeovi či Whiteheadovi dvojí smutná ironie; Stolička přede- – což jsou jména zasloužilých anglosas- vším o účast na výpravě sám usiloval, kých ornitologů, na nichž si zase pře- i když měl původně jet domů do Evropy. kousávají jazyk lidé neznalí angličtiny Nabízela se mu totiž možnost navázat –, ale žertoval na úkor jmen německých na práci, kterou začal při svých dvou a slovanských. O „nesmrtelnost“ navíc cestách do západního Himálaje ve Spiti neusilovali oni přírodovědci, ale nějaký (na severu dnešního indického státu kolega jejich zásluhy připomněl právě Himáčalpradéš) v letech 1864 a 1865. tímto způsobem („známého mongolské- Nakonec se však do Spiti vůbec nedostal: ho koně“ po sobě nepojmenoval sám cestou na sever šla výprava přes západ- 131 SSylvia_2006.inddylvia_2006.indd 113131 331.10.20061.10.2006 99:24:03:24:03 Hrubý J. / Ornitolog Ferdinand Stolička něji ležící Kašmír a na zpáteční cestě bezprostředně sousedících s místy orni- už Stolička do Spiti nedošel... O jeho tologicky již probádanými, takže skuteč- smutném osudu rozhodla i politická ných „objevů“ se dočkal až při poslední situace; Stoličku horská nemoc postih- cestě v roce 1873. la zřejmě již při přechodu Karákóramu Po cestě do Malajsie publiku- v říjnu 1873. Při přezimování v Kašga- je „Příspěvek k malajské ornitologii“ ru se však úplně zotavil. Zpátky do (Stoliczka 1870). Po článku o ptactvu Indie se s částí výpravy měl vracet přes údolí Satladže sice Walden (1869) geo- pamírský Váchán a pohoří Hindúkuš, loga Stoličku uvítal „na významném mís- kde by i v nejvyšších partiích cesta vedla tě v učené ornitologické společnosti“, o 1000 i více metrů níže. Afghánistán ale tentokrát už tak spokojený nebyl však byl neprůchodný a cestovatelé se a zejména nesouhlasil se Stoličkovým museli vrátit jedinou možnou cestou, názorem, že jen nepatrné rozdíly v ope- přes Karákóram, což se Stoličkovi stalo ření neospravedlňují zavádění stále osudným: druhý atak horské nemoci nových druhů. Pozdější vývoj a trend v červnu 1874 již nepřežil. měnit status mnohých „druhů“ spíše jen Jako ornitolog je Stolička známý pře- na poddruhy daly Stoličkovi za pravdu. devším v anglicky mluvících zemích Waldenova tehdejší reakce na Stoličkův – právě díky tomu, že si anglické názvo- článek souvisela s polemikou, kterou sloví daleko více než české (i vědecké) Hume vedl s londýnskými „muzejními potrpí na to, co Mountfort kritizoval, ornitology“ (jedním z nich byl Walden); tedy na pojmenovávání druhů po oso- Hume se před útoky akademiků zastával bách. V angličtině je po něm dodnes svých praktických „terénních ornitolo- pojmenován jeden významný ptačí druh gů“, přispěvatelů do jeho časopisu Stray a stále vzácnější indický endemit. Feathers (Moulton 2003). Pro paleontologa Stoličku jako by Od října 1871 do března 1872 byl ornitologie (ale i další zoologické obo- Stolička v Kaččhi, velmi suché a zasole- ry) byla jen cosi vedlejšího, přívažek né, avšak sezónně zaplavované oblasti k jeho hlavním vědeckým úkolům. Jeho při dnešní indicko-pákistánské hranici. zájem o ornitologii však zejména pod Na této výpravě se mu podařilo pozoro- vlivem Humea stále rostl. A z článku vat mj. geparda ve volné přírodě (gepar- o Kaččhi (Stoliczka 1872) vyplývá zájem di jsou v Indii vyhubeni již od poloviny o ptactvo, který u něj byl přece jen hlubší 20. století) a významným výsledkem byl a dlouhodobější. (Stolička v něm napří- objev nového ptačího druhu, který v ang- klad komentuje výskyt špačků růžových ličtině dodnes nese Stoličkovo jméno. Sturnus roseus vzpomínkou na setkání Autor o něm píše takto: „Díky velikosti s týmž druhem při geologické práci zobáku – který je velmi úzký a připomí- v Uhrách, kde začínal svou odbornou ná spíše zobák bělořita – a délce nohou dráhu. Ptáků si tedy při práci v terénu se evidentně jedná o dosud neznámý všímal vždy.) druh.“ Stolička objevil bramborníčka První Stoličkovy ornitologické pouštního (Saxicola macrorhynchus) výsledky pocházejí z cest do západního v dnešním indickém státě Gudžarát, Himálaje a Ladakhu v letech 1864 a 1865. ale později byl tento druh zaznamenán Byly jimi rozsáhlá sbírka ptáků a velký i na řadě míst v Pákistánu a na západě článek o avifauně údolí řeky Satladž až v jižním Afghánistánu. Dnes je to (Stoliczka 1868). Během obou výprav ustupující
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