Ctae, Udaipur

OPTIMAL WATER MANAGEMENT FOR COMMAND AREA OF AMARPURA MINOR OF SOM-KAGDAR IRRIGATION PROJECT

Lkkse dkxnj flapkbZ ifj;kstuk dh vejiqjk miforfjdk ds flafpr {ks= gsrq b’Vre ty izca/ku

Sangram Singh

THESIS Master of Engineering In Agricultural Engineering (Soil and Water Conservation Engineering)

2005

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313 001 ABSTRACT

Land and water are the basic inputs for efficient agricultural production. To irrigate more area and achieve maximum benefits from the area, it is necessary to use water and land efficiently and optimally.

Amarpura minor is selected for study, which is located on left main canal of sSom-kagdar irrigation project. Outlets wise performance was evaluated, using the adequacy, equity, dependability and relative water supply indicators. These indicators were calculated for the fifteen outlets for the 5-month irrigation period of Rabi season (2004-05). Data were collected from field and irrigation department. The analysis of results indicated inadequate and inequitable canal water supply mainly at tail end of minor. The values of performance parameter derived have shown the poor performance of the system and indicated that factors causing this problem are derived partly due to physical state of system and in partly due to improper operation and management. A linear programming irrigation planning model was developed considering three specific objectives viz. production maximization, net benefit maximization and labour employment maximization and is experimented for various levels of surface water availabilities i.e no. of canal running days in a month (i.e 30, 24, 21, and 18 days). The optimal cropping pattern derived for 30 days canal running indicated that the net benefit, production and labour employment are increased by 25.8 percent, 19.8 percent and 21 percent respectively compared to existing cropping pattern. Multi objective constraints method was also used for optimal planning. The constraints method is considered taking each objective as a main objective at a time. Constrint method show that the net benefit is increased by 24.4 percent, production is increased by 15.7 percent and labour employment is increased by 18 percent. The model is also implemented for conjunctive use of surface water (18 days canal running) and ground water and results have indicated 4.0 percent increase in production, 11.2 percent increase in net benefit and 4.7 percent increase in labour utilization. The model is also experimented to generate long term scenario of land allocations to various crop activities for year 2010and 2015.

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR- 313001

Dated: / /2005

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Optimal Water Management for Command Area of Amarpura Minor of Som-Kagdar Irrigation Project” submitted by Mr. Sangram Singh to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in agricultural engineering in the subject of Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved. (Dr. Mahesh kothri) (Dr. R.C.Purohit)

Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. B.P. Nandwana) (Dr. A.K. Kurchania) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. Virendra Kumar) (Dr. R.C.Purohit)

Dean, C.T.A.E. HEAD

Department of S.W.E.

Approved

(DR. L. L. SOMANI

Director Resident Instruction

MPUAT, Udaipur

DEVELOPMENT OF ROTATIONAL WATER ALLOCATION PLAN FOR A COMMAND AREA OF LEFT MAIN CANAL OF SOM-KAGDAR IRRIGATION PROJECT Lkkse dkxnj flapkbZ ifj;kstuk dh cka;h eq[; ugj ds v/khu {ks= ds fy, pØh; ty

c¡Vokjk ;kstuk dk fodkl

Chandrakant Arya

THESIS Master of Engineering In Agricultural Engineering (Irrigation Water Management Engineering)

2005 DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313 00 ABSTRACT

The present study entitled “Development of Rotational Water Allocation Plan for a Command Area of Left Main Canal of Som-Kagdar Irrigation Project” was undertaken to develop a rotational water allocation plan on the basis of ET requirement of crops with reference to a command of LMC of Som-Kagdar dam situated on Som river in southern region.

Diagnostic analysis of water distribution system was conducted to study the operational problems in entire network of Left Main Canal and it was revealed that there is lack of knowledge in the farmers about optimum water requirements and it is not possible to continuous vigilance of canal system due to being lack of staff members in Irrigation Department. Canals were requiring maintenance to avoid from a large wastage of water as seepage through cracks but no action takes place on the behalf of Irrigation Department due to unavailability of maintenance funds.

Socio-economic status of the tribal farmers was studied through a sample survey and concluded that socio-economically, most of the farmers in the command area were very poor and there is a need to establish extension and social services before implementing any recent technology.

The crop water requirements for the major Rabi crops viz. wheat, gram and barley were computed by Penman-Monteith method using computer program ‘CROPWAT’ and these were used in the development of rotational water allocation plan.

Rotational water allocation plan on the basis of ET requirement of crops was developed for a command of LMC due to improper water distribution in the study area and found that there is necessity to improve the existing plan for the selected minor. This system leads to increased credibility and reliability, enhanced equity in water distribution, proper utilization of water resources and increased water use efficiency.

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR- 313001

Dated: / /2005

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Development of Rotational Water Allocation Plan for a Command Area of Left Main Canal of Som-Kagdar Irrigation Project” submitted by Mr. Chandra Kant Arya to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in agricultural engineering in the subject of Irrigation Water Management Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. R.C.Purohit) (Dr. Mahesh kothari )

Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. S.S. Sisodia) (Dr. B.P. Nandwana) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. Virendra Kumar) (Dr. R.C.Purohit) Dean, C.T.A.E. HEAD Department of SWE Approved (DR. L. L. SOMANI) Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur CONJUNCTIVE USE PLANNING OF SALINE GROUND WATER AND CANAL WATER FOR SUSTAINABLE CROP PRODUCION

THESIS

SUBMITTED TO

THE MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR

PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTERS OF ENGINEERING

AGRICULTURE

( IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING )

JIGMET YANGCHAN

JULY 2005

ABSTRACT

The use of poor quality ground waters in conjunction with canal water to meet crop water requirements is inevitable in arid and semi-arid regions of the country due to limited availability of canal water and uncertainty about rainfall. As irrigation water availability and irrigation water quality vary spatially and temporally; soil properties vary spatially; different crops have different water requirements and crop water demands as well as crop tolerances vary with growth stages, there is scope to develop better conjunctive use plan for sustainability of crop production. The main aim of the study is to assess the irrigation water availability in the commands and to devise a methodology for developing a conjunctive use strategy, which would promote utilization all available water resources without significant yield reduction. Assessment of water resources (i.e. canal water and groundwater) for irrigation purpose is done by water balance of irrigation command. Different water balance components are estimated on the basis field data. Crop water requirements of different crops for study period were estimated by CROPWAT model. Annual groundwater withdrawal rates are assumed equal to irrigation water deficits. The changes in water table positions are used to verify the water balance calculations. Sustainable groundwater pumping is assumed equal to long-term average of groundwater recharge in the command. The annual values of sustainable pumping, canal water supply and total irrigation water. An algorithm based on Electrical Conductivity Ratio (ECR) approach, suggested by Willardson (1990) for zero percent yield reduction, is employed to propose safe use of saline groundwater and canal water considering irrigation water requirements, crop tolerances, irrigation water availability and soil variability in the commands. The results of ECR approach compared well with Crop-Water-Salinity-Production Functions developed by Tyagi et al. (1995). Therefore, simple empirical relations suggested by Willardson are used further in conjunctive use planning of the irrigation commands. During preparation of conjunctive use plan, total water requirement of crops for zero percent yield reduction is matched with total water available for irrigation purpose by adjusting the irrigation intensities of different crops. The area of particular crop is reduced or increased within ± 20% of present area of the crop assuming that change over crop intensity as slow process. By applying developed algorithm it is observed that the total water availability (groundwater and canal water) is lesser than total water requirement for Adampur command area while total water availability is more for Baruwali command, indicating scope to increase irrigation intensity in case of Baruwali than Adampur. There is possibility of decline of water table, if irrigation intensity is increased without any check. This risk is more in case of Adampur command as its annual water resources are approaching to full utilization. Sustainable conjunctive use planning can ensure good agricultural production despite of saline water use for irrigation.

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR -313001

Dated: / / 2005

CERTIFICATE – IV

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT MISS. JIGMET YANGCHAN STUDENT OF MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING IN THE SUBJECT OF IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING.DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING HAS MADE ALL CORRECTIONS MODIFICATIONS IN THE THESIS ENTITLED “CONJUNCTIVE USE OF SALINE GROUNDWATER AND CANAL WATER FOR SUSTAINABLE CROP PRODUCTION” WHICH WERE SUGGESTED BY THE EXTERNAL EXAMINER AND THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE IN THE ORAL EXAMINATION HELD ON / / 05.THE FINAL COPIES OF THE THESIS DULY BOUND AND CORRECTED WERE SUBMITTED ON / / 05.

(DR. VIRENDRA KUMAR)

MAJOR-ADVISOR

(DR. R. C. PUROHIT)

HEAD

DEPARTMENT OF SWE, CTAE, UDAIPUR

(DR. VIRENDRA KUMAR)

DEAN, CTAE, UDAIPUR PLANNING AND DESIGNING OF APPROPRIATE SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION MEASURES IN KADMAL WATERSHED dneky tyxzg.k {ks= ds fy;s mi;qDr e`nk ,oa ty laj{k.k ds mik;ksa dh ;kstuk ,oa fMtkbu

MANJEET SINGH

Thesis Master of Engineering In Agricultural Engineering (Soil and Water Conservation Engineering)

2005

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR – 313001 (RAJ.)

ABSTRACT

Water is an essential resource, covering basic human needs. The world’s thrust for water is likely to become one of the most pressing resource issues of this century. No doubt water supplies are abundant but they are unevenly distributed and not being conserved properly. An effort has been made to investigate and formulate a technically sound plan for rain water harvesting through “Planning and Designing of Appropriate Soil and Water Conservation Measures in Kadmal Watershed” at village-Kadmal (Udaipur district) covering 590 ha area of the watershed.

The activities and measures for soil and water conservation relevant to the Kadmal watershed were studied. On the basis of site condition feasible measures were proposed for the watershed. Contour bunds, Puerto-Rico terraces and stone wall terraces were proposed for arable land while contour trenches, staggered trenches and V-ditches were proposed for non-arable land for the purpose of soil and water conservation. Loose stone check dam and gabion structure are proposed for drainage line treatment. For harvesting of rainwater, one Anicut and one earthen dam having storage capacity of 10.843 ha-m and 2.864 ha-m, respectively are planned and designed. The cost of Anicut has been estimated to Rs. 653000 and that of the earthen dam has been estimated to be Rs. 37000.

For the proposed soil and water conservation measures, per hectare cost of contour bund, Puerto-Rico terrace, stone wall terrace, contour trench, staggered trench, V-ditch, loose stone check dam, gabion structure and silvi pasture has been estimated to Rs. 5427, Rs. 9830, Rs. 4505, Rs. 3307, Rs. 3971, Rs. 480, Rs. 4592, Rs. 1106 and Rs. 5476, respectively.

Average cost of the watershed treatment per hectare excluding the cost of water harvesting structures has been estimated to be Rs. 5802.

The economic analysis of the designed structure is made using economic evaluation and financial evaluation method. The benefit cost ratio of the project for economic and financial evaluation is worked out to be 1.281:1 and 1.537:1, respectively, which shows that the project is economically and financially viable.

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR

Dated: / / 2005

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Planning and Designing of Appropriate Soil and Water Conservation Measures in Kadmal Watershed” submitted by Mr. Manjeet Singh to the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology in Partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Engineering in the subject of Agricultural Engineering (Soil and Water Conservation Engineering) after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination was satisfactory. We, therefore, recommended that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. Virendra Kumar) (Dr. R. C. Purohit) Major Advisor Professor and Head Department of S. W. E., C.T.A.E., Udaipur

(Dr. P. K. Singh) (Dr. Ajay Sharma) Advisor Dean P.G. Nominee

(Dr. S. S. Sisodia) (Dr. Virendra Kumar) Advisor Dean C.T.A.E., Udaipur

Approved

Director Resident Instructions STANDARDIZATION OF SUITABLE SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION MEASURES USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN A SMALL WATERSHED. yÄq tyxzg.k {ks= esa lqnwj laosnu o HkkSxksfyd lwpuk iz.kkyh }kjk mi;qDr Hkwfe ,oa ty laj{k.k mik;ksa dk ekudhdj.k

BY PRAGYA SAXENA

THESIS Master of Engineering In Agricultural Engineering (Soil and Water Conservation Engineering)

2005 DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313 001

ABSTRACT

The present study was aimed to standardize the suitable interventions adaptable for arable and non-arable land in a small selected watershed with the use of remote sensing and geographical information system. Availability of water resource is limited in the area because of uneven rainfall conditions. Hence, proper management of rainfall by identifying the appropriate Soil and water conservation measures adaptable in the area is important for the region. Remote sensing data of area were used from satellite imagery IRS 1C LISS III dated 29.2.2000 at Regional centre of NBSS & LUP, Rajasthan,Udaipur. The database for Geographical Information System(GIS) including Soil map, slope map, soil depth map,HSG map, land use map and curve number map were prepared for identifying the appropriate interventions adaptable in the arable and non-arable land at NBSS and LUP, Udaipur. For the arable land, Puerto Rico terrace, contour vegetative bund and contour bund and for the non-arable land, V-ditch, contour trenches and staggered trenches were identified as major interventions that can be implemented in the watershed after testing the feasibility under the field conditions. SCS Curve number method was used to estimate the runoff and validate it for various storms in the monsoon season 2004 for the study area. The estimated and measured runoff values for monsoon 2004 using SCS method deviated well within the acceptable range. Analyzing the runoff and sediment yield for arable and non-arable land it can be concluded that the recommended SWC measures having standard dimensions in specified slope range are most appropriate and can well be adopted. The result obtained from the study can be useful for the farmers to increase or to improve their crop yield.

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR

Dated: / / 2004

CERTIFICATE - III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled " Multi-criteria decision making in irrigation planning– A case study of Chambal irrigation project" submitted by Miss. Mukta Gupta to the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Engineering in the subject of Agricultural Engineering (Irrigation Water Management) after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination was satisfactory. We, therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. Mahesh Kothari) (Dr. Raj Vir Singh) Major Advisor Professor and Head Department of S. W. E., C. T. A. E., Udaipur

(Dr. Virendra Kumar) (Dr. Y. C. Bhatt ) Advisor Dean P. G. Nominee

(Prof. R. K. Aeron ) (Dr. A. N. Mathur) Advisor Dean C.T.A.E., Udaipur

Approved

Director Resident Instructions

RAINFALL MODELLING OF SOUTHERN RAJASTHAN nf{k.k jktLFkkUk dss fy, OkkkZIkkRk dk çfRk:Ik.k

Mukteshwar Prasad

THESIS Master of Engineering In Agricultural Engineering (Soil and Water Conservation Engineering)

2005

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313 001 ABSTRACT

A detailed statistical analysis of daily rainfall during the months June to September, weekly rainfall and annual rainfall at Southern Rajasthan was carried out. In the present study daily rainfall data were collected for Udaipur, Kota and Bhilwara The variation in daily rainfall pattern was found to be more consistent during monsoon season. A cycle of 5 to 6 years was found to occur in annual rainfall amounts. If rainfall on a particular day was more than or equal to 2.5 mm, that day was considered as rainy day. Number of rainy days on monthly, seasonally and annually basis were calculated. For forecasting the weekly rainfall, Normal, Log-normal and Gamma probability distribution functions were fitted. Calculated chi-square values were compared with tabular values at 5 per cent level of significance. Forecasting of dry and wet spells were done using Markov Chain model. Initial and transitional dry and wet week probability analysis, consecutive dry and wet week probability analysis were carried out in the study. Using Wiebull’s plotting position method weekly rainfall was predicted at various probability levels. It was found that dependable rainfall is available during 24th to 35th weeks. Rainfall at various probability levels were predicted for each of month of the year using gamma probability distribution. Six probability distributions were fitted to predict one day maximum rainfall at the study area. Gumbel distribution was found to be fitted well for prediction of one day maximum rainfall. Suitability of the study area was assessed on the basis of moisture availability index and the study area was found to be suitable for dry land agriculture. Weekly rainfall was analysed using Morkov chain model and initial and conditional probabilities were estimated for 5, 10 and 20mm rainfall amount. Weather spells and weather cycles were predicted using Markov chain based geometric model. It was found that the model predicted the wet spells and weather cycles efficiently. Weekly forecasting of rainfall indicted that expected rainfall is scarce from the month of November to May at all probability levels. Probability of occurrence of dry week is higher from week no. 1 to 21 and also from week no.43 to 52. The range of probability of occurrence of dry week in these weeks vary from 42.8 to 99.99 per cent for all the three stations at Southern Rajasthan. Probability of occurrence of wet week is higher from week no. 22 to 41. The range of probability of wet week vary from 45 to 99.99 per cent. Week no. 1 to 21 and 43 to 52 of the year remains under stress on an average as there is 50 to 92.8 per cent chances of occurrence of 2 consecutive dry weeks. The analysis showed that monsoon starts effectively from 24th week (10th June to 16th June) in Southern Rajasthan. 25th week (24th June to 30th June) is ideal time for initiation of land preparation of fields for kharif.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: / / 2005

CERTIFICATE - II

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Rainfall Modelling of Southern Rajasthan” submitted for the degree of Master of Engineering in agriculture in the subject of Soil & Water Conservation Engineering embodies bonafide research work carried out by Mr. Mukteshwar Prasad under my guidance and supervision and that no part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree. The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been fully acknowledged. The draft of the thesis was also approved by the advisory committee on

(Dr. R.C. PUROHIT) (Dr. Arun Sharma) Professor & Head Major Advisor Department of S.W.E..

DEAN Dr. Virendra Kumar CTAE, Udaipur

DURABILITY TESTING OF DIESEL ENGINE USING 20 PER CENT JATROPHA METHYL ESTER BLEND

jrutksr feFkkbZy bLVj ds 20 izfr'kr lfEeJ.k dk mi;ksx djds Mht+y xa= dh fVdkÅrk ijh{k.k

THESIS

Master of Engineering

In Agricultural Engineering (Farm Machinery and Power Engineering)

NITIN PRAKASHRAO TALOKAR

2006

DEPARTMENT OF FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

ABSTRACT A 7.4 kW (Twin cylinder, water cooled) Diesel engine was operated on recommended B20 ((Jatropha methyl ester 20%: Hi-speed Diesel) blend. The standard 200 h durability test procedure as per EMA standard was followed to test engine durability for its performance, injection pressure and lubricating oil viscosity and emission. The properties of jatropha oil, jatropha methyl ester B20 and diesel were also determined in accordance with Bureau of Indian Standards. The performance was evaluated in terms of break power, BSFC, BSFC, BThE and Exhaust gas temperature with four load conditions specified by EMA (0, 50, 75 and 100 percent load). The injection pressure test, lubricating oil viscosity test and emission test were carried out at 45 h of engine operation.

The results of the test indicated that the properties of the B20 were comparable with diesel. The performance of diesel engine was found satisfactory, the drop in brake power and Brake thermal efficiency was found non significant. Lubricating oil viscosity reduced with the time duration of 180 h however change was not significant up to 90 h. Injection pressure dropped with the test duration of 180 h due to carbon built up on injector tips.

The exhaust emission CO, CO2, HC and NOX remains almost constant for 180h of test duration. The exhaust emission CO, CO2, HC and NOX was found to be increased with load

however O2 was found to be decreased. The exhaust emission CO, CO2, HC was found to be

decreased with B20 as compared to diesel. However NOX was found to be increased with B20 as compared to diesel.

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR

CERTIFICATE-III

Date : 29/09/2006

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Durability testing of diesel engine using twenty per cent jatropha methyl ester blend” submitted by Mr. Nitin Prakashrao Talokar to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in the subject of Agricultural Engineering (Farm Machinery and Power Engineering) after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination was satisfactory; we therefore recommend that the thesis be approved

(Dr. Y.C. Bhatt) (Dr. S.M. Mathur) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. A.K. Kurchania) (Dr. H.K. Jain) DRI Nominee Advisor

(Dr. V.K. Shrivastava) (Dr. Ravi Mathur) Dean Head Deptt. of FM & PE

Approved (Dr. G.C. Nanawati) Director Resident Instructions M.P.U.A.T., Udaipur

DROUGHT MONITORING IN SOUTHERN RAJASTHAN USING REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM lqnwj laosnu vkSj HkkSxksfyd lwpuk iz.kkyh ds }kjk nf{k.kh jktLFkku es lw[ks dk lapkyu

BY RAVISH KESHRI

THESIS

Master of Engineering IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING (IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING)

2006

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313 001

ABSTRACT

Drought is a most complex but least understood of all natural hazard. Droughts are usually defined as period of dryness due to lack of rain, though the concept varies from region to region, depending upon the normal climatic condition, available water resources, land use, agricultural practices and several other economic activities of the region. It is a major factor of uncertainty that continues to haunt Indian agriculture and economy. Rajasthan is a water scarce region under constant threat of drought, and the availability of water is an ongoing issue of struggle for the people. The livelihood of the rural population is predominantly dependent on agriculture, which is highly dependent on South West monsoon. Drought being a common occurrence, agriculture fails to support livelihood solely. Timely information about the onset of drought, extent, intensity, duration and impacts can limit the drought related losses of life, human suffering and decrease damage to economy and environment.

The present study has been carried out with the aim to integrate meteorological and satellite data for monitoring drought in southern Rajasthan comprising of 13 districts which comes under four agro climatic zones viz.- zone 1 (Transitional plain of Luni basin), zone 2 (Sub humid southern plain), zone 3 (humid southern plain) and zone 4 (Humid south eastern plain). Monthly precipitation data were used to derive meteorological drought index i.e. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) onboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) series of satellites have been used for deriving Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and brightness temperature (BT). The new Water Supplying Vegetation Index (WSVI) detects drought information by combining vegetation with temperature retrieved from NOAA satellite data. The Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) are also used to monitor drought by converting NDVI with radiation measured in the thermal channels into VCI and converting brightness temperature into TCI.

The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was calculated using the monthly precipitation data on the 3 three month time scale. The results of the SPI shows that the year 2002 was the worst affected by the extreme drought conditions while in the year 2003 and 2004, some parts of the area was affected by moderate to severe drought condition. In the year 2005 normal situation was observed with drought in Chittaurgarh, Rajsamand and Dungarpur district at the later part of year with moderate intensity. The satellite based drought index NDVI was calculated. It is found that in the year 2002 the NDVI value is much below the normal condition, and extreme to severe drought conditions are observed. In the year 2003 and 2004, it is also below the normal condition. Based on NDVI the drought is classified into five categories viz. - extreme, severe, moderate, slight and normal condition. The zone wise drought analysis shows that the minimum NDVI value was observed in the zone 1 followed by the zone 4, zone 3 and zone 2 respectively in all the years. Percentage of area falling under each category of drought based on NDVI is calculated. The result shows that 58.8 % area was affected by the extreme and severe drought and 32.3 % area by moderate and slight drought in the year 2002. The year 2003 and 2004 encounter 71.8 and 78.7 % area respectively under severe and moderate drought. The remaining area is affected by the slight drought condition. In the year 2005, 78 % area is affected by slight drought to normal condition while remaining part is affected by the moderate drought. The WSVI is calculated using the NDVI and brightness temperature (BT4) retrieved from the NOAA AVHRR. It is observed that the WSVI value is much below the normal and maximum WSVI value near normal is observed in the year 2005. In the year 2003 and 2004, it is also found below the normal. Based on WSVI drought is classified into five categories as case of NDVI. The zone wise analysis shows that the minimum WSVI value is observed in the zone 1 followed by the zone 4, zone 3 and zone 2 respectively in all the years. The area falling under each category of drought was calculated. It is found that approximately 2/3 (71.6 %) area in the year 2002 is affected by extreme and severe drought condition and remaining area is affected by moderate drought. In the year 2003 and 2004 the most of the area i.e. 73.3 % and 76.5 % respectively is affected by the moderate and severe drought and remaining area by the slight drought. Slight drought and the normal condition is prevails in the 77.3 % area and moderate drought prevails in the remaining area of the year 2005. The VCI is an extension of NDVI based estimation of vegetal cover. The VCI index consider maximum of the NDVI from the number of years. The TCI is also an extension of the Brightness temperature which consider the maxima and minima of the brightness temperature from the number of images. Both VCI and TCI have also suggested similar trends of drought with 2002 as worst affected by drought. The results indicate 80-90 % area under the normal situation in the year 2005.

From this study it can be concluded that the whole study area is vulnerable to drought condition. SPI gives the point information as it use the monthly precipitation recorded at the meteorological station while, satellite based drought index monitor the vegetation cover in the entire area and shows the spatial distribution of the drought condition. The WSVI is the better indicator than the NDVI, which uses the Brightness temperature. If more number of multiyear data is available then VCI and TCI can be used for better estimation of drought situation. Although the spatial resolution of the NOAA is coarse, yet, the monitoring of drought condition for a large area in a given year can be done successfully.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY,

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Date:

CERTIFICATE-III

This is to certified that this thesis entitled “Drought Monitoring In Southern Rajasthan Using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System” submitted by Mr. Ravish Keshri to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Irrigation Water Management Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we there, recommended that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. Mahesh Kothari) (Dr. Sanjay Kumar Jain) Major Advisor Co-Major Advisor

(Dr. Virendra Kumar) (Dr. B. S. Singhvi) Advisor Advisor

(Shri P. M. Jat) DRI Nominee

(Dr. R. C. Purohit) (Dr. Virendra Kumar) Head Dean Department of Soil and Water Engineering College of Technology and Engineering

(Dr. G. C. Nanawati) Director Resident Instructions MPUAT, Udaipur STUDY OF HYDRAULICS OF PITCHER IRRIGATION SYSTEM AND ITS ADAPTABILITY IN VEGETABLE CROPS

?kM+k flapkbZ ç.kkyh dk nzopkfyr v/;;u vkSj lCth Qlyksa esa bldh vuqdqyrkA

AJIT BHAGWAN NIRMALE

THESIS Master of Engineering In Agricultural Engineering (Irrigation Water Management Engineering)

2006

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR - 313 001

lkjka'k fiNys dbZ n'kdksa esa m".kdVhcU/kh vkSj mi m".kdVhcU/kh ns'kksa esa lcls vf/kd :i esa ikbZ tkus okyh leL;k gS] ikuh dk vHkko vkSj oks Hkh vDlj vkusokys lq[ksa ds dkj.kA gesa vius Qlyksa dh flapkbZ ds fy, dqN ,sls ekxZ dh t:jr gS] ftlls gekjh nqyZHk ikuh dh lk/ku lEifÙk [kkyh u gksA ,d lknh] ij lQy f'kYioSKkfud ;qfDr gS] fpduh feêh dk ?kM+k] tks xzkeh.k jkstxkj] nqyZHk ikuh dh cpr] mPpre Lrj rd iSnkokj vkSj flapkbZ vko`fÙk esa ?kVko dks n'kkZrk gSA ?kM+k flapkbZ dks izk;ksfxd mi;ksx esa ykus ds fy, t:jr gS] mlds eqyHkwr Kkiu vkSj le>nkjh dh tks gesa ?kM+k flapkbZ ds vfHkdYi ekud fd vkSj lqfpr djrk gSaA çLrqr v/;;u esa pkj izdkj ds ?kM+ksa dk bLreky fd;k x;k gS] tks vkdkj] vkÑfr vkSj ifjek.k esa ifjofrZr gSaA fof'k"V ?kM+ksa ls fof'k"V Qlyksa dh flapkbZ dk fu.kZ; djus ds fy, ?kM+ksa dk æopkfyr v/;;u djuk egRoiw.kZ gSA ?kM+ksa dk fu/kkZfjr lar`fIrr æopkfyr vkpj.k QkWfyax gsM i)fr vkSj dk¡UlVUV gsM i)fr ls fd;k x;kA ?kMksa dk æopkfyr vkpj.k QkWfyax gsM i)fr ls 360-5 ls 484-0 fe-fe- izfrfnu vkSj dk¡UlVUV gsM i)fr ls 398-6 ls 574-4 fe-fe- izfrfnu ik;k x;kA QkWfyax gsM i)fr ls dUMDVUl 13705837-54 ls 17983403-85 fe-fe-2@ fnu vkSj dk¡UlVUV gsM i)fr ls15640326-92 ls 21082408-74 fe-fe-2@fnu ik;k x;kA lHkh pkj izdkj ds ?kM+ksa dh nSfud eqDr fjlkbZ 3150 ls 5200 feyh fyVj izfrfnu ikbZ x;hA vkæZd {ks= dk egRre ?ksjk 48 ls 68 lsa- fe- vkSj vkæd lrg {ks=Qy 7238 ls 14526 lsa- fe-2 ds Js.kh esa ik;k x;kA æopkfyr v/;;u] nSfud eqDr fjlkbZ] Qlyksa dk varjkyu vkSj Qlyksa ds ikuh dh t:jr ds ekud ls Qlyksa dks vyx&vyx vkdkjksa ds ?kM+ksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k x;k gSA ?kM+k flapkbZ ls voyksfdr mRiknu izfr gsDVj 13-1 Vu Fkk] tks >qjhZ flapkbZ esa 13-4 Vu izfr gsDVj ik;k x;kA ?kM+k flapkbZ ls tqrkbZ dh ykxr :- 55]033 izfr gsDVj izfr o"kZ Fkh] tks >qjhZ flapkbZ ls :- 62]924 izfr gsDVj izfr o"kZ FkhA dqycdk;k e.Mh Qk;nk ?kM+k flapkbZ ls :- 204967 vkSj >qjhZ flapkbZ ls :- 197876 gqvkA ?kM+k flapkbZ ls 60 izfr'kr ikuh dh cpr gskrh gS vkSj >qjhZ flapkbZ dh rqyuk esa ?kM+k flapkbZ dk;Zdq'ky vkSj izHkkodkjh :i ls mi;ksx esa vkrh gSA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR- 313001

Dated: 27/09/2006

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Study Of Hydraulics Of Pitcher Irrigation System And Its Adaptability In Vegetable Crops” submitted by Mr. Ajit Bhagwan Nirmale to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in agricultural engineering in the subject of Irrigation Water Management Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. Virendra Kumar Dr. Mahesh Kothari Major Advisor Advisor

Er. P. M. Jat Dr. Y. C. Bhatt Advisor DRI Nominee

Dr. Virendra Kumar Dr. R. C. Purohit Dean, CTAE Head, SWE

(Dr. G. C. Nanavati)

Director Resident Instructions MPUAT, Udaipur

STUDIES ON OSMO-CONVECTIVE DRYING OF MUSHROOM [kqEch ds ijklf.kd&laokgd 'kq"du dk v/;;u

BY RAJESH PRABHAKAR MURUMKAR

THESIS Master of Engineering In Agricultural Engineering (Processing and Food Engineering)

2006

DEPARTMENT OF PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR – 313 001

vuq{ksi.k Hkkjr ,d d`f"k iz/kku ns'k gSA bldh fofo/k tyok;q ifjfLFkfr;k¡ fofHkUu izdkj dh [kqEc;k¡ mxkus ds vuqdwy gSA gtkjks o"kksZa ls [kqfEc;k¡ [kk| L=ksr ds fy, mi;ksx esa yk;h tkrh jgh gSA 'osr [kqEch dks [kk| ds fy, vU; [kqfEc;ksa dh vis{kk vf/kd Lohd`fr gS vkSj og vf/kd ewY;oku gSA [kqEch esa ueh dh ek=k 89 ls 91 rd yxHkx 89&91 izfr'kr (ue vk/kkj) gksrh gSaA [kk| izlaLdj.k }kjk mRikn esa ty dh ek=k dks de djuk ;k mls thok.kqvksa dks vuqiyC/k djuk ,d eq[; fl)kUr gSA ijkljf.kd 'kq"du ds mijkUr ¶ywMkbTM 'kq"du xq.koŸkk ;qDr mRikn ns ldrk gSA 'osr [kqfEc;ksa dks /kksdj 0-5 lseh- dh drfy;ksa esa dkV fy;k x;kA bu drfy;ksa dks ckn esa 10] 15 vkSj 20 izfr'kr lksfM;e DyksjkbZM ds ?kksy esa ½] 1 vkSj 2 ?k.Vs ijkljf.kd 'kq"du fd;k x;kA 0-75 izfr'kr ,fFkfyu Mkbz,ekbZu VsVªk ,flVhd vEy vkSj 0-5 izf'kr iksVsf'k;e ckbZlYQsV dks ifjj{kd ds :i esa fefJr fd;k x;kA 'kq"du ds nkSjku Hkkj esa deh vkSj ueh dk âkl dk v/;;u fd;k x;kA ijkljf.kd 'kqf"dr [kqfEc;ksa dh drfy;ksa dks ckn esa ¶ywMkbTM 'kq"dd esa 35] 40 vkSj 50 fMxzh lsfYl;l vkSj 2-75 ehVj@ls- dh ok;q xfr ij 'kq"du fd;k x;kA ;g ik;k x;k fd ijklj.k dh vof/k vkSj lkUnz.k esa o`f) djus ij Hkkj esa deh vkSj ueh dk âkl esa o`f) gksrh gSA 10] 15 vkSj 20 izfr'kr lkUnz.k ds fy, Hkkj esa vf/kdre deh Øe'k% 41- 71] 43-30 vkSj 51-53 izfr'kr ijkljf.kd 'kq"du izØe ds 2 ?kaVs mijkUr ik;k x;kA ¶ywMkbTM 'kq"du iz;ksx ;g n'kkZrk gSa fd lEiw.kZ 'kq"du fxjrh nj le;kdky esa ik;k x;kA vko';d ek=k rd ueh ?kVkus ds fy, mls 6 ls 14 ?k.Vksa dk le; yxkA vf/kdrj futZyhd`r ueuksa ds vkoj.k [kqyuk vuqifLFkr FkkA mipkfjr [kqfEc;ksa fd drfy;ksa dk o.kZlwpd 55-37 ls 58-98 ds e/; ik;k x;kA 20 izfr'kr lksfM;e DyksjkbZM esa ijkljf.kd 'kqf"dr vkSj 50 fMxzh lsfYl;d ij ¶ywjkbZTM 'kqf"dr uequksa esa ty dh lfØ;rk lcls de (0-094) ik;h x;hA U;wure vkSj vf/kdre iqutZyu vuqikr 2-03 vkSj 2-37 ds e/; izkIr gqvkA mipkfjr uewus vehuksa vEy dh mifLFkr ek=k ds vk/kkjij laLrqr fd;s x;sA ,Ldksjfcd vEy dk /kkj.k izfr 100 xzke 'kqf"dr uewuksa esa 0-85 ls 1-02 feyhxzke ik;k x;kA 'osr [kqfEc;ksa dks 10 izfr'kr lksfM;e DyksjkbM ds foy;u esa] 0-75 izfr'kr ,fFkfyu MkbZ,ekbZu VsVªk ,flVhd vEy vkSj 0-5 izfr'kr iksVsf'k;e ckbZ lYQsV ds lkFk ½ ?k.Vk ijkljf.kd 'kq"du ds mijkUr 50 fMxzh lsfYl;l dh rIr ok;q esa ¶yqMkbTM 'kq"du dh lgk;rk ls lq[kk;k tkuk pkfg,A

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: /07/2006 CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Osmo-convective Drying of Mushroom” submitted by Mr. Rajesh Prabhakar Murumkar to the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in the subject of Agricultural Engineering (Processing and Food Engineering) after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination was satisfactory. We, therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Er. S.K. Jain) (Dr. R.C. Verma) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. Shashi Jain) (Dr. Surendra Kothari) Advisor Advisor

(Dr. R.C. Verma) (Dr. R.C. Tiwari) Head, Deptt. of PFE DRI. Nominee CTAE, Udaipur

Dean CTAE, Udaipur

GROUNDWATER MODELING IN HARD ROCK TERRAIN OF

KHAMNOR BLOCK OF RAJSAMAND DISTRICT

USING REMOTE SENSING & GIS

Lqknwj laosnu o HkkSxksfsyd lwpuk iz.kkyh )kjk jktlean ftys ds [keuksj Cykd ds dBksj pVVkfu; Hkwfe {ks= esa Hkwty izfr#i.k

BY KUWAR PRATAP SINGH

THESIS MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING (SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING)

2006

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN)

ABSTRACT

Groundwater being a valuable resource in today's worlds needs proper evaluation and mgt. for overall development within the region for its judicious use. The occurrence of groundwater in a region depends on number of controlling factors such as rainfall, topography, vegetation, drainage, the structure and nature of geological formation and degree of their weathering.

Dugwells are the main source of drinking & irrigation water in the Khamnor block of Rajsamand district. Recurrent droughts have put tremendous pressure on groundwater resource of the area. The main hydrological formation in the study area is granite and granite gneiss which have the characteristics of poor storavity & low permeability hence water availability in these formation directly depends on that particular year rainfall. Groundwater variation with rainfall was carried out in the 10 wells at different places. The result indicates that rainfall bears a direct impact on groundwater levels. Also, the results of statistical analysis by Turning point test and Kendall’s rank correlation test shows that there was no exact trend in the water levels of Pre & Post monsoon season.

Groundwater is harnessed mainly by large diameter wells and tube wells. Also, large diameter open wells have proved more successful than the tube wells in aquifer of low transmissvity. Such aquifer is mainly found in hard rocks. Recovery test was conducted at six different places and their values were found as 38.93, 98.11, 129.7, 133.07, 141.84, and 162.17. The low transmissivity values indicate aquifer is of unconfined nature.

A versatile groundwater package MODFLOW was used to study the aquifer response. The model was run for steady as well as transient state. The calibration & validation of the model was done and the results show that the difference in hydraulic head is less than 2%, which is an acceptable figure. For identification of new recharge sites inverted wells were introduced at appropriate places & response of the aquifer was found good.

The groundwater potential map was also prepared to identify the new recharge sites where groundwater could be explored.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: 09/11 /2006

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Groundwater Modeling in Hard Rock Terrain of Khamnor Block of Rajsamand District using Remote Sensing &GIS” submitted by Mr. Kuwar Pratap Singh to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in agricultural engineering in the subject of Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr.A.K.Sharma) (Er. Suparn Pathak)

Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr.Mahesh Kothari) (Prof. P.M.Jat) (Dr. Vimal Sharma) Advisor Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. Virendra Kumar) (Dr. R.C.Purohit) Dean, C.T.A.E. HEAD Department of S.W.E.

Approved Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MIXED MODE SHALLOW

SOLAR DRYER WITH THERMAL STORAGE FOR DRYING OF

ONION FLAKES

I;kt ds iŸkdksa ds fy;s fefJr mikxe ds mFkys izdkj ds lkSj

'kq"dd dh rkih; ÅtkZ dk Hk.Mkj.k ds lkFk lajpuk ,oa fodkl

Chaudhari Saurabh Vasudeo

THESIS

MASTER OF ENGINEERING

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING)

2006

DEPARTMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY,

UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN) Abstract

A MMSS dryer of 10 kg/day drying capacity of fresh onion flakes is developed at 2 College of Technology and Engineering. The dryer consist 2.16 m of solar air 2 3 collector area, 2 m of drying chamber and 0.133 m volume rocks inline bed thermal storage. The arrangement was made to circulate air within dryer using the 12 V DC fan operated on 18 Wp SPV panel.

The tests were conducted from 10.00 to 17.00 hrs and the hourly data were recorded. The performance of MMSSD was evaluated in two conditions i.e. without recirculation of the exhaust air and with partial recirculation of the exhaust air.

The no load test and full load tests were carried out to know the trend of various operating parameters with respect to time. The full load test was carried out thrice for each mode of operation i.e. for without recirculation and with recirculation. The performance parameters were calculated separately for each test and then averaged.

The onion flakes were dried from moisture content of (w. b.) 85.50 per cent to 6.76 per cent and 9.56 per cent in 7 hours for the without recirculation of exhaust air and with recirculation of exhaust air respectively. During the without recirculation of exhaust air test and with recirculation of exhaust air test the average drying efficiency was found to be 23 per cent and 19 per cent respectively. The average Heat Utilization Factor for the without recirculation of exhaust air test and with recirculation of exhaust air test was varied in the range of 0.08 to 0.17 with an average of 0.12 and 0.14 to 0.25 with an average of 0.19 respectively.

The water activity ranged between 0.308 and 0.480. Colour values were measured using a colourflex Hunterlab Colorimeter were found in acceptable limits for both cases.. The cost of MMSSD was worked out to be Rs.16490/- with pack back period of 5 months, which is very less than other types of forced convection dryers.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: 9/1 /2007

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Design and development of the mixed mode shallow solar dryer with thermal storage for drying of onion flakes.” submitted by

Mr. Chaudhari Saurabh Vasudeo to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in agricultural engineering in the subject of Renewable Energy Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. Surendra Kothari) (Dr. A. K. Kurchania) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. Deepak Sharma) (Dr. R. N. Verma) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. Virendra Kumar) (Dr. A. K. Kurchania) Dean, C.T.A.E. HEAD Department of R.E. S.

Approved

Director Resident Instruction

MPUAT, Udaipur

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A WEANING FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPEMENT FOR USE AT INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL laLFkkxr Lrj ij fofuax [kk| izlaLdj.k midj.k dk vfHkdYiu ,oa fodkl

BY PALITHA BANDARA DISSANAYAKE

THESIS Master of Engineering In Agricultural Engineering (Processing and Food Engineering)

2007 DEPARTMENT OF PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR– 313001

ABSTRACT

Preparing paste from cereal, pulses, fruits and vegetable is a most important operation in process of preparing home made weaning foods. At present, there is no specially designed equipment for processing home made weaning foods for use at institutional level. Hence, the conventional and alternative methods and equipments have to be used for processing weaning foods. Besides the methods being time consuming, laborious and inefficient, the product is poor in quality without making required particle sizes for weaning baby and more over contamination of foods may also occur. Therefore a hand operated weaning food processing equipment was designed and developed for processing home made weaning foods for use at institutional level.

The performance of the developed weaning food processing equipment was evaluated at different batch size. It was found that the average time taken for processing a batch (4kg) was estimated to be about 8.47min. The extraction efficiency of the developed equipment was found between 92.53 and 94.48 per cent. The average power requirement of the developed weaning food processing equipment has been observed to be about 0.073W, when equipment was operated with batch of 4kg at a time. The average moisture content, density and viscosity for the weaning paste produce with the developed equipment were found to be 81.5 per cent, 1030 kg/m3 and 4.431 Pa.s respectively. The comparison of developed weaning food processing equipment with 18 mesh strainer for preparing weaning foods indicated that the use of developed weaning food processing equipment for preparing weaning paste reduced the extraction time nearly about eleven times as that of the fine mesh strainer under same processing conditions. The weaning pastes prepared with developed weaning food processing equipment shows a higher acceptability than the weaning paste prepared with fine mesh strainer available in the market for preparing weaning foods and bowl and spoon method. And, there was significant difference in appearance and texture and appreciable change in colour, flavor and overall acceptability in weaning paste prepared with developed WFPE over weaning paste prepared by using 18 mesh strainer and conventional bowl & spoon method.

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313001

Dated: / /2007

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Design and development of a weaning food processing equipment for use at institutional level” submitted by Mr. Palitha Bandara Dissanayake to the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in the subject of Agricultural Engineering (Processing and Food Engineering) after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination was satisfactory. We, therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. R.C. Verma) (Dr. G.P Sharma) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. L. K. Murdia) (Dr. Ravi Mathur) Advisor DRI. Nominee

(Dr. G.P. Sharma) Dean Head, Deptt. of Processing and Food Engineering CTAE, Udaipur CTAE, Udaipur

Approved Director Resident Instructions MPUAT, Udaipur

PLANNING AND DESIGNING OF KALORA-II MICRO-WATERSHED

USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

Lqknwj laosnu ,oa HkkSxksfyd lwpuk iz.kkyh }kjk dkyksMk-II y?kq tyxzg.k {kS= dh ;kstuk ,oa vfHkdYIkuk

BY HASMUKH KUMAR

THESIS MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING (SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING)

2006

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN)

ABSTRACT Land and water are the two basic natural resources essential for survival of human kind on the earth. Ironically, adequate emphasis has not been paid to conserve, develop and judiciously utilize these resources in many parts of the world. Ever since the dawn of civilization, man has been harnessing these resources to meet his requirement for food, fiber and fuel. The ever increasing pace of human development and pressure of population have further accelerated the exploitation of natural resources like soil and water. For their efficient and sustainable management one has to look for sustainable unit so that these resources can be handled and managed effectively, collectively and simultaneously. Development programmes concerning optimum utilization of natural resources (soil, water and vegetation) are now increasingly oriented with a watershed as an integral unit. For giving practical shape to the systematic, scientific and rational approach of watershed, a proper delineation of watershed is pre requisite. In the present study, delineation of watershed is done digitally in the remote sensing and GIS environment instead of manual delineation. The total area of watershed is 734 ha. Further, the geomorphological characteristic of watershed has been studied using GIS technique. A quantitative morphometric analysis enables us to understand the relationship among different aspects of the drainage pattern of the watershed. With the help of the remote sensing and GIS techniques, the land use capability classification of the watershed was also done. It gives the systematic arrangement of land according to their properties that determine the ability of land to produce on virtually permanent basis. The area of watershed under arable and non-arable land is 343.3 ha and 390.7 ha respectively. Rainfall data of 30 years (1976-2005) for Udaipur were analysed for probability distribution at different levels using Weilbull’s technique. At 75 percent probability analysis level, annual and seasonal rainfall is 490.0 mm and 392.5 mm respectively. The data were analysed for designing purpose of water harvesting structure. The appropriate agricultural and engineering measures adaptable in the watershed were designed on the basis of rainfall analysis, land use capability classification and topography of the area. Contour bund, purto rico terrace, stone wall terrace were proposed for arable land whereas contour trench, staggered trench and v-ditch were proposed for non- arable land for the purpose of soil and water conservation. For the treatment of drainage line area, loose stone check dams of different dimensions were proposed as per their available catchment area. The class VI and VII land were proposed to be treated with afforstation and silvi pastural system. For harvesting of excess runoff, one water harvesting structure (Anicut) having storage capacity of 8.32 ha-m was planned and designed. The cost of anicut was estimated to be Rs. 8.245 lacs. Average cost of watershed treatment excluding the cost of water harvesting structure was estimated to be Rs. 6940/ha. The economic analysis of Kalora-II watershed shows that benefit-cost ratio under economic and financial evaluation is 1.3:1 and 1.6:1 respectively indicating that project is viable economically and financially.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: / / 2006

CERTIFICATE - III

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Planning and Designing of Kalora-II Micro-Watershed Using Remote Sensing and GIS” submitted by Mr. Hasmukh Kumar to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Soil and Water conservation Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. H. K. Mittal) (Dr. R. S. Singh) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. R. C. Purohit) (Dr. P. K. Singh) (Dr. S. S. Sisodia) Advisor Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. Virendra Kumar) (Dr. R.C. Purohit) Dean, CTAE Head Department of SWE

Approved Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur EFFECT OF SHAPES ON KINETICS OF FLUIDIZED BED DRYING OF POTATO

vkyq ds vkdkj dk ¶yqMkbTM csM+kq”du dh xfr ’kkL= ij izHkko

SUSHANT BALASAHEB BAKAL

THESIS Master of Engineering In Agricultural Engineering (Processing and Food Engineering)

2007

DEPARTMENT OF PROCESSING & FOOD ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJ.)

ABSTRACT

Potato is an important food crop. It is the fourth highest crop produced in the world. India ranks fourth in area, fourth in production. The demand of potato is increasing day by day, due to population growth and food habit changes due to fast life style. Therefore processing of potato in an optimum way is necessary.

Hot air drying is commonly used practice for the drying of potato. Information is scanty on its drying kinetics with respect to shape and size. Placing the above view forth, this research work on effect of shapes on drying kinetics of fluidized bed drying of potato was undertaken. A laboratory fluid bed dryer was used, which was very convenient for drying of pieces of vegetables. Locally available potato was used in present study. The potatoes were peeled and cut in to aspect ratio1:1 (5 mm × 5 mm × 5mm), 1:2 (5 mm × 5 mm × 10 mm) and 1:3 (5 mm × 5 mm × 15 mm) for cuboidal shape and for cylindrical shape, cut to D:L ratio 1:1 (5 mm × 5 mm), 1:2 (5 mm × 10 mm) and 1:3 (5 mm × 15 mm). The potatoes were immersed, immediately after cutting in a sodium meta-bi-sulphite solution (0.1% w/w) for 15 min to prevent browning which may otherwise take place during drying. The effect of process variables such as shape and air drying temperature was studied. A constant air velocity 3.60 m/s was used throught the experiment. The commonly used drying models such as Exponential and Page equation were fitted to drying data of potato to find their suitability.

The initial moisture content of the potato was 4.20 g H2O/g of dry matter. The complete drying took place in the falling rate period. It was inferred from the study that drying time was reduced as temperature increased for both the aspect ratio and D:L ratio. Effective moisture diffusivity increased as the aspect ratio and D:L ratio increased. The diffusion coefficient during the air drying were also determined and found that diffusivity varied from 2.278 x 10-09 to 3.314 x 10-08 m2/s. As temperature increased, effective moisture diffusivity also increased. Drying constant (k) value in Exponential and Page model were calculated using Marquardt method of non-linear regression procedure in SY-STAT (12.0) which showed that the drying constant “k” decreased as aspect ratio and D:L ratio increased. Page model gave better fit than Exponential model. Energy activation from diffusivity data were found close to the energy activation from drying data.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: 4th September, 2007

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Effect of shapes on kinetics of fluidized bed drying of potato.” submitted by Mr. Sushant Balasaheb Bakal to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in agricultural engineering in the subject of Processing and Food Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. G. P. Sharma Dr. R. C. Verma Major Advisor Advisor

Dr. S. K. Jain Dr. P. K. Singh Advisor DRI Nominee

Dr. G. P. Sharma Dr. Virendra Kumar Head Dean, Processing & Food Engineering Deptt. C T A E, Udaipur

Approved Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur EFFECT OF SHAPES ON KINETICS OF FLUIDIZED BED DRYING OF POTATO

vkyq ds vkdkj dk ¶yqMkbTM csM+ ‘kq”du dh xfr ’kkL= ij izHkko

SUSHANT BALASAHEB BAKAL

THESIS Master of Engineering In Agricultural Engineering (Processing and Food Engineering)

2007

DEPARTMENT OF PROCESSING & FOOD ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJ.)

ABSTRACT

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: 4th September, 2007

CERTIFICATE – III

Dr. G. P. Sharma Dr. R. C. Verma Major Advisor Advisor

Dr. S. K. Jain Dr. P. K. Singh Advisor DRI Nominee

Dr. G. P. Sharma Dr. Virendra Kumar Head Dean, Processing & Food Engineering Deptt. C T A E, Udaipur

Approved Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur ESTIMATION OF REFERENCE CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

UNDER CLIMATIC CONDITION OF UDAIPUR

FOR RABI MAIZE mn;iqj dh tyok;q esa jch eDdk ds lanHkZ Qly ok"iksRltZu dk vkadyu

MS. KAUTE MANISHA HARKU

THESIS MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING)

2008

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, vuq{ksi.k

d`f"k esa Qly dh tykiwfrZ ds fy;s fo'ks"kdj ty vR;f/kd egRoiw.kZ izkd`frd lalk/ku gSA ty dk eq[; L=ksr fulansg o"kkZ gSA jktLFkku dk nf{k.k if'peh {ks= mn;iqj] ftls v/;;u {ks= ds fy, pquk x;k gS] ;g vkaf'kd 'kq"d gS vkSj ftldh vkSlr okf"kZd o"kkZ 666-5 feyhfeVj gSA vr% fdlh {ks= ds fy;s fdlh Hkh Qly dh o`f) dky esa ty dh vko';d ek=k dks tkuus gsrq ok"iksRltZu vkadyu egRoiw.kZ gSA

izLrqr v/;;u mn;iqj dh tyok;q esa jch] eDdk ds lkIrkfgd o ekfld lanHkZ Qly ok"iksRltZu dk fu/kkZj.k vkSj ewY;kadu fd;k x;k gSA lanHkZ ok"iksRltZu vkadyu ds fy, ,Q , vks 56 isueu eksUVhFk dk mi;ksx esa fd;k x;k gSA tyok;q foKku ds vkadM+s izk|ksfxdh ,oa vfHk;kaf=dh egkfo|ky] mn;iqj esa fLFkr ekSle foKku ds oS/k'kkyk ls fy;s x;s gSA

lkIrkfgd vf/kdre o U;wure ds lanHkZ esa ok"iksRlZtu Øe'k% 12-11 feyhfeVj izfr fnu vkSj 0-99 feyhfeVj izfr fnu ik;s x;s gSA lkFk gh vkSlr ek/; lkIrkfgd vf/kdre o

U;wure ds lanHkZ ok"iksRltZu Øe'k% 9-09 feyhfeVj izfr fnu vkSj 1.8 feyhfeVj izfr fnu ik;s x;s gSA ekfld vf/kdre o U;wure ds lanHkZ ok"iksRlZtu Øe'k% 11-6 feyhfeVj izfr fnu vkSj 1-59 feyhfeVj izfr fnu ik;s x;s gSA lkFk gh vkSlr ek/; ekfld vf/kdre o

U;wure ds lanHkZ ok"iksRltZu Øe'k% 9-02 feyhfeVj izfr fnu vkSj 0-4 feyhfeVj izfr fnu ik;s x;s gSA

lanHkZ ok"iksRltZu dh lacaf/kr nj dks fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy, vko`fr fo'ys"k.k laHkkouk vk/kkj ij fd;k x;kA lkekU;r% iz;qDr forj.k tSls ukWjey (xkWf'k;u)] ykWx ukWjey (ykWx xkWf'k;u)] xWek] xEcsy (vf/kdre ewY; izdkj&I) vkSj osC;qy (vf/kdre ewY; izdkj&III) vkSj vf/kdre dh rqyuk djrs gq, vkadMksaaa ds vuqdwy rqqyuk dh xbZA dksbZ Hkh ,d laHkkouk lHkh lkIrkfgd vkSj ekfld ekSle foKku laca/kh vkadM+ksa ds fy;s csgrj ugha ikbZ xbZA ;|fi mn;iqj ds ekSle foKku lIrkg dh vf/kdre la[;k ds fy;s ukWjey laHkkouk forj.k mfpr ik;k x;kA blh rjg ykWx ukWjey vkSj xWek laHkkouk forj.k mn;iqj ds ekg dh vf/kdre la[;k ds fy;s vuqdwy ik;s x;sA

lkIrkfgd vkSj ekfld lanHkZ ok"iksRltZu ds visf{kr ewY; 10] 20] 30] 40] 50] 60] 70] 80 vkSj 90 izfr'kr laHkkouk Lrj ij izkIr gq,] ftUgsa mn;iqj ds fy, ys[kkfp= vkSj lkj.kh ds :i esa iznf'kZr fd;k x;kA ;g ewY; dk mi;ksx ty L=ksr ifj;kstuk ds izk;kstd vkSj :ijs[kk fu/kkZjd vkSj flapkbZdŸkkZ dj ldrs gSA

jch eDdk dk ok"iksRltZu e`nk ty fo%'ks"k.k ;d`fr ls Hkh ekik x;kA ;g ifj{k.k izk|ksfxdh ,oa vfHk;kaf=dh egkfo|ky;] mn;iqj ds izf'k{k.k QkeZ ij fd;k x;kA eDdk dk miHkksx 543-69 feyhfeVj tcfd Qly ds fy;s ty dh vko';drk 581-77 feyhfeVj ikbZ xbZA

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING,

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY,

UDAIPUR

Dated: 20/10/2008

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Estimation of reference crop evapotranspiration under Climatic conditions of Udaipur for rabi maize.” submitted by Ms. Kaute Manisha Harku to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in agricultural engineering in the subject of Irrigation Water Management Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. H. K. Mittal) (Dr. S.R.Bhakar)

Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr.H.K.Jain) (Dr. R.C. Purohit) Advisor Professor & Head Department of Soil and Water Engineering

(Dr. Virendra Kumar)

Dean C.T.A.E., Udaipur Approved Director Resident Instruction TIME DEPENDENT RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GUAVA JAM

ve:n tSe ds dky vk/kkfjr izokg y{k.k

ROOPA BAI R.S

THESIS Master of Engineering In Agricultural Engineering (Processing and Food Engineering)

2008

DEPARTMENT OF PROCESSING & FOOD ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJ.)

ABSTRACT

Guava often called as ‘Poor man’s apple’ because it is cheap and easily available. Guava is valued for its characteristic flavour as well as rich nutritional qualities. Jam is an intermediate moisture food containing fruit pulp, pectin, sugar and citric acid. The rheological properties are useful in determining ingredient functionality in the product development, quality control and correlation of sensory data. In the present investigation the effect of sugar, pectin, temperature and shear rate was studied on time dependent rheological characteristics of the guava jam.

The guava jam was prepared by various combinations of pupl sugar ratio (1:0.8, 1:1 and 1:1.2) and pectin content (0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 per cent). The viscosity of the guava jam was measured using Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) at various shear rates (5, 10 and 15rps) and different temperatures (30, 40 and 50oC). Weltaman; Hahn; and Figoni and Shoemaker models were applied to describe the time dependent flow properties of guava jam. The viscosity of the guava jam at a particular time of shearing depended on the shear rate, temperature and concentration. Guava jam exhibited thixotropic behaviour. The viscosity of the guava jam decreased with increase in temperature and shear rate and increased with increased in sugar and pectin concentration. Hahn model described adequately the rheological characteristics of guava jam.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: /10/ 2008

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Time dependent rheological characteristics of guava jam” submitted by Miss. Roopa Bai R.S to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in subject of Agricultural Engineering (Processing and Food Engineering) after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. S. K. Jain Dr. G. P. Sharma Major Advisor Advisor

Dr. R. C. Verma Dr. H. K. Jain Advisor Advisor

Dr. G. P. Sharma Dr. Virendra Kumar Head Dean, Processing & Food Engineering Deptt. C AE, Udaipur

Approved Directorate Resident Instructions MPUAT, Udaipur

GIS ASSISTED IRRIGATION PLANNING IN SOM-KAGDAR COMMAND AREA

Lkkse dkxnj deku {ks= esa HkkSxksfyd lwpuk iz.kkyh }kjk flapkbZ fu;kstu

Dhole Vaishali Vijayrao

THESIS Master of Engineering In AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING (Irrigation Water Management Engineering)

2008 DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313 001 ABSTRACT

Land and water are the major resources for agriculture. Besides various other uses of water, the largest use of water is made for irrigation. To irrigate more area and achieve maximum benefits from the area, it is necessary to use water and land efficiently and optimally. Geographical Information System have been successful in the field of water resources. In view of this, the present study was undertaken to generate the digital database of land use, well location, commanded area under each distributary and canal network of Som- Kagdar irrigation project using GIS Techniques.

The crop water requirements for the major Rabi crops viz. wheat, barley and gram were computed by Penman-Monteith method using computer program ‘CROPWAT’. Distributary wise water supply and water demand was estimated for water balance analysis. The performance was evaluated using the adequacy and relative water supply indicators. These indicators were calculated for the ten distributaries for the 5-month irrigation period of Rabi season. Data ware collected from field and irrigation department. The analysis of results indicated inadequate and inequitable canal supply mainly at tail distributaries of both LMC and RMC. The values of performance parameter derived have shown the performance as good to fair in head and fair to poor in middle and poor in tail reaches of LMC and RMC respectively. This inequitable distribution is partly due to physical state of system and partly due to improper operation and management of canal system.

A linear programming irrigation planning model was developed considering three specific objectives viz. production maximization, net benefit maximization and labour employment maximization and is experimented for various levels of surface water availabilities i.e. no of canal running days in a season (70,80,90,100,110 & 120days). The optimal cropping pattern derived for 120 days canal running indicated that the net benefit, production and labour employment are increased by 18.75 per cent, 16.53 per cent and 16.58 per cent respectively as compared to existing cropping pattern. For 110 days canal running indicated that the net benefit, production and labour employment is increased by 17.64 per cent, 14.68 per cent and 15.01 per cent respectively as compared to existing cropping pattern. The model is also implemented for conjunctive use of surface water (80 days of canal running) and ground water and results have indicated 12.73 percent increase in food production, 10.36 percent increase in net benefit and 13.06 percent increase in labour employment.

96 COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR- 313001

Dated: 17 /10/2008

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “GIS Assisted Irrigation Planning in Som- Kagdar Command Area” submitted by Ms. Dhole Vaishali Vijayrao to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in agricultural engineering in the subject of Irrigation Water Management Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on her thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. Mahesh kothari) (Dr. R.C.Purohit)

Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. B.P. Nandwana) (Dr. R.C.Purohit) Advisor HEAD Department of S.W.E.

(Dr. Virendra Kumar) Approved Dean, C.T.A.E. Directorate Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

97 EVALUATION OF MICRO-SPRINKLER CHARACTERISTICS UNDER

VARIOUS OPERATING CONDITIONS

lw{e {ks= QOokjk ds xq.kksa dk fofHkUu ifjpkfyr voLFkkvksa esa ewY;kadu

Vinod Gajananrao Nimkale

THESIS MASTER OF ENGINEERING

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING)

2008

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR - 313 001 (RAJASTHAN) ABSTRACT

The performance characteristics of micro-sprinkler have been evaluated under various operating conditions in respect of pressure discharge relationship, precipitation pattern and field performance in terms of uniformity coefficient, emission uniformity, and distribution uniformity.

Suitable operating pressure and spacing between micro-sprinklers have been tested at operating pressure ranging from 0.75 to 2.0 kg/cm2 for pressure-discharge relationship as well as

uniformity coefficient, emission uniformity and distribution uniformity. The experiment were

conducted the pressure ranges from (1.0 to 2.5 kg/cm2) for precipitation pattern treatment and micro-sprinkler spacing of 1.5 x 1.5 m, 2.25 x 2.25 m, 3.0 x 3.0 m and 3.75 x 3.75 m under low wind speed condition. Pressure discharge relationship has been developed in the form of power type equation Q = 44.45 P0.78. Precipitation pattern was found to be flat elliptical type at low

operating pressure and it gradually changed to triangular type with increase in pressure. The

emission uniformity was found to be more than 90 %. The uniformity coefficient and distribution

uniformity increased with increasing operating pressure and decreased with increase in micro- sprinkler spacing. It was conducted based on operating condition that the micro-sprinkler should

be operated at a pressure range of 1.5 to 2.0 kg/cm2 and at spacing of 1.5 x 1.5 m.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: 18/12/ 2008

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Evaluation of Micro-Sprinkler Characteristics under Various Operating Conditions.” submitted by Mr. Vinod Gajananrao Nimkale to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in agricultural engineering in the subject of Irrigation Water Management Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. S. R. Bhakar) (Dr. H. K. Mittal) (Dr. B. Upadhyay)

Major Advisor Advisor Advisor

(Dr. Virendra Kumar) (Dr. R.C.Purohit)

Dean, C.T.A.E. Professor & HEAD

Department of S.W.E.

Approved

Director Resident Instruction

MPUAT, Udaipur

ESTIMATION OF REFERENCE CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

UNDER CLIMATIC CONDITION OF UDAIPUR

FOR RABI MAIZE mn;iqj dh tyok;q esa jch eDdk ds lanHkZ Qly ok"iksRltZu dk vkadyu

MS. KAUTE MANISHA HARKU

THESIS

MMAASSTTEERR OOFF EENNGGIINNEEEERRIINNGG IN

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING)

2008

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY,

UDAIPUR-313001 (RAJASTHAN) vuq{ksi.k

lkIrkfgd vf/kdre o U;wure ds lanHkZ esa ok"iksRlZtu Øe'k% 12-11 feyhfeVj izfr fnu vkSj 0-99 feyhfeVj izfr fnu ik;s x;s gSA lkFk gh vkSlr ek/; lkIrkfgd vf/kdre o U;wure ds lanHkZ ok"iksRltZu Øe'k% 9-09 feyhfeVj izfr fnu vkSj 1.8 feyhfeVj izfr fnu ik;s x;s gSA ekfld vf/kdre o U;wure ds lanHkZ ok"iksRlZtu

Øe'k% 11-6 feyhfeVj izfr fnu vkSj 1-59 feyhfeVj izfr fnu ik;s x;s gSA lkFk gh vkSlr ek/; ekfld vf/kdre o U;wure ds lanHkZ ok"iksRltZu Øe'k% 9-02 feyhfeVj izfr fnu vkSj 0-4 feyhfeVj izfr fnu ik;s x;s gSA

dksbZ Hkh ,d laHkkouk lHkh lkIrkfgd vkSj ekfld ekSle foKku laca/kh vkadM+ksa ds fy;s csgrj ugha ikbZ xbZA ;|fi mn;iqj ds ekSle foKku lIrkg dh vf/kdre la[;k ds fy;s ukWjey laHkkouk forj.k mfpr ik;k x;kA blh rjg ykWx ukWjey vkSj xWek laHkkouk forj.k mn;iqj ds ekg dh vf/kdre la[;k ds fy;s vuqdwy ik;s x;sA

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING,

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY,

UDAIPUR

Dated: 20/10/2008

CERTIFICATE – III

(Dr. H. K. Mittal) (Dr. S.R.Bhakar)

Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr.H.K.Jain) (Dr. R.C. Purohit) Advisor Professor & Head Department of Soil and Water Engineering

(Dr. Virendra Kumar) Dean C.T.A.E., Udaipur Approved Director Resident Instruction DEVELOPMENT OF A MANUALLY OPERATED MANGO DICING MACHINE

,d ekuo pfyr vke la{ksid ;a= dk fodkl

T. M. R. DISSANAYAKE

THESIS Master of Engineering In Agricultural Engineering (Processing and Food Engineering)

2009

DEPARTMENT OF PROCESSING & FOOD ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJ.)\ ABSTRACT

Pickling is one of the old methods of food preservation. Dicing is most important operation in mango pickle making process. Manual labour is mostly used in cottage and small scale mango pickle processing industry for dicing operation. The mangoes are available only for short period. Hence, hiring labour for short period is difficult due to labour scarcity and higher labour incurs higher cost. Also manual cutting is unhygienic and poses danger to operators. Therefore, a research project was undertaken to develop a manually operated mango dicing machine with a view to introducing for cottage level and small scale pickle industry in India.

The physical characteristics of two mango varieties namely length, breadth, thickness and weight were determined. These dimensions are very important in determining the size of blades, height of the blades particularly spacing blades and number of diced mangos expected from an average fruit. The spatial dimensions viz., length, breadth and thickness of mangos were determined. The data revealed that the mango of desikeri-1 variety has mean length (67.3± 4.6 mm), breadth (56.7± 3.5 mm) and thickness (49.9± 2.6 mm), while the mango of desikeri-2 variety has mean length (89.8 ± 7.8 mm), breadth (64.8 ± 3.3 mm) and thickness (58.7 ± 4.3 mm). The mean weight of desikeri-1variety was 108.031± 17.213 g and that of desikeri-2 variety was 186.083± 28.343 g.

The developed mango dicer simulates the traditional method of mango dicing, consisting of main frame, cutting blade assembly, lever mechanism, feeding and discharging hoppers. The performance of machine was evaluated in terms of capacity, dicing efficiency, breakage percentage, percentage of loss and size of diced mango. The dicer was tested using two mango varieties of 'desikeri'. The capacity, dicing efficiency, breakage percentage and percentage of loss pertaining to the mango dicing machine are 25.75 kg/h, 87.10 %, 1.74 % and 0.69 % respectively. The average size of diced mangos was 36.71±3.3 mm (L) x 33.34±3.0 mm (B) x 14.86±2.1 mm (t) for desikeri-1 variety and that of desileri-2 variety was 41.91± 4.7 mm (L) x 28.53±8.2 mm (B) x 16.79±2.4 mm (t). The mechanical cutting is faster to handle large quantities, hygienic and safe. This machine does not require any special skill to operate and no electrical power is required to operate. Hence, this machine is very useful for pickle industries having 200-250 kg per day capacity especially at off grid locations.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: 24th January 2009

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Development of a manually operated mango dicing machine” submitted by Mr. T.M.R. Dissanayake to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in agricultural engineering in the subject of Processing and Food Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. R. C. Verma Dr. G. P. Sharma Major Advisor Advisor

Dr. L. K. Murdia Dr. S. R. Bhakar Advisor Advisor

Dr. G. P. Sharma Dr. Virendra Kumar Head, Dean, Processing & Food Engineering Deptt. CTAE, Udaipur

Approved Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

STUDIES ON GROUNDWATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT BY USING GIS

HkkSxksfyd lwpuk iz.kkyh }kjk Hkw&ty lalk/kuksa ds izcU/k dk

v/;;u

Nishtha

THESIS Master of Engineering In AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING (Soil and Water Conservation Engineering)

2009

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313 001(Raj.) ABSTRACT

Groundwater is a precious resource of limited extent. A systematic planning of groundwater exploitation using modern techniques is essential for the proper utilization and management of this precious but shrinking natural resource. In the present study, Geographical Information System (GIS) is used to integrate multiparametric data to generate several thematic maps, delineate groundwater potential zones and identify sites of artificial recharge in the Ahar River Basin, Udaipur, Rajasthan (India). The thematic layers considered to delineate groundwater potential zones are geomorphology, recharge, depth to groundwater level, soil, slope, topographic elevation and transmissivity, which were prepared using conventional maps and data. All these themes and their individual features were then assigned weights according to their relative importance in groundwater occurrence and the corresponding normalized weights were obtained based on the Saaty’s analytical hierarchy process. The thematic layers were finally added using ILWIS software to yield groundwater potential zone map of the study area. Thus, three different groundwater potential zones were identified viz., ‘good’, ‘moderate’ and ‘poor’. The area having ‘good’ groundwater potential is about 152.6 km2 which is about 44% of the total study area. The thematic layers used in this study to determine artificial recharge zones are transmissivity, recharge, groundwater level (post-monsoon), topographic elevation, soil and slope. These layers were combined using boolean logic analysis to delineate zones of suitability for artificial recharge structures. The area suitable for artificial recharge is 44.6 km2 which is 12.7% of the total study area.

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR- 313001

Dated: / /2009

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Studies on Groundwater Resources Management By Using GIS” submitted by Ms. Nishtha to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in agricultural engineering in the subject of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. Arun Sharma) (Er. Deepesh Machiwal)

Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. S.S. Sisodia) Advisor

(Dr. Virendra Kumar) (Dr. R.C.Purohit)

Dean, C.T.A.E. HEAD

Department of S.W.E.

Approved

(DR. S.C. Bhandari)

Director Resident Instruction

MPUAT, Udaipur

MODIFICATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF WATER HYACINTH CHOPPER CUM CRUSHER FOR CHOPPING OF SORGHUM (SORGHUM BI COLOR)

eDdk ds nkus fudkyus ds ekuo pfyr ;a=ksa dk ,x¨Zu¨fed eqY;kadu

BY VIVEK P. PATHAK

THESIS

MASTER OF ENGINEERING

In AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING (Farm Machinery and Power Engineering)

2009

DEPARTMENT OF FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJ.)

ABSTRACT In the dry land areas of Rajasthan Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is the main crop. Sorghum is mainly sown as food grain in south-east part of Rajasthan, which includes Kota, Bundi, and area near to Madhya Pradesh border and this region contributes 40 per cent of the total production. Sorghum is sown for food grain as well as fodder crop in Udaipur, Bhilwara, Alwar, Bharatpur, Ajmer and some region of Chittorgarh district which contributes 30 per cent of total production. Sorghum is the main crop on livestock farms and used to feed the cattles as a green fodder. In the country, out of total sowing area of 9204 ha of Sorghum 10 per cent area is under cultivation in Rajasthan. The chief objective of the proposed work is to develop a machine in order to reduce the bulk of the forage crop and make it transportable with minimum storage space and cost. The chopped material can also be feed easily to the cattle. This study was divided into three phases. In the first phase the feasibility of available water hyacinth chopper cum crusher was tested for the chopping of sorghum and modified. In the second phase the different cylindrical cutters were selected and fabricated. During the last phase, their performance was evaluated for per cent volume reduction and power requirement for chopping of Sorghum. On the basis of preliminary trials of water hyacinth chopper cum crusher for chopping of Sorghum drawings of a modified Sorghum chopper was prepared in AutoCAD. The system was fabricated at CTAE workshop and a testing plan was developed for its performance evaluation. The performance of the developed system was evaluated on the basis of its ability to per cent volume reduction and cutting power required for chopping of sorghum crop. Four levels of independent variables namely feed rate (1250, 1500, 1750 and 2000 kg/h), cutter speed (13.4, 14.4, 15.4 and 16.4 m/s), and three cutters (cylindrical cutter, spiral cutter and forage cutter) were selected and tested. It was found that with the increase in feed rate and speeds of cutter the per cent volume reduction increased. Models were developed for per cent volume reduction and cutting power requirement and were found significant at 99 per cent confidence level. Analysis of variance shows that the combined effect of all three independent parameters (feed rate, cutter speed and cutters) was not found significant on per cent volume reduction where as the two variable and three variable interactions shows the significant change in power requirement. Combined equations were also developed for per cent volume reduction and power requirement by using regression technique. The results shows that the modified machine can reduce the per cent volume of sorghum up to 76 per cent at the feed rate of 2000 kg/h and cutter speed of 16.4 m/s when forage cutter is in use whereas; cylindrical and spiral cutter gives 68 and 61 per cent at the same cutter speed and feed rate. The minimum cutting power requirement was found when spiral cutter is operated at minimum speed of 13.4 m/s and feed rate 1250 kg/h where as the maximum power is consumed by the cylindrical cutter with all levels of feed rates and cutter speeds. This may be because that the weight and diameter of cylindrical cutter was more as compare to spiral and forage cutter. At last it can be concluded that the modified chopper gives best results with forage cutter at the feed rate of 2000 kg/h and cutter speed of 16.4 m/s. MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: 14/07/2009

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Modification and Performance Evaluation of Water Hyacinth Chopper Cum Crusher for chopping of Sorghum” submitted by Mr. Vivek P. Pathak to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in agricultural engineering in the subject of Farm Machinery And Power Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. S. M. Mathur) (Dr. Dr. Y. C. Bhatt)

Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. A. K. Mehta) Advisor

(Dr. Virendra Kumar) (Dr. Ravi Mathur) Dean, C.T.A.E. HEAD Department of FMPE

Approved Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

STUDIES ON TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF CARROT FORTIFIED SOY BISCUITS

xktj laof/kZr lks;k fcfLdV ds lajpukRed y{k.kksa dk v/;;u

DARSHAN M. B.

THESIS Master of Engineering In Agriculture (Processing and Food Engineering)

2009

DEPARTMENT OF PROCESSING & FOOD ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJ.)

ABSTRACT

Vitamin fortification is an area of current interest because of nutritional awareness of consumers, government guidelines and changing demographics. Efforts were made to prepare biscuits having different combinations of carrot powder fortified with soy flour in order to enhance the nutritional value. Heat and mass transfer coefficients during baking process of biscuits were studied. Textural and nutritional qualities of biscuits were also analysed.

Biscuits from blend of maida, soy flour and carrot powder were prepared by mixing them in different proportions viz., 60%+30%+10% (A1), 60%+20%+20% (A2) and 60%+10%+30% (A3). The biscuits were baked in a thermally controlled oven at temperature of 140 oC for 30 min. The data on change in physical properties of biscuits recorded during baking was used for estimation of convective heat and mass transfer coefficients. The convective heat transfer coefficients for all -2 o -1 combinations were almost similar as 18.9 W m C and mass transfer coefficients varied from 6.81 x -12 -12 2 10 to 10.15 x 10 kg.mol/m sPa. The goodness of the model for biscuit A2 described with 2 coefficient of determination (r ) 0.885 and root mean square error (Erms) 0.37.

The prepared biscuits were subjected to textural analysis and compared with the control biscuit containing 60% maida and 40% soy flour obtained from local market. Biscuit sample A2 having equal proportions of soy flour and carrot powder were found firm and crispier than other combinations. The hardness and fracturability of biscuits were greatly affected by the composition i.e., soy flour and carrot powder. The biscuits having high percentage of soy flour had maximum hardness. As the level of carrot powder increased from 0 to 30%, the hardness of the biscuit reduced and vice versa. The more crispness or crunchiness obtained for the biscuits made by equal proportions of soy flour and carrot powder.

Colour, texture, taste and overall acceptability of biscuits were found better in treatment A2, whereas, flavour and appearance were almost same for all the three combinations. The amounts of

protein, fat and fibre were maximum for sample A1, whereas, carbohydrates and minerals were rich in sample A3. The moisture content of biscuits was ranged from 0.043 to 0.050 g H2O/g DM and β- carotene ranged from 14 to 16 μg/100 g of sample.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: 3rd August, 2009

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Studies on textural properties of Carrot fortified Soy Biscuits” submitted by Mr. Darshan M. B. to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in the subject of Agriculture (Processing and Food Engineering) was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

G. P. Sharma, Ph.D. R. C. Verma, Ph.D. Major Advisor Advisor

S. K. Jain, Ph.D. L. K. Murdia, Ph.D. Advisor Advisor

G. P. Sharma, Ph.D Virendra Kumar, Ph.D Head Dean, Processing & Food Engineering Deptt. C T A E, Udaipur

Approved Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION BEHAVIOUR OF JATROPHA OIL CAKE

FOR BIOGAS PRODUCTION

BY ASHOK KUMAR. B

THESIS MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING (RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING)

2009

DEPARTMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY,

UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN)

ABSTRACT

The present investigation was undertaken to explore the biogas potentiality from the fermentation of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas, Euphorbiaceae) Oil Cake (JOC) in laboratory study and in a pilot set-up of flexible balloon stirring digester. Laboratory experiment was carried out in semi-continuous metallic fermenters with JOC and water (1:3 ratio) and it was found that process parameters like pH, C/N ratio, total solids and volatile solids were well within the desirable limit during its operation. Average volatile solids reduction of 26.70 per cent was observed in its 40 days HRT period. Total volume of dry biogas produced was recorded as 799.27 litre which is on average 19.98 litre per day. Flexible Balloon Stirring Digester (FBSD) operative on JOC was designed, installed and tested in the field study. The digester was made up of flexible rubberized nylon fabric coated with neoprene on the inner side and hypalon on the outer side. These special coatings with nylon provided adequate weatherability against harmful radiations and excellent resistivity against chemicals and oils .i.e. it fulfilled the shortcomings of nylon. A stirring unit was developed and incorporated in the plant which was highly effective in maintaining the homogeneity of slurry throughout its operation. Total solid content of effluent slurry from the FBSD was found to be around 7.5 per cent which was quite homogenous and had good liquidity to flow and no problem occurred at outlet. The average pH of the fresh slurry and digested slurry was 7.32 and 7.83 respectively. The average biogas production per day, in its 12 week period of operation, was 1616.62 litre (229.30 l/kg dm) while the average dry biogas production per day was 1222.62 litre (173.42 l/kg dm). The average methane content of the biogas produced was 65.75 per cent. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of the slurry before and after digestion was measured at every 20 intervals. The per cent nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of the slurry increased in a range of 3.13 to 5.18 %, 1.94 to 2.54 % and 1.23 to 1.89 % respectively which were much higher than that of fresh cattle dung.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated:

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “ Anaerobic digestion behaviour of Jatropha Oil Cake for biogas production” submitted by Mr. Ashok Kumar. B to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in agricultural engineering in the subject of Renewable Energy Engineering, was approved after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. A.K. Kurchania) (Dr. Nafisa Ali) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. N. K. Jain) (Dr. A. K. Kurchania)

Advisor HEAD

Department of R.E.S.

(Dr. Virendra Kumar)

Dean, C.T.A.E.

Approved

Director Resident Instruction

MPUAT, Udaipur

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL CONVECTION SOLAR

TUNNEL DRYER FOR DRYING OF STEVIA LEAVES

LVhfo;k dh ifŸk;ksa ds 'kq"dhdj.k gsrq izkd`frd laogfud lkSj xqQkuqek 'kq"dj dh jpuk ,oa fodkl

Thesis submitted to the

Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

The Degree of

MASTER OF ENGINEERING in AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING (RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING)

DEVDAS G. SHINDE 2009 ABSTRACT The solar tunnel dryer of 250 kg capacity per batch is designed and developed at the M/s Nagneshia Herbal Farm, Village-Odvadia, Post-Devra, Tehsil- Ghatol, and District-Banswara. The dryer had rectangular base structure of size 7.5m x 8m with hemispherical roof of maximum ceiling height 3m. The frame made up of hoops of GI pipes, over which 200 micron UV stabilized polythene sheet is wrapped. One end of the frame consists of door of 1.6m x 0.75m size for loading and unloading the material and free space movement. Four chimneys of 12 cm diameter and 56 cm height were installed for producing draft in the dryer. A provision of north wall of size 8m x 2m was also provided to minimize heat loss. The tests were conducted from 8:00 to 18:00 hrs in the month of March and hourly data were recorded. The performance of solar tunnel dryer was evaluated for two conditions viz. no load condition and full load condition with Stevia leaves. These tests were carried out to know the trend of various operating parameters such as temperature, solar insolation, relative humidity and moisture content of Stevia leaves inside and outside the solar tunnel dryer. During no load condition, the maximum and minimum temperature inside the solar tunnel dryer in the month of March was 71.70C and 26.10C respectively; while the corresponding maximum and minimum ambient temperature was 39.90C and 23.70C respectively. It is observed that there is increment of 31.80C temperature inside the solar tunnel dryer as compared to ambient temperature. The maximum and minimum solar insolation inside solar tunnel dryer during no load condition was 721 W/m2 and 142 W/m2 respectively; while maximum and minimum ambient solar insolation was 916 W/m2 and 241 W/m2 respectively. Similarly, during full load condition, the maximum and minimum temperature inside the solar tunnel dryer in the month of March was 68.70C and 27.10C respectively; while the corresponding maximum and minimum ambient temperature was 38.20C and 220C respectively. The average air temperature rise inside the solar tunnel dryer over ambient air temperature was 30.50C. The maximum and minimum solar insolation inside solar tunnel dryer during full load condition was 691 W/m2 and 124 W/m2 respectively; while maximum and minimum ambient solar insulation was 867 W/m2 and 221 W/m2 respectively. The Stevia leaves of initial moisture content 72.38 % (w.b.) were dried in solar tunnel dryer up to constant moisture content of 6.29 % (w.b.). The time required for this is 8 hours. The moisture content of Stevia leaves in open air drying was 13.86 % (w.b.). The time required for open air drying to reach moisture content up to 6% is 12 hours. The total cost of construction of solar tunnel dryer is Rs.65, 000/-. From economic analysis of designed dryer it is found that net present worth is Rs.908043.90/-and BC ration is 4.97. The payback period of dryer is 16.21 months.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: / /

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Design and development of natural convection solar tunnel dryer for drying of Stevia leaves” submitted by Mr. Devdas Ganpati Shinde to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in agricultural engineering in the subject of Renewable Energy Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. Surendra Kothari) (Dr.N. S. Rathore) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. N. K. Jain) (Er. N. L. Panwar) Advisor Advisor

(Dr. Virendra Kumar) (Dr. A. K. Kurchania) Dean, C.T.A.E. HEAD Department of R.E. S.

Approved Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

GROUNDWATER EXPLORATION USING ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY METHOD FOR AHAR RIVER BASIN, UDAIPUR vkgkj unh {ks= esa Hkwty ds fy, fo|qrh; jks/k i)fr ls vUos"k.k

AMOL SUBHASH DANI

THESIS MASTER OF ENGINEERING

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING)

2009

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY,

UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN) ABSTRACT

In order to have planned optimum utilization of groundwater resources and to prevent the failure of wells, it is necessary to evaluate the total groundwater recourses potential of an area. Ahar river basin in Udaipur district was chosen for study where tube wells and open wells are being drilled at random without any scientific consideration It was decided to carry out electrical resistivity survey in order to get the subsurface layer parameters, i. e. thickness and resistivities of different layers. This would lead to identification of the aquifer, establishment of its depth, thickness and lateral extent. It was further planned to identify groundwater levels at different places in study area. A total ten Vertical Electrical Soundings were carried out in area under study. The curves which mostly represented two layer situation were interpreted by curve matching technique Both results correlate with each other. Resistivity values were correlated to lithology giving representative geological section. Geophysical studies confirmed uniformity of geological formation in the area, therefore, the continuity of the aquifer through out the study area. First layer have thickness between 1 m to 4 m containing loamy sand, sand with quartz gravel. This layer has resistivity range 30-180 Ω -m. Second layer consisting of weathered greywacke and phyllite having resistivity range 60-360 Ω-m. Third layer consist of compact greywacke with quartzite. Groundwater level was identified from depth wise apparent resistivity data at all VES points. Groundwater level obtained from geo-electrical investigations sufficiently correlates with nearby wells at some VES points. Groundwater level is found in the range of 12 m to 22 m below ground level. For exploration of sub surface hydrogeology of study area and preparation of groundwater flow models, RockWorks2006 software was used. Groundwater flow pattern was estimated from groundwater flow models. Groundwater flows form Northeast to Southeast direction in study area.

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR- 313001

Dated: / /2009

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Groundwater exploration using electrical resistivity method for Ahar river basin, Udaipur” submitted by Mr. Amol Subhash Dani to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in agricultural engineering in the subject of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr.P.K. Singh) (Dr. R.C. Purohit)

Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. G.S. Bhardwaj) Advisor

(Dr. Virendra Kumar) (Dr. R.C. Purohit)

Dean, C.T.A.E. HEAD

Department of S.W.E.

Approved

Director Resident Instruction

MPUAT, Udaipur

OPTIMAL WATER MANAGEMENT FOR RIGHT MAIN CANAL COMMAND AREA OF RAJSAMAND IRRIGATION PROJECT

jktleUn flapkbZ ifj;kstuk dh nkbZ eq[; ugj ds flafpr {ks= gsrq b"Vre ty izca/ku

Pansare Kavita J.

THESIS Master of Engineering In Agricultural Engineering (Soil and Water Conservation Engineering)

2009

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313 001 ABSTRACT

Dhoinda minor is selected for study, which is located on Right main canal of Rajsamand irrigation project. Outlets wise performance was evaluated, using the adequacy, and relative water supply indicators. These indicators were calculated for the twenty four outlets for the 5-month irrigation period of Rabi season (2007-08). Data were collected from field and irrigation department. The analysis of results indicated inadequate and inequitable canal water supply mainly at tail end of minor. The values of performance parameter derived have shown the poor performance of the system and indicated that factors causing this problem are derived partly due to physical state of system and in partly due to improper operation and management. A linear programming irrigation planning model was developed considering three specific objectives viz. production maximization, net benefit maximization and labour employment maximization and is experimented for various levels of surface water availabilities i.e no. of canal running days in a month (i.e 21, 18, 15 and 12 days). The optimal cropping pattern derived for 21 days canal running indicated that the net benefit, production and labour employment are increased by 34.81 percent, 36.15 percent and 14.86 percent respectively compared to existing cropping pattern. Multi objective constraints method was also used for optimal planning. The constraints method is considered taking each objective as a main objective at a time. Constrint method show that the net benefit is increased by 14.86 percent, production is increased by 15.21 percent and labour employment is increased by 19.08 percent. The model is also implemented for conjunctive use of surface water (12 days canal running) and ground water and results have indicated 229.91 percent increase in production, 13.65 percent increase in net benefit and 16.07 percent increase in labour utilization. The model is also experimented to generate long term scenario of land allocations to various crop activities for year 2015and 2020sss.

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR- 313001

Dated: / /2009

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Optimal Water Management for Command Area of Right Main Canal of Command Area Of Rajsamand Irrigation Project” submitted by Ms. Pansare Kavita J. to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in agricultural engineering in the subject of Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on.

(Dr. Mahesh Kothri) (Dr. H.K.Mittal) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. S.S.Sisodia) Advisor

(Dr. Virendra Kumar) (Dr. R.C.Purohit)

Dean, C.T.A.E. HEAD

Department of S.W.E.

Approved

(DR.Maya Choudhary)

Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur DEVELOPMENT OF ROTATIONAL WATER ALLOCATION PLAN FOR RAJSAMAND RESERVOIR

jktlean flapkbZ ifj;kstuk ds fy, pØh; ty c¡Vokjk ;kstuk

dk fodkl

GEETANJALI MISHRA

THESIS Master of Engineering In Agricultural Engineering (Soil & Water Conservation Engineering)

2009

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313 001

ABSTRACT

The present study entitled Development of Rotational Water Allocation Plan for Rajsamand Reservoir was undertaken to develop a rotational water allocation plan on the basis of ET requirement of crops with reference to a command of RMC of Rajsamand dam situated on Gomti river in southern region.

Diagnostic analysis of water distribution system was conducted to study the operational problems in entire network of Right Main Canal and it was revealed that there is lack of knowledge in the farmers about optimum water requirements and it is not possible to continuous vigilance of canal system due to being lack of staff members in Irrigation Department. Canals were requiring maintenance to avoid from a large wastage of water as seepage through cracks but no action takes place on the behalf of Irrigation Department due to unavailability of maintenance funds.

Rotational water allocation plan on the basis of ET requirement of crops was developed for a command of RMC due to improper water distribution in the study area and found that there is necessity to improve the existing plan for the selected minor. This system leads to increased credibility and reliability, enhanced equity in water distribution, proper utilization of water resources and increased water use efficiency.

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR- 313001

Dated: / /2009

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled Development of Rotational Water Allocation Plan for Rajsamand Reservoir submitted by Ms.Geetanjali Mishra to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in agricultural engineering in the subject of Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on her thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. S.R. Bhakar) (Dr. P.K. Singh) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. H.K.Mittal ) Advisor

(Dr. Virendra Kumar) (Dr. R.C.Purohit) Dean, C.T.A.E. HEAD Department of SWE Approved

(DR. MAYA CHOUDHARY) Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

DEVELOPMENT OF RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT PREDICTION MODEL USING GEOMORPHIC PARAMETERS FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS OF MAHI CATCHMENT

ekgh ty foHkktd ds y?kq tyxzg.k {ks=ksa ls viokg ,oa volkn yfC/k laHkkO; ds fy;s Hkw&vkdkfjr izfr:idksa dh vuqfØ;k

YOGESH GUPTA

THESIS

Master of Engineering in AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING (Soil and Water Conservation Engineering)

2009

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR-313 001

ABSTRACT

Soil and water are the two most important resources available in the country but these resources are limited and In India land degradation is continuously become a problem after a lot of efforts. Most models available for computation of sediment yield of watersheds use inter-correlated geomorphic parameters of watersheds. The present study was undertaken to explore the geomorphological characteristics of the catchment of river Mahi , located with code no 21 the river basin map laying in the Rajasthan of India. Ten watersheds of this Mahi region were chosen for the present study. Several geomorphic parameters were evaluated from the contour maps and drainage maps of the watersheds. Based on the multicollinearity among the geomorphic parameters grouping in physically significant components were done.

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR- 313001

Dated: 03 /03/2010

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Development of Runoff and Sediment Prediction Model using Geomorphic Parameters for Small Watersheds of Mahi Catchment” submitted by Mr. Yogesh Gupta to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. Dharm Singh) (Dr. P. K. Singh) Advisor Major Advisor

(Dr. H. K. Mittal) Advisor

(Dr. V.K.Srivastava) (Dr. R.C. Purohit) Professor & Dean, C.T.A.E Head,000 Department of SWE

Approved:

Director Resident Instructions MPUAT, Udaipur

STOCHASTIC MODELLING OF GROUNDNUT EVAPOTRANSPIRATION UNDER CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF UDAIPUR

mn;iqj dh tyok;q esa eqax+Qyh dk ok"iu&ok"IkkssRltZu dk çfr#i.k

DEEPA ASOKAN

THESIS

MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING)

2010

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE

AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313001(RAJASTHAN) ABSTRACT

The study was undertaken to develop and evaluate evapotranspiration (ET) models for zaid and kharif groundnut under climatic conditions of Udaipur. Pan evaporation data for the duration of thirty two years (1978-2009) and measured zaid and kharif groundnut evapotranspiration data by soil moisture depletion method were analysed. A relationship was developed between zaid and kharif groundnut evapotranspiration and pan evaporation. The crop coefficient curves were developed for zaid and kharif groundnut by FAO-56 curve method, modified FAO-56 curve method and quadratic curve method. The performance of modified FAO-56 curve method was found to be better than FAO-56 curve method and quadratic curve method. Modelling of zaid and kharif groundnut evapotranspiration was made with the help of pan evaporation method. The performance of the methods based on crop coefficient for estimation of zaid and kharif groundnut was found to be better than pan evaporation method. The reference evapotranspiration (ET0) was estimated by Penman– Monteith FAO-56 method. The climatological data was taken from the Meteorological Observatory established at the instructional farm of College of Technology and Engineering, Udaipur. Models of zaid and kharif groundnut evapotranspiration rate and cumulative zaid and kharif groundnut evapotranspiration were developed on the basis of time and plant growth parameters, like leaf area index and plant height. A relationship was developed between leaf area index and plant height for zaid and kharif groundnut. The performance of all these models developed was found quite satisfactory under climatic conditions of Udaipur. Stochastic model was developed for the estimation of daily zaid and kharif groundnut evapotranspiration using thirty two years data (1978-2009). Validation of these developed models for zaid and kharif groundnut was done by the comparison of estimated values with measured values. The developed stochastic model for zaid and kharif groundnut evapotranspiration was found to predict the daily zaid and kharif groundnut evapotranspiration very accurately.

Keywords: Evapotranspiration, crop coefficient, leaf area index, zaid and kharif groundnut, modelling.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR – 313 001

Dated: 30/ 06/ 2010

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Stochastic Modelling of Groundnut Evapotranspiration under Climatic Conditions of Udaipur” submitted by Ms. Deepa Asokan to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on her thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. S. R. Bhakar) (Dr. Deepesh Machiwal) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. H. K. Jain) (Dr. R.C.Purohit) Advisor Professor and Head Department of Soil and Water Engineering

(Dr. R.C.Purohit) Professor and Dean Approved CTAE, Udaipur. Director Resident Instruction

OSMO MICROWAVE DRYING OF ONION SLICES

XokjikBk ds laokgd ,oa ijkljf.kd-lokagd 'kq"du ij v/;;u

SANDEEP BAABAN KALSE

THESIS Master of Engineering In Agricultural Engineering (Processing and Food Engineering)

2010

DEPARTMENT OF PROCESSING & FOOD ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJ.)

ABSTRACT

India ranks first in the world with 21% of the world area planted under onion. Presently, 35- 40% of onion is lost annually, due to lack of proper processing and storage facilities. Therefore in order to overcome these losses, the dehydration of onion is to be employed as one of the major processing operation, which reduces weight and volume, thereby, minimize transportation cost and increase in shelf life.

The present study is carried out to standardize the pretreatment of onion slices and study drying characteristics during microwave drying. After cleaning, sorting and slicing with average size of 4 mm onion slices were pre-osmosed with NaCl solution and then dried in microwave dryer.

The effect of process parameters during osmotic dehydration such as duration of osmosis, concentration and temperature of syrup on mass reduction, water loss and salt gain were studied. It was found that the mass reduction, water loss and salt gain increased with increase of syrup concentration and temperature. The water loss and salt gain during osmosis at 5, 12.5 and 20 ºBrix was varied in the range of 14.00 to 25.60 per cent, and 5.95 to 7.92 per cent at 25, 35, 45 and 55 º C temperatures respectively.

The moisture diffusivity varied in the range of 6.491 × 10-09 to 6.491 ×10-08 m²/s and 1.622 ×10-10 to 6.491 × 10-10 m²/s during microwave drying of unosmosed and osmosed onion samples. The power level and pretreatment as osmotic dehydration had a significant effect on the rehydration ratio, colour and water activity. The drying times of unosmosed and osmosed onions slices by microwave drying at 20, 40, 60, and 80 per cent power level were 15.86, 6.78, 5.3 and 3.2 hrs respectively and 6.03, 4, 3.13 and 2.08 hrs respectively. Quality of dried product in respect to colour, water activity and rehydration was superior. The osmo-microwave dehydrated samples were found more acceptable than microwave dried ones. The onion dried at 20 0Brix solution concentration, 55 0C osmosis temperature and 1.50 kW microwave power level was more acceptable on the basis of colour and rehydration.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: 21/07/2010

CERTIFICATE - III

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Osmo-Microwave Drying of Onion Slices.” submitted by Mr. Sandeep Baban Kalse to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in the subject of Agricultural Engineering (Processing and Food Engineering) after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination was satisfactory. We, therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Er. P. S. Champawat Major Advisor Dr. V. D. Mudgal Associate Professor & Head Deptt. of Processing & Food Engineering College of Technology & Engineering Udaipur

Dr. S. K. Jain Advisor

Dr. H. K. Jain Dean, Advisor College of Technology and Engineering, Udaipur . Approved Directorate Resident Instructions MPUAT, Udaipur

DEVELOPMENT OF ERGO-FRIENDLY HARVESTING SYSTEM FOR GUAVA (Psidium guajav) FRUIT

ve:n Qy gsrq ,xksZ&fe= dVkbZ iz.kkyh dk fodkl

BY HARSHAVARDHAN VASUDEO WADE

THESIS

MASTER OF ENGINEERING

In AGRICULTURAL (Farm Machinery and Power Engineering)

2010

DEPARTMENT OF FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJ.) ABSTRACT

Harvesting of fruits is an important operation in agricultural practice. Very little attention has been paid in ergonomically designing of agricultural tools for harvesting operation specially for fruits. A study was conducted to survey the existing traditional harvesting methods utilized for guava fruits in Udaipur region and to identify associated physical and physiological problems occured in guava fruit harvest. Based on the identified problems and to reduce physical working stress of farm workers in harvesting opeartion an Ergo-Friendly harvesting system was developed, which comprised of three components viz, harvesting tool, harvesting platform and collection bag.

Three methods viz. traditional, secateur and improved method were ergonomically evaluated with 12 male agricultural workers. Ergonomic evaluation was made on the basis of ODR, BPDS, heart rate and energy expenditure rate. The ODR value ranged from 4.7 to 6.4 and 3.1 to 4.3 and BPDS value ranged from 45 to 57 and 31 to 43 in traditional and improved method of guava fruits harvesting respectively. The mean working heart rate (HR) ranged from 98.70 to 102.02 beats/min and 89.49 to 91.39 beats/min and mean Δ HR value ranges from 21.00 to 26.35 beats/min and 14.27 to 18.69 beats/min for traditional and improved Guava harvesting methods, respectively. The mean energy expenditure rate was higher in traditional method (3.39 kcal/min) as compared to improved method (1.61 kcal/min). The improved harvesting technique resulted less fatigue to perform fruits harvesting operations than traditional harvesting method. The more output in terms of harvested fruits obtained in traditional method than improved method but considerable damage to fruits observed in traditional method as compare to improved method. Overall discomfort rate (ODR) and mean working heart rate (HR) were used to classify the level as discomfort and type of work amongst the workers. Harvesting with traditional method was observed to be moderately heavy mode of work with “fairly discomfort” while the harvesting with improved method could be classified under the category of moderate discomfort with light mode work.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: / /2010

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Development of Ergo-friendly harvesting system for Guava (psidium guajav ) fruit” submitted by Mr. Harshavardhan Vasudeo Wade to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. G. S. Tiwari) (Dr. A. K. Mehta)

Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. Sudir Jain) HEAD Advisor Department of F.M.P.E .

DEAN CTAE, MPUAT, Udaipur

Approved Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

INFLUENCE OF SYSTEM PARAMETERS ON PERFORMANCE OF SHOE TYPE FURROW OPENER FOR SEED DRILL IN SANDY LOAM SOIL

ckyqbZ nkseV e`nk esa ra= izkpydksa dk cht nfy= ds 'kq izdkj ds Qjks vksiuj ds dk;Z ij izHkko

by ADITYA ASHOKRAO KURHADE

THESIS

MASTER OF ENGINEERING

in AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING (Farm Machinery and Power Engineering)

DEPARTMENT OF FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJ.)

2010 ABSTRACT

Seed drill is used for sowing seeds of various sizes viz. wheat, gram, soybean etc. and must be

capable of placing the seed in continuous flow at constant depth with or without covering them with

soil where optimum soil temperature and moisture are available for germination. The furrow opener

of sowing device is the final modifier of soil environment in seed bed. Among different type of

furrow openers used in seed drills, shoe type furrow opener is one of the commonly used as furrow

opener. Shoe type furrow openers are simple in design and because of simple construction, cheapness

and sharpening edge so they are widely used in seed drills for opening the furrow for placement of

seed and fertilizer. The experiments were conducted in sandy loam soil using four sizes of shoe type

furrow opener each at four lift angles (00, 50, 100 and 150) and speed of operations (0.69 m/s, 0.97 m/s,

1.25 m/s and 1.53 m/s) at 0.05 m depth of operation and soil moisture content of 9-12 per cent (d.b.)

under indoor soil bin conditions. Spoil furrow width, spoil furrow depth and crescent height increased

with the increase in lift angle and speed of operation for all sizes of shoe type furrow openers. Spoil

and trench area were directly proportional to lift angle and speed of operation for all sizes of shoe type

furrow openers. It was seen that tool 4 of shoe type furrow openers gave highest spoil area (3.70 × 10-

3 m2) and trench area (4.39 × 10-3 m2) among all other sizes of shoe type furrow openers tested. Also spoil resistance index, specific draught and power requirement was more for tool 4 followed by tool 3, tool 2 and tool 1. However, a single shoe type furrow opener can not be recommended for a given condition as different combinations of tool size and lift angle performs non significantly within lower and higher speed values depending upon individual’s requirement.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated : 19/ 07/2010

CERTIFICATE-III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Influence of system parameters on performance of shoe type furrow opener for seed drill in sandy loam soil” submitted by Mr. Aditya Ashokrao Kurhade to Maharana Pratap university of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. Ajay Kumar Sharma) (Dr. Ravi Mathur) Major Advisor Advisor

(Er. Vinod Yadav) Advisor HEAD Department of FMPE

(Dr. R. C. Purohit) Dean, C.T.A.E Approved Director Resident Instruction

DELINEATION OF SUITABLE GROUNDWATER

RECHARGE ZONES FROM EARTH’S THERMAL PROFILES

IN AHAR RIVER BASIN, UDAIPUR

Amit Kumar Mishra

THESIS MASTER OF ENGINEERING

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING)

2010

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN) ABSTRACT

Groundwater is a precious resource of limited extent. A systematic planning of groundwater exploitation using modern techniques is essential for the proper utilization and management of this precious but shrinking natural resource. In the present study, Geographical Information System (GIS) is used to integrate multiparametric data to generate several thematic maps, delineate groundwater potential zones and identify sites of artificial recharge in the Ahar River Basin, Udaipur, Rajasthan (India). The “Thematic Layers” considered to delineate groundwater potential zones are geomorphology, recharge, depth to groundwater level, groundwater temperature, topographic elevation and discharge, which were prepared using conventional maps and data. All these themes and their individual features were then assigned weights according to their relative importance in groundwater occurrence and the corresponding normalized weights were obtained based on the Principal Eigen vector Analysis process. The “Thematic Layers” were finally added using ILWIS software to yield groundwater potential zone map of the study area. Thus, three different groundwater potential zones were identified viz., ‘good’, ‘moderate’ and ‘poor’. The area having ‘good’ groundwater potential is about 152.6 km2 which is about 44% of the total study area. Such region is in the north, north-east and north-west part of the Ahar river basin. The “Thematic Layers” used in this study to determine artificial recharge zones are groundwater temperature, recharge, groundwater level (pre and post-monsoon), topographic elevation. These layers were combined using isothermal and isobath maps of eleven months which are from august 2008 to June 2009 to delineate zones of suitability for artificial recharge structures. The area suitable for artificial recharge is 44.6 km2 which is 12.7% of the total study area.

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313001

Dated: 13 / 08 /2010

CERTIFICATE-III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Delineation of Suitable Groundwater Recharge Zones from Earth’s Thermal Profiles in Ahar River Basin, Udaipur” submitted by Mr. Amit Mishra to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Engineering in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Irrigation and Water Management Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. Arun Sharma) (Dr. Deepesh Machiwal) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. S.S. Sisodia) Advisor (Dr. S. R. Bhaker) , Associate Professor and head Department of SWE, C.T.A.E, Udaipur

(Dr. R.C. Purohit) Approved Professor and Dean Director Resident Instruction C.T.A.E, Udaipur

MODIFICATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF BLOWER FOR AIR ASSISTED SLEEVE BOOM SPRAYER IN SOYA BEAN CROP Lkks;kchu Qly ds fy;s ok;q lgk;d] vkfLru MaM+k Qqgkj ;a= ds vk/ekrk dk la’kks/ku rFkk izn’kZu ewY;kadu

By ADARSH AGARWAL

THESIS MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(Farm Machinery and Power)

2010

DEPARTMENT OF FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR – 313001 ABSTRACT Soya bean is considered as a very important crop with reference to the Indian agriculture. It contains about 25% edible oil and 45% nutritious protein. The crop is likely to attract more insect and pests infestation, which may lead to substantial yield losses, if timely and proper plant protection measures are not adopted. So, application of pesticides must be taken care of with special reference to Soya bean crop. Tractor mounted sleeve boom sprayer is a modern equipment for spraying over a large area in a very short time interval. The main parts of sprayer are spray liquid tank, HTP pump, blower assembly and sleeve boom assembly. Blower assembly can be said as the heart of sleeve boom sprayer as it is the unit which provides the necessary air velocity and air discharge for directing the spray liquid from the nozzle to the target area i.e. top, middle and bottom portion of the plant at both upper and lower surface of the leaf. Air discharge for different crops varies with the volume of plant canopy as sprayer has to displace the air from the plant canopy with the spray liquid. So blower of the sprayer must be modified to provide the required discharge with reference to the specific crop on which pesticide is to be applied. Air discharge for the soya bean crop can be calculated as about 3.5 m3/s. Air coming in from the impeller was not directed properly to the blower outlet and the air from the blower outlet into the sleeve was turbulent; which was resulting into lower discharge as required by the soya bean crop in case of existing blower. So, two modifications were made in the blower of sleeve boom sprayer. Firstly, two guide vanes were inserted parallel to the diffuser plates, one on each side, for directing the flow to the blower outlet. Secondly, wire mesh sieve was used at the blower outlet for converting turbulent flow into streamline flow. Laboratory experiment was conducted for selecting the best guide vane angle with respect to vertical plane and the best mesh size (number of holes per square inch) of sieve and the modified blower was tested in the field after laboratory selection. Four levels of impeller speed were selected as 2051, 2150, 2253 and 2355 rpm for the laboratory experiment. Four levels of guide vane angle with respect to vertical plane were selected as 0º, 10º, 20º and 30º and four levels of mesh size were taken as 4, 16, 36 and 64 holes per square inch of sieve. Three replications were made for each trial. After the laboratory experiment, guide vane angle and mesh size of sieve were selected as 20º and 4 holes/sq. inch at an impeller speed of 2355 rpm as the best combination. The maximum air discharge obtained was 3.37 m3/s, which is very close to the air discharge required for soya bean crop. After the laboratory study, blower was attached to tractor mounted sleeve boom sprayer and taken to the field. The glossy papers were attached to the soya bean crop already grown for the study. Spray liquid was then sprayed on the crop and spray pattern was analyzed with a special computer software known as ‘image pro plus’. Droplet diameter, droplet density and uniformity coefficient were found satisfactory after the analysis for modified blower.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AAND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

CERTFICATE – IV Date:......

This is to certify that Mr. Adarsh Agarwal student of Master of Engineering, Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, College of Technology and Engineering, Udaipur has made all corrections/modifications in the thesis entitled ‘Modification and Performance Evaluation of Blower for Air Assisted Sleeve Boom Sprayer in Soya Bean Crop’ which were suggested by the external examiner and the advisory committee in the oral examination held on ……………………… The final copies of the thesis duly bound and corrected were submitted on ………………….are enclosed herewith for approval

(Dr. S. M. Mathur)

Major Advisor

Dr. R. C. Purohit Head, Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering

SYNOPSIS OF THE RESEARCH WORK TO BE SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIRMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING IN PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING.

PRAVIN DEORAO JAWAKE

DEPARTMENT OF PEOCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR-313 001

JUN-2008

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

ABSTRACT

India being a largest producer and consumer of banana in the world and its area and production has been increasing at a fast pace, the post harvest losses of this highly nutritious fruits are quite serious in our country. Generally wastage of this fruit before it reaches the consumer is due to lack of proper processing and storage facilities. Therefore in order to overcome these losses, one effective method would be by converting it into various commercial banana products. Among the various preservation methods, drying is the most convenient and simplest method. It reduces weight and volume of the product thereby, minimize transportation cost and increase in shelf life. Among the various types of electric dryers, microwave drying is now becoming popular. Microwave has been shown to have low energy consumption which is used for volumetric heating and reduced processing time. The present study is carried out to standardize the pretreatment of banana slices and study drying characteristics during microwave drying. Approximately 4 mm thick banana slices were osmosed with sugar solution and then dried in microwave dryer. The effect of process parameters during osmotic dehydration such as duration of osmosis, concentration and temperature of solution on mass reduction, water loss and sugar gain were studied. It was found that the mass reduction, water loss and sugar gain increased with increase of solution concentration and temperature. The mass reduction, water loss and sugar gain during osmosis at 40, 50 and 60 ºBrix was varied in the range of 24.06 to 33.83, 27.19 to 36.66 and 3.13 to 3.83 percent at 30 and 40 oC temperatures respectively. The moisture diffusivity varied in the range of 1.46×10-10 to 6.49 10-10 m²/s and 1.46×10-10 to 6.49×10-10 m²/s during microwave drying of unosmosed and osmosed banana samples. The power level and pretreatment as osmotic dehydration had a significant effect on the rehydration ratio, colour and water activity. The drying times of unosmosed and osmosed banana slices by microwave drying at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 kW microwave power levels were 682, 527, 392, 277 and 182 min. and 602, 457, 332, 227 and 142 min. respectively. Quality of dried product in respect to colour, water activity and rehydration was superior. The osmo-microwave dehydrated samples were found more acceptable than microwave dried ones. The banana dried at 600Brix solution concentration, 40 oC osmosis temperatures and 1.5 kW microwave power level was more acceptable on the basis of colour and rehydration. Among all the five mathematical models tested, the Page models gave an excellent fit with both experiment data of the microwave and osmo-microwave drying respectively.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated : 20/ 11/2010

CERTIFICATE-III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Osmo microwave drying of banana slices” submitted by Mr. Pravin Deorao Jawake to Maharana Pratap university of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Processing and Food Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

R.C.Verma G.P.Sharma L.K.Murdia S.K. Jain Major Advisor Advisor Advisor Advisor

V.D. Mudgal Head Department of Processing and Food Engineering College Of Technology and Engineering, Udaipur

DEAN C.T.A.E

Approved Director Resident Instruction

RAINFALL RECHARGE MODELING FOR UDAIPUR

DISTRICT

mn;iqj ftys ds fy, Hkwty iwuHkZj.k

PRADEEP C M

THESIS MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING (SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING)

2011

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313001(RAJASTHAN) Abstract Groundwater resource studies require estimates of the quantity of water moving downwards from the soil zone as potential recharge. Any methodology selected for the estimation of potential recharge must be applicable in a wide variety of climatic and hydrological situations. The important physical processes must be represented adequately. Unnecessary complexities should be avoided, with parameter values based on readily available field information. In the present study, Udaipur district is selected as a study area, which is situated in southern part of the largest and driest state (Rajasthan) of India. It lies between 23°45′ and 25°10′ North latitude and 73°0′ and 74°35′ East longitude encompassing a geographical area of about 12698 km2. It consists of 11 blocks (viz., Badgaon, Bhinder, Dhariawad, Girwa, Gogunda, Jhadol, Kherwara, Kotra, Mavli, Salumberand Sarada). In present study groundwater recharge has been estimated with three methods namely water balance method, water table fluctuation method and soil moisture balance method, and the seven commonly used models are evaluated with four statistical parameters namely correlation coefficient, root mean square error, standard error and per cent deviation, and also developed the models for study area with Linear model, Logarithmic model, Exponential model, Polynomial model of order II, Polynomial model of order III, and Polynomial model of order IV. From the results the average recharge has been found 3.03 cm i.e. 5 per cent of the rainfall estimated from water balance method, the average recharge has been found 2.17 cm and 3.29 cm estimated from water table fluctuation and soil moisture balance methods respectively. The seven models namely Chaturvedi model, Modified Chaturvedi model, Amritsar model, Krishna Rao model, Rangarajan model, Bhattacharjee model and C.P. Kumar model have been selected. In these seven models Krsishna Rao model has been found to be suitable for 22 zones and no method found suitable for other three zones (i.e. Dhariyawad gneiss command, Kotra schist non-command and Kotra gneiss non-command). The simple model based on rainfall only has been developed for Udaipur region using linear model, logarithmic model, exponential model and polynomial model of 2, 3 and 4th order and tested for suitability. Among these models the logarithmic model has been found suitable for study area.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR – 313 001

Dated: 14/11/ 2011

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Rainfall Recharge Modeling For Udaipur District” submitted by Mr. Pradeep C M to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on her thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr.S .R. Bhakar) (Dr. P.K. Singh) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. H. K. Jain) (Dr. S.M. Mathur) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. S.R. Bhakar) (Dr. N.S. Rathore) Associate Professor and Head Professor and Dean, Department of Soil and Water Engineering C.T.A.E., Udaipur

Approved

Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN HARD- ROCK AQUIFER OF UDAIPUR, DISTRICT

उदयपुर िजले के क�ठन चट्ट के जलभतृ भूजल गुणवत्त का मूल्यांक

DHAK SUMIT MADHUKAR

THESIS

MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING)

2011

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR-313001(RAJASTHAN) ABSTRACT

Groundwater is the only reliable water resource for human consumption, as well as for agriculture and industrial uses in a semi-arid state like Rajasthan. For evaluating the suitability of groundwater for different purposes, understanding the chemical composition of groundwater is necessary. The groundwater quality data were collected for a 16-year period (1992–2008) from the Central Ground Water Board, Jaipur, Rajasthan. These 14 water quality parameters are listed in the drinking water standards calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Iron (Fe), Bicarbonate,

sulphate (SO4), chloride (Cl), nitrate (NO3), Fluoride (F), Silica (SiO2), pH, and electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), provided by the World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva.

Groundwater often consists of seven major chemical elements like Ca, Mg, Cl, HCO3, Na, K, and

SO4. On the basis of piper diagram the type of water that predominates in the study are Ca–Mg–

HCO3 types during year 1992–2008. In years 1992–2007 showed alkaline earths (Ca + Mg) exceed alkalies (Na + K) type of water is predominating. But in year 2008 showed waters usually has chemical properties which are dominated by alkalies earths and strong acids. Besides, suitability of water for irrigation is evaluated based on sodium adsorption ratio, sodium percent, salinity hazard and USSL diagram.

The chemical parameters of groundwater play a significant role in classifying and correlation of groundwater. Our findings show that calcium, magnesium, sodium, sulphate, chloride, and nitrate are significantly related with electrical conductivity and total dissolved solid (TDS). This suggests that electrical conductivity depends on total dissolved solids which depend on salts such as NaCl, CaCl2. These positive correlations indicate that the referred elements contribute to the groundwater salinization. To improve drinking water quality while reducing operating costs, many drinking water utilities are investing in advanced process control and automation technologies. In this study, chemical parameters nitrate and electrical conductivity has been predicted by using ANN modeling technique. The predicted results of ANN model has been compared with measured value results. Close agreement has been found between ANN predicted values and measured values for 53 sites (nitrate and EC). The ANN model is found to estimate the breakthrough pattern satisfactorily.

Keywords: Groundwater, Chemical characters, Chemical classification, SAR, USSL diagram, Correlation Matrix, Neural Network

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR – 313 001

Dated: 21 / 09 / 2011

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in Hard-Rock Aquifer of Udaipur, district” submitted by Mr. Dhak Sumit Madhukar to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on her thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. R. C. Purohit) (Dr. P. K. Singh) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. K. K. Yadav) (Dr. S. K. Jain) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. S. R. Bhakar) (Dr. N. S. Rathore) Head Dean Department of SWE CTAE, Udaipur

Approved

(Dr. Virender Kumar Shrivastava) Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur INFRARED-CONVECTIVE DRYING OF TURMERIC SLICES gYnh pdfr;ksa dk vojDr&laogu 'kq"du

SOUVIK ACHARYYA

THESIS

MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING)

2011

DEPARTMENT OF PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR-313001(RAJASTHAN) ABSTRACT

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is an important foreign exchange earning crop commercially grown in India. India is believed to be the home of turmeric. India has the largest share in production, consumption and export of turmeric in the world. It accounts for 78 per cent of the world output and 60 per cent of world exports. Indian turmeric is considered the best in the world market because of its high curcumin content. Growth in popularity of convenient foods in many countries has stimulated increasing demand for high quality dehydrated turmeric powder which has more curcumin content.

Use of infrared radiation for drying of agricultural produce is a novel technology in drying of foods. An infrared-convective technology for drying of turmeric slices was adopted to study drying kinetics. For the experiment, locally available turmeric rhizomes were used. The effects of process variables such as infrared power (300, 400 and 500 W), drying air temperature (30, 35 and 400C) and drying air velocity (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 m/s) on drying time, moisture diffusivity, water activity, heat and mass transfer coefficients, colour and curcumin content, specific energy consumption were studied.

The infrared-convective drying process, for infrared power of 300 W and air temperature 300C with air velocity 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 m/s, it took about 3.9, 4.2 and 4.5 h, respectively for drying of 100 g of turmeric slices. Similarly for infrared power 500 W and air temperature 400C with air velocity 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 m/s, it took about 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5 h, respectively. The average moisture diffusivity varied from 3.61 × 10-10 to 10.95 × 10-10 m2/s and was also influenced significantly by infrared power, air temperature and air velocity. The 2 0 heat transfer coefficient hc ranged between 23.55 and 34.79 W/m C and mass transfer -2 -2 coefficients kc varied from 2.41 × 10 to 3.52 × 10 m/s during the drying process and Biot mass number was also greater than 100.

It was observed that colour (yellowness) value for infrared-convective dried turmeric slices increased from 300 W to 400 W and then decreased slightly from 400 W to 500 W. However, b value range was higher for 400 W (48.66 to 54.16) than 300 W (39.66 to 44.90) and 500 W (36.99 to 54.04). Curcumin content varied from 94.07 to 400.51 mg/100 g solid matter under different infrared-convective drying conditions. The water activity of dried turmeric powder ranged between 0.25 and 0.39 which indicated that product was stable in nature. Specific energy consumption varied from 58.48 to 146 MJ/kg during infrared- convective drying. The process parameters for infrared-convective drying were optimized for the turmeric slices, using Tukey's Multiple pair-wise test. The results revealed that the infrared power of 400 W, air temperature of 350C and air velocity of 1.0 m/s gave a good quality dehydrated turmeric slices and involved low specific energy consumption in the drying process.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: / /2011

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Infrared-Convective Drying of Turmeric Slices” submitted by Mr. Souvik Acharyya to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in agricultural engineering in the subject of Processing and Food Engineering, was approved after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. G. P. Sharma) (Dr. R. C. Verma) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. H. K. Jain) (Dr. A. K. Mehta)

Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. N. S. Rathore) (Dr. V. D. Mudgal)

Dean, C.T.A.E. HEAD

Department of P. F. E

Approved

Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur EXPLORING TRENDS AND MONITORING DROUGHT DYNAMICS OF GROUNDWATER LEVELS IN RAJSAMAND DISTRICT

jktlean ftys esa Hkwty Lrj ds lw[ks xfr”khyrk ds :>ku vkSj fuxjkuh dh [kkst

GORDE CHETAN MACHHINDRA

THESIS

MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING)

2011

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR-313001(RAJASTHAN) lkjka'k Hkwty euq";] d`f"k vkSj vkS|ksfxd mi;ksx ds fy, ,d cgqewY; vkSj fo'oluh; lalk/ku gS] ijUrq ;g lhfer ek=k esa miyC/k gSA Hkwty ds mi;ksx dh ,d O;ofLFkr ;kstuk cuk dj vk/kqfud rduhd dk mi;ksx djds vkSj bl cgqewY; fdUrq fldqM+rs izkd`frd lalk/ku ds izca/ku gsrq vko';d gSA Hkkjr ds jktLFkku izkUr dk jktlean ftyk vkerkSj ij lw[ks ls xzLr jgk gS] bldk dkj.k de o"kkZ vkSj ekulwu esa nsjh gSA bl v/;;u ds mís'; LFkkfud vkSj ykSfdd fHkUurk Hkwty Lrj] vkSj v/;;u ds {ks= esa lw[ks dh xfr'khyrk ds #>ku dh igpku djuk FkkA 174 fuxjkuh LVs'kuksa ds Hkwty Lrj fjdkWMZ vkSj ,d gh {ks= ds fy, iwoZ vkSj ik'; ekulwu o"kkZ MsVk 1995&2008 dh vof/k ds fy, fo'ysf"kr fd;k x;kA ;g LFkkfud vkSj ykSfdd iSVuZ ckWDl vkSj Lisf'k;ks VsEijy dk mi;ksx djds fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS] izo`fŸk n`<+ ladYi eku dsaMy ijh{k.k] izfrxeu ijh{k.k vkSj lsu dh ku Øe'k% 25 vkSj 7 LFkyksa ds fy, fn[kk;k gSA izfrxeu ijh{k.k iwoZ vkSj ik'; ekulwu ldkjkRed #>ku Øe'k% 27 vkSj 12 LFkyksa ds fy, fn[kk;k gSA lsu ds

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR – 313 001

Dated: / / 2011

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Exploring Trends and Monitoring Drought Dynamics of Groundwater Levels in Rajsamand District” submitted by Mr. Gorde Chetan Machhindra to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. H.K. Mittal) (Dr. P.K. Singh) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. K. K. Yadav) (Dr. Sudhir Jain) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. S.R. Bhakar) (Dr. N.S.Rathore) Head Dean, Department of SWE C.T.A.E., Udaipur

Approved

Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF TRACTOR MOUNTED HYDRAULIC BOOM SPRAYER FOR COTTON CROP

VªsDVj ekmUVsM gkbZMªksfyd cwe Lisz;j dk dikl dh Qly ds fy, fMt+kbu] fodkl ,oa fu"iknu

BY BABASAHEB SUKHADEO GHOLAP

THESIS

MASTER OF ENGINEERING

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING)

2012

DEPARTMENT OF FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN) ABSTRACT

Cotton farming is a popular agribusiness in India. It is one of the principal commercial crops in India with 11 million ha cultivated area which is largest in the world. India is second largest producer of cotton in the world though the yield is only 300 kg/ha as against the world average of 558 kg/ha, due to poor control of insect pest and dry land farming conditions. A major reason for such a pesticide loss is use of inefficient spraying machines, which are unable to maintain specified nozzle pressure, nozzle discharge, nozzle height that affects spray pattern, droplet size, spray uniformity etc.

The principle of working of the tractor mounted boom sprayer is to move the spray liquid to the individual nozzles along the boom. The pump is driven by the PTO shaft of the tractor and the sprayer unit sucks the chemical and discharges it through the spray boom or through the discharge line consisting of a delivery hose and spray guns. A 12-m tractor mounted boom sprayer was modified and developed considering the various deficiencies in the components of the existing boom sprayer. In order to develop new hydraulic boom sprayer, initially the performance of the existing boom sprayer was evaluated. The modifications were done in the some component of the boom sprayer for structural stability and new folding arrangement.

The developed boom sprayer was tested in a laboratory in terms of liquid distribution, droplet size, droplet density and uniformity coefficient for four levels of nozzle discharge (0.45, 0.70, 0.90 and 1.35 l/min) and nozzle pressure (278.5, 413.7, 551.6 and 689.5 kPa). The deposition of droplet was taken at top, middle and bottom position of the plant and on upper and lower leaf surface. More liquid distribution was observed within ±20 per cent of the total mean value. Droplet size (VMD) ranged from 155.44 to 181.55 µm, droplet density (DD) from 17 to 29 drops/cm2 and uniformity coefficient (UC) from 0.99 to 1.23 for the developed boom sprayer at nozzle discharge rate 0.90 l/min and nozzle pressure 689.5 kPa. Further uniform distribution obtained for entire 12 m length of boom. These were close to recommended values for effective pest control on crops.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: 07/01/2012

CERTIFICATE-III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Design development and performance evaluation of tractor mounted hydraulic boom sprayer for cotton crop” submitted by Mr. Babasaheb Sukhadeo Gholap to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. Ravi Mathur Dr. A. K. Mehta Major Advisor Advisor

Dr. S. K. Jain Dr. G. P. Sharma Advisor DRI Nominee (In place of Dr. P. K. Singh)

Dr. G. S. Tiwari Head Department of FMPE Dean, C.T.A.E Dr. N. S. Rathore Approved Director Resident Instruction

Design, Development and Performance Evaluation of Efficient Solar Water Pumping Unit Coupled with Drip Irrigation System for Horticulture Crops

BY PRADIP DIGAMBAR NARALE THESIS MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING (RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING)

2012

DEPARTMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR - 313 001 (RAJASTHAN)

Abstract The solar PV water pumping unit coupled with drip irrigation was designed, installed & tested in solar farm of Jain Irrigation System Limited (JISL), Jalgaon, Maharashtra. The PV system sizing was made in such a way that it was capable of irrigating 0.41 acre of banana plot within 6.02 hrs with a daily water requirement of 9.72m3/day and total head of 26m. The solar PV pumping system consists of five modules of 74watt each and 0.5hp DC submersible solar pump.

The system was tested for its performance at no load and full load. It was observed during no load testing that PV system produced voltage in the range of 83.40 to 89.07 volts from 8:00hr to 17:00hr on clear days of January 2012. During full load testing, PV array

produced maximum power of 235.37 Watt at 13:00 hr while Vmp and Imp of 83.07 volt and 2.83 ampere were observed respectively at the same time. It was observed during full load test that pump delivered maximum discharge of 1.745m3/hr at 13:00hr when total head of the system was 14.67m and it delivered minimum of 1.219 m3/hr at 17:00hr when total head was maximum of 23.33m. It was observed that PV and pumping efficiency varied between 9.44 to 17.09 per cent and 34.21 to 47.87 per cent respectively while system efficiency ranged in between 3.97 to 5.54 per cent. For solar intensity more than 600 W/m2 during noon hours the PV efficiency, pumping efficiency and system efficiency were in between 9.99 ± 0.55 per cent, 42.815 ± 5.045 per cent, and 4.245 ± 0.275 per cent respectively. Performance evaluation of drip irrigation system was made and it was observed that pressure produced at the end of lateral and discharge delivered by lateral was directly proportional to incident solar intensity throughout the day time hours.

The estimated cost of the solar PV water pumping system was ` 136233.5/- and cost of the drip irrigation system was ` 25122.03/-. Life cycle cost (LCC) of PV system was `

132924.12 /- while that of diesel engine was found to be ` 759069.0/-. Net present worth

(NPW) of the system after 20 years was found to be ` 209366.79/-, and internal rate of return (IRR) was found as 29.64 per cent. The benefit cost ratio was found to be 2.17 with a payback period of 3.35 years.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated : 19 /05/2012

CERTIFICATE-II

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Design, development and performance evaluation of efficient solar water pumping unit coupled with drip irrigation system for horticulture crops.” submitted for the degree of Master of Engineering in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Renewable Energy Sources Engineering embodies bonafide research work carried out by Mr. Pradip Digambar Narale under my guidance and supervision and that no part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree. The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been fully acknowledged. The draft of the thesis was also approved by the advisory committee on 14th May 2012.

Dr. N. S. Rathore (Dr. Surendra Kothari) Major Advisor Professor and Head Department of R.E.S.

DEAN Dr. N. S. Rathore CTAE, Udaipur

MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING OF BUTTON MUSHROOM ”osr [kqEch dh la'kksfËkr okrkoj.kh; iSdsftax

LEENA TYAGI

THESIS

MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING)

2012

DEPARTMENT OF PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR-313001(RAJASTHAN) ABSTRACT

Mushrooms are defined as macro fungi with distinctive and visible fruiting bodies that may grow above or below ground. Many mankind cultures have used mushrooms as a food and a medicine since ancient times. Nowadays, cultivated and wild edible mushrooms, used directly or indirectly as food or ingredient, have been clearly separated from medical mushrooms by the industry. Edible mushrooms are widely consumed in many countries as a food. It is being cultivated in more than 100 countries. Out of 2000 varieties of edible mushrooms, about 80 have been grown experimentally and 4-5 species produced on industrial scale throughout the world. The production of mushroom in our country is increasing at fast rate from 4000 tones in 1985-1986 to one lakh tones in 2008. Production of mushroom in Rajasthan is 700 metric tonnes.

A study on modified atmosphere packaging of button mushrooms was undertaken to evaluate the effect of storage temperature, gas composition, packaging film and chemical treatment on the keeping quality of mushroom under different storage condition. The keeping quality was observed in terms of loss in weight, decay, colour, ascorbic acid, amino acid and water activity.

In the LDPE and HDPE packaging film CO2 concentration inside the package were 7 per

cent and 4 per cent and O2 concentration were 2 per cent and 5 per cent. The stored button mushrooms were evaluated for physiological, quality, microbial and sensory parameters at 4 days interval till the product fully decayed. Washing with citric acid reduced microbial count by 1.5 log unit on day 0. Mushrooms stored at ambient temperature lost their quality attributes very rapidly,

manifested by accelerated color, high respiration, rapidly changes in O2 and CO2, increase in water activity, increase in bacterial count and decrement in ascorbic acid and amino acid content. Use of MAP retarded these changes with maximum retention of all the quality parameters and sensory attributes at low temperature. Refrigeration storage was found to be must as after packaging it extended the shelf life of mushroom from 12 to 16 days for HDPE packaging film and from 8 to 12 days for LDPE packaging film.

The treatment CAH2 i.e. mushroom treated with citric acid for 5 minutes, packed in high density polyethylene (HDPE), 40 gauge package with gas composition A and stored in refrigerated condition was resulted best.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY,UDAIPUR

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: / / 2011

CERTIFICATE - II

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Modified atmosphere packaging of button mushroom” submitted for the degree of Master of Engineering in agriculture in the subject of Processing and Food Engineering embodies bonafide research work carried out by Miss Leena Tyagi under my guidance and supervision and that no part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree. The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been fully acknowledged. The draft of the thesis was also approved by the advisory committee on 07/06/2012.

V. D. Mudgal S. K. Jain

Head Major Advisor

Department of Processing & Food Engineering

Narendra S. Rathore

DEAN College of Technology and Engineering, Udaipur

STUDIES ON CONVECTIVE DRYING OF POMEGRANATE ARILS AND RIND vukj ds nkus vkSj fNydksa ds laokgd 'kq"du ij v/;;u

ISHITA SANTRA

THESIS

MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING)

2012

DEPARTMENT OF PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR-313001(RAJASTHAN)

ABSTRACT

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is considered to have its native in the region from Iran to northern India, (Morton, 1987). It is a high value crop and its entire tree is of great economic importance. All parts of pomegranate tree have great therapeutic value and are obviously being used in pharmaceutical, leather and dying industries. Apart from its demand for fresh fruits and juice, the processed products like wine and candy is getting importance in world trade (Jadhav, 2012). It has beneficial phytochemicals which have curative potential of many diseases like coronary heart disease, cancer of skin, breast, prostate and colon, inflammation, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, cardiac disorders and AIDS.

The present study on convective drying of pomegranate arils and rind was carried out from Bhagwa variety of pomegranate. The pomegranate rind was separated from arils manually as well as mechanically. Drying was carried out with tray drier at 45, 50, 55 and 60°C. The effect of drying temperature on drying time, drying characteristics and physicochemical properties was studied. The pomegranate arils and rind was dried from initial moisture content of 442.681% (d.b.) and 280.952% (d.b.) upto final moisture content of 5.696 to 9.621% (d.b.) and 8.825 to 9.841% (d.b.) respectively.

The study revealed that drying at 60°C required minimum time of 7.5h (arils) and 7h (rind), followed by 55°C of 13.5h (arils) and 11.5h (rind), followed by 50°C of 17.5h (arils) and 14.5h (rind), followed by 45°C of 26.5h (arils) and 19h (rind). The drying rate was maximum at 60°C of 141.097g/100g/h (arils) and 107.936g/100g/h (rind). The entire drying of pomegranate arils and rind takes place in falling rate period. For arils, the moisture diffusivity increased from 2.54 x 10-77m2/s at 45°C, to 4.18 x 10-7m2/s at 50°C, to 5.42 x 10- 7m2/s at 55°C, to 7.95 x 10-7m2/s at 60°C. Similarly that for rind, the moisture diffusivity increased from 1.83 x 10-8 m2/s at 45°C to 3.21 x 10-8 m2/s at 50°C, to 3.8610-8 m2/s at 55°C, to 5.4310-8 m2/s at 60°C.

Physicochemical analysis of dried arils and rind powder indicated highest value to T.S.S., acidity, water activity, rehydration characteristics and ash content at drying temperature of 45°C. Highest value of tannin content in dried rind powder is obtained at 50°C. The highest chrome value is obtained at 55°C for arils and 50°C for rind powder. Recovery of rind powder was found 9.38% whole fruit basis and 18.56% rind weight basis. Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology College of Technology and Engineering, Udaipur-313001

Dated: 31/07/2012

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Studies on Convective Drying of Pomegranate Arils and Rind” submitted by Miss. Ishita Santra to the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in the subject of Agricultural Engineering (Processing and Food Engineering), was approved after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on her thesis has been found satisfactory. We therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. S.K. Jain) (Dr. G. P. Sharma) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. H. K. Jain) (Dr. S. R. Bhakar) Advisor DRI. Nominee

(Dr. V. D. Mudgal) HEAD Department of PFE C.T.A.E., Udaipur

Approved Director Resident Instruction M.P.U.A.T., Udaipur

SHELF-LIFE ENHANCEMENT OF FRESH BENGAL GRAM KERNELS rktk caxky xzke xqByh ds thouko/kh dh o`f)

KUSHAL PRAMOD DHAKE

THESIS

MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING)

2012

DEPARTMENT OF PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR-313001(RAJASTHAN)

ABSTRACT

Bengal gram (Cicer arientimum L.) is a member of leguminous family. Rajasthan is the second largest gram producing state in the country. The production of bengal gram in the year 2010- 11 was 13.86 lakh tons from an area of 16.42 lakh hectares. Premature bengal gram green kernels is used for direct consumption as well as for making other preparation for food items. The fresh bengal gram kernel has very short shelf life at room temperature. The modified atmosphere packaging can be used for enhancing the shelf life of fresh bengal gram kernels.

The uniform size of kernels with crop maturity 70 days of variety “Pratap Chana 01” were selected for the study during November 2011 to February 2012. The study consisted of total 18

treatments comprising of two gases oxygen and carbon dioxide with three combinations (2%O2 and

8% CO2; 5% O2 and 3% CO2; 5% O2 and 8% CO2) and two packaging films viz. LDPE and HDPE. The storage was done at ambient, 5±1, 0±10C. Since respiration rate is dependent on factors like storage temperature and composition of storage atmosphere, a mathematical approach was followed to predict the respiration rate under given conditions.

Some physical properties such as moisture content, colour, density, angle of repose, size and sphericity, thousand kernels mass were determined on the basis of crop maturity i.e. from 50- 100 days. Moisture content of the kernels decreased while size, sphericty and the geometric mean diameter increased as the maturity days increase. Bulk, true density and thousand kernels mass increased with the maturity. The stored bengal gram kernels were examined for physiological, quality, microbial and sensory parameters at 3 days interval till the product fully decayed. Bengal gram kernels stored at ambient lost their quality attributes very rapid, manifested by accelerated color, high

respiration, rapidly changes in O2 and CO2, decreases in firmness and hardness, increase in water activity, increase in bacterial and fungal count. Use of MAP retarded these changes with maximum retention of all the quality parameters and sensory attributes at low temperature condition (5±1, 0±10C).

0 Treatment combination G1T3 (2% O2 and 8% CO2 and 0±1 C) was found acceptable bases on qualitative and physiological attributes till 15 and 21 days under HDPE and LDPE packaging film, respectively.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY,UDAIPUR

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: / / 2011

CERTIFICATE - II

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Shelf-life enhancement of fresh bengal gram kernels” submitted for the degree of Master of Engineering in agriculture in the subject of Processing and Food Engineering embodies bonafide research work carried out by Mr. Kushal Pramod Dhake under my guidance and supervision and that no part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree. The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been fully acknowledged. The draft of the thesis was also approved by the advisory committee on 07/06/2012.

(V. D. Mudgal) (N. K. Jain) Head Major Advisor Deptt. of Processing & Food Engineering. CTAE

(N. S. Rathore) DEAN CTAE, Udaipur OSMO-MICROWAVE DRYING OF GARLIC yglqu dk ijkljf.kd&ekbØksoso 'kq"du

AMOL SHANKAR WAGHMODE

THESIS

MASTER OF ENGINEERING

IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING)

2012

DEPARTMENT OF PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR- 313001(RAJASTHAN) ABSTRACT

Garlic (Allium sativum) is among the most important and valued spice in India. The bulb is the most commonly used part of the garlic plant.

India is one of the prime producers of garlic with share of 13.2 per cent of world’s production. The major garlic producing states in India are Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Gujarat, Orissa, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. In Rajasthan, area under garlic crop was 18.16 thousand hectares with a production of 96.88 thousand tonnes in year 2010-11.

The present study is carried out to standardize the pretreatment of garlic cloves and study drying characteristics during microwave drying. After cleaning, sorting and grading with garlic cloves were osmosed with salt solution and then dried in microwave dryer.

The effect of process parameters during osmotic dehydration such as duration of osmosis, concentration and temperature of solution on mass reduction, water loss and salt gain were studied. It was found that the mass reduction, water loss and salt gain increased with increase of solution concentration and temperature. The water loss and salt gain during osmosis at 20, 25 and 30 ºBrix was varied in the range of 12.70 to 14.10 per cent, and 5.43 to 6.7 per cent at 30, 40 and 50 ºC temperatures respectively.

The moisture diffusivity varied in the range of 8.3×10-12 to 2.21×10-11 m²/s during microwave drying of osmosed garlic samples. The power level and pretreatment as osmotic dehydration had a significant effect on the rehydration ratio, colour and water activity. The drying times of osmosed garlic cloves by microwave drying at 0.5, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.5 kW level were 4.33, 3.16, 2.25 and 1.75 hrs respectively. Quality of dried product in respect to colour, water activity and rehydration was superior. The osmo-microwave dehydrated samples were found more acceptable microwave dried ones. The garlic dried at 25 OBrix solution concentration, 40 OC osmosis temperatures and 1.50 kW microwave power level was more acceptable on the basis of colour and rehydration. The storage study suggested that ground dehydrated garlic can be stored safely in Metallized polyester polyethene (MPPE) packaging material at room temperature for one year without any adverse changes.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY,UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: 25/06/2012

CERTIFICATE - II

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Osmo-Microwave drying of garlic” submitted for the degree of Master of Engineering in agriculture in the subject of Processing and Food Engineering embodies bonafide research work carried out by Mr. Amol Shankar Waghmode under my guidance and supervision and that no part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree. The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been fully acknowledged. The draft of the thesis was also approved by the advisory committee on 03/08/2011.

(V. D. Mudgal) Head ( P. S. Champawat) Deptt. of Processing & Food Engineering. Major Advisor CTAE

( Narendra. S. Rathore) DEAN CTAE, Udaipur

EFFECT OF BALLAST AND TYRE INFLATION PRESSURE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR FOR PRIMARY TILLAGE OPERATIONS IN SANDY LOAM SOIL

ckyqbZ nkseV e`nk esa csykLV vkSj Vk;j ok;qncko dk izkFkfed Hkqifj"dj.k lapyu ds fy, d`f"k VªsDVj ds izn'kZu ij izHkko

BY JADHAV PRAVIN PRAKASH

THESIS

MASTER OF ENGINEERING

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING)

2012

DEPARTMENT OF FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN)

ABSTRACT

Agriculture continues to remain a significant sector of the Indian economy. It has been benefited considerably from the wide scale use of tractors and associated implements. The importance of tractor lies mainly in the improvement of soil cultivation and transport in the field of agriculture. The more draft power is required for primary tillage operations. It is well known that among many tractors that tractor ballast and inflation pressure individually and in combination affect the tractor performance in terms of fuel consumption, drawbar force, slippage, field capacity etc.

Keeping this in view various tests were conducted at instructional farm having a sandy loam soil at College of Technology and Engineering, Udaipur, Rajasthan. Tillage operations were performed using selected 55 hp tractor with M.B plough and Disc plough at four different combinations of front and rear ballast conditions (i.e. no ballast, 90 daN at front, 90 daN at front and 200 daN at rear, 200 daN at rear) and four different inflation pressure combinations in front and rear tyres (i.e. 90 kPa at rear and 140 kPa at front, 90 kPa at rear and 200 kPa at front, 130 kPa at rear and 140 kPa at front, and 130 kPa at rear and 200 kPa at front). Slip, tractive efficiency, field capacity, field efficiency and fuel consumption were calculated for each combinations of ballast and tyre inflation pressure and suitable combinations were recommended for maximizing tractor implement performance.

For maximizing the performance of a agricultural tractor in sandy loam soil for primary tillage operations at different ballast and inflation pressure combinations. It was found that the 200 daN rear ballast condition and 130 kPa at rear, 200 kPa at front tyre inflation pressure gave maximum tractive efficiency 72.43 per cent and 71.27 per cent, maximum field efficiency 88.30 per cent and 82.00 per cent, maximum effective field capacity 0.173 ha/h and 0.183 ha/h for M B plough and Disc plough respectively. It also gave the minimum slip of 10 per cent and 13.04 per cent, minimum fuel consumption 22.53 lit/ha (3.9 lit/h) and 22.87 lit/ha (4.2 lit/h) for M B plough and Disc plough respectively. The suitable combination of 200 daN at rear axle ballast and 130 kPa at rear, 200 kPa at front tyre inflation pressure found the better tractor performance in sandy loam soil for primary tillage operations.

Key Words: ballast, tyre inflation pressure, tractive efficiency, fuel consumption,

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: / /2012

CERTIFICATE-III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Effect of Ballast and Tyre Inflation Pressure on the Performance of Agricultural Tractor for Primary Tillage Operations in Sandy Loam Soil” submitted by Mr. Jadhav Pravin Prakash to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. Ajay Kumar Sharma Dr. Ravi Mathur Major Advisor Advisor

Dr. Surendra Kothari Dr. N. K. Jain Advisor DRI Nominee

Dr. N. S. Rathore Dr. G. S. Tiwari Dean, C.T.A.E Head Department of FMPE

Approved

Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC SEED METERING MECHANISM FOR PRECISION PLANTING OF SEEDS

प�रशु�ता के साथ बीजो के रोपण के िलए इले啍�ोिनक पैमाइश

�णाली का अिभक쥍प और िवकास

BY SHANKHA KOLEY

THESIS

Master of Engineering

In Agricultural Engineering (Farm Machinery and Power Engineering)

2012

DEPARTMENT OF FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJ.) ABSTRACT

Precision agriculture is the application of technologies and principles to manage spatial and temporal variability associated with all aspects of agricultural production for the purpose of improving crop performance and environmental quality. Success in precision agriculture is related to how well it can be applied to assess, manage, and evaluate the space- time continuum in crop production. This theme is used here to assess the current and potential capabilities of precision agriculture. The sensor system in the machine helps in proper metering of seeds and thus further reduces the losses. The precision planting of crops is progressing in the country, however there is no indigenous precision planting machines available in the country. Some imported substitutes are available but being too costly are beyond the reach of common farmers. Therefore development of a prototype through electronic metering of seeds would be an indigenous and cost effective substitute for imported planters.

A project was undertaken to develop an electronic metering system for precision planting of seeds. The metering unit was done by inclined plate metering unit and was driven by a DC motor whose speed can be easily regulated by the use of a potentiometer. The metering unit was synchronized with the forward speed of the tractor with the help of proximity sensor and micro controller. The developed metering unit was tested in the laboratory for three types of seed, viz Ground nut, Maize and Soyabean at various tractor forward speeds of 2.5, 3 and 3.5 Km/hr. The seed spacing, seed rate and seed breakage was calculated over greased seed belt and the results were statistically analyzed. Depending on the results a seven row planter was fabricated and was operated in the field.

The laboratory results showed a decrease in seed to seed spacing with an increase in metering plate rpm at a constant tractor forward speed. The seed rate on the other hand increased with metering plate rpm with constant tractor forward speed. The seed breakage was found minimum at lower metering plate rpm. The results were at par when the planter was operated in field conditions. The seed to seed spacing and seed rate was found relevant to the desired levels.

Keywords: Metering plate, Electronic unit, sensor

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: / /2012

CERTIFICATE-III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Design and Development of Electronic Seed Metering Mechanism for Precision Planting of Seeds” submitted by Mr. Shankha Koley to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. Y. C. Bhatt Dr. S. Joshi Major Advisor Advisor

Dr. H. K. Jain Dr. G. S. Tiwari Advisor Head Department of FMPE

Dr. N. S. Rathore Dean CTAE, Udaipur APPROVED

Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

STOCHASTIC MODELLING OF MINT EVAPOTRANSPIRATION UNDER CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF UDAIPUR

mn;iqj dh tyok;q esa iqnhuk dk ok"iu&ok"IkkssRltZu dk çfr#i.k

KUMUD GUPTA

THESIS

MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING)

2012

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313001(RAJASTHAN) ABSTRACT

The study was undertaken to develop and evaluate evapotranspiration (ET) models for spring mint under climatic conditions of Udaipur. Pan evaporation data for the duration of twelve years (2000-2012) and measured spring mint evapotranspiration data by soil moisture depletion method were analyzed. A relationship was developed between spring mint evapotranspiration and pan evaporation. The crop coefficient curves were developed for spring mint by FAO-56 curve method, modified FAO-56 curve method and quadratic curve method. The performance of Modified FAO-56 curve method was found to be best FAO-56 curve method and quadratic curve method. Modelling of spring mint evapotranspiration was made with the help of pan evaporation method. The climatological data were taken from the Meteorological Observatory established at the Instructional Farm of Rajasthan college of Agriculture, Udaipur.

Models of spring mint evapotranspiration rate and cumulative spring mint evapotranspiration were developed on the basis of time and plant growth parameters, like leaf area index and plant height. A relationship was developed between leaf area index and plant height for spring mint. The performance of all these developed models was found quite satisfactory under climatic conditions of Udaipur.

Stochastic model was developed for the estimation of daily spring mint evapotranspiration using twelve years data (2000-2011). Validation of these developed models for spring mint was done by the comparison of estimated values with measured values. The developed stochastic model for spring mint evapotranspiration was found to predict the daily spring mint evapotranspiration very accurately.

Keywords: Evapotranspiration, crop coefficient, leaf area index, spring mint, modelling. MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR – 313 001

Dated: / / 2012

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Stochastic Modelling of Mint Evapotranspiration under Climatic Conditions of Udaipur” submitted by Ms. Kumud Gupta to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on her thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. S. R. Bhakar) (Dr. Dr.R.B.Dubey) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. H. K. Jain) (Dr. S. R. Bhakar) Advisor Professor and Head Department of Soil and Water Engineering

(Dr. N.S.Rathore) Professor and Dean Approved CTAE, Udaipur. Director Resident Instruction

PLANNING FOR POMEGRANATE (Punica granatum L.) PRODUCTION BASED ON RAINFALL AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ANALYSIS

o"kkZ ,oa ok"iu&ok"iksRltZu fo'ys"k.k ds vk/kkj ij vukj ¼I;wuhdk xzkWuVe ,y%½ mRiknu dh ;kstuk

BHAGAT ARUN DATTATRAY

THESIS

MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING)

2012

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR-313001(RAJASTHAN)

vuq{ksi.k o"kkZ ,oa ok"iu&ok"iksRltZu fo'ys"k.k ds vk/kkj ij vukj ¼I;wuhdk xzkWuVe ,y%½ mRiknu dh ;kstuk

vukj ds vf/kdre mRiknu ds fy, lokZsŸke ;kstuk cukus ds fy, lw[kk fuxjkuh] vukj ok"iu&ok"iksRltZu] ty lUrqyu v/;;u dh tkudkjh vko';d gSA lw[kk fuxjkuh ds fy, ekSle lEcU/kh lwpd tSls& ekud fopyu vkSj ek/;e fopyu gsrq o"kkZ vkadM+ksa dk mi;ksx fd;kA blds lkFk gh Qly ok"iu&ok"iksRltZu ds ewY;ksa dks fofHkUu lEHkkouk Lrjksa ij tkuuk fu.kZ; fuekZrkvksa ,oa ;kstukdkjksa ds fy, egŸoiw.kZ gSa blds vfrfjDr] ok"iksRltZu vuqeku fo'oluh; ifj;kstuk] fu;kstu lajpuk vkSj lapkyu flapkbZ iz.kkyh dh xkajVh nsrk gSA Qly ok"iu&ok"iksRltZu Qlyuqlkj] mlds fodkl ds pj.kksa] Qly dh fLFkfr] feÍh ekin.M+ks ,oa tyok;q ds vuqlkj ifjofrZr gksrk jgrk gSA ;g lUnHkZ Qly ok"iu&ok"iksRltZu dks Qly xq.kkad ls xq.kk djus ij izkIr gksrk gSA lanHkZ Qly ok"iu&ok"iksRltZu tyok;q esa ifjorZu dks /;ku j[krk gS vkSj Qly xq.kkad] Qly vkSj blds fodkl ds pj.kksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA lkFk gh ok"iu&ok"iksRltZu ds fu/kkZj.k gsrq Qly ok"iu&ok"iksRltZu dk fdlh fo'ks"k izkf;drk izkFkfed Lrj ij vkSj iwokZuqeku vkxs dh vof/k ds fy, irk gksuk fu.kZ; fuekZrkvksa vkSj ;kstukdkjksa ds fy, egŸoiw.kZ gSA ifj.kke n'kkZrk gS fd okf"kZd lw[ks dh vf/kdre rhozrk djekyk ,oa eaxyosn LVs'ku {ks= esa Øe'k% nf{k.k lksykiqj rFkk lkaxksyk esa gSA ekfld lw[ks dh vf/kdre rhozrk lHkh eghuksa esa Øe'k% vdywt tSÅj rFkk ekyf'kjl LVs'kuksa esa gksrh gSA blh rjg lkIrkfgd vf/kdre lw[kk rhozrk lHkh g¶rksa esa Øe'k% ekyf'kjl] lkaxksyk ,oa vdywt LVs'kuksa esa ik;h xbZA lUnHkZ Qly ok"iu&ok"iksRltZu ewY;] isuesu&eksUVsFk fof/k }kjk ekSle lEca/kh ekin.Mksa ds nSfud ladyu }kjk vuqeku yxk;k x;kA blds fy, vf/kdre ,oa U;wure rkieku ¼fMxzh lS-½ vf/kdre ,oa U;wure lkis{k vknZzrk ¼izfr'kr½ iSu ok"ihdj.k ¼feeh½] ok;q xfr ¼fdeh@?kaVk½ rFkk okLrfod lw;Zizdk'k vkfn ds fy, lksykiqj ftys ds tyok;q vkadM+ks ¼o"kZ 1997&2007½ dk mi;ksx fd;k x;kA izkf;drk forj.k fo'ys"k.k gsrq lk/kkj.k ykWx] xecy ,oa oScqy vkfn Qyuksa dk p;u fd;k x;kA izk;fdrk forj.k ds ifj.kke ladsr nsrs gS fd lUnHkZ Qly ok"iu&ok"iksRltZu dk izkf;drk forj.k ,d ls vf/kd izkf;drk caVu ds ewY;ksa ds fy, dbZ lIrkg rd mi;qDr ik;s x;sA ;|fi ;g Hkh ns[kk x;k fd ,sls mnkgj.k Hkh gSa tgk¡ dksbZ Hkh izkf;drk forj.k mi;qDr ugha ik;k x;kA vukj ds fy, lUnHkZ Qly ok"iu&ok"iksRltZu lokZf/kd mi;qDr izkf;drk Lrj ij FkkA lk/kkj.k ykWx forj.k iz.kkyh lcls mi;qDr lkfcr gqbZA vkadMs bl Øe esa gS& lksykiqj lokZf/kd 34 lIrkg] xecy 12 lIrkg rFkk oScqy 6 lIrkgA tc lUnHkZ Qly ds ok"iu&ok"iksRltZu dks mlds xq.kkad ls fofHkUu izkf;drk Lrjksa ij xq.kk fd;k tk;s rks ;g vukj dh mi;qDr flapkbZ ;kstuk gsrq mi;ksxh gksrk gSA vukj ds isM+ ds fy, nSfud ikuh dh ek=k dk vf/kdre ,oa U;wure eku 70 izfr'kr izkf;drk Lrj ij lksykiqj ftys ds fy, bl izdkj gS & 2-22 ls 6-17 yh-@fnu@isM+ ,d o"kZ ds isM+ ds fy,] 4-72 ls 11-52 yh-@fnu@isM+ nwljs o"kZ ds isM+ fy,] 3-60 ls 34-16 yh-@fnu@isM+ rhljs o"kZ ds isM+ fy,] 5-0 ls 48-58 yh-@fnu@isM+ pkSFks o"kZ ds isM+ fy, rFkk 6-18 ls 66-19 yh-@fnu@isM+ ikapos o"kZ ds isM+ fy,A vukj ds ifjiDo isM+ ds fy, ¼ik¡p o"kZ½ 70 izfr'kr izkf;drk ij vEcs] fexZ o gLFk cgkj ds fy, ikuh dh vko';drk Øe'k% 1692-42yh-@o"kZ@isM+] 1327-4 yh-@o"kZ@isM+ vkSj 1260-5 yh-@o"kZ@isM+ gSA ekyf'kjl vkSj vdywt {ks=ksa esa Øe'k% vf/kd izfr'kr okyk lw[kk eghuksa o g¶rksa ik;k x;k gS vkSj blds lkFk gh mPp vf/k'ks"k efgus] lIrkgs lksykiqj] nf{k.k lksykiqj ,oa vdydksV dks Øe'k% izR;sd vukj cgkj ds ¼15 o"khZ;½ vukj ds isM+ ds fy, ekuk x;k gSA lksykiqj ftUgsa izR;sd LVs'kuksa ds fy, 'ks"k ekinaM esa ns[kk x;k gS fd gj vukj cgkj ds fy, ty larqyu ds vR;kf/kd fofo/krk gSA ijarq vEcs cgkj ds fy, tyok;q 'kq"d gSA fexZ cgkj ds fy, ;s yxkrkj v/kZ'kq"d tyok;q ls dqN vknzZ vkSj dqN 'kq"d vkfn tyok;q ls vf/kd vknzZ tyok;q dh rjQ c<+ jgh gSA csgrj xq.koŸkk ds vukj ds mRiknu ds fy, ;g tyok;q vPNh ,oa mi;ksxh gSA cgkjuqlkj ;fn ueh lwpdkad ns[kk tk, rks gLr cgkj esa ueh dk Lrj ikS/kksa dh o`f) ds fy, jksx eqDr vukj mRiknu gsrq vPNk gSA vEcs ,oa fexZ cgkj esa gLr cgkj dh rqyuk esa ekSle lEcU/kh ekin.Mks esa ¼ek/;e ewY;ksa ls½ vkdfLed rFkk vf/kd ifjorZu gksrk gS] ysfdu gLrcgkj esa lHkh ekSle lEcU/kh ekin.Mksa esa ,d leku ifjorZu gksus ds dkj.k LoLF; ,oa jksx eqDr vukj mRiknu esas lgk;rk feyrh gSA

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR – 313 001

Dated: / / 2012

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Planning for Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) production based on rainfall and evapotranspiration analysis” submitted by Mr. Bhagat Arun Dattatray to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Irrigation Water Management Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr.H. K. Mittal) (Dr. S. D. Gorantiwar) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. K. K. Yadav) (Dr. A. K. Mehta) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. S. R. Bhakar) (Dr. N. S. Rathore) Associate Professor and Head Professor and Dean, Department of Soil and Water Engineering C.T.A.E., Udaipur

Approved

Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur STUDIES ON STANDARDIZATION OF GINGER PROCESSING vnjd izlaLdj.k ds ekudhdj.k ij v/;;u

AMIT SAMBHAJI PISAL

THESIS

MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING)

2012

DEPARTMENT OF PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR-313001(RAJASTHAN)

ABSTRACT

Ginger is an important export crop valued for its powder, oil and oleoresin. Peeling, dehydration and polishing are the main unit operation in processing of ginger. Present investigation was undertaken to study and optimize the process parameters influencing peeling, dehydration and polishing of ginger rhizomes and slices. Ginger peeler was developed and evaluated at different thickness of roller brush wires (80, 100 and 150 gauge), speed of roller (65, 90 and 115 rpm) and peeling time (5, 10 and 15 min) for peeling efficiency and meat loss. Ginger rhizomes and slices (10 and 5 mm thick) were dehydrated in tray at 50, 60 and 70ºC and microwave dryer at 1.0, 1.5 and 2.5 kW power level. The effect of process parameters on drying time, moisture diffusivity and quality of final dried samples were evaluated. The holding time during polishing was optimized for optimum polishing per cent.

The developed ginger peeler was found to work satisfactory for 10 min of peeling time at 115 rpm for 150 gauge thick of brush wires giving peeling efficiency and meat loss of 81.25 and 2.8 per cent, respectively. The peeling efficiency and meat loss increased with increases in thickness of brush wires, speed of roller and peeing time. The complete drying took place in the falling rate period in convective and microwave drying. The drying time was reduced as drying temperature and microwave power level increased. The drying time of ginger rhizomes and slices (10 and 5 mm thick) in convective drying were in range of 1590- 600 min depending upon temperature and thickness. The moisture diffusivity values of ginger rhizome and slices ranged from 4.92×10-10 to 9.54×10-11 m2/s in convective drying. The drying time of ginger rhizomes and slices (10 and 5 mm) for microwave drying was in range of 380-120 min depending upon temperature. The moisture diffusivity values of ginger rhizome and slices in microwave drying ranged from 1.1833×10-09 to 6.29×10-10m2/s. The drying temperature and power level have significant effect on oleoresin content, flavour strength and colour of dried product. The polishing per cent increased with increase in holding time and use of pebbles.

The drying temperature of 60ºC and power level of 1.5 kW were found optimum for convective and microwave drying of ginger rhizomes and slices respectively. The holding time during polishing when operated along with pebbles was found to be 15 min for corresponding optimum 5.10 polish per cent.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: / 07/ 2012

CERTIFICATE - II

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Studies on standardization of ginger processing” submitted for the degree of Master of Engineering in agriculture in the subject of Processing and Food Engineering embodies bonafide research work carried out by Mr. Amit Sambhaji Pisal under my guidance and supervision and that no part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree. The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been fully acknowledged. The draft of the thesis was also approved by the advisory committee on 07/06/2012.

V. D. Mudgal V. D. Mudgal Head Major Advisor Department of Processing & Food Engineering CTAE

Narendra S. Rathore

DEAN College of Technology and Engineering, Udaipur

STUDIES ON STANDARDIZATION OF TURMERIC PROCESSING gYnh izlaLdj.k ds eku.khdj.k ij vË;;u

SANTOSH NAMDEVRAO GAGARE

THESIS

MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING)

2012

DEPARTMENT OF PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR-313001(RAJASTHAN)

ABSTRACT

India is believed to be the home of turmeric contributing the largest share in production, consumption and export in the world. The study important unit operations in processing of turmeric such as curing, drying and polishing was undertaken to optimize the process parameters to standardize the processing technology of turmeric. Curing was done by boiling turmeric rhizomes for 15, 30 and 45 min in 0.1% Na2CO3 solution. The cured turmeric rhizomes were dried at drying air temperature of 50, 60 and 70ºC in convective dryer and for microwave power levels of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kW in microwave dryer. The effect of process parameters on drying time, moisture diffusivity and quality of final dried samples were evaluated. Surface abrasive polisher was developed and evaluated for different polishing time (10, 20 and 30 min) at a drum speed of 60 rpm for optimization of polishing time.

The curcumin content of cured turmeric was observed to decrease from 4.32 to 3.25% with increase in boiling time from 15 to 45 min. The optimum boiling time for curing of turmeric was selected as 30 min. The complete drying took place in the falling rate period in convective and microwave drying. The drying time was observed to reduce with increase in drying air temperature as well as microwave power levels. The required drying time for turmeric rhizomes at 50, 60 and 70ºC drying air temperatures was observed to be 36, 29 and 23 h, respectively. Similarly the time required for microwave drying was found to be 8, 5 and 4 h for microwave power levels of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kW, respectively. The moisture diffusivity were varied in the range of 3.22 ×10-10 to 4.12 ×10-10 m²/s for convective drying and 2.50 × 10-11 to 3.99 ×10-11 m²/s for microwave drying. Drying air temperature as well as microwave power levels had significant effect on curcumin content, colour and water activity of dried products.

The drying temperature of 60ºC and microwave power level of 1.5 kW were found optimum for convective and microwave drying of turmeric, respectively. The developed polisher was observed to provide satisfactory polishing of 6.90 per cent for polishing time of 25 min.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: 11 /09/2012

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Studies on Standardization of Turmeric Processing” submitted by Mr. Santosh Namdevrao Gagare to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in agriculture in the subject of, Processing and Food Engineering was approved after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

V. D. Mudgal S. K. Jain Major Advisor Advisor

H. K. Jain Pushpa Seth S. Kothari Advisor Advisor DRI Nominee

Narendra S. Rathore V. D. Mudgal Dean Head CTAE Department of PFE Approved Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

DESIGN OF COMMUNITY SIZED BIOMASS BASED GASIFIER COOK STOVE

जैव साम�ी आधा�रत समुदाय आकार गैसीफायर चूल्ह क� संरचना

BY SHRIKANT PRAKASH

THESIS MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING (RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING)

2012

DEPARTMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR - 313 001 (RAJASTHAN) ABSTRACT

The research work was undertaken to design community sized gasifier stove of 18.78 kW capacity at department of Renewable Energy Sources, CTAE, Udaipur. The inner diameter of reactor was 30 cm, 48cm outer diameter, height of reactor was 56cm and total height of stove 76cm.

The performance of the gasifier stove has been tested with cylindrical shape and irregular shape biomass wood. Different parameters were recorded such as outside stove temperature, flame temperature, gas outlet temp, emissions test and thermal efficiency.

For cylindrical shaped wood, emission of CO were recorded as in the range of 420 to 1245 ppm whereas for irregular shape were found to be in the range of 687 to 1241ppm. NO and NOx were observed 123 and 134 ppm for irregular shape wood, whereas 102 and 95 ppm for cylindrical shape wood at its peak. Maximum outside stove temperature attained 116.3°C at height 30cm and 62.4°C at height 60cm for cylindrical shape wood and temperature attained 132.6°C at height 30cm and 65.2°C at height 60cm for irregular shape wood. The maximum flame temperatures for cylindrical and for irregular shape wood were 710, 730°C respectively. The maximum gas outlet temperatures for cylindrical and for irregular shape wood were 354, 367 ºC respectively.

Efficiency was determined by carrying the standard water boiling test (WBT). Thermal efficiency obtained was 30.36 and 27.09% when cylindrical and irregular shape of wood used as fuel respectively.

The estimated cost of the system was Rs. 9000/- with 6.7 months payback period and benefit cost ratio was found as 1.27. It can be inferred that the developed gasifier stove is technically as well as economically feasible.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: 18 / 10 /2007

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Design of Community sized Biomass based Gasifier Cook stove” submitted by Mr. Shrikant Prakash to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in agricultural engineering in the subject of Renewable Energy Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. Deepak Sharma) (Dr. A. K. Kurchania) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. M.A. Saloda) (Dr. Surendra Kothari) Advisor HEAD Department of R.E.S. (Dr. R.C. Verma) DRI Nominee

(Dr. N. S. Rathore) Dean, C.T.A.E

Approved Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

Design, Development and Performance Evaluation of Vapour Compression Refrigeration System Powered by Solar Photovoltaic and Grid Systems lkSj QksVksoksfYVd vkSj fxzM iz.kkyh n~okjk lapkfyr ok"i daizslj iz'khru iz.kkyh ds fMtkbu] fodkl] ,oa izn'kZu ewY;kadu

BY KAPIL KUMAR SAMAR

THESIS MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING (RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING)

2012

DEPARTMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGIINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY,

UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN) Abstract

A large number of people in developing countries still live in Rural and Remote area like India where the grid electricity is unavailable or not envisaged by the people. Vaccine preservation has become an important issue and the basic needs in rural areas. Solar power refrigeration is the one of promising option to resolve such burning problem. This specification defines the design of vapor compression refrigeration system powered by solar photovoltaic systems, battery bank and a UPS for six hours. The four components of the refrigerator, namely, the condenser, evaporator, compressor and the capillary tube are designed separately for 15 liter capacity. Eco-friendly refrigerant R-134a was selected. Various performance tests at no load and full load condition were carried out to study the performance of the system. The coefficient of performance (COP) was observed to decrease with time from morning to afternoon and average COP 3.39 and 3.29 was observed for no load and full load respectively. The exergetic efficiency of both photovoltaic and refrigerator systems are also evaluated for both no load and full load conditions. The overall system energetic and exergetic efficiencies were found low because of energy conversion efficiency and exergy efficiency of the photovoltaic system is low. The payback period of the SPV refrigerator was found approximate 6 months. Keywords: Vapour compression refrigerator, photovoltaic, battery bank, UPS, COP, exergy, payback period.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated:

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Design, Development and performance evaluation of vapour compression refrigeration system powered by solar photovoltaic and grid systems” submitted by Mr. Kapil Kumar Samar to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Renewable EnergyEngineering was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

( Dr. Surendra Kothari ) (Dr. S. Zindal) (Dr. Deepak Sharma)

Major Advisor Advisor Advisor

(Dr. N. S. Rathore) Head Dean, C.T.A.E. Department of RES

Approved Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

PARTICLE DRIFT EVALUATION OF AIR ASSISTED SPRAYING SYSTEM ok;q lgk;rk fNM+dko iz.kkyh esa d.k cgko dk ewY;kadu

BY SHASHIKANT GORAKH PAWAR

THESIS

Master of Engineering

In Agricultural Engineering (Farm Machinery and Power Engineering)

2012

DEPARTMENT OF FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJ.)

ABSTRACT

Study was undertaken for particle drift evaluation of air assisted spraying system which would help to measure spray drift in the laboratory and field condition. With the evaluation of particle drift and suitable control measures it can reduce the cost of pesticide in spray application in field as well as it can increases the bio-efficacy of sprayers. Three different types of spraying equipment’s i.e. air sleeve boom, boom sprayer and aero blast sprayer were evaluated in laboratory for independent meteorological variables like wind speed (1.5 m/s, 1.7 m/s and 1.8 m/s) , temperature (22 0C, 28 0C and 34 0C), relative humidity (54 %, 58 % and 69 %) respectively. Spray penetration was also observed in to the canopy of cotton plant at six different positions to study the effect of meteorological variables on spray spectrum parameters (droplet size VMD, uniformity coefficient, and droplet density)

The laboratory analysis showed that with the increase in temperature from 22°C to 34°C had increased the particle drift from 52.33 to 77.19, 58.89 to 80.96 and 78.59 to 106.41 µg at a 5m distance and 37.44 to 51.33, 41.67 to 54.67 and 56.15 to 72.55 µg at a 10 m distance for air sleeve boom sprayer, boom sprayer and aero blast sprayer respectively With the increase in relative humidity from 54 per cent to 69 per cent had decreased the particle drift from 66.93 to 61.30, 72.04 to 66.67 and 95.96 to 90.37 µg at a 5m distance and 48 to 41.33, 52.26 to 46.92 and 67.70 to 62.04 µg at a 10 m distance in air sleeve boom sprayer, boom sprayer and aero blast sprayer respectively. With the increase in wind velocity from 1.5 m/s to 1.8 m/s had increased the particle drift from 60.30 to 67.67, 65.81 to 72.30 and 89.85 to 96.11 µg at a 5m distance and 40.59 to 49.93, 45.96 to 52.63 and 61.59 to 68.11 µg at a 10 m distance for air sleeve boom sprayer, boom sprayer and aero blast sprayer respectively.

On the basis of result obtained from the laboratory experiment and field evaluation the highest drift was observed in aero blast sprayer followed by boom with least drift in air sleeve boom sprayer. Maximum amount of drift was observed in 0.4 to 0.9 meter zone area at 5 and 10 meter distance from sprayer in field experiment. The amount of drift was significantly increased with increases in temperature and wind velocity. The amount of drift was significantly decreased with decrease in humidity. The amount of drift was significantly higher with decrease in droplet size (VMD) and increase in droplet density.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: 22/09/2011

CERTIFICATE-III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Comparative Performance Evaluation of Air Sleeve Boom, Boom and Aero Blast Sprayers on Cotton Crop” submitted by Mr. Sunil Sahebrao Ubale to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. Y. C. Bhatt Dr. S. M. Mathur Major Advisor Advisor

Dr. H. K. Jain Dr. G. S. Tiwari Advisor Head Department of FMPE

Dr. N. S. Rathore Dean CTAE, Udaipur “Estimation of Runoff and Sediment Yield from Ahar

River Catchment using RS and GIS techniques” lqnwj laosnu vkSj HkkSxksfyd lwpuk iz.kkyh dk mi;ksx dj vk;M+ unh tyxzg.k ls viokg vkSj volkn yfC/k dk vkadyu djuk

PRATIBHA KATARA

THESIS MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING)

2012

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR-313001(RAJASTHAN)

ABSTRACT

Present study aimed at estimating runoff and sediment yield by using remote sensing and GIS techniques in Ahar River catchment of Udaipur district, Rajasthan. The annual runoff was estimated for ten-year period (2001-2010) by using SCS-CN method and the sediment yield was estimated by using USLE model. Thematic layers of soil, topographic elevation, slope, land use/land cover (LULC) were generated in GIS platform by using existing soil map, SRTM DEM, and IRS-P4 satellite imagery. The GIS-based soil map was used to develop hydrologic soil group (HSG) map of the study area. Then HSG and LULC maps were used to generate curve number (CN) map in the GIS environment. Weighted CN value under antecedent moisture condition (AMC) type I, II and III for Ahar River catchment was computed based on the GIS-based CN map, which were used to compute annual surface runoff. Furthermore, GIS-based maps of six USLE model factors, R, K, L, S, C and P, were generated. Raster maps of the six USLE factors were multiplied to estimate sediment yield on pixel basis. The curve number for the study area under AMC I, II and III was computed to be 43.88, 65.06, 81.07, respectively. Annual runoff for the catchment ranged from 363.30 to 984.30 mm with mean value of 620.89 mm over ten-year period. The sediment yield values were classified into six priority classes, namely slight, moderate, high, very high, severe, and very severe as per the guidelines suggested for Indian conditions. The results revealed that the spatial pattern of the soil loss is almost similar for different years. The soil loss is found to be significantly correlated with amount of annual rainfall. The highest amount of soil loss occurred in the years 2006 and 2010 when relatively high rainfall was received as compared to other years. The mean annual sediment yield map was computed, which indicated that about 23.09 per cent of the catchment area is under slight erosion. However, the areas under moderate, high, very high, severe and very severe erosion potential zones are 19.84, 20.75, 15.55, 10.88 and 9.88 per cent, respectively. Therefore, the last four zones need immediate attention from soil conservation point of view.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR – 313 001

Dated : / / 2012

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Estimation of Runoff and Sediment Yield from Ahar River Catchment using RS and GIS techniques” submitted by Ms. Pratibha Katara to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Soil and Water Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on her thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. H.K. Mittal) (Dr. P. K. Singh) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. Mahesh Kothari) (Dr. S. M. Mathur) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. S.R. Bhakar) (Dr. N.S.Rathore) Head Dean, Department of SWE C.T.A.E., Udaipur

Approved

Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

“Estimation of Runoff and Sediment Yield from Ahar

River Catchment using RS and GIS techniques” lqnwj laosnu vkSj HkkSxksfyd lwpuk iz.kkyh dk mi;ksx dj vk;M+ unh tyxzg.k ls viokg vkSj volkn yfC/k dk vkadyu djuk

PRATIBHA KATARA

THESIS MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING)

2012

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR-313001(RAJASTHAN)

ABSTRACT

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR – 313 001

Dated : / / 2012

CERTIFICATE – III

(Dr. H.K. Mittal) (Dr. P. K. Singh) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. Mahesh Kothari) (Dr. S. M. Mathur) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. S.R. Bhakar) (Dr. N.S.Rathore) Head Dean, Department of SWE C.T.A.E., Udaipur

Approved

Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

Novel Control of Grid Connected Photovoltaic Solar Farm for Stability Enhancement

िस्थरता संवधर्नके�लए �ग्रड सेकनेक्टेडवी न नन

फोटोवोस्टटक सौर फा ध

JITENDRA KASERA

THESIS

MASTER OF ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

(POWER SYSTEM & CONTROL)

2012

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR (RAJASTHAN) 313001 (INDIA)

Abstract

The human activities contribute to the global warming of the planet. As a result, every country strives to reduce carbon emissions. The world is facing not only the depletion of fossil fuels, but also its rising prices which cause the worldwide economic instability. Numbers of efforts are being undertaken by the Governments around the world to explore alternative energy sources and to achieve pollution reduction. Solar electric or photovoltaic technology is one of the biggest renewable energy resources to generate electrical power and the fastest growing power generation in the world. Also for improving the stability of the system an huge investment is to be done in FACTS devices, so system remain stable. The main aim of this work is to analyze the interface of photovoltaic system to the load, the power electronics, the method to track the maximum power point (MPP) of the solar panel and to operate the Solar PV inverter as a STATCOM a FACTS device, which can improve the system stability by providing the reactive power support to the system. Also the system behavior during the fault is to be study out.

The first chapter consists of an overview of the PV market and cost. It describes the application of the PV system, the energy storage and the different standard requirement when having grid-connected PV system.

Then main emphasis is to be placed on the photovoltaic system, the modeling and simulation photovoltaic array, the MPP control and the DC/DC converter, DC/AC inverter, its Control will be analyzed and evaluated. The step of modeling with MATLAB and Simulink of the photovoltaic system is shown respectively and simulation results are provided. COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR

Dated:- CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Novel Control of Grid Connected Photovoltaic

Solar Farm for Stability Enhancement” submitted by Mr. Jitendra Kasera to the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Master of Engineering in the subject of Electrical Engineering (Power System and Control) after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination as satisfactory. We, therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Sh. Vinod Kumar) (Dr. R.R. Joshi) (Dr. Deepak Sharma) Major Advisor Advisor Advisor

(Dr. Sudhakar Jindal) DRI Nominee

(Dr. R.R. Joshi) (Dr. N.S. Rathore) Associate Professor and Head Professor and Dean Department of Electrical Engineering College of Technology and Engineering C.T.A.E., Udaipur Udaipur

Approved

Director, Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

TECHNOFEASIBILITY OF ON FARM RESERVOIRS IN BHILWARA DISTRICT

HkhyokM+k ftys esa [ksr tyk'k;ksa dh rduhdh laHkkO;rk

PUNAM MHETRE

THESIS

MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(IRRIGATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING)

2012

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY,

UDAIPUR-313001(RAJASTHAN) ABSTRACT

Water is an essential resource, to feed the rapid growing population and improving living standards. The pressure on available water resources is increasing and per capita availability is reducing day by day. Water harvesting is a traditional water management technology to insure recurrent droughts and future water scarcity in many arid and semi arid regions of world. Though farmers of the Bhilwara region are using Nadi system for water harvesting, but no scientific study was conducted earlier in this region on Nadi system. Therefore an attempt has been made to conduct study on ‘Techno feasibility of on farm reservoirs in Bhilwara district’.

Daily rainfall data for period of 30 years (1981-2010) for Suwana, Shahapura and Baneda Panchayat Samitis was used to analyze the probability distribution using Webull’s technique and annual rainfall was recorded for Suwana (69.92 mm) and Baneda (59.97 mm) at 80 per cent probability and Shahapura (147 mm) at 70 per cent probability. The runoff generating capacity of the watershed was estimated by SCS curve number method and found to be 78807.50 m3 (Suwana), 52095 m3 (Shahapura) and 55929 m3 (Baneda).

For Suwana and Baneda Panchayat Samiti polynomial model was found to be good and for Shahapura Panchayat Samiti Logarithmic model was found to be good. Efforts was also made to estimate the capacity of Nadi by topographic survey and following results were obtained; 43247.83 m3 (Suwana), 15468.26 m3 (Shahapura) and 15468.26 m3 (Baneda). In west weir designing crest length of Sidadiyas Nadi should be 0.92 and height should be 0.4 m, length Chalaniya Nadi should be 1.070 m and height should be 0.3 m and length Baran Nadi should be 0.89 m and height should be 0.3 m. Results revealed that at the three selected Nadis are under designed. Thus capacity of traditional Nadis can be increased to store available runoff in the Nadis. In embankment designing required height of embankment for Sidadiyas, Chalaniya and Baran should be 4.25 m, 5.50 m and 3.67 m respectively. Benefit cost ratio was found to be 2.51:1 (Suwana Panchayat Samiti), 2.40:1 (Shahapura Panchayat Samiti) and 2.51:1 (Baneda Panchayat Samiti).

Key words: Rainfall, Runoff, Benefit cost ratio

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR – 313 001

Dated: / / 2012

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Techonofeasibility of on farm reservoirs in Bhilwara district” submitted by Ms. Punam Mhetre to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Irrigation And water Management Engineering was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on her thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. S. R. Bhakar) (Dr. M. L. Jat) Major Advisor Co-major Advisor

(Dr. Dharam Singh) (Dr. S. R. Bhakar) Advisor Professor and Head Department of Soil and Water Engineering

(Dr. Narendra S. Rathore) Professor and Dean Approved CTAE, Udaipur. Director Resident Instructions

AN EFFICIENT DIGITAL IMAGE WATERMARKING METHOD

By MADHURI AGRAWAL

THESIS MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

2012

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR-313 001(RAJASTHAN)

ABSTRACT

These days there is an increased risk of copyright violation of multimedia data that has become an important issue for content owners and service providers. Watermarking is identified as a successful technology to achieve copyright protection. It aims at asserting Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) of digital images by inserting a copyright identifier in the contents of the image, without sacrificing its quality. The dual scrambled watermark is embedded on the elements of singular values of the scrambled cover image’s DWT middle frequency sub-band and the image scrambling is done by Arnold and Scrambling Sequence. The security levels are increased by using a key value and scaling factor for the embedding and extraction process. In this study the simulation was performed on MATLAB 7.7.0 with standard database gray scale images of size 512x512 and watermark of size 64x64 using dual scrambled watermark schemes. The correlation factor for Salt and pepper noise, Gaussian noise, JPEG compression, Gaussian low pass filter and Cutting methods used by Rui-mei et al. and Wang et al. were compared with proposed method using hybrid dual scrambled watermark scheme. The proposed method enhanced the robustness and imperceptibility of digital images.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR-313 001

Dated: 12/02/2013

CERTIFICATE - III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “An Efficient Digital Image Watermarking Method” submitted by Miss. Madhuri Agrawal to the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in the subject of Computer Science and Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination was satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. Dharm Singh Dr. Naveen Major Advisor Choudhary Co-Advisor

Dr. Navneet Kumar Agrawal Dr. R.R. Joshi Advisor DRI Nominee

Dr. Naveen Choudhary Dr. N.S. Rathore Head of Department Professor and Dean Department of CSE C.T.A.E., Udaipur

Approved

DIRECTOR, RESIDENT INSTRUCTIONS Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology Udaipur (Rajasthan)

PLANNING OF CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR BARSALA

MICRO-WATERSHED USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

Lkqnwj laosnu ,oa HkkSxksfyd lwpuk iz.kkyh }kjk cjlkyk y?kq tyxzg.k {kS= dh ;kstuk ,oa vfHkdYIkuk

CHANDRA BHAN SINGH

THESIS MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING (SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING)

2012

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN)

ABSTRACT

Land and water are the two basic natural resources essential for survival of human kind on the earth. Ironically, adequate emphasis has not been paid to conserve, develop and judiciously utilize these resources in many parts of the world. Ever since the dawn of civilization, man has been harnessing these resources to meet his requirement for food, fiber and fuel. The ever increasing pace of human development and pressure of population have further accelerated the exploitation of natural resources like soil and water. For their efficient and sustainable management one has to look for sustainable unit so that these resources can be handled and managed effectively, collectively and simultaneously.

Development programmes concerning optimum utilization of natural resources (soil, water and vegetation) are now increasingly oriented with a watershed as an integral unit. For giving practical shape to the systematic, scientific and rational approach of watershed, a proper delineation of watershed is pre requisite. In the present study, delineation of watershed is done digitally in the remote sensing and GIS environment instead of manual delineation. The total area of watershed is 504.61 ha. Further, the geomorphological characteristic of watershed has been studied using GIS technique. A quantitative morphometric analysis enables us to understand the relationship among different aspects of the drainage pattern of the watershed. With the help of the remote sensing and GIS techniques, the land use capability classification of the watershed was also done. It gives the systematic arrangement of land according to their properties that determine the ability of land to produce on virtually permanent basis. The area of watershed under arable and non-arable land is 230.21 ha and 274.40 ha respectively. Rainfall data of 30 years (1982-2011) for Banswana were analysed for probability distribution at different levels using Weilbull’s technique. At 75 percent probability analysis level, annual and seasonal rainfall is 707.22 mm and 630.21 mm respectively. The data were analysed for designing purpose of water harvesting structure.

The appropriate agricultural and engineering measures adaptable in the watershed were designed on the basis of rainfall analysis, land use capability classification and topography of the area. Contour bund, purto rico terrace, stone wall terrace were proposed for arable land whereas contour trench, staggered trench and v-ditch were proposed for non-arable land for the purpose of soil and water conservation. For the treatment of drainage line area, loose stone check dams of different dimensions were proposed as per their available catchment area. The class VI and VII land were proposed to be treated with afforstation and pastural system.

For harvesting of excess runoff, one water harvesting structure (Anicut) having storage capacity of 10.12 ha-m was planned and designed. The cost of Anicut was estimated to be Rs. 2207900.00 lacs. Average cost of watershed treatment including the cost of water harvesting structure was estimated to be Rs. 10352.00/ha.

The economic analysis of Barsala watershed shows that benefit-cost ratio under economic and financial evaluation is 1.8:1 and 2.1:1 respectively indicating that project is viable economically and financially.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: / /

CERTIFICATE - III

This is to certify that the thesis entitled Planning of Conservation Measures for Barsala Micro-Watershed Using Remote Sensing and GIS ” submitted by Mr. Chandra Bhan Singh to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Soil and Water conservation Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. P.K.Singh) (Dr. H.K.Mittal) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. K.K.Yadav) (Dr. Y.C.Bhatt) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. N.S.Rathore) (Dr. S.R.Bhakar) Dean, CTAE Head Department of SWE Approved

Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIABILITY IN GROUNDWATER QUALITY OF JAIPUR DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN

jktLFkku ds t;iqj ftys esa] Hkwty dh xq.koŸkk esa LFkkfud ,oa lkef;d cnyko

TRUPTI KAMBLE

THESIS

MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING)

2013

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313001(RAJASTHAN)

Abstract

This study elicited seasonal variation of groundwater quality in Jaipur district, Rajasthan by applying statistical and multivariate statistical tests such as box and whisker plot, correlation matrix method, t-test, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) to standardized dataset of thirteen groundwater quality parameters

(i.e. Ca, Mg, Na, K, SO4, Cl, NO3, CO3, F, HCO3, TDS, EC and pH. The groundwater quality data of 153 sampling sites were collected for pre- and post-monsoon seasons of 2006- 2009 periods. Results of the box and whisker plots revealed that the highest spatial variation for most of the groundwater quality parameters occurred during pre-monsoon season of the year 2009. The box plots also indicated non-normality present in almost all the parameters. The linear relationship between seven pairs of the parameters, i.e. EC-TDS, EC-Na, EC-Cl,

TDS-Na, TDS-Cl, pH-CO3, and Na-Cl was observed to be very strong in nature during pre- monsoon season from results of the correlation matrix method. It was seen that the magnitude of this relationship was somewhat less in magnitude during the post-monsoon season. The t- test resulted in significant change in the mean concentrations of six parameters, i.e. pH, sodium, calcium, bicarbonate, nitrate, and fluoride at 5% significance level during the pre- monsoon season over four years. During the post-monsoon season, only nitrate parameter showed a significant change over four years. Scree plots of the parameters indicated that first three principal components (PCs) were significant in explaining total variations in the groundwater quality. However, first two PCs were considered in this study. The first PC was characterized by the strong loadings of EC, TDS, Na, Cl during all seasons and years while

the second PC was characterized by strong loadings of pH and CO3. The results of the HCA supported the findings of PCA. Two major clusters formed during every season and year

consisted of EC-TDS-Na-Cl and pH-CO3-HCO3.

Finally, this study illustrates the usefulness of statistical and multivariate statistical techniques for analysis and interpretation of complex datasets, and in water quality assessment.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR – 313 001

Dated: 07/ 03 / 2013

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Spatio-temporal Variability in Groundwater Quality of Jaipur District, Rajasthan” submitted by Ms. Trupti Kamble to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on her thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. S. R. Bhakar) (Dr. Dr.P.K.Singh) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. H. K. Mittal) (Dr. S. R. Bhakar) Advisor Professor and Head Department of Soil and Water Engineering

(Dr. N.S.Rathore) Professor and Dean Approved CTAE, Udaipur. Director Resident Instruction Simulation of Wind Turbine Control with Short Term Grid Faults Management

लघुअ�वध ि◌ ड दोष बंधनकेसाथ पवन टरबाइन ि◌नयंण का अनुकरण

ANKIT CHAPLOT

THESIS

MASTER OF ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

(POWER SYSTEM & CONTROL)

2012

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR (RAJASTHAN) 313001 (INDIA)

Abstract

The progress of wind power technology in recent years has exceeded all expectations. Such a progress has led to cost reduction to levels comparable, in many cases, with conventional methods of electricity generation. Anyway, the increased penetration of wind power in the grid has entailed important technical barriers that limit the development, as stability is a key issue. These new requirements are challenging the control of the wind turbines and new control strategies are needed to meet the target. The purpose of the thesis is to develop a wind turbine control system capable to handle short-term grid faults.

Grid companies with large amount of wind power presently are starting to require wind turbine to remain connected to the grid during a fault, to avoid the time of reconnection process, which needs 4-5 minutes. Furthermore it is economically convenient to handle the fault, without disconnecting the wind turbine from the grid, this permit to store the incoming energy from the wind and to recover it, at the end of the fault. In order to be able to stay connected under grid faults special control strategy has to be employed. This strategy should ensure that current and voltage protections are not tripped and no electric power is delivered to the grid.

The main emphasis is to be placed on the wind energy generation system; modeling and simulation of wind energy generation system, STATCOM and DC/DC converter, DC/AC inverter, and its control will be analyzed and evaluated. The step of modeling with MATLAB and Simulink of the wind energy generation system is shown respectively and simulation results are provided. COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR

Dated:- CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Simulation of Wind Turbine Control with Short Term Grid Faults Management” submitted by Mr. Ankit Chaplot to the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Master of Engineering in the subject of Electrical Engineering (Power System and Control) after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination as satisfactory. We, therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Sh. Vinod Kumar) (Dr. R.R. Joshi) (Dr. Deepak Sharma) Major Advisor Advisor Advisor

(Dr. Sudhakar Jindal) DRI Nominee

(Dr. R.R. Joshi) (Dr. N.S. Rathore) Associate Professor and Head Professor and Dean Department of Electrical Engineering College of Technology and Engineering C.T.A.E., Udaipur Udaipur

Approved

Director, Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur "ON FARM RESERVOIRS AND RECYCLING OF

HARVESTED RAIN WATER TO MODERATE

MOISTURE STRESS IN BHILWARA DISTRICT"

“HkhyokM+k ftys esa [ksr tyk'k;ksa ,oa laxzfgr o"kkZ ty ds iqu%

pØ.k ls ueh ds ncko dks de djuk”

By RAGINI DASHORA

THESIS

MASTER OF ENGINEERING

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING)

2013

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANAPRATAPUNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE

AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313001(RAJASTHAN) vuq{ksi.k

HkhyokM+k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ewyr% —f"k }kjk lapkfyr gS tks fd ekulwu dh vfuf'prkvksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA blds vfrfjDr lw[ks dh iqujkorhZ Qly ds mRiknu ij izfrdwy izHkko M+kyrh gSaA bUgsa /;ku esa j[krs gq, HkhyokM+k ftys esa ueh ds ncko dks de djus ds fy;s lw{e tyxzg.k {kS= ds vk/kkj ij [ksr tyk'k;ksa esa o"kkZ ty ds lap;u ij v/;;u fd;k x;kA blds fy;s foxr 30 o"kksZa ds nSfud o"kkZ rFkk v/;;u o"kZ ¼2011&2012½ ds nSfud ekSle lEcU/kh vk¡dM+s ckjkuh —f"k vuqla/kku dsUnz] vkjft;k] HkhyokM+k ls ,df=r fd;s x;sA v/;;u ds fy;s 1-99 gsDV;j {kS=Qy dk lw{e tyxzg.k {kS= pquk x;kA bl {ks= dh feV~Vh] Hkwfe mi;ksx rFkk tycgko ds pqus gq;s 10 o"kksZa ds vk¡dM+s dsUnz ls ,df=r fd;s x;sA lw{e tyxzg.k {kS= ls ty cgko izkjEHk gksus ds fy;s vko';d nsgyh o"kkZ Kkr djus ds fy;s nl o"kksZa ds o"kkZ o tycgko ds vk¡dM+ksa dk js[kkfp=] flag ¼1978½ o flag ¼1988½ fof/k;ksa }kjk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;kA ifj.kke ls ;g irk pyk fd flag ¼1987½ fof/k us nsgyh o"kkZ dk eku ¼40 eh eh-½ fy;s o"kkZ o ty cgko esa izfr:i fodflr fd;s x;sA ,l-lh- ,u- fof/k ls okf"kZd ty cgko Kkr fd;k x;kA ifj.kke ls irk pyk fd vuxstM~ lw{e tyxzg.k {kS= esa ty cgko dk iwokZuqeku yxkus ds fy;s jSf[kd xBca/ku izfr:i Js"B ik;k x;kA blh izdkj fofHkUu ekulwu efguksa ds fy;s o"kkZ ty cgko izfr:i fodflr fd;s x;s ifj.kke ls irk pyk fd fodflr izfr:i esa ls twu efgus ds fy;s r`rh; vkWMZj iksfyuksfe;y rFkk tqykbZ] vxLr ,oa flrEcj efguksa ds fy;s jSf[kd xBca/ku izfr:i Js"B ik;s x;sA

{kS= esa vf/k'ks"k ty miyC/k gSA bldks ,df=r dj 'kq"d vUrjkyksa esa iqu% pØ.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA okf"kZd ty dh vko';drk lkekU; ty dh ekax 1681-5 eh-eh- ds foijhr 1590 eh-eh- ik;h x;hA iksyh fQYe vkoj.k esa lcls de fjlko nj ntZ dh xbZA lHkh [ksr tyk'k;ksa ds fy;s fjlkonj ds iqokZuqeku gsrq izfr:i fodflr fd;s x;sA tks fd egRoiw.kZ ik;s x;sA ok"ihdj.k ,oa ty fjlko] tyk'k; ls gksus okys vkSlr ty {k; dk 36 ,oa 64 izfr'kr x;sA tyk'k; ls ty dks fudkyus ds fy;s rhu fofHkUu ;qfDr;ksa ls iz;kl fd;k x;kA ifj.kke ls ;g irk pyk fd 5 gkWlikWoj dh fo|qr eksVj iEilsV 'ks"k ;wfDr;ksa fd rqyuk esa lLrh ik;h x;hA eDds esa iwjd flapkbZ miyC/k djkus ij vflafpr eDds dh rqyuk esa mRiknu esa o`f) gqbZA [kjhQ _rq ds nkSjku dkpjh lokZf/kd ykHk dh lCth ik;h x;h Fkh ftlus vf/kd 'kq) ykHk ntZ fd;k rFkk vU; lfCt;ksa dh rqyuk esa ikuh dk csgrjhu mi;ksx fd;kA

blh izdkj jch _rq esa gjk /kfu;k vkfFkZd :i ls lc ls mi;qDr ik;k x;kA cwan&cwan flapkbZ i)fr ls yxHkx 48-6 ,oa 45-7 izfr'kr ty dh cpr Øe'k% [kjhQ o jch _rq esa ik;h x;hA [kjhQ _rq dk mRiknu c<+kus ,oa 'kq) ykHk dks c<+kus ds fy;s yhfu;j izksxzkfeax izfr:i fodflr fd;k x;kA mi;qDr Qly iz.kkyh viukus ij tyk'k; esa miyC/k ty ls 'kq) ykHk esa o`f) gqbZA vkfFkZd fo'ys"k.k ds ifj.kke ls ik;k x;k fd 4-47 ykHk ykxr vuqikr] 2&3 o"kZ dh vnk;xh vof/k rFkk 39-6 izfr'kr vkarfjd izfrykHk dh nj ik;h x;hA HkhyokM+k ftys esa ueh ds ncko dks iwjk djus ds fy;s [ksr tyk'k;ksa esa o"kkZ ty lap;u djuk lc ls mi;qDr fodYi gSA

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR – 313001

Dated: / / 2013

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “On farm reservoirs and recycling of harvested rain water to moderate moisture stress in Bhilwara district ' submitted by Ms. Ragini Dashora to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Irrigation and Water Management Engineering was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on her thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. S. R. Bhakar) (Dr. M. L. Jat) Major Advisor Co-major Advisor

(Dr. S.S. Sisodia) (Dr. Mahesh Kothari) Advisor Advisor

Dr. R.C. Verma (Dr. S. R. Bhakar) DRI Nominee Professor and Head Department of Soil and Water Engineering

DEAN CTAE, Udaipur.

Approved Director Resident Instruction

Optimization of Compression Ratio and Rice Bran Biodiesel for DI-CI Engine

^^Mh vk;&lhvk; batu ds fy;s laihM+u ncko vuqikr vkSj pkoy Hkwlh tSo Mhty dk vkn'khZdj.k**

ABHINAB MISHRA

THESIS Master of Technology

Agricultural Engineering

(Farm Machinery and Power Engineering)

2013

DEPARTMENT OF FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJ.) ABSTRACT India is second largest rice producing country and estimated yield of crude rice bran oil (RBO) is about 400,000 tons per year. However presence of active lipase in bran and lack of economic stabilization methods, most of the bran is used as animal feed or for industrial application. So,one of the best ways for the potential utilization of RBO is the production of Biodiesel, also a very little research has been done to utilize this oil as a replacement for mineral Diesel.

The present investigation deals with performance and characteristics on a diesel engine by using biodiesel from rice bran oil. Rice bran oil was converted into their respective methyl esters through two stage transesterification process. This study targets at finding the effects of the engine parameters viz. Brake specific fuel consumption (g/kWh), Brake specific energy consumption (MJ/kW), Brake thermal efficiency (%) and smoke opacity against different blend ratios i.e. (RB00, RB05, RB10, RB15, RB20) and loads i.e. (5%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) to compare the performance of diesel and rice bran biodiesel blends for optimum blend. Further, experiments were conducted by using the optimum blend for finding the effect of variations in compression ratio at different load conditions to decide the optimum compression ratio. RB blends are found to be a substitute for diesel fuel. RB05 blend found to be the most optimized blend among all blends of rice bran methyl ester for higher brake power, brake thermal efficiency and low brake specific fuel consumption; the smoke opacity was minimum for RB15 blend. Compression ratio of 17.0 was observed as the optimum ratio compared over others ratios with higher brake power and brake thermal efficiency; lower BSFC and BSEC were observed with CR of 17.5.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Date: 12/08/2013

CERTIFICATE - III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Optimization of compression ratio and rice bran biodiesel for DI-CI engine” submitted by Mr. Abhinab Mishra to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. G. S. Tiwari Dr. A. K. Mehta

Major Advisor Advisor

Dr. S. Jindal Dr. P. K. Singh

Advisor DRI Nominee

Dr. B. P. Nandwana Dr. G. S. Tiwari

DEAN Head

CTAE, Udaipur Department of FMPE

Approved

Director Resident Instruction

MPUAT, Udaipur Development and Performance Evaluation of Electronic Planter

BYSDVªSªKWWFUD CHT JKSI.K ;=AA DK FODKL ,OA FU"IKNU EWYW;KADU

VIPAL MANSURIYA

THESIS

Master of Technology

Agricultural Engineering

(Farm Machinery and Power Engineering)

2013

DEPARTMENT OF FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY,

UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJ.) ABSTRACT

The application of machines to agricultural production has been one of the most significant developments in the agricultural world. The largest part of production increase is attributed to the increased utilisation of mechanical and electrical energy by developing more effective machines and implements. The recent developments are focused on the precision farming, in which resources are used in optimum quantity, thereby reducing input requirement along with the efficient utilization. The sowing devices equipped with single seed metering devices are called precision planters. Electronic planters, a type of precision planters, can be of great use as they provide timely sowing with accurate seed spacing, reduction in wastage and breakage of seeds, reduction in the effects of wheel slip on seed metering with faster operation.

The present study was undertaken to develop a seven row electronic planter with inclined plate seed metering mechanism. The seed metering mechanism comprised of DC motors to rotate the metering plates, using the tractor battery. The motors were controlled by an electronic circuit which synchronized the speed of metering plate with the forward speed of operation. The planter was operated at the speed of 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 km/h for ground nut, maize and soyabean seeds. The metering mechanism was evaluated by using the combination of opto- electronic sensor system and grease belt system. The opto electronic system gave more effective understanding of variation in seed spacing and seed rate as compared to the grease belt system. The performance parameters like draft, field capacity, field efficiency etc. were recorded and analysed. The variation in seed spacing and seed rate were analysed statistically on both laboratory and field.

The study resulted that, in laboratory, the seed spacing decreased with increase in speed of operation. The seed rate increased linearly with increase in speed of operation. The seed breakage showed an increasing trend with increase in speed of travel. Similarly, in field, the seed spacing decreased and seed rate increased with increase in speed. The variation in field and laboratory reading was found maximum for ground nut seeds and minimum for maize. The results show that the optimum speed for sowing of ground nut and maize was 3.5 km/h and for that of soyabean was 3.0 km/h.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: ...... /09/2013

CERTIFICATE-III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Development and Performance Evaluation of Electronic Planter” submitted by Ms. Vipal Mansuriya to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. Y. C. Bhatt Dr. S.M. Mathur Major Advisor Advisor

Dr. H. K. Jain Dr. Deepak Sharma Advisor DRI Nominee

Dr. G. S. Tiwari Dr. B. P. Nandawana Head Dean Department of FMPE CTAE, Udaipur

Approved

Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur ENERGY AUDIT OF PROCESSING PLANT OF UDAIPUR MILK UNION

mn;iqj nqX/k la?k ds izlaLdj.k l;a= dh ÅtkZ vads{k.k

RENU BAI SOLANKI

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING)

2013

DEPARTMENT OF PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR-313001(RAJASTHAN) MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: 05 /10/2013

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Energy Audit of Processing Plant of Udaipur Milk Union” submitted by Ms. Renu Bai Solanki to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agriculture in the subject of,

Processing and Food Engineering was approved after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on her thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. N.S. Rathore Dr. V.D. Mudgal Major Advisor Advisor

Dr. S.K. Jain Dr. K.C. Sharma Dr. K.K. Yadav Advisor Advisor DRI Nominee

Dr. B.P. Nandwana Dr. S.K. Jain

Dean Head

CTAE Department of PFE

Approved

Director Resident Instruction

MPUAT, Udaipur ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my proud privilege to express my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. N. S. Rathore, Hon’ble Vice Chancellor, Agricultural University, Jobner for his constant encouragement, guidance and constructive criticism in the course of investigation and preparation of this manuscript. It has been great joy and proud to have him as a guide. Few words can hardly convey thankfulness which I feel towards him.

I am extremely thankful to Dr. S. K. Jain, Professor and Head, Department of Processing and Food Engineering, CTAE, whose rewarding guidance help in providing necessary facilities in time made the research study an achievement.

I express sincere gratitude to Dr. B.P. Nandwana, Dean, College of Technology and Engineering, Udaipur for providing all the needed facilities, which were essential for successfully completion of the project work.

I consider it a great privilege to record my respect and indebtedness to the members of my advisory committee, Dr. V.D. Mudgal, Professor, Department of Processing and Food Engineering, and Dr. K.C. Sharma, Associate Professor Department of Post Harvest Engineering and my DRI Nominee Dr. K.K. Yadav, Assistant Professor, Department of Soil and Water Engineering for his esteemed guidance, persistent encouragement, helpful suggestions and timely help to the course of investigations.

I am also greatly indebted to Dr. R. C. Verma and Dr. G.P. Sharma, Professor, Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Er. P.S. Champawat, Associate Professor, Dr. V. K. Chahar and Er. Sharad Saxena of the Department for providing all the needful facilities. I take this opportunity to extend my sincere thanks to all faculty members of Department of Processing and Food Engineering for their kind co-operation, generous help as and when needed.

I am very inarticulate about the affection, moral support, caring nature and lively company of my friends Rashmi, Anju, Jyoti, Ajinkya, Sudhir, Yogesh, Chandan, Bhopal, Madhuri, Vinita, Seema, Gajanan, and my seniors Dr. Upendra Singh, Er. Kushal, Er. Amol, Er. Amit, Er. Santosh, Er. Leena, Er. Pravin, and all other Ph.D. and M.Tech students and all well wishers for their help, encouragement and cooperation.

The word in lexicon would be insufficient to my adoration and grateful veneration towards my Father Shri Ram Singh Solanki, my mother Smt. Urmila Kanwar Solanki, my brother Jaydev and my sister Pooja helping and ever caring nature always proved to be my strong feather against all currents.

Place: Udaipur

Date: (Renu Bai Salanki)

PROCESS DEVELOPMENT FOR FOAM MAT DRYING

OF PAPAYA

iihrs dks Qkse esV 'kq"du }kjk lq[kkus gsrq izØe dk fodkl

ANJU MEENA

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING)

2013

DEPARTMENT OF PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR- 313001(RAJASTHAN) MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: 03/10/2013

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Process development for foam mat drying of papaya” submitted by Ms. Anju Meena to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in agriculture in the subject of Processing and Food Engineering was approved after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on her thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

S.K. Jain V.D. Mudgal Major Advisor Advisor

M.A. Saloda K.C. Sharma P.K. Singh Advisor Advisor DRI Nominee

B.P. Nandwana S.K. Jain Dean Head CTAE Department of PFE

Approved

Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my proud privilege to express my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. S. K. Jain, Professor and Head, Department of Processing and Food Engineering, College of Technology and Engineering, Udaipur, for his constant encouragement, guidance and constructive criticism in the course of investigation and preparation of this manuscript. Invaluable benefits were gained during the life of this research work from his excellent supervision through scientific insights, discrete attitude and provision of various assistances. It has been great joy and proud to have him as a guide. Few words can hardly convey thankfulness which I feel towards him.

I am extremely thankful to Dr. B.P. Nandwana, Dean, College of Technology and Engineering, whose rewarding guidance and kind help in providing necessary facilities in time made the research study an achievement.

I consider it a great privilege to record my respect and indebtedness to the members of my advisory committee, Dr. M.A. Saloda, Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Technology and Engineering and Dr. K.C. Sharma, Associate Professor, Department of Post Harvest Engineering for his esteemed guidance, persistent encouragement, helpful suggestions and timely help to the course of investigations.

I am also greatly indebted to Dr. R. C. Verma and Dr. G.P. Sharma, Professor, Er. P.S. Champawat, Associate Professor, Dr. V. K. Chahar and Er. Sharad Saxena Senior Technical Assistant of the Department for providing all the needful facilities. I take this opportunity to extend my sincere thanks to all faculty members of Department of Processing and Food Engineering for their kind co-operation, generous help as and when needed.

The authors wish to express sincere thanks to the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Rajasthan, for providing financial assistance to carry out this work.

I am very inarticulate about the affection, moral support, caring nature and lively company of my friends Rashmi, Renu, Kirti, Madhuri, Vinita, Seema, Gajanan and my seniors Er. Pravin, Er. Himani, Leena, Santosh, Kushal, Amit, Amol and my juniors Snehlata, Alka and Rachana all other Ph.D. and M.E. students and all well wishers for their help, encouragement and cooperation.

The word in lexicon would be insufficient to my adoration and grateful veneration towards my Father Shri Hariom Meena my brothers Vikas and Umesh, helping and ever caring nature always proved to be my strong feather against all currents.

Place: Udaipur

Date: 04/10/2013 (Anju Meena)

DEVELOPMENT OF HOT AIR PUFFING SYSTEM FOR CORN

xeZ ok;q }kjk edbZ ds Qwys cukus gsrq iz.kkyh dk fodkl

MADHURI DAHIWALE

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING)

2013

DEPARTMENT OF PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR-313001 (RAJASTHAN)

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Date: ______2013

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Development of Hot Air Puffing System for Corn” submitted by Miss Madhuri Ashok Dahiwale to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Technology in agriculture in the subject of Processing and Food Engineering after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination held on 24/09/2013 was found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

P.S. Champawat S.K. Jain

Major Advisor Advisor

L.K. Murdia Sudhir Jain

Advisor Advisor

H.K. Mittal S.K. Jain

DRI Nominee Head

Department of PFE

B.P. Nandwana

DEAN

CTAE Udaipur

Approved

Director Resident Instruction

MPUAT Udaipur

ABSTRACT

The oil free RTE foods are of more demand amongst health conscious demography and are free from contaminations and are having higher shelf lives. Maize is a coarse grain and accepted as staple diet and its demand is increasing year by year. The maize production of India in 2011-2012 is 21.5 million tones and the area under production is 7.18 million hectares and yield is 1959 kg/hectares. The maize production of Rajasthan in 2011-2012 is 1670 tones and the area under production is 1143.1 hectares. Research work was carried out to develop hot air puffing system for corn.

The developed continuous hot air puffing system consist of heating chamber, puffing column, feed hopper, conveyance pipe, cyclone separator, recirculation pipe and blower. The continuous hot air puffing system enables continuous feeding of raw material and continuous exit of puffed product and it was found safe and easy to operate. The continuous hot air puffing system can be set to any puffing temperature from 180 to 270 °C and air velocity of 20 to 30 m/s. The performance of the developed machine was evaluated at different puffing temperatures (200°C, 220°C, 240°C and 260°C) and at different feed rate (50 g/min and 100 g/min). The optimum conditions for puffing of popped corn were found to be puffing temperature of 200°C and feed rate of 100 g/min. The puffing percentage and expansion ratio of popped corn were observed to reduce with increase in puffing temperature and feed rate the maximum puffing percentage and expansion ratio were found at 200°C as 86.51% and 13.36.

PLANNING AND DESIGNING OF CHANAVADA

MICRO-WATERSHED USING REMOTE

SENSING AND GIS

Lkqnwj laosnu ,oa HkkSxksfyd lwpuk iz.kkyh }kjk

pukonk y?kq tyxzg.k {ks= dh ;kstuk ,oa

vfHkdYIkuk

SUJATA CHIRKUTRAO DHABALE

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(Irrigation Water Management Engineering)

2013

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR (RAJASTHAN) 313 001 (INDIA)

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR -313 001

Dated: 30/9/2013

CERTIFICATE -III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Planning and Designing of Chanavada Micro-Watershed Using Remote Sensing and GIS” submitted by Miss. Sujata Chirkutrao Dhabale, to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in

Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Irrigation Water Management Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. P. K. Singh) (Dr. R. S. Singh) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. H. K. Mittal) (Dr. R. C. Verma) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. P. K. Singh) (Dr. B. P. Nandwana) Professor and Head Professor and Dean,

Approved

Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

The planning of conservation measures to conserve soil and water resources taking hydrological planning unit as micro-watershed is considered to be effective. The automated watershed delineation technique using digital elevation model (DEM) is effective in converging slopes of the area in which the slope patterns match with the manually digitized stream pattern of the topographical map. The various vector special layers like the slope aspect, soil aspect, land use/Land cover, geomorphology and the associated attribute information governing the criteria for different conservation structures.

An attempt has been made for planning and designing of Chanavada micro- watershed which is located in Udaipur district of Rajasthan. The study area lies 0 0 0 0 between 24 15'21” to 24 17'0.46” N latitude and 73 35'39” to 73 40'21”E longitude and covers an area of 1475 ha. In the present study, delineation of watershed is done digitally in the remote sensing and GIS environment instead of manual delineation. The qualitative analysis of the morphometric characteristics of the basin have been done and computed using GIS software.

The drainage network in the study area is dendritic and the watershed is maximum of fourth order. A quantitative morphometric analysis enables us to understand the relationship among different aspects of the drainage pattern of the watershed. Three thematic layers of geomorphology, soil and land use and land cover were also prepared for Chanavada micro-watershed by using remote sensing and GIS. With the help of the remote sensing and GIS techniques, the land use capability classification of the watershed was also done. It gives the systematic arrangement of land according to their properties that determine the ability of land to produce on virtually permanent basis. Rainfall data of 30 years (1983-2012) for Udaipur were analysed for probability distribution at different levels using Weilbull’s technique. At 75 percent probability level, annual and seasonal rainfall is 440.0 mm and 393.0 mm respectively. The data were analysed for designing of water harvesting structures.

The appropriate agricultural and engineering measures adaptable in the watershed were designed on the basis of rainfall analysis, land use capability classification and topography of the area. Contour bund, purto rico terrace, stone wall terrace were proposed for arable land whereas contour trench, staggered trench and v- ditch were proposed for non-arable land for the purpose of soil and water conservation. For the treatment of drainage lines, loose stone check dams of different dimensions were proposed as per their available catchment area. The class VI land was proposed to be treated with afforstation and silvi pasture system.

For harvesting of excess runoff, two water harvesting structure (Anicut) and one (Dry Stone Wall Masonary ) having storage capacity of 2.66 ha-m and 0.30 ha- m were planned and designed. The cost of water harvesting structures was estimated to be Rs. 17,83,800.00. Average cost of watershed treatment excluding the cost of water harvesting structure was estimated to be Rs. 17,776/ha.

For efficient utilisation of utilizing harvested water area allocation plan was prepared for micro-watershed. Three different crops i.e. wheat, gram and mustard were suggested in area. Water requirement for three crops were estimated and based on water availability area allocated for wheat, gram and mustard were found to be 3.76 ha, 11.71 ha and 6.51 ha respectively

OPTIMAL SOLUTIONS TO POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS IN PROCESS INDUSTRIES

प्र�क्रया उ饍योग� म� �व饍यतु क� ग�ण配ता◌ु क� समयाओंके �लए इ�टतम समाधान

JITENDRA SINGH JHALA

THESIS

MASTER OF ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

(POWER SYSTEM & CONTROL)

(2012)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR (RAJASTHAN) 313001 (INDIA)

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR

Dated :-

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Optimal Solutions To Power Quality Problems In Process Industries” submitted by Mr. Jitendra Singh Jhala to the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Master of Engineering in the subject of Electrical Engineering (Power System and Control) after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination as satisfactory. We, therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. R.R. Joshi) (Sh. Vinod Kumar) ( Dr. B.P. Nandwana) Major Advisor Advisor Advisor

(Dr. Sunil Joshi) DRI Nominee

(Dr. R.R. Joshi) (Dr. B.P. Nandwana) Professor and Head Professor and Dean Department of Electrical Engineering College of Technology and Engineering C.T.A.E, Udaipur Udaipur

Approved Director, Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur ABSTRACT

Power quality concerns the effect of voltage disturbances on end-user equipment and of current disturbances on network components. Power system protection concerns the detection of faults in the system from measured voltages and currents. However, non-fault voltage and current disturbances may lead to the inadvertent detection of a fault in the same way as voltage disturbances may lead to the tripping of end-user equipment. Quality of the output power delivered from the utilities has become a major concern of the modern industries for the last decade. These power quality associated problems are voltage sag, surge, flicker, voltage imbalance, interruptions and harmonic problems. These power quality issues may cause problems to the industries ranging from malfunctioning of equipments to complete plant shut downs.

It has been identified that power quality can be degraded both due to utility side abnormalities as well as the customer side abnormalities. To overcome the problems caused by customer side abnormalities so called custom power devices are connected closer to the load end. Harmonics are created by non-linear devices connected to the power system. Power system harmonics are multiples of the fundamental power system frequency and these harmonic frequencies can create distorted voltages and currents. Distortion of voltages and currents can affect the power system adversely causing power quality problems. Therefore, estimation of harmonics is of high importance for efficiency of the power system network. The problem of harmonic loss evaluation is of growing importance for renewable power system industry by impacting the operating costs and the useful life of the system components. Non-linear devices such as power electronics converters can inject harmonics alternating currents (AC) in the electrical power system. The number of sensitive loads that require ideal sinusoidal supply voltage for their proper operation has been increasing. To maintain the quality limits proposed by standards to protect the sensitive loads, it is necessary to include some form of filtering device to the power system. Harmonics also increases overall reactive power demanded by equivalent load. NN based switching has been devised to achieve an optimal control strategy for harmonic alleviation problems.

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMASS BASED FORCED CONVECTIVE DRYING SYSTEM

Ckk;ksekl vk/kkfjr cy;qDr laogu 'kq"dd dh

lajpuk ,oa fodkl

Deshpande Ajinkya Dipak

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING)

2013

DEPARTMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY,

UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN) MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

CERTIFICATE - III

Date:

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Design and Development of Biomass Based Forced Convective Drying System” submitted by Mr. Deshpande Ajinkya Dipak to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Renewable Energy Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination nd committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination held on 22 April 2013 had found satisfactory, we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. N. S. Rathore Dr. Surendra Kothari Major Advisor Advisor

Dr. S. K. Jain

Advisor DRI Nominee

DEAN Head CTAE, Udaipur Department of REE

Approved

Director Resident Instruction

MPUAT, Udaipur. Abstract

A biomass based forced convective drying system was designed at College of Technology and Engineering, Udaipur and installed in a small food processing unit at Village Vana, P. S. Bhinder, Udaipur. The dryer had drying capacity of 500 kg of fresh ginger slices per batch. The system consisted of a fire tube biomass combustor, electric water pump, drying chamber along with two finned tube type heat exchangers. The developed dryer was tested for no load and full load in actual practice for drying of ginger slices.

o During no load testing maximum temperature achieved in the system was 63.8 C. The full load performance of the system was evaluated with 500 kg of ginger slices per batch. The ginger slices were dried from moisture content of 78.37% (w.b.) to 10.09% (w.b.) in 10 hrs. Thus, the drying efficiency varied in the range of 0.99% to 67.85% with an average of 16.21%. The average Heat Utilization Factor for no load test varied in the range of 0.02 to 0.13 and for full load test varied in the range of 0.13 to 0.31.

The dry matter recovery was 21.63%. The water activity of the ginger slices was measured by a digital water activity meter. The water activity of dried ginger slices was 0.323. The lightness index of dried ginger slices was 75.14 recorded by colourflex Hunter lab Colorimeter.

Techno-economic feasibility of the system was also carried out with three economic indicators i.e. NPW, B/C ratio and pay back period. The cost of biomass based forced convective drying system was `1, 83, 539.2/-. The tests were conducted from 9:00 to 19:00 h and the hourly data was recorded. It was observed that NPW, B/C ratio and Pay back period of developed system was `16, 89,855.00, 1.02 and 0.62 years respectively.

DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF PROTECTIVE

SHIELD FOR SPRAY DRIFT IN HYDRAULIC BOOM

SPRAYER

gkbMªksfyd cwe Lisz;j dk d.k cgko jksdus ds fy, lqj{kk

dop dh jpuk ,oa ewY;kadu

NIMKAR AMEY SANJAY

THESIS

Master of Engineering

Agricultural Engineering

(Farm Machinery and Power Engineering)

2013

DEPARTMENT OF FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY,

UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJ.)

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: 04/09/2013

CERTIFICATE-III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Design and Evaluation of Protective Shield for Spray Drift in Hydraulic Boom Sprayer” submitted by Mr. Nimkar Amey Sanjay to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. Y. C. Bhatt Dr. G. S. Tiwari Major Advisor Advisor

Dr. H. K. Jain Dr. G. S. Tiwari Advisor Head Department of FMPE

Dr. B. P. Nandwana

Dean

CTAE, Udaipur

ABSTRACT

The study was undertaken to analyze the effectiveness of the protective shield for the drift reduction. Single circular shield and double circular shield were designed to minimize the particle spray drift of hydraulic boom sprayer. Both the shields were made up of 3 mm thick fiber material. Single circular shield was made with radius of 30 cm and 52.5 cm length for individual nozzle. In double circular shield, inner shield had same dimensions and the outer shield was made with 40 cm radius and 52.5 cm length. For analyzing the effectiveness of both the shields comparative study of no shield condition, single circular shield and double circular shield was carried out in the laboratory as well as in the field on cotton crop. The drift was measured according to the ISO 22866 (2005)’ Equipment for crop protection- Methods for field measurement of spray drift.’

The laboratory evaluation showed that with the increase in the distance of 5 m to 10 m of sampler position from sprayer, drift was decreased from 6.166 to 6.082 mg. Also, increase in the wind velocity from 1.5 to 2.0 m/s significantly increased the drift from 5.701 to 6.716 mg. No shield condition produced maximum drift of 6.124 mg which was reduced by 68.77 per cent when the double shield was used which produced minimum drift. Similarly, in the field, distance showed the significant effect on particle drift. With the increase in the distance of 5 m to 10 m of sampler position from sprayer, drift was decreased to 6.514 to 6.245 mg. Drift was significantly increased from 6.089 to 6.694 mg when wind speed was increased from 1.5 to 2.00 m/s. Use of double shield reduced the spray drift by 63.22 per cent from the drift of 6.379 mg when there was no shield on the boom.

Particle drift increases significantly with the increase in wind velocity and decreases significantly with the increase in distance. Single circular shield reduced the drift in the range of 31-40 per cent and double circular shield reduced the drift in the range of 62-71 per cent in comparison with no shield. Maximum amount of drift was observed in 0.5 to 1.6 m zone area at 5 and in 0.6 to 1.2 m zone area at 10 m distance from sprayer in field experiment.

IMPACT EVALUATION OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION MEASURES IN SUAWATO KA GUDA WATERSHED OF UDAIPUR REGION

JAY PRAKASH SHUKLA

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING)

2013

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR-313001 (RAJASTHAN)

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR -313 001

Dated: 26/08/2013

CERTIFICATE -III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Impact Evaluation of Soil and Water Conservation Measures in Suawato Ka Guda Watershed of Udaipur Region” submitted by Mr. Jay Prakash Shukla, to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. H. K. Mittal) (Dr. P. K. Singh) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. K. K. Yadav) (Dr. Mrs. Nafisa Ali) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. P. K. Singh) (Dr. B. P. Nandwana) Professor and Head Professor and Dean,

Department of SWE C.T.A.E., Udaipur

Approved Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

ABSTRACT

Watershed management or development aims at establishing an enabling framework for the integrated use, regulation and development of land and water resources in a particular area in order to improve productivity and overall social upliftment. As watershed management is a complex subject which covers various bio-physical and socio- economic issues, the objectives may depend upon the priorities set and needs of local populace. Evaluation of the project is a process of organization and analysis of the information about the project activities, accomplishment, results and impacts and of determining and wetting the cost and benefits of selected project activities. It provides information about actual project achievements in the form as needed by the project planners and managers, programme administrators and policy makers.

The impact evaluation of soil and water conservation measures in the Suawato Ka Guda watershed revealed that there is a significant change in crop yields in the area. The increased crop yields have brought an additional income of Rs. 13982.88/ ha. The rate of silt deposition was found to be 0.576 tonne/ha/year in the u/s side of the loose stone check dams. The soil fertility have changed in terms of increase in organic carbon per cent in the soil. Besides this, pasture development and afforestation works were quite successful in terms of increased and assured fuel and fodder production. The recovery rate of the wells located inside the watershed was observed 22.73 per cent higher as compared to wells of untreated area of the watershed. The benefit-cost ratio, being more than one, showed that the project is economically viable. It was also found that people’s active participation is must for successful implementation of watershed development programme.

DEVELOPMENT OF ERGONOMICAL DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR PEDALLING OPERATION OF FARM EQUIPMENT d`f"k midj.kksa ds iknpfyr dk;Z ds fy;s vfHkdYiuh; JeoSKkfudh fn'kk funsZ'kksa dk fodkl

BY PATIL PRITHVIRAJ PANDURANG

THESIS

Master of Technology

In Agricultural Engineering (Farm Machinery and Power Engineering)

2013

DEPARTMENT OF FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJ.) ABSTRACT Because of the socio-economical conditions of farmers in developing countries including India, human muscle power is going to contribute energy requirements for performing many farm activities for the next two decades. Pedalling is the most efficient way of utilising power from human muscles. Pedal power enables a person to drive devices at the same or higher rate as that achieved by hand cranking, but with far less effort and fatigue. However, the use of pedal power for occupational work such as stationary farm operations has got scant attention in the past. Keeping these points into consideration a study was planned for development of ergonomical design guidelines for pedalling operation of farm equipment. Physiological responses of 20 male and 20 female subjects were studied on a computerised bicycle ergometer at four levels of power output for male (60, 70, 80, 90 W) and female subjects (50, 60, 70, 80 W) at four levels of pedalling rates (40, 50, 60, 70 rev/min). Analysis of data indicated that physiological responses were significantly affected with power output as well as pedalling rate. Increase in physiological responses (heart rate and oxygen consumption rate) over rest (delta values) were significantly higher when pedalling frequency was 50 rev/min and above 60 rev/min. There was no significant difference between physiological responses at 50 and 60 rev/min. Physiological responses increased linearly with power output and were significantly different at different power outputs. The average value of physiological responses at 60 W power output at male agriculture worker and 50 W for female agriculture worker at 50rev/min pedalling rate were within acceptable limits for continuous pedalling work. For the work load above 60 W for male and 50 W for female a rest period in to be provided for better efficiency and minimisation of fatigue. The rest period will depend on the period of work and sex of agriculture workers.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: 12/09/2013

CERTIFICATE-III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Development of Ergonomical Design Guidelines for Pedalling Operation of Farm Equipment” submitted by Mr. Patil Prithviraj Pandurang to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. A. K. Mehta Dr. G. S. Tiwari Major Advisor Advisor

Dr. Surendra Kothari Dr. Deepak Sharma Advisor DRI Nominee

Dr. B. P. Nandwana Dr. G. S. Tiwari Dean Head CTAE, Udaipur Department of FMPE

Approved

Director Resident Instruction Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF KNAPSACK TYPE PORTABLE ENGINE OPERATED COTTON PICKER

Okguh; baftu pkfyr cLrk dikl chuus dh e'khu dk dk;Z fu"iknu ewY;akdu

BY VINOD KUMAR VERMA

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING)

2013

DEPARTMENT OF FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN) ABSTRACT

Cotton is one of the principal commercial crops in India with 12.20 million ha cultivated area which is largest in the world. India is the second largest producer of cotton in the world though the yield is only 482 kg/ha as against the world average of 754 kg/ha. World cotton production is estimated at 26.92 million tons in 2011-12 which is 5.73 per cent higher than the previous year 2010-11. India continued to maintain the second largest producer of cotton next to china with 22 per cent of world production.

In India entire cotton is handpicked by human labour. It is not only a slow process but is extremely tedious work. Manual picking of cotton is labour intensive, requiring 1560 man- hours per hectare. The knapsack cotton picker was required to suit one-man operator. A polypropylene container of 15 liter capacity was fixed on the frame as the cotton collection drum. The circular cotton filter 80 mm diameter and 160 mm high made of nylon mesh was fitted inside the collection drum, vertically, on a suitable flange to restrict the entry of cotton inside the aspirator. A flexible polyvinylchloride hose pipe 1200 mm long was fixed on the top of the collection drum with a tank nipple as pick-up pipe. The available knapsack cotton picker was tested in a laboratory in terms of fuel consumption, picking efficiency, trash content, pressure at the tip of pick-up pipe and pressure of the collection drum for speed of blower (2500, 3500, 4500 and 5500 rpm), diameter of pick-up pipe (20, 25 and 30 mm) and opening of blower bowl (50, 75 and 100 per cent). Fuel consumption ranged from 0.72 to 1.31 l/h, picking efficiency from 94.42 to 96.85 per cent; trash content from 8.16 to 11.33 per cent, pressure at the tip of pick-up pipe from 0.035 to 0.076 kg/cm2 and pressure of the collection drum from 0.023 to 0.047 kg/cm2. The cotton picker was tested in the field at the 5500 rpm speed of blower, 25 mm diameter of pick-up pipe and 100 per cent opening of blower bowl. The average fuel consumption (l/h), picking efficiency (per cent), trash content (per cent) and output capacity (kg/h) was 1.295, 96.47, 10.22 and 4.95 for first and second picking respectively. The cost of picking with knapsack cotton picker was 10.88 Rs. /kg. The saving in time compared to manual method of cotton picking was 69.85 per cent respectively. The break-even point was 278.46 kg/annum and the pay-back period was 0.549 per year.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: 05 /09/2013 CERTIFICATE-III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Performance Evaluation of Knapsack Type Portable Engine Operated Cotton Picker” submitted by Mr. Vinod Kumar Verma to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. Ravi Mathur Dr. A. K. Sharma Major Advisor Advisor

Dr. S. K. Jain Dr. Sudhir Jain Advisor DRI Nominee

Dr. B. P. Nandwana Dr. G. S. Tiwari Dean Head CTAE, Udaipur Department of FMPE Approved

Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

ENERGY AND EXERGY ANALYSIS OF INDIRECT TYPE SOLAR DRIER BASED ON PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL FOR ENERGY STORAGE voLFkk ifjorZu inkFkZ ij vk/kkfjr Å"ek Hk.Mkj.k ;qDr ijks{k lkSj 'kq"dd dk ÅtkZ ,oa ,DlthZ fo'ys"k.k

BY Vikas Shringi

THESIS MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING (RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING)

2013 DEPARTMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY,

UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN) Abstract

A forced convective solar drying system based on phase change material for thermal storage for 20 kg/day drying capacity of garlic cloves is developed at College of Technology and Engineering, Udaipur. The dryer consist of 4.8 m2 of evacuated heat pipe tube (EHPT) solar collector. Volume of heat exchanger cum heat storage unit is 0.0125 m3 drying chamber consists of 4 drying trays and 3 trays for holding desiccant .Drying chamber dimensions are 0.70L x0.5Wx1.0H m and drying area is 1.25 m2. From collector hot fluid (propylene glycol and water mixture) is circulated through heat exchanger unit with the help of pump. This hot fluid (propylene glycol and water mixture) delivers energy to phase change material and comes back to collector. The air is circulated through heat exchanger cum heat storage unit in another coil with the help of blower and then it is passed through drying chamber. In the drying chamber an opening is provided before trays of desiccant material. In initial three hours moisture releases very fast so moist air recirculation is not done, after three hours this opening is closed and the moist air is allowed to pass through desiccant material (silica gel) where air is dehumidified. This dry air is then sent to heat exchanger where it becomes hotter. The tests are conducted from 9.00 to 17.00 hrs and the hourly data is recorded. The performance of drying system is evaluated without recirculation for initial 3 hours and then with recirculation. The no load test and full load tests were carried out to know the trend of various operating parameters with respect to time. Exergy analysis of the drying process is also done. Exergy efficiency of drying process obtained is 61.09 percent. It shows that still 40 percent of useful energy is not utilized. Garlic cloves are dried from moisture content of (w. b.) 55.5 per cent to 7.5 per cent in 8 hrs. The average drying efficiency was found to be 31.06%.The cost of solar dryer was worked out to be Rs.3, 48,270/- with pack back period of 1year 8 months, which is very less than other types of forced convection dryers.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: 15/07/2013

CERTIFICATE-II

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Energy and Exergy Analysis of Indirect Type Solar Dryer Based on Phase Change Material for Energy Storage” submitted for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Renewable Energy Engineering embodies bonafide research work carried out by Mr. Vikas Shringi under my guidance and supervision and that no part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree. The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been fully acknowledged. The draft of the thesis was also approved by the advisory committee on 12th July 2013.

(Dr. Surendra Kothari ) (Dr. Surendra Kothari ) Professor and Head Major Advisor Department of R.E.E.

DEAN CTAE, Udaipur INFLUENCE OF THREE POINT LINKAGE GEOMETRY ON TRACTOR STABILITY

VªSDVj fLFkjrk ij rhu fiu okyk tksM+ T;kfefr dk izHkko

BY AROTE PRAVIN BALASAHEB

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING (FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING)

2013

DEPARTMENT OF FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR - 313 001 (RAJASTHAN)

ABSTRACT

The three point linkage geometry plays a vital role in tractors overall performance. The hydraulic three point linkage system with implements became an integral part which ensures easy maneuverability in the field, in transport and provides depth and draft control. The geometry of hydraulic three point linkage has large influence on tractive power to be utilized for specified operations and depths of operations, so there is need to investigate the response of the tractor hydraulic three point linkage system on top and lower links by applied draft in the field.

In order to investigate the effect of geometry change on the virtual hitch point and the response on the top and lower links forces the experiments were conducted on two tractors; tractor-1 with existing and modified three point linkage geometry, tractor-2 as a control unit with existing geometry with cultivator and plough for 80, 150 and 200, 250 mm depths respectively. The vertical shifting of top and lower link pivot points from the rear axle centre affect more on the position of virtual hitch point. The mean draft forces in modified linkage geometry to existing linkage geometry for test tractor-1 were observed lesser by 20.55, 4.34, 9.15 and 6.13 per cent for 80, 150, 200 and 250 mm depths of operation respectively. The improved draft sensing was observed in modified geometry than that of the existing geometry. The compression forces in modified geometry were found to be greater by 21, 8, 41 and 9 per cent than that of the existing geometry in tractor-1 for 80, 150, 200 and 250 mm depths of operation respectively. This shows that, the variations of forces was comparatively low and observed good draft sensing in both the operations with specified depths in modified linkage geometry with improved tractor stability.

Keywords: Three point linkage geometry, virtual hitch point, draft sensing, and tractor stability.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: 09/08/2013

CERTIFICATE-II

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Influence of Three Point Linkage Geometry on Tractor Stability” submitted for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering embodies bonafide research work carried out by Mr. Arote Pravin Balasaheb under my guidance and supervision and that no part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree. The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been fully acknowledged. The draft of the thesis was also approved by the advisory committee on 20 July 2013.

Dr. S. M. Mathur Dr. G. S. Tiwari Major Advisor Head Deptt. of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering

Dr. B. P. Nandwana DEAN College of Technology and Engineering, Udaipur STUDIES ON WEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE SWEEPS OF TRACTOR DRAWN CULTIVATOR O;olkf;d :i ls miyC/k VªsDVj pfyr dYVhosVj Lohi dk th.kZu fo'ks"krkvksa ij v/;;u

by KAKADE SUBHASH NARAYAN

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING)

2013

DEPARTMENT OF FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN)

ABSTRACT

Wear of soil engaging components occurs because the materials used are normally softer than the natural abrasives in the soil. Most of sweeps of cultivator are manufactured locally which are hardly as per with the standards which affects operational life of tillage tool. So, there was a need to study wear characteristics of sweeps so, as to provide the suitable sweeps.

In first phase of study experiments were conducted in rotary soil bin in abrasive sand to study wear characteristics of three different commercially available sweeps commonly used in Udaipur region. The experiments were conducted for 100 h of operation at operating speed and depth of 1 m/s and 100 mm depth respectively. Gravimetric and dimensional wear were measured at every interval of 20 h. In second phase the sweep S3 which resulted in minimum wear was selected to study the effect of forward speed (0.7, 1 and 1.3 m/s) and depth of operation (80, 100, 120 mm) on wear characteristics in sandy loam soil.

A linear relationship was observed between operating time, speed and depth of operation and gravimetric and dimensional wear in abrasive sand and sandy loam soil respectively. However, depth of operation resulted in more wear as compared to speed of

operation. Sweep S3 has higher wear resistance to wear both gravimetric and dimensional as

compared to sweep S1 and S2 under test conditions.

Key Words: wear, sweeps, abrasive sand, sandy loam soil

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: 15/ 10/2013

CERTIFICATE-II

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Studies on Wear Characteristics of Commercially

Available Sweeps of Tractor Drawn Cultivator” submitted for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering embodies bonafide research work carried out by Mr. Kakade Subhash Narayan under my guidance and supervision and that no part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree. The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been fully acknowledged.

The draft of the thesis was also approved by the advisory committee on 23 July 2013.

Dr. Ajay Kumar Sharma Dr. G. S. Tiwari Major Advisor Head Deptt. of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering

Dr. B. P. Nandwana DEAN College of Technology and Engineering Udaipur

STUDY ON ENERGY CONSERVATION OPPORTUNITIES FOR

TURMERIC PRODUCTION IN SOLAR GREENHOUSE AND ITS

PROCESSING

सौर िहरत ग� म ◌ेह दी उ पादन एवंप्रसंकरण म ◌ेउजास�र�ण क�

संभावनाओ पर अ ययन

Charu Mathur

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING)

2013

DEPARTMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN)

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Date: 30/09/2013

CERTIFICATE - III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Study on Energy Conservation

Opportunities for Turmeric Production In Solar Greenhouse and Its Processing” submitted by Ms. Charu Mathur to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Renewable Energy Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination held on 30/09/2013 had been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. Sudhir Jain Dr. Surendra Kothari Major Advisor Advisor

Dr. N.L. Panwar Dr. H. K. Mittal Advisor DRI Nominee

Head DEAN Department of REE CTAE, Udaipur

Approved

Director Resident Instruction

MPUAT, Udaipur

Abstract

The basic needs of society, such as food, feed, and fiber, are fulfilled through agricultural productivity. In order to meet the food requirements of the increasing population, the productivity has to be increased several times beyond present yields. The solar greenhouse seems to be a viable option for healthy, nutritive, and high-yield crop production. It provides favourable microclimatic conditions to plants, and allows for higher yield and better quality compared with open field conditions. Crop cultivation in greenhouse is an energy intensive process. In the present investigation energy flow pattern and energy conservation opportunities in turmeric cultivation and its processing were carried out. The seven verities of turmeric were cultivated in naturally ventilated solar greenhouse. The production of “Pratibha” variety was highest as compare to others and it was around 2 7.75 kg/100m . It was found that total energy being used in production of turmeric including structural energy of greenhouse is about 12901.69 MJ and input energy of processing is around1481.78 MJ using conventional energy sources.

The energy productivity using conventional energy sources was about 0.11 whereas the energy productivity using renewable energy sources was 0.89. The energy utilized to operate 2 electrical motor for irrigation can directly be save by deploying SPV system in 46 m land area and it saved about 178.13 MJ of electricity on annual basis. Processing of turmeric is also an energy intensive process and among all processes the drying is major energy consumption unit operation and this process can be carried out in solar tunnel dryer and saved about 9527.7 MJ of energy. The energy ratio of turmeric production and processing was calculated as 12.76 with conventional energy sources and 1.66 with renewable energy sources. The turmeric power produce from greenhouse product shows better colour index compared to turmeric powder available in the local market.

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRID DRYER BASED ON SOLAR AND ELECTRICAL ENERGY lkSj ,oa fo|qr ÅtkZ ij vk/kkfjr ladj 'kq"dd dh lajpuk ,oa fodkl

BY Arpita Nagori

THESIS MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING (RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING)

2013

DEPARTMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR – 313001

Abstract

A hybrid solar dryer of 20 kg/day drying capacity of fresh onion flakes is developed at College of Technology and Engineering, (MPUAT), Udaipur. The dryer consist 1.088 m2 of ETC solar collector. The dimensions of heat exchanger cum heat storage unit are 0.50× 0.50× 0.50 m and drying chamber consists of 3 drying trays and two trays for holding dehumidifier. Its dimensions are 0.70 x0.5x1.0 m (LxWxH) and drying tray dimensions are (0.60× 0.45× 0.05) m. The air was first circulated through heat exchanger cum heat storage unit and then it was passed through drying chamber where it was again heated through electric heater. The circulation of air was done through a blower of 0.14 hp. The 2 kW electric heater was set through a controller to manage the temperature inside the drying chamber at 60°C as it temperature limit reached electric heater automatically shuts down. An electric meter was provided to measure the electricity consumptions mounted on drying chamber.

The tests were conducted from 8.00 to 18.00 h and the hourly data were recorded. The performance of hybrid solar dryer was evaluated without recirculation for initial 3 hours and then with recirculation. The no load test and full load tests were carried out to know the trend of various operating parameters with respect to time. A relative study for power consumption was done for fully electric mode and hybrid mode. The power saved with hybrid mode was 39.44 %

The onion flakes were dried from moisture content of (w. b.) 86.5 per cent to 10% in 10 hours. The average drying efficiency was found to be 7.6%.The cost of solar hybrid dryer was worked out to be Rs.3,48,270/- with payback period of 1.8 months, which is very less than other types of forced convection dryers.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

CERTIFICATE - III Date: This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Design and development of hybrid dryer based on solar and electrical energy” submitted by Ms. Arpita Nagori to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Renewable Energy Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination held on 28th October, 2013 was found satisfactory, we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. Surendra Kothari Dr. S. K. Jain Major Advisor Advisor

Dr. N. L. Panwar Dr. S. S. Rathore Advisor DRI Nominee

Dr. Surendra Kothari Dr. B. P. Nandwana Head DEAN Department of REE CTAE, Udaipur

Approved

Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur.

STUDIES ON DRIP FERTIGATION SYSTEM IN OKRA

fHkaMh esa fMªi QVhZxs’ku iz.kkyh ij v/;;u

PRAVIN KUMAR JAMREY

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY IN

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING (IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING)

2013

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR-313001 (RAJASTHAN)

ABSTRACT Okra or lady’s finger (Abelmoschus esculentus) is a nutritious vegetable. It is a cash crop and fetches higher price during kharif season when other vegetables are short in supply in the market. Drip fertigation has become an attractive method of fertilization in modern intensive agriculture systems due to its higher fertilizer application efficiency and ease of use in all weather condition. Considering the important aspect study was undertaken to examine the growth and yield using different irrigation and fertigation schedules by drip irrigation and to suggest the most efficient fertigation schedule that would attain the highest growth and yield of the crop.

The performance evaluation of drip irrigation systems under study was found to be excellent as the uniformity coefficient (CU), distribution uniformity (DU), distribution characteristics (DC) and emission uniformity (EU) in all the systems were in agreement with the design criteria. The field water use efficiency (FWUE) was found to be increased

compared to flood and drip treatments. It was highest under T7 (75% RDF through fertigation in equal splits at 5 days interval) (353.48 kg/ha-cm) as against a minimum of flood and drip treatments. The fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) was higher in lower level of fertilizer application (50 per cent) as compared to higher level of fertilizer (100 per cent). It was highest under T10 (50% RDF through fertigation in equal splits at 5 days interval) i.e. 264.61 kg yield/kg of nutrient as against a minimum of flood and drip treatments. From economical point (B:C ratio) of view, the choice of the preference of different treatments was observed as flood, drip and drip fertigation. The highest cost of production (Rs. 1, 29, 301.8) was

obtained in T3 (100% RDF through fertigation in equal splits at 3 days interval) and the maximum income from produce (Rs. 4, 09, 990.5), and net income (Rs. 2, 86, 476.0) were obtained in T7 (75% RDF through fertigation in equal splits at 5 days interval) and benefit cost ratio (3.33) was obtained in T8 (75% RDF through fertigation in equal splits at 7 days interval).

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR -313 001

Dated: 13/09/2013

CERTIFICATE - III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Studies on Drip Fertigation System in Okra” submitted by Mr. Pravin Kumar Jamrey, to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Irrigation Water Management Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. R. C. Purohit) (Dr. Mahesh Kothari) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. S. S. Lakhawat) (Dr. Surendra Kothari) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. P. K. Singh) (Dr. B. P. Nandwana) Professor and Head Professor and Dean, Department of SWE C.T.A.E., Udaipur

Approved

Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

Effect of Mulching on Crop Water Requirement and Productivity of Tomato Crop

संर��त खेती के तहत �शमला �मचर क� फसल के �लए �संचाई का �नधार्र

BY SWETA MISHRA THESIS MASTER OF TECNOLOGY IN

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING (Irrigation Water Management Engineering)

2013 DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR (RAJASTHAN) 313 001 (INDIA)

ABSTRACT Field studies have been conducted to study the effect of mulching on crop water requirement and productivity of tomato crop under drip irrigation system. In this study the tomato has been grown under four different colour of plastic mulches like black mulch, silver white mulch, yellow mulch and milky white mulch during Zaid season, 2013 at plasticulture farm CTAE Udaipur. The results shows that Weekly climatic data for the period 2008-2012 i.e. (5 years) were used to determine weekly reference evapotranspiration. The weekly reference evapotranspiration was computed using FAO-56 Penman-Monteith. The mean of ETo of last 5 year data was 961.53mm for 140 days. The results revealed that the crop evapotranspiration was 927.01mm/ day for open field condition and 737.24mm, 777.98mm, 796.18mm and 823.41mm for black, silver white, yellow and milky white mulch respectively. The length of growing period of crop was divided in to four stages. The crop coefficient was estimated to be 0.38, 0.40, 0.42, 0.43 for initial stages under black mulch, silver white mulch, yellow mulch, milky white mulch respectively. Likewise the crop coefficient for mid season was 1.02, 1.04, 1.07, 1.09 and For late season it was estimated that as 0.51, 0.53, 0.54, 0.57 under black mulch, silver white mulch, yellow mulch and milky white mulch respectively. Irrigation scheduling was decided before the growing of the crop by using the last five year data i.e, 2008 to 2012 for the months January to may and It was 41991.62 lit. for the whole growing period The irrigation water requirement was 475.95mm, 487.58mm, 501.95mm, 513.59 mm under each mulch. The irrigation water requirement for open field condition was determined by FAO 56 method and it was 562.08mm for entire crop duration. All the vegetative parameter, reproductive parameter and quantity parameter was found maximum in black plastic mulch. The maximum temperature was noted in black plastic mulch. The cost economics analysis also indicated the superiority of black plastic mulch over the rest of the treatments.

The maximum plant height was observed under black plastic mulch which was 107.7 cm. while the minimum height was recorded under the milky white mulch which was 83.7 cm.

The maximum no of leaves (25.07) were recorded under black plastic mulch and the minimum no of leave (20.25) were recorded under milky white plastic mulch. Similarly the maximum flower (42.51) were obtained under black plastic mulch among all the mulches and the Minimum flower (27.69) were recorded under milky white mulch. Among all the treatments it was recorded that the maximum (77.66) per cent fruit set was found black plastic mulch, while the minimum (71.86) percent fruit set was observed in milky white mulch.

The highest yield was recorded (132 tonne/ha) under Black colour plastic mulching which was significantly superior over the other three colours of mulching. The minimum yield (68 tonne/ha) was recorded under milky white colour mulch.

The light intensity was found maximum in milky white plastic mulch, which was (4.98) Klux, while the minimum light intensity (1.43 Klux) was observed under black plastic mulch as compared to open field i.e. 5.56 Klux.

From the economics point of view the maximum B:C ratio was found in black plastic mulch which gave the highest net income of Rs. 11,52,342/- per hectare and B:C ratio of was 7.85.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated : 04/10/2013

CERTIFICATE-II

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Effect of Mulching on Crop Water Requirement and Productivity of Tomato Crop” submitted for the study of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Irrigation Water Management Engineering embodies bonafide research work carried out by Sweta Mishra, under my guidance and supervision and that no part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree. The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been fully acknowledged. The draft of the thesis was also approved by the advisory committee on 30/09/2013.

(Dr. S. R. Bhakar) Major Advisor

(Dr. P. K. Singh ) (Dr. B. P. Nandwana) Professor and Head Dean Department of Soil and Water Engineering. College of Technology and Engineering, C. T. A. E., Udaipur Udaipur

SCHEDULING OF IRRIGATION FOR CAPSICUM CROP UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVATION lajf{kr [ksrh ds rgr~ f'keyk fepZ dh QLy ds fy, flapkbZ dk fu/kkZj.k BY

CHITRA SHUKLA THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING (Irrigation Water Management Engineering)

2013

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR (RAJASTHAN) 313 001 (INDIA) COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR -313 001

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

Dated: / /2013 CERTIFICATE – III This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Scheduling of Irrigation for Capsicum Crop Under Protected Cultivation” submitted by Ms. Chitra Shukla to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in agricultural engineering in the subject of Irrigation Water Management Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. S. R. Bhakar) (Dr. S. S. Lakhawat)

Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. K. K. Yadav)

Advisor

(Dr. B. P. Nandwana) (Dr. P.K. Singh)

Dean, C.T.A.E. HEAD

Department of SWE

Approved

(DR. Sudhir Jain )

Director Resident Instruction

MPUAT, Udaipur

ABSTRACT

An experiment was carried out to study Scheduling of Irrigation for Capsicum Crop under Protected Cultivation. In this study the capsicum has been grown under four small size, naturally ventilated protected structures that is shednet house, insectnet house, poly house with shade net vents, poly house with insectnet vents, during February to July , 2013 at plasticulture farm CTAE Udaipur. The spacing followed was 50 x 30 cm. Experiment has been laid out in four small size structure of 16 x 4 m size each. Each structure comprised of 400 plants of capsicum in four beds of 100 each. Irrigation was given through gravity fed drip irrigation system of 4 laterals in each structure. The crop was taken during 29 January 2013 to 15 July 2013.

The results revealed that Reference evaporation for outside was 1343.28 mm. reference evapotranspiration for each structure was found 1054.14 mm, 1159.21 mm, 1188.02 mm, 1133.88 mm for Structure-1, Structure-2, Structure-3 and Structure-4 respectively. It was found that the crop evapotranspiration was 1391.54 mm for outside condition and under the Structure-1, Structure-2, Structure-3, Structure-4, it was like 926.34 mm, 1122.76 mm, 1066.81 mm and 959.04 mm respectively. After determining the reference evapotranspiration and crop evapotranspiration the crop coefficient was developed for initial, mid season and late stages of capsicum crop under each structure. It was estimated 0.48, 0.55, 0.48 and 0.53 for initial stage under Structure-1, Structure-2, Structure-3 and Structure-4 respectively. Likewise the crop coefficient for mid season stage was estimated 1.01, 1.09, 1.02 and 0.94 under Structure-1, Structure-2, Structure-3 and Structure-4 respectively. For late season it was estimated as 0.54, 0.72, 0.67 and 0.66 under Structure-1, Structure-2, Structure-3 and Structure-4 respectively.

The irrigation water requirement under each structure was determined based on crop evapotranspiration, percent wetted area and emission uniformity, during the crop period. It was found 527.04 mm, 638.81 mm, 606.96 mm, and 545.65 mm under each structure. The crop water requirement for outside condition was calculated by FAO 56 method, it was 791.73 mm for entire crop duration. It was observed that the water saving under Structure-1, Structure-2, Structure-3, and Structure-4 were 33.43 %, 19.32% , 23.34% and 31.08 % respectively, compare to outside condition. The minimum water saving was observed under Structure-2, on the other hand maximum water saving was found under Structure-1. The irrigation schedule was made for all growing structure and outside condition.

It was observed that maximum plant height (174.7 cm) , maximum number of leaves per plant (64.1), early first harvesting (57.3 DAT) was found in Structure-1. Early flowering initiation (29 days) was found in Structure-2. Maximum number of flower per plant (23.7), cumulative number of flower per plant (18.2), heighest individual fruit weight (94.4 gm) , heighest fruit yield (1720gm/plant) were found in Structure-4. The water use efficiency was found 14.62 kg per cu.m., 13.52 cu.m., 15.17 kg per cu.m. and 18.91 kg per cu.m. under Structure-1, Structure-2, Structure-3 and Structure-4 respectively. It has been found maximum under Structure-4 and minimum under Structure-2.

In case of effect of microclimate on physiological parameter and yield, Structure-4 found best followed by Structure-3, whereas the least output was recorded under Structure-1. The highest Net income of Rs. 13813/- per structure (means Rs. 215.83 per sqm area) and B:C ratio of 1.87, under Structure-4. Soft Computing Based Intrusion And Malware Detection

Deepika Veerwal

Thesis

Master of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering

(Computer Science and Engineering)

2013

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

College of Technology and Engineering

Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology

Udaipur - 313001 MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR-313001

CERTIFICATE – III

Dated: 03/03/2014

This is to certify that this thesis “Soft Computing Based Intrusion And Malware Detection” submitted by Ms. Deepika Veerwal to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Technology in the subject of Computer Science and Engineering after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination held on was found satisfactory, we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. Naveen Choudhary Dr. Dharm Singh Major Advisor Co-Advisor

Dr. Sunil Joshi Dr. S.D. Purohit Advisor DRI Nominee

Dr. Naveen Choudhary Dr. B.P. Nandwana Professor & Head Professor & Dean Dept. of CSE College of Technology and Engineering C.T.A.E., Udaipur Udaipur

Approved

DIRECTOR RESIDENT INSTRUCTION

MPUAT, Udaipur ABSTRACT

In the present world scenario network-based computer systems have started to play progressively more vital roles. As a result they have become the main targets of our adversaries. Hence we need to discover the best possible ways to secure our systems. When an attack or intrusion takes place in our computer system, security is compromised. To apply high security against intrusions and attacks, a number of software tools are being currently developed. To solve the problem of intrusion detection a number of pattern recognition and machine learning algorithms has been proposed. For some class of attacks, these algorithms show different preferences with improved accuracy, while performing moderately on the remaining classes. The thesis presented here states the problem of classifier fusion with soft labels for Intrusion Detection. Performance of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Support Vector Machines (SVM) is presented here. The performance of fusing these classifiers using approaches based on Dempster-Shafer Theory, Average Bayes Combination and Neural Network is proposed. As shown through the experimental results combined classifiers perform better than the individual classifiers.

DesigningEnergyEfficient3DRegularCommunicationArchitecturef orNetworksonChip

PranavWadhwani

Thesis Master ofTechnologyinComputerScienceandEngineering(Compu terScienceandEngineering)

2013

DepartmentofComputerScienceandEngineeringCollegeofTech nologyandEngineering MaharanaPratapUniversityofAgricultureandTechnology Udaipur-313001

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR-313001

CERTIFICATE – III Dated: 05/03/2014

This is to certify that this thesis “Designing Energy Efficient 3D Regular Communication Architecture for Networks on Chip”submitted by Mr. Pranav Wadhwani to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Technology in the subject of Computer Science and Engineering after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination held on was found satisfactory, we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. Naveen Choudhary Dr. Dharm Singh Major Advisor Co-Advisor

Dr. Sunil Joshi Dr. A.K. Chittora Advisor DRI Nominee

Dr. Naveen Choudhary Dr. B.P. Nandwana Professor & Head Professor & Dean Dept. of CSE College of Technology and Engineering C.T.A.E., Udaipur Udaipur

Approved

DIRECTOR RESIDENT INSTRUCTION

MPUAT, Udaipur ABSTRACT

As the feature sizes continue to shrink in deep-submicron domain and the bandwidth requirements is increasing, conventional shared-bus archetype will no longer be able to meet the requirements of System-on-Chip (SoC) implementations. Network-on-Chip (NoC) communication architectures have emerged as a promising alternative to address the problems associated with on-chip buses by employing a packet-based micro-network for inter-IP communication. By the end of this decade we will be entering into the era of thousand cores SoCs. To meet the extensive demand of many-core era where a SoC will be expected to integrate cores in the order of thousand, research communities are developing and emerging with diverse NoC solutions which must provide scalable, efficient and reliable communication infrastructure. 3D integration technologies have opened the door of new opportunities for NoC architecture design in SoCs providing higher efficiency compared to 2D integration by appropriately adjusting the increased path lengths of 2D NoC. Customized NoCs are the need of today’s SoCs as they offer energy efficiency and enhanced performances because they are designed to support the specific application behavior. One of the most important stages in design flow of NoC is application to core mapping. This stage significantly affects the dynamic communication energy consumption and quality metrics of the system. In this thesis,

• A heuristic based on Branch-and-Bound approach for smart application to core mapping in 3D Mesh NoC architecture is proposed in order to minimize the total dynamic communication energy consumption of the system. The considerable amount of energy savings can be achieved by appropriately optimizing the application to core mapping in NoC architecture.

Experimental results show that proposed heuristic results in reduced dynamic communication energy consumption in comparison to random mapping in 3D NoC communication architecture and the energy aware-mapping in 2D NoC architecture of same size, respectively.

STUDY ON PROCESS PARAMETER OF FOAM-MAT DRYING OF PINEAPPLE JUICE (Ananas Comosus)

vukukl ds jl dk Qkse pVkbZ lq[kkus dh izfØ;k iSjkehVj ij v/;;u (Ananas Comosus)

SEEMA SHEKHAWAT

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING)

2014

DEPARTMENT OF PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR ABSTRACT

India is the world’s second largest producer of fruits next only to China; fruits are important sources of essential dietary nutrients such as vitamins, minerals and fiber. Since the moisture content of fresh fruits is more than 80%, they are classified as highly perishable commodities. Recent developments in agricultural technology have substantially increased the world production of fruits. Food processing or preservation is to convert perishable foods such as fruits into stabilized products that can be stored for extended periods of time to reduce their postharvest losses. Due to the short shelf life, as much as 30-35% of fruits perish during harvest, storage, grading, transport, packaging and distribution. Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is an important fruit of India. It is abundantly grown in almost entire North East region, West Bengal, Kerala, Karnataka, Bihar, Goa and Maharashtra states. Pineapple fruits have 15% sugar along with malic and citric acids. It also contains bromelein, a protein digesting and milk-clotting enzyme similar to pepsin. Pineapple fruits are an excellent source of vitamins and minerals. One healthy ripe pineapple fruit can supply about 116.2% of the daily requirement for vitamin C. The activities of these agents have to be controlled in order to preserve the fruits. Drying is the oldest known method of preserving food. Foam-mat drying is one of the promising new developments in the field of drying aqueous foods. Foam- mat drying is comparatively fast process. Drying of foams can be conducted at comparatively low temperatures, so it can easily be used for preserving the nutrient content of fruits. Pineapple can be converted into value added products like powder by foam-mat drying. The powder can be used for preparation of nectar, ice cream flavor and ready to eat fruited cereals, instant soup cubes etc.

Foams were prepared from pineapple juice by adding foaming agent (egg albumin or soy isolate protein) of different quantity, methyl cellulose (0.5%) and sugar concentration of 20, 25 and 30o brix at air velocity of 3 m/s, whipping for 2 min at temperature 55, 65 and 75o C. The foam expansion was significantly influenced by foaming agents and its quantity and sugar brix. The maximum foam expansion was obtained as 121 percent for 0.5% egg albumin foaming agent for 20o sugar brix at 55o C temperature. The maximum foam stability was found to be 121 percent for 0.5% egg albumin foaming agent for 20o sugar brix at 55o C temperature. The minimum foam density 1.0683 g/cm3 was found for 0.25% egg albumin for 20o brix at 55o C temperature. The first optimized solution for egg albumin is concluded that optimized foam expansion 117.306%, foam stability 120.667% and foam density 1.06301 g/cm 3 was obtained for pineapple juice blended with 0.5% egg albumin with 20o brix sugar syrup at 55 oC. The second optimized solution for egg albumin is concluded that optimized foam expansion 117.308%, foam stability 120.652% and foam density 1.06312 g/cm 3 was obtained for pineapple juice blended with 0.5% egg albumin with 20o brix sugar syrup at 55.04 oC. The optimized solution for soy protein isolate is concluded that optimized foam expansion 74.6944%, foam stability 80.9306% and foam density 1.13509 g/cm 3 was obtained for pineapple juice blended with 2% SPI with 20o brix sugar syrup at 55.00 oC. The average drying time for foam mat drying was 1440 min. The final moisture content of powdered samples was in the range of 3-11%. The moisture diffusivity varied in the range of 1.2678 x 10-9 m²/s to 1.9017 x 10-9 m²/s during drying of foamed pineapple juice. The maximum and minimum value of water activity is 0.211 and 0.344 respectively. Thus pineaapple powder was safe from microbial growth and enzymatic activity for longer period. The maximum value of chroma obtained as 22.89. The sensory values for foam mat dried pineapple powder were more than 7.5 for colour, taste, appearance and overall acceptability respectively.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: 03/10/2013

CERTIFICATE – III

S.K. Jain V.D. Mudgal Major Advisor Advisor

M.A. Saloda K.C. Sharma P.K. Singh Advisor Advisor DRI Nominee

B.P. Nandwana S.K. Jain Dean Head CTAE Department of PFE

Approved Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

Comparison and Development of Analytic Tool for 3G KPI GSM Networks

Abhilasha Sharma

Thesis Master of Engineering in Computer Science and Engineering (Computer Science and Engineering)

2014

Department of Computer Science and Engineering College of Technology and Engineering Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology Udaipur MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

ABSTRACT

Technology development in the mobile communications area has been growing substantially in recent years. The success of Global Systems for Mobile (GSM) technology is a fact and the continuous growth of the Internet creates opportunities for the mobile cell companies to offer new data services, mostly Internet and Intranet access for mobile users. Report includes the proper selection process of area for mobile computing parameter analysis. So there can be a process so that the site around and area is selected and then the features of mobile network are analyzed on the basis of recent applications. Mobile is commanded to change its Transmit Power. The Change in Power is always proportionate to the Path Loss. The Algorithm for the power change has been prototyped. Objective is to maximize network gain and to reduce average interference level. The algorithm works on measurement reports send by Mobile Station. To study such dynamic and massively distributed environment, simulation of Mobile environments, Features and Applications to evaluate application performance can provide useful insight. Network performance evaluation is done on the basis of several KPI’s. Some of the parameters are Rx Level, Rx Quality, Blocked Call Analysis, Drop Call Analysis, Speech Quality Index, Handover Analysis, Coverage Analysis, Call setup success rate. Ultimately, the main objective behind the work is to reduce average interference level by analyzing Rx level and to achieve the maximal resource utilization. For better understanding of the performance, A GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) site of a particular region is considered, analysis tests are performed and the resultant key performance indicator report is collected using TEMS. For the performance related issues, a comparison between the two network sites is presented and also the network is graphically analyzed through MapInfo. Based upon the analysis; an Algorithmic Tool is designed and developed for the Power change to recommend the appropriate Configurational Modifications with the objective to improve network gain and therefore the performance of the network with the minimum number of resources.

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR-313001

Dated: 04/07/2014

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Comparison and Development of Analytic Tool for 3G KPI GSM Networks” submitted by Ms. Abhilasha Sharma to the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Master of Engineering in the subject of Computer Science and Engineering after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination is satisfactory. We, therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. Naveen Choudhary Dr. Dharm Singh Major Advisor Co-Advisor

Dr. Sunil Joshi Dr. A. Bhatnager Advisor DRI Nominee

Dr. Naveen Choudhary Dr. B. P. Nandwana Professor and Head Professor and Dean Department of CSE C.T.A.E., Udaipur C.T.A.E., Udaipur

Approved

DIRECTOR, RESIDENT INSTRUCTIONS MPUAT, Udaipur

Study of Gravity Fed Drip Irrigation System with

Varied Irrigation and Fertigation levels in Okra

fHkaMh esa fofHkUu flapkbZ vkSj QVhZxs'ku Lrjksa ds lkFk xq#Ro }kjk pfyr cwan&cwan flapkbZ iz.kkyh

dk v/;;u

YOGESH KUMAR JOSHI

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(Irrigation Water Management Engineering)

2014

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR (RAJASTHAN) 313 001 (INDIA) ABSTRACT

Okra or lady’s finger (Abelmoschus esculentus) is a nutritious vegetable. It is a cash crop and fetches higher price during Kharif season when other vegetables are short in supply in the market. Drip irrigation is the one of the latest innovations for applying water to grow plants, widely spaced crops, especially in the water-scare areas. It is the slow and precise application of water to crop over prolonged periods. Drip fertigation has become an attractive method of fertigation to increase fertilizer use efficiency and also increase yield. Considering the importance aspect study was undertaken to perform the gravity fed drip irrigation system, to examine the growth and yield using different irrigation and fertigation level and to suggest the most efficient level of irrigation and fertigation that would attain the highest growth and yield of the crop.

The performance evaluation of gravity fed drip irrigation system under study was found good with regards to pressure-discharge relationship (Y = 3.574x0.552), field emission uniformity (87.36%), absolute emission uniformity (83.95%), application uniformity (72.91%) and statistical uniformity coefficient (89.53%) and wetting diameters. Based on the value of exponent emitters were classified as non-pressure compensating having partial turbulent flow.

In okra crop, the highest yields (21776.45 kg ha-1) and highest field water use 3 efficiency (3.16 kg/m ) were recorded in treatment T7 (75% RDF through fertigation in equal splits at drip irrigation with 80% ET) compared to flood and drip treatments. The fertilizer use efficiency was higher in lower level of fertilizer application (50%) as compared to higher

level of fertilizer (100%). It was highest under T10 (50% RDF through fertigation in equal splits at drip irrigation with 80% ET) i.e. 273.33 kg of yield per kg of nutrient as against a minimum of flood and drip treatments. From economical point (B:C ratio) of view, the choice of the preference of different treatments was observed as flood, drip and drip fertigation. The -1 highest cost of production (Rs. 1,14,717 ha ) was obtained in T3 (100% RDF through fertigation in equal splits at drip irrigation with 100% ET) and maximum income from produce (Rs. 3,26,647 ha-1), net income (Rs. 2,01,506 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (2.61) were

obtained in T7 (75% RDF through fertigation in equal splits at drip irrigation with 80% ET).

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR -313 001

Dated: / / 2014

CERTIFICATE -III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Study of Gravity Fed Drip Irrigation System with Varied Irrigation and Fertigation levels in Okra” submitted by Mr. Yogesh Kumar Joshi to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Irrigation Water Management Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on her thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. H. K. Mittal) (Dr. S.R. Bhakar) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. S.S. Lakhawat) (Dr. Deepak Sharma) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. P. K. Singh) (Dr. B. P. Nandwana) Professor and Head Professor and Dean,

Approved

Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

BIO-EFFICACY OF SOME EDIBLE OILS AND PLANT PRODUCTS FOR MANAGING PULSE BEETLE,

CALLOSOBRUCHUS CHINENSIS (COLEOPTERA: BRUCHIDAE) IN STORED GREEN GRAM

Hk.Mkfjr ewax esa nky Hk`ax dsykslksdqcl pkbusfll ¼dksfy;ksIVsjk % czqfpMh½ ds izcU/ku ds fy;s dqN [kk| rsyksa ,oa ikni mRiknksa dh tSo izHkkfork

PRIYANKA CHANDALIYA

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING)

2014

DEPARTMENT OF PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR-313001 (RAJASTHAN)

ABSTRACT

A laboratory experiment was conducted on “Bioefficacy of some edible oils and plant products for managing pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis L. (Coleoptera:

Bruchidae) in stored green gram” at Post Harvest Biological Laboratory, Post Harvest

Technology Scheme, Department of processing and Food Engineering, College of Technology and Engineering, Udaipur during 2013-14. Three edible oils viz. sesame (Sesamum indicum L), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea, L.) and mustard (Brassica juncea Cross ) at the rates of 3,6 and 9 ml/kg seed and three plant product viz. papaya leaf (Carica papaya, L.), neem leaf (Azadiracta indica),lemon leaf (Citrus limonium) at the rate of 3 6 and 9 g/kg seed as grain protectants of green gram (var. Pusa Baisakhi) against pulse beetles were used (Callosobruchus chinensis L.). Among different edible oils evaluated for their efficacy against pulse beetle at rate of 3, 6 and 9 ml/kg grains up to 120 days of storage. The application of sesame and groundnut oils at 6 ml/kg grains were found most effective with maximum 100 per cent adult mortality, 90.31 per cent deterrence, 0.40 eggs/seed and minimum 0.10 hole/seed. While, minimum (1.33 per cent) weight loss observed in grains treated with sesame and groundnut oil at 9 ml/kg grains. Whereas, mustard oil at application of 3 g/kg grains was found least effective with maximum 0.30 hole/seed, 1.20 eggs/seed, 8.50 per cent weight loss and minimum 70.94 per cent deterrence and 92.00 per cent adult mortality.

Among different plant products evaluated for their efficacy against pulse beetle upto 120 days of storage. Significantly maximum (100%) adult mortality and 70.46 per cent deterrence, minimum (0.30 hole/seed) grain damage, minimum (10.80%) weight loss and 1.20 eggs/seed was found in grains treated with papaya leaf powder at application of 9 g/kg grains. While, minimum (58.00%) adult mortality, minimum (42.85%) deterrence, maximum 2.30 eggs/seed, 0.60 hole/seed and 22.14 percent weight loss was found in grains treated with lemon leaf powder at 3 g/kg grains

Effect on proximate content (fat, crude protein and carbohydrate) was observed after 120 days of storage. No adverse effect was found on proximate content in grains treated with edible oils and plant products. Slightly increment in fat content was found in grains treated with edible oil. Grains treated with plant products have shown up gradation in colour value after 120 days of storage. All treated grains were

75 found viable as well as untreated grains. Hence, no adverse effect was recorded in grains treated with both substances. It can be suggested that sesame oil, groundnut oil and papaya leaf powder have most effective for manage of pulse beetle in stored green gram upto 120 days of storage. MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: / /2014

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “ Bio-efficacy of some edible oils and plant products for managing pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in stored green gram” submitted by Miss Priyanka Chandaliya to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in agricultural engineering in the subject of Processing and Food Engineering, was approved after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on her thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. P. S. Champawat) (Dr. S.K. Jain)

Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. K. C. Sharma) (Dr. S. M. Mathur)

Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. B. P. Nandwana) (Dr. S. K. Jain)

Dean, C.T.A.E. HEAD

Department of P. F. E

Approved

Director Resident Instruction

MPUAT, Udaipur

EFFECT OF IRRIGATION REGIMES ON DRIP

IRRIGATED TOMATOES GROWN UNDER SHADE NET

HOUSE

Nk;knkj x`g ds vUnj cwan cwan flapkbZ }kjk mxk;s x;s VekVjksa ij

flapkbZ O;oLFkkvksa dk izHkko

PRIYANKA SHARMA

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING)

2014

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN)

ABSTRACT

Tomato crop (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is the most widely grown vegetable in the world. The adoption of deficit irrigation practices implies appropriate knowledge of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), crop response to water deficits and the economic impacts of yield reduction strategies. Therefore, the present investigation entitled, “Effect of irrigation regimes on drip irrigated tomatoes grown under the shade net house” was undertaken.

The experiment was planned and executed at the Plasticulture farm, Department of Soil and Water Engineering, College of Technology and Engineering, Udaipur during February, 2013 to July, 2013. This study included objectives, to work out crop water requirement for drip irrigated tomato crop under the shade net house and developing relation between crop evapotranspiration inside and outside the shade net house. The effect of deficit irrigation on growth and production of tomato under the shade net house was also investigated. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with four treatments and five replications.

The crop water requirement inside the shade net house of drip irrigated tomato crop comes out to be 495.00 mm. Total crop evapotranspiration (ETc) outside the shade net house was obtained 717.00 mm. The results revealed that, the crop evapotranspiration inside the shade net house was about 70 % of the crop evapotranspiration observed in the open environment. The deficit irrigation with 80 % of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was found to be the optimum irrigation amount in 2 order to obtain the maximum tomato yield of 10.83 kg/m . The maximum output-input ratio (1.67) was observed in treatment T2 (i.e., irrigation through drip system at 80%

ETc) under the shade net house.

Thus, the overall findings of research revealed that, all the vegetative parameters, reproductive parameter and quantity parameter were found maximum in the deficit irrigation at 80 % of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) i.e., treatment (T2). For growing drip irrigated tomatoes, shade net farming system coupled with drip irrigation gives better output in terms of crop yield and fruit quality. Also, at the same productivity of water is increased without affecting yield of tomato crop. MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: 10/09/2014

CERTIFICATE-III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled“Effect of irrigation regimes on drip irrigated tomatoes grown under shade net house” submitted byMs. Priyanka Sharmato MaharanaPratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Irrigation Water Management Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on her thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. Mahesh Kothari) (Dr. S. R. Bhakar) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. S. S. Lakhawat) (Dr. Ajay Kumar Sharma) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. B. P. Nandwana) (Dr. P. K. Singh) DEAN Head CTAE, Udaipur Department of S.W. E.

Approved

Director Resident Instruction

MPUAT, Udaipur

Development of Improved Counting Algorithm for Overlapped Agricultural Products

(कृ � ष उ配पाद� के �लए बेहतर �गनती ए쥍गो�र镍म का �वकास)

By Neetika Bairwa

Thesis Master of Technology in Electronics And Communication Engineering ( With Specialization in Communication Systems)

2014

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering College of Technology and Engineering Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology Udaipur ABSTRACT

Flower farming and floriculture is a fast emerging and highly competitive industry providing continuous introduction of new cultivators and new crops. Cut flower and ornamental crop culture technology is improving with the availability of equipment and there is a sea change in the trend of consumers. A new generation of flower growers is coming forward to employ precision agriculture technology for management, maximizing production and offer quality for consumer acceptability, thus fetching better revenue. Floriculture emerged as a lucrative profession with the much higher potential for returns compared to other agri-horticultural crops. Precision Agriculture (PA) is a set of technologies that helped farmers in the automated information-based world, and is designed to control the management of the farm operation. Yield prediction is a part of PA. It is an important task in the management, done by counting of floricultural product. The current manual counting is erroneous and time-consuming. To fulfill this challenge, we developed an algorithm for computer vision based system for automatic, fast and precise counting of flowers. Images are taken under polyhouse, in natural light conditions and some of them are taken from the internet. Detection of flower and counting can be done using HSV color space and Circular Hough Transform (CHT). In developed algorithm we count different types of flowers and calculate accuracy for counting algorithm. Accuracy for polyhouse images are compared with manual count and algorithmic count given by Sarkate, et. al., (2013). About 106 images were processed using the developed algorithm. Simulation result shows that the counting of flowers giving much better accuracy in between 85.94% to 95.97%. The overall accuracy for developed algorithm is 92.28%.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR-313 001

Dated: 19/09/2014

CERTIFICATE - III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Development of Improved Counting Algorithm for Overlapped Agricultural Products” submitted by Neetika Bairwa to the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in the subject of Electronics and Communication Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination was satisfactory, we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. Navneet Agrawal Dr. Sunil Joshi Major Advisor Co-Advisor

Dr. Naveen Jain Dr. G. S. Bhardwaj Advisor DRI Nominee

Dr. Sunil Joshi Dr. B. P. Nandwana Professor & Head Dean Department of ECE C.T.A.E., Udaipur

Approved

DIRECTOR, RESIDENT INSTRUCTIONS

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR-313 001

Dated: / /

CERTIFICATE - III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Design and Development of Hybrid Axis Solar Stalker for Improving Performance Parameters” submitted by Ms. Ankita Kaw to the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in the subject of Electronics and Communication Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination was satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. Sunil Joshi Dr. Navneet Agarwal Major Advisor Co-Advisor

Dr. Naveen Choudhary Dr. S.S. Rathore Advisor (DRI Nominee)

Dr. Sunil Joshi Dr. B. P. Nandwana Head of Department Professor and Dean Department of ECE C.T.A.E., Udaipur

Approved

DIRECTOR, RESIDENT INSTRUCTIONS Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology Udaipur (Rajasthan)

ABSTRACT

In the pursuit of preserving perishable resources and there by stopping environment deterioration, renewable energy sources now a days are being explored to the full. Due to tremendous increase in population, demand for power availability is also increasing substantially. Solar power energy is proving to be an eminent substitute in fulfilling the void between demand and supply, consequently yielding profit.

A photovoltaic panel upon exposure to the sunlight produces voltage proportional to the intensity of light striking its surface. Tracking systems have become quintessential additions to the PV panels to improve latter’s serviceability and functionality. But the concept of utilization of diffuse radiations during overcast conditions is still infancy. Need of the hour is to explore new avenues of harvesting solar energy on cloudy days, especially at the locations where appearances of cloud cover is too often. Meanwhile the perspective of energy saving must also be taken into consideration.

Whilst dual axis trackers excel during sunlit days, they are not much of a use when a cloud cover is encountered. These systems perceive Sun as the brightest spot in the sky and are more accurate in pointing directly at it, which is beneficial on a sunny day. Whereas in case of bright overcast days single axis trackers prove to be marvels, producing about the same amount of energy per hour without wasting much power.

Hybrid axis solar stalker differs from the hitherto built systems, as depending upon the temperament of day, the modes of operation of tracking system can be interchanged by the automatic adjustment system, comprising of sensing system coupled with a programmable microcontroller and servomotors as actuators. This system has proved imperative with regards to increase in voltage consequently enhancing power gain as well as capture efficiency.

In congruence with the findings, it has been demonstrated that equipping PV panel with hybrid axis system spearheads the proliferation of solar power energy in greater depths.

Analysis, Design and Implementation of Embedded Sensor System with Wireless Communication for Green House

xzhu gkml ds fy, ok;jySl lapkj ;qDr ,acsM+sM lsalj ç.kkyh dk fo”kys’k.k] fMtkbZu ,oa dk;kZUo;u

Kalpana Lamba

Thesis Master of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering (with specialization in Communication Systems)

2014

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering College of Technology and Engineering Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology Udaipur – 313001

ABSTRACT

Greenhouse environment is unpredictable, irregular and nonlinear when it is manually controlled. To gain quality yield in high amount it is necessary to control the greenhouse environment according to crop requirement. To proper study and analysis the crop requirements design of embedded sensor system with wireless communication for greenhouse is prerequisite. In present scenario there is a need of system that should be low power and compatible to technically less proficient farmer of developing countries.

The blueprint of this system is such that it is designed with DAQ card for data acquisition and analysis that is compatible with Graphical User Interface LabVIEW which helps the user to easily monitor and analyze the state of greenhouse environment. In this system five sensors are integrated to measure greenhouse environmental information. Based on the data analysis any farmer can take decisions like, when to irrigate the crops and when to enable the cooling system. Actions based on the data analysis from the system may lead to better crop yield and less wastage of the resources. To make the system energy efficient a data averaging energy efficient algorithm is used in software. By analyzing the recorded data received from sensor node, an efficient strategy for node placement is designed to cover maximum area of greenhouse. The designed system is simple, reliable, cost and power efficient and highly useful for less proficient farmers of developing countries.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR-313 001

Dated: 26/09/2014

CERTIFICATE - III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Analysis, Design and Implementation of Embedded Sensor System with Wireless Communication for Green House” submitted by Ms. Kalpana Lamba to the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in the subject of Electronics and Communication Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination was satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. Sunil Joshi Dr. Navneet Kumar Agrawal Major Advisor Major Co-Advisor

Dr. Naveen Choudhary Dr. Ajay Kumar Sharma Advisor DRI Nominee

Dr. Sunil Joshi Dr. B. P. Nandwana Professor & Head Professor and Dean Department of ECE C.T.A.E., Udaipur

Approved

DIRECTOR, RESIDENT INSTRUCTIONS Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology Udaipur (Rajasthan) MODELING OF VARIATION IN MICROCLIMATE DUE TO FOGGING SYSTEM UNDER SHADE NET HOUSE

शेड नेट हाउस म�फोग�गंग ससस्टम े ाारण स�मजऱवायू ◌ुम��सन्नता क� मॉडस�ऱ

VEDANT C PATEL

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING)

2014

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR - 313001 (RAJASTHAN)

ABSTRACT

The aim of study was under taken to evaluate the parameters responsible for change in microclimate inside a shade net structure at Plasticulture Farm of C.T.A.E., Udaipur. The data was observed during 10 September to 7 October 2013 in monsoon season and 18 December to 9 January 2014 in winter season. The grid points of data observation were 2 taken at 32 m x 24 m. Experiment has been laid out in the space area 1008 m . During monsoon season and winter season the data was taken at three vertical heights 0.15 m, 1 m and 2 m. The operational fogging schedule was at 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 sec to 30 min interval.

The results revealed that during monsoon season in spatial variation the o temperature variation was found 2.1 C and RH was 8 % along the length, temperature was o o found 2.5 C and RH was 7 % along the width and temperature was found 3.1 C and RH was 10 % along the height. During winter season in spatial variation the temperature o o variation was found 1 C and RH was 5 % along the length, temperature was found 1.2 C o and RH was 4 % along the width and temperature was found 1.9 C and RH was 4 % along the height.

During the monsoon season in temporal variation the temperature variation was o found 3.0 C and RH was 12%. During the winter season in temporal variation the o temperature variation was found 2.5 C and RH was 4%.

During the monsoon season, difference of inside and outside temperature variation o o the air temperature was varied 2.7 C to 5.7 C and relative humidity was varied 16 % to 26 %. During the winter season, difference of and outside temperature variation the air o o temperature was varied 4 C to 1.3 C and relative humidity was varied 12 % to 22%.

During the monsoon season, fogger cooling efficiency was varied 16% to 30%. During the winter season, fogger cooling efficiency was in a range between 15 % and 22%.

During the monsoon season, the suggested appropriate operation schedule was at 60 sec fogger operational time. During the winter season, the suggested appropriate operation schedule was at 300 sec fogger operational time. MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Date: 23/09/2014

CERTIFICATE - III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Modeling of Variation in

Microclimate due to Fogging System under Shade net House” submitted by Mr. Vedant C Patel to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Irrigation Water Management Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. S. R. Bhakar Dr. Mahesh Kothari Major Advisor Advisor

Dr. S.S. Lakhawat Dr. A. K. Mehta Advisor DRI Nominee

Dr. B. P. Nandwana Dr. P. K. Singh

DEAN Head

CTAE, Udaipur Department of SWE

Approved

Director Resident Instruction

MPUAT, Udaipur EVALUATION OF PLASTIC MULCHES UNDER DRIP

IRRIGATION FOR OKRA CROP

ि◌भंड क फसल के ि◌लए प ि◌संचाई के तहत ला पतवारटक का मू यांकन

SUDARSHAN K

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING)

2014

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR (RAJASTHAN) 313 001 (INDIA)

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: / /2014

CERTIFICATE-III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Evaluation of Plastic Mulches Under Drip Irrigation for Okra Crop” submitted by Mr. Sudarshan K to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. S. R. Bhakar) (Dr. Mahesh Kothari) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. S. S. Lakhawat) (Dr. Sudhir Jain) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. P. K. Singh) (Dr. B. P. Nandwana) Head Dean, Department of SWE CTAE, Udaipur

Approved Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

ABSTRACT

A field experiment was carried out to study the evaluation of plastic mulches under drip irrigation for okra crop. In this study the okra has been grown under four different colour of plastic mulches like black mulch, silver white mulch, yellow mulch and milky white mulch during kharif -season, 2013 at plasticulture farm CTAE Udaipur. The experiment have been laid out in the randomized block design. The spacing of plant to plant and row to row was 50 x 30 cm.

The results shows that Weekly climatic data for the period 2008-2012 i.e. (5 years) were used to determine weekly reference evapotranspiration. The weekly reference evapotranspiration was computed using FAO-56 Penman-Monteith. The mean of ETo of last 5 year data was 313.2 mm for 120 days. Irrigation scheduling was decided before the growing of the crop by using the last five year data i.e, 2008 to 2012 for the months July to November it was 19,000.00 lit for the whole growing period. It was found that the crop evapotranspiration under black, silver, yellow and milky white mulch were observed 246.4 mm, 255.4 mm, 277.3 mm and 296.9 mm respectively for the entire crop period. While ETc under open condition was 349.9 mm during the same cropping period. After determining the reference evapotranspiration and crop evapotranspiration the crop coefficient were developed for initial, mid season and late stages of okra crop under each mulch. It was estimated 0.39, 0.41, 0.43 and 0.46 for initial stage,0.94, 0.96, 0.1.02 and 1.11 for mid season stage and 0.51, 0.53, 0.63 and 0.68 for late season stage under black, silver, yellow, and milky white mulch respectively.

The crop water requirement under different mulch and without mulch condition for the entire crop period was calculated as 14953.94 lit (246.4 mm), 15500.14 lit (255.4 mm), 16832.90 lit (277.3 mm), 18023.64 lit (296.9 mm) and 21236.53 lit (349.9 mm) for black, silver, yellow, milky white mulch and without mulch respectively. It was found that the water saving under black, silver, yellow, milky white mulch were 29.57%, 27.00%, 20.74% and 15.14 % respectively, compare to outside condition. Maximum water saving was found under black mulch.

The highest yield was recorded (16.95 ton/ha) under silver colour plastic mulching which was significantly superior over the other three colours of mulching. The minimum yield (10.8 ton/ha) was recorded under control system. The water use efficiency was found it was maximum under silver mulch is (0.66 ton/ha-cm) as against a minimum of (0.29 ton/ha-cm) in control. From the economics point of view the maximum B:C ratio was found in silver plastic mulch which gave the highest net income of Rs.86706.9/- per hectare and B:C ratio of was 1.52. ESTIMATION OF AQUIFER PARAMETERS FOR

JAISAMAND BASIN USING DIFFERENT MODELS

t;lean izogu {ks= ds tyHk`r ekin.Mksa dk fofHkUu izfrekuksa }kjk vkadyu

PRAHLAD SINGH

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING)

2014

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR (RAJASTHAN) 313001 (INDIA) MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR – 313 001

Dated: / 09 / 2014

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Estimation of Aquifer Parameters for Jaisamand Basin using different models” submitted by Mr. Prahlad Singh to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in the subject of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. P.K. Singh) (Dr. H.K. Mittal) Professor and Major Advisor Professor and Advisor

(Dr. K.K. Yadav) (Dr. N.K. Jain) Assistant Professor and Advisor Associate Professor and DRI Nominee

(Dr. P.K. Singh) (Dr. B.P. Nandwana) Head Professor and Dean Department of SWE C.T.A.E., Udaipur C.T.A.E., Udaipur

Approved

Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

ABSTRACT

The main source of drinking and irrigation water in Udaipur district is open well. The common geological formation are Migmatite gneiss, felspathsied schist, Phyllite and mica schist, Granite, granodiorite, tonalitic gneiss, Pebby meta arkadose and conglomerate & Quartzite. Recurrent droughts have put tremendous pressure on groundwater resource of the area. Estimation of aquifer parameter is an important task in groundwater assessment. The aquifer parameters were estimated by pumping test. For pumping test, Acoustic water level Indicator was used. The data collected by pump test in different hydro-geological formations were analyzed by different methods viz, Papadopulos and Cooper, Modified Papadopulos and Cooper, Boulton and Streltsova, Statistical, Sen method and AQTESOLV software. These methods are used for estimation of transmissivity and 2 storage coefficient. In the study area of Jaisamand basin Transmissivity ranges from 20.29 m /day to 2 386.94 m /day and Storage Coefficient values ranges from 0.00016 to 0.096 by curve matching 2 2 methods. The value of Transmissivity ranges from 122.40 m /day to 392.98 m /day and Storage Coefficient values ranges from 0.0830 to 0.6919 by AQTESOLV software methods.

The correlation between different methods was determined. Most of the methods were moderately correlated with each other for Transmissivity values. Storage Coefficient values show that there was very poor negative correlation between different methods. AQTESOLV software methods show the positive correlation with each others. The comparison with Papadopulos and Cooper method and other methods were made. About 1.49 per cent area of 2 Jaisamand basin has Transmissivity less than 150 m /day. About 8.00 per cent area of Jaisamand 2 basin shows Transmissivity value 150-200 m /day. About 9.43 per cent area of Jaisamand basin 2 has transmissivity value between 200-250 m /day. In the basin about 33.35 per cent area has the 2 Transmissivity value in between 250-300 m /day. In the basin about 41.84 per cent area has the 2 Transmissivity value in between 300-350 m /day. In the basin about 5.89 per cent area has the 2 Transmissivity value 350-400 m /day. The storage coefficient ranging between 0.000932 to 0.0394 contributes 99.13 per cent of basin area. Design and Development of PV power pack based

Solar Tracking System

KHYATI VYAS

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING)

2014

DEPARTMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN)

ABSTRACT

Solar energy is one of the major source of energy which is renewable, inexhaustible, clean and can significantly contribute to the world energy requirement with available conversion technology. One of the most popular conversion technologies is using Photovoltaic (PV) panel.

The research work was undertaken to design and develop a prototype for PV power pack based single axis solar tracking system. The overall solar tracking system consists of a mechanism that enables the PV panels to follow or track the Sun. The mechanical structure consisted of one servo motor that drives the mechanism, LDR sensors for measuring light intensity and a programmable microcontroller responsible for giving electric signals to the motors in accordance to the sun angle in order to achieve solar tracking (keeping the PV panel perpendicular to the sunlight). Based on the system requirement tilt angle 0 provided was of 25 . The feedback control system operation was based on servo mechanism principle and the controller was responsible for the solar tracker motion. The controller coding and servo mechanism was simulated in PROTEUS 7.

The developed system gives a calculated efficiency gain of 44.23% compared to a fixed solar panel. When tilted tracking and without tilt tracking setup data were compared it was found that tilted tracking is 18.12% more efficient. When cloudy and clear sky data were compared, there was only about 5% decrease of efficiency in cloudy condition. The result showed that tilted panel had better efficiency even in the cloudy condition.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: 22/09/2014

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Design and Development of PV power pack based Solar Tracking System” submitted by Ms. Khyati Vyas to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in agricultural engineering in the subject of Renewable Energy Engineering, was approved after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. Sudhir Jain) (Dr. Surendra

Kothari)

Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. Sunil Joshi) (Dr. Deepak Sharma)

Advisor HEAD

Department of R.E.E.

(Dr. B.P.Nandwana)

Dean, C.T.A.E.

Approved

Director Resident Instruction

MPUAT, Udaipur

Secure Video Transmission for Wireless Networks

Ronak Dak

Thesis

Master of Technology

Computer Science and Engineering

2014

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

College of Technology and Engineering

Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology

Udaipur - 313001 Abstract

In this growing digital world, everything is on air and a lot of multimedia data flows online every second. Day by day more and more multimedia technologies are being introduced and videos are the emerging multimedia content to be taken care of. There are several fields like military, medical and commercial susceptible information that need to be secured or may only be shown partially to the users. Over the last few years numerous encryption algorithms are introduced to secure and protect the video during transmission. Along with that, many efficient multimedia encryption schemes are introduced and real world is using those techniques. But, these all techniques, process complete video data with more overhead and higher execution time. So, a light weight encryption technique for videos is required, which adds no overhead to videos and provides the efficient level of security.

This work focuses on a new technique which is proposed to secure the transmission of the video over wireless networks. This technique includes the functionality of image encryption algorithms and introducing a more efficient technique to encrypt the video sequences. First, video will be converted into sequence of images, then; these images will be encrypted by proposed light weight technique. Again video will be constructed back and analyzed against the statistical and differential attacks. As this technique is used over all video frame sequences of the video, so, this will multiply the security effects of the single frame over the full video sequence.

Along with the good security impact, it does not add any extra overhead to the video, size of the video is not altered. Encrypted video is simulated over wireless networks. So, it is also proved feasible to transmit the encrypted video over wireless networks.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR-313001

Date: / /2014

CERTIFICATE - III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Secure Video Transmission for Wireless Networks” submitted by Mr. Ronak Dak to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Technology in the subject of Computer Science and Engineering after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination held on was found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. Naveen Choudhary Dr. Navneet Agrawal (Major Advisor) (Major Co-Advisor)

Dr. Vinod Kumar Yadav Dr. (Mrs.) Nafisa Ali (Advisor) (DRI Nominee)

Dr. Naveen Choudhary Dr. B.P. Nandwana (Professor& Head of the Department) (Professor and Dean) Department of CSE C.T.A.E. Udaipur

Approved

DIRECTOR RESIDENT INSTRUCTION MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR (Rajasthan)

Performance Evaluation of Bhimsagar Irrigation Project

JITENDRA RAJPUT

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(Irrigation Water Management Engineering)

2014

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR - 313001 (RAJASTHAN)

ABSTRACT The study was undertaken to evaluate performance of Bhimsagar Irrigation Project (BIP). The three minors each located on Left and Right Main Canal were selected for evaluation study. Performance was evaluated using different performance indicators which include - Water delivery performance indicators, Technical performance indicators, Maintenance and Comparative performance indicators.

The physical state of canal distribution system was found to be poor. The gates and pipe outlets were found damaged at 18 places. Excessive vegetation/weed growth was observed in the canals. Silt deposition was observed at 15 places in main canals/minors. Due to excess seepage from canal, water logging problem is observed in pockets of command area. Soybean and Wheat are the major crops of Kharif and Rabi season respectively.

The overall adequacy for Bhimsagar irrigation project was found fair for head and middle reaches whereas ‘poor’ adequacy was found for tail reaches. The average gates adequacy was found

‘poor’ with value 0.765. The system was found unreliable in water delivery with respect to time with average dependability value of 0.498 due to faulty water distribution methods. Overall equity was found good to fair at head and middle reaches whereas poor at tail reaches due to unfair share of water from head to tail reaches.

Average water storage efficiency was found as 85.35. Area uniformity was found as poor due to unfair share of water from head to tail reaches. Average on farm application efficiency was found as 79.40 per cent indicating water is applied efficiently to the land. Water conveyance efficiency was found as 75.26 per cent, which indicates almost 25 per cent water is lost during conveyance. Wheat crop was found most efficient in terms of water utilization. Water Use efficiency of Rabi crops was found maximum in year 2013-14.

Average relative change of water level was observed between 11-13 per cent, showing water level was decreased in the canal from the designed level. Effectiveness of infrastructure was 82 per cent which means 18 per cent structures are damaged.

Output per unit of land cropped and Output per unit of command area was found maximum in year 2013-14 and minimum in year 2009-10. Output per unit of irrigation supply was found highest in 2010-11 whereas Output per unit of water consumed was found highest in year 2012-13. Average values of relative water supply and relative irrigation supply was found inadequate at tail reaches of canals in the year 2013-14. The irrigation ratio was found ‘poor’. Canal Network was found sustainable from years 2011-12 to 2013-14 by obtaining sustainability of irrigated area value of higher than 100 per cent. Area infrastructure ratio were more than projected value of 108.46 Km/ha from 2011-12 to 2013-14. Average of gross return on investment was found as 21.44 per cent. Financial self-sufficiency of project is on decreasing path from year 2006-07 (except 2010-11) and observed minimum (54 per cent) in year 2013-14 on account of increasing in O&M expenditure. MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: 15/09/2014

CERTIFICATE-III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Performance Evaluation of Bhimsagar Irrigation Project ” submitted by Mr. Jitendra Rajput to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Irrigation Water Management Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that

the thesis be approved.

(Dr. Mahesh Kothari) (Dr. S. R. Bhakar) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. G. S. Bhardwaj) (Dr. M. A. Saloda) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. B. P. Nandwana) (Dr. P. K. Singh) DEAN Head CTAE, Udaipur Department of S.W. E.

Approved Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

OPTIMAL WATER MANAGEMENT FOR LEFT MAIN CANAL

COMMAND AREA OF MAHI (BANSWARA) IRRIGATION

PROJECT

ekgh ¼ck¡lokM+k½ flapkbZ ifj;kstuk ds ck;ha eq[; ugj ds flafpr {ks= gsrq b"Vre ty izca/ku

Shanta Kumari Salvi

THESIS

Master of Engineering

Agricultural Engineering

(Irrigation Water Management Engineering)

2014

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313 001

ABSTRACT

Land and water are the basic inputs for efficient agricultural production. Irrigation water is one of the most important inputs in irrigated agriculture. Besides various other uses of water, the largest use of water is made for irrigation. To irrigate more area and achieve maximum benefits from the area, it is necessary to use water and land efficiently and optimally.

The crop water requirements for the major Rabi crops viz. wheat, mustard, barley and gram were computed by Penman-Monteith method using computer program ‘CROPWAT’. Outlet wise water supply and water demand were estimated for water balance analysis. The performance was evaluated using the adequacy, equity, dependability and relative water supply indicators. These indicators were calculated for the twelve outlets for irrigation period of the Rabi season (2010-11). The average value of adequacy was found 0.60 that indicated poor adequacy of system. Dependability denotes the quality of water delivery. Dependability, value for Tamtiya minor was found 0.35 which is classified as poor. The values of performance parameter derived have shown the performance as fair in head, fair to poor in middle and poor in tail reaches of outlet. This inequitable distribution is partly due to the physical state of the system and partly due to improper operation and management of the canal system.

A linear programming irrigation planning model was developed considering three specific objectives viz. Production maximization, net benefit maximization and labor employment maximization and is experimented for various levels of surface water availabilities i.e no. of canal running days in a month (i.e. 21, 18, 15 and 12 days).

The optimal cropping pattern derived for 21 days canal running indicated that the net benefit, production and labour employment are increased by 20.24 per cent, 15.6 per cent and 19.2 per cent respectively compared to the existing cropping pattern. The multi objective constraints method was also used for optimal planning. The constraints method is considered taking each objective as a main objective at a time. The constraint method shows that the net benefit , production and labour employment is increased by 5.7 per cent, 2.14 percent and 4.0 percent respectively .The model is also implemented for conjunctive use of surface water (12 days canal running) and ground water . The result of the study indicates 2.86 per cent increase in production, a 6.6 per cent increase in net benefit and 2.7 per cent increase in labor utilization. COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR- 313001

Dated: / / 2014

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Optimal Water Management for Left Main Canal Command Area Of Mahi (Banswara) Irrigation Project” submitted by Ms. Shanta Kumari Salvi to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in agricultural engineering in the subject of Irrigation Water Management Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. P. K. Singh) (Dr. H.K.Mittal)

Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. S.S.Sisodia)

Advisor

(Dr. B. P. Nandwana) (Dr. P. K. Singh)

Dean, C.T.A.E. HEAD

Department of SWE

Approved

Director Resident Instruction

MPUAT, Udaipur

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION STUDY OF BARODA BRANCH CANAL OF SOM KAMLA AMBA IRRIGATION PROJECT

_ ǐ

[ ã

\Ú Ǘ

MAKADIYA KISHANKUMAR PRABHUDAS

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING)

2014 DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN) MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: / /2014

CERTIFICATE-III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Performance Evaluation Study of Baroda Branch Canal of Som Kamla Amba Irrigation Project” submitted by Mr. Makadiya Kishankumar Prabhudas to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Irrigation Water Management Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. R. C. Purohit) (Dr. S. R. Bhakar) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. Dr. P. C. Chaplot) (Dr. N. K. Jain) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. P. K. Singh) ( Dr. B. P. Nandwana) Head Dean, Department of SWE CTAE, Udaipur

Approved Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

ABSTRACT

In the present study, Baroda Branch Canal of Som Kamla Amba irrigation project is selected as a study area located in Dungarpur district, Rajasthan (India). Its location coordinates are 23°8'N, 73°7'E. Diagnostic analysis, Socio economic status, Technical performance indicators, Maintenance indicators, and Comparative indicators are worked out to evaluate the performance of Baroda Branch Canal. Diagnostic analysis of water distribution system was conducted to study the operational problems in entire network of Baroda Branch Canal and concluded that damaged lining or broken wall was found at 22 places on entire Baroda Branch Canal. The high vegetative growth was found in the canal at 16 places as well as it was also found on the both sides of canal at lot of places which had covered the canal by both sides. Canals were requiring maintenance to avoid from a large wastage of water as seepage through cracks but no action takes place on the behalf of Irrigation Department due to unavailability of maintenance funds.

Socio-economic status of the tribal farmers was studied through a sample survey and concluded that the maximum sample farmers (35.33 percent) were having 5 family members and minimum (2.67 percent) were having 2 family members in the command of Baroda Branch Canal. Maximum sample farmers had (42.57 percent) Primary education level. The Sample farmers were having 1.97 cows per family and 1.53 Buffaloes per family.

The Average value of conveyance efficiency of Baroda Branch Canal was found as 73.82 percent, which means loss of diverted irrigation was almost 26 percent during conveyance. Barley attained maximum value of Average Crop Water Use Efficiency 85.00 kg/ha-cm for year 2009-2014, followed by Wheat (55.09 kg/ha-cm), Gram (41.34 kg/ha-cm), and Mustard (35.33 kg/ha-cm). The value of Relative Change in Water Level (RCWL) measured minimum (2 percent) at minor 318L of head section, while maximum (14 percent) at minor 735L of tail section means increase in value RCWL was observed from head to tail minors of Baroda Branch Canal. The Output per unit command area was found continuously increasing from year 2009-10 to year 2013-14 which shows the crop management practices improving by farmers every year. Output Per unit Irrigation Supply 3 3 was measured highest in 2010-11 with 4.82 Rs/m and the lowest in 2009-10 with 2.74 Rs/m . It shows more water had been supplied in 2009-10 with low yield. DERIVING OPERATIONAL POLICIES FOR BHIMSAGAR

IRRIGATION PROJECT

Hkhe lkxj flapkbZ ifj;kstuk ds fy, ifjpkyu uhfr;ksa dh O;qRifRr

RAMNARAYAN CHOUDHARY

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(IRRIGATION WATER MANAGMENET ENGINEERING)

2014

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR-313001(RAJASTHAN)

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR – 313 001

Dated: 23/ 09/ 2014

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Deriving Operational Policies for Bhimsagar Irrigation Project” submitted by Mr. Ramnarayan Choudhary to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Irrigation Water Management Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on her thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. Mahesh Kothari) (Dr. S.R. Bhakar) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. G.S. Bharadwaj) (Dr. Sudhir Jain) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. P. K. Singh) (Dr. B. P. Nandwana) Head Dean, C.T.A.E., Udaipur

Approved Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

ABSTRACT

The study was undertaken to derive operational policies for Bhimsagar irrigation Project. This was completed in three phases, consisting of diagonostic analysis, crop area allocation and water allocation plan for the command of selected

minors on RMC and LMC. The Diagonostic analysis revealed that farmers lack knowledge of optimum crop water requirements of crops. In absence of proper crop and water allocation plans at head reaches they apply excess water and tail reaches are deprived of their share. The physical state of canal system is also very poor further deteriorating efficient use of water in the command.

Optimal cropping pattern derived for 30 days canal running indicates that the net benefit is increased by 122 per cent, 93 per cent, 95 per cent, 75 per cent, 110 per cent and 85 per cent for Ratanpura, Chaplada, Maraita II, Khelri, Bagher and Badan Kheri minor, respectively. Similarly, the production is increased by 22.39 per cent, 16.74 percent, 25.90 per cent, 11.10 per cent, 31.38 percent and 25.69 per cent and similarly, labour employment is increased by 40.92 per cent, 33.78 per cent, 33.09 per cent, 18 percent, 31.38 per cent and 25.69 per cent for Ratanpura, Chaplada, Maraita II, Khelri, Bagher and Badan Kheri minor, respectively as compared to existing cropping pattern. The model is experimented for 24 and 21 days canal running in a

month to generate optimal scenario. The model is also experimented to generate long term scenario of land allocations to various crop activities for year 2020 and 2025. Optimal cropping pattern derived for 30 days canal running of year 2020 is 44.14 ha, 28.62 ha, 167.15 ha and 46.28 ha for wheat, mustard, garlic and coriander, respectively for Ratanpura minor. Similarly, optimal cropping pattern derived for 30 days canal running for year 2025 is 49.54 ha, 28.62 ha, 163.42 ha and 44.61 ha for wheat, mustard, garlic and coriander, respectively for Ratanpura minor. Similar results are generated for other minors also.

Multi objective analysis is also performed to derive optimal planning. The constraints method is considered taking each objective as a main objective at a time. For Ratanpura minor with 30 days canal running considering net benefit as main objective, it is increased by 101.78 per cent, production is increased by 10.14 per cent and labour employment is increased by 33.62 per cent. Similarly, considering production maximization as main objective, the net benefit is increased by 94.51 per cent, production is increased by 21.57 per cent and labour employment is increased by 33.87 per cent. Similarly, considering labour employment maximization as main objective, the net benefit is increased by 97.58 per cent, production is increased by 10.14 per cent and labour employment is increased by 32.59 per cent.

The conjunctive use analysis for Maraita II minor which is located at tail of RMC (30 days canal running in a month) has given optimal cropping pattern as 38.91 ha, 19.63 ha, 99.23 ha and 38.55 ha for wheat, mustard, garlic and coriander respectively which is 7.50 per cent more than existing pattern. Similarly, for Badan Kheri minor which is located at tail of LMC (30 days canal running in a month) has

216 given optimal cropping pattern as 22.18 ha, 22.18 ha, 120.17 ha and 57.33 ha for wheat, mustard, garlic and coriander respectively which is 4.48 per cent more than existing pattern.

Rotational water allocation plan on the basis of weighted average delta for fixed supply of water as per requirement of crops for selected minor’s command located at RMC and LMC was developed to improve water distribution in the command area. This improved system of water delivery leads to increased credibility and reliability, enhanced equity in water distribution, proper utilization of water resources and increased water use efficiency.

STUDIES ON OSMO-CONVECTIVE DRYING OF MANGO SLICES vke ds Lykbl ds ijkljf.kd&laokgd 'kq"du dk v/;;u

BY VAGHASIYA SANJAYKUMAR RAMNIKLAL

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING)

2014

DEPARTMENT OF PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN) ABSTRACT India being a largest producer and consumer of mango fruits and its area and production has been increasing at a fast pace, the post harvest losses of this highly nutritious fruits are quite serious in our country. The development of new, shelf stable products from the fresh fruit is an important consideration to reduce post harvest losses. Fruits are normally dried using hot air in conventional dryers. But the dehydrated fruits have less popular acceptance since the product's quality is considerably reduced. Osmotic dehydration is one of the potential preservation techniques for producing high quality products. Therefore, a study was undertaken on osmotic and air drying of mango slices. The effects of process parameters during osmotic dehydration such as duration of osmosis, concentration and temperature of syrup on mass reduction, water loss and sugar gain were studied. It was found that the mass reduction, water loss and sugar gain increased with increase of solution concentration and temperature. The mass reduction, water loss and sugar gain during osmosis at 30, 40 and 50ºBrix was varied in the range of 16.56 to 28.54, 20.89 to 35.45 and 4.33 to 6.9 percent at 40, 50 and 60oC temperatures after 150 min of osmosis respectively. The process variables were optimized for maximum water loss and optimum sugar gain. The air drying behavior was investigated for osmo-dehydrated mango slices, at air temperature of 50, 60 and 70oC.

During the osmotic dehydration experiments, it was observed that higher water loss was achieved up to first half hour, whereas the rate of sugar gain increased steadily, however equilibrium could not be achieved even after 150 min of osmosis. The product having 4.62 % sugar gain was found to be most acceptable. The syrup concentration of 35oBrix and temperature of 45oC and 94 min duration of osmosis were found optimum for osmotic -10 dehydration of mango slices. The moisture diffusivity varied in the range of 9.13×10 to 2.03×10-9 m2/s during air drying depending on the temperature. The drying air temperature of 60oC with constant air velocity of 2.0 m/s for 720 min duration were found optimum for air drying of osmotically dehydrated mango slices.

Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology College of Technology and Engineering, Udaipur-313001

Dated: / /2012

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Studies on Osmo-Convective Drying of Mango Slices” submitted by Vaghasiya Sanjaykumar Ramniklal to the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in the subject of Agricultural Engineering (Processing and Food Engineering), was approved after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory. We therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. S. K. Jain Dr. N. K. Jain Major Advisor Advisor

Dr. Lokesh Gupta Advisor

Dr. Arun Kumar Dr. S. K. Jain DRI Nominee HEAD Department of PFE

Dr. B. P. Nandwana Dean, CTAE

Approved

Director Resident Instruction M.P.U.A.T., Udaipur STUDIES ON LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESSING OF GARLIC yglqu dh de rkieku izlaLdj.k ij v/;;u

BY NEETU PALIWAL

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING)

2014

DEPARTMENT OF PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN)

ABSTRACT

Garlic (Allium sativum L.), a bulbous perennial plant of the Lilly family and the bulb is the most commonly used part of the garlic plant. It is one of the essential elements of the Indian recipes and today it is renowned throughout the world for its distinct flavour as well as health giving properties. The objective of garlic processing is to obtain the value added garlic products with good quality attributes such as aroma and flavor. The temperature during drying and grinding is greatly affects the quality of the finished product. This problem can be overcome by low temperature drying and grinding.

The average time required for drying of garlic slices for convective and freeze drying was observed to be 300 min and 72 hour, respectively. The quality parameters viz. color (L) value, flavor strength and water activity for convective and freeze dried garlic slices were found to be 64.69 & 73.19, 3.17& 5.54 (mg/g of dry matter) and 0.278 & 0.286, respectively. The mean sensory score for over all acceptability was found 62/100 and 90/ 100 for convective dried and freeze dried garlic slices respectively.

The quality parameter values viz. L-value, flavor strength (mg/g of dry matter), water activity and ascorbic acid content (mg/100 g of dry matter) of hammer mill and cryogenic ground powder were found 82.16, 2.14 (mg/g of dry matter), 0.364 & 10.21 mg/100 g of dry matter and 83.30, 3.03 (mg/g of dry matter), 0.358, 12.48 (mg/100 g of dry matter), respectively for convective dried samples. The mean sensory score for over all acceptability of hammer milled and cryogenic ground powder were found 60/100 and 62/ 100, respectively (for convective dried samples). Similarly, the quality parameter values viz. L-value, flavor strength (mg/g of dry matter), water activity and ascorbic acid content (mg/100 g of dry matter) of hammer mill and cryogenic ground powder were found 89.10, 4.18 (mg/g of dry matter), 0.360 & 24.93 (mg/100 g of dry matter) and 90.28, 5.41( mg/g of dry matter), 0.376 & 27.34 (mg/100 g of dry matter, respectively for freeze dried samples. The mean sensory score for over all acceptability of hammer milled and cryogenic ground powder were found 88/100 and 92/ 100, respectively (for freeze dried samples). The average particle size of hammer mill ground and cryogenic ground powder garlic powder were found 0.2194 and 0.1976 mm, respectively.

Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology College of Technology and Engineering, Udaipur-313001

Dated: / /2012

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Studies on Low Temperature Processing of Garlic” submitted by Miss. Neetu Paliwal to the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in the subject of Agricultural Engineering (Processing and Food Engineering), was approved after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on her thesis has been found satisfactory. We therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

( Dr. V. D. Mudgal) (K. C. Sharma) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. S. M. Mathur) (Dr. Arun Kumar) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. S. K. Jain) HEAD Department of PFE

(Dr. B. P. Nandwana) Dean, CTAE

Approved

Director Resident Instruction M.P.U.A.T., Udaipur PLANNING AND DESIGNING OF APPROPRIATE SOIL

AND WATER CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR MADAR

MICRO WATERSHED OF UDAIPUR

उदयप셁 के मदार ऱघ ◌ुजऱग्रहण के लऱए उपय啍तु मदा◌ृ एवंजऱ संर ण के उपाय� क� योजना एवंअ�लक쥍पना

BHUT AKHILKUMAR CHANDULAL THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING)

2014

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN) MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: 01/11/2014

CERTIFICATE-III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Planning and Designing of Appropriate Soil and Water Conservation Measures for Madar Micro Watershed of Udaipur” submitted by Mr. Bhut Akhilkumar Chandulal to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. H. K. Mittal) (Dr. P. K. Singh) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. K. K. Yadav) (Dr. Sudhir Jain) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. B. P. Nandwana) (Dr. P. K. Singh) DEAN Head CTAE, Udaipur Department of S.W. E. Approved

Director Resident Instruction

MPUAT, Udaipur

ABSTRACT

Development programmes concerning optimum utilization of natural resources (soil, water and vegetation) are now increasingly oriented with a watershed as an integral unit. For giving practical shape to the systematic, scientific and rational approach of watershed, a proper delineation of watershed is pre requisite. In the present study, rainfall data of 30 years (1983-2012) for Udaipur were analyzed for probability distribution using different Weibull, Gumbel, Log pearson III and Log normal techniques. Gumbel distribution is found best for annual rainfall forecasting. At 75 per cent probability level, annual rainfall is found 451.7 mm by Gumbel method. The data were analyzed for designing purpose of water harvesting structure. Further delineation of watershed is done and geomorphological characteristic of watershed has been studied using GIS technique which enables us to understand the relationship among different aspects of the drainage network of the watershed. Land use capability classification of the watershed was also done. It gives the systematic arrangement of land according to their properties that determine the ability of land to produce on virtually permanent basis. The area of watershed under arable and non- arable land is 589 ha and 241 ha respectively.

The appropriate agricultural and engineering measures adaptable in the watershed were designed on the basis of rainfall analysis, land use capability classification and topography of the area. Contour vegetative bund, contour bund, puertorico terrace, stone wall terrace were proposed for arable land whereas contour trench, staggered trench and V-ditch were proposed for non-arable land for the purpose of soil and water conservation. For the treatment of drainage line area, loose

stone check dams were proposed as per their available catchment area. The class VI land was proposed to be treated with afforestation and silvi-pastural system.

One water harvesting structure (Anicut) was planned and designed which has storage capacity of 1.69 ha-m. The cost of Anicut was estimated to be `13.73 lakh. Average cost of watershed treatment excluding the cost of water harvesting structure was estimated to be `14388 per ha.

The economic analysis of Madar watershed shows that benefit-cost ratio under economic and financial evaluation is 1.54:1 and 1.80:1 respectively indicating that project is viable economically and financially.

FORECASTING OF GROUND WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATION FOR BHINDAR BLOCK USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL

NETWORK

vkVhZfQ'ky U;wjy usVodZ ds mi;ksx ls fHk.Mj CykWd ds Hkwty Lrj esa mrkj p<+ko dk iwokZuqeku

By SNEHA CHAVAN

THESIS MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING (SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING)

2014

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY,

UDAIPUR-313001 (RAJASTHAN) MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: / /2014

CERTIFICATE-III This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Forecasting of Ground Water Level Fluctuation for Bhindar Block Using Artificial neural Network” submitted by Ms. Chavan Sneha Vijay to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on her thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. R. C. Purohit) (Dr. S. R. Bhakar)

Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. K. K. Yadav) (Dr. A. K. Mehta)

Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. B. P. Nandwana) (Dr. P. K. Singh) DEAN Head

CTAE, Udaipur Department of S.W. E.

Approved

Director Resident Instruction

MPUAT, Udaipur

ABSTRACT

This study elicited Groundwater level fluctuations of Bhindar block of Udaipur district by using Artificial Neural Network technique with different algorithms such as Conjugate Gradient algorithm, Quasi-Newton algorithm and Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. Feed-forward neural network with different algorithm is used for the development of ANN model. Five different criteria are used in order to evaluate the effectiveness of each network and its ability to make precise predictions. They are Coefficient of Efficiency, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean 2 absolute error (MAE), R Efficiency, and Correlation Coefficient. The sensitivity analysis is also done in order to ensure the accurate output from the model, the input sensitivity analysis is carried out and compared with the model results for testing period.

All the three algorithms i.e. Conjugate Gradient Algorithm (CG), Quasi-Newton Algorithm (QN) and Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) Algorithm (LM) gave good predictions of water table depths in the study area. Conjugate Gradient Algorithm (CG) is found to be best fit for well sites Bargaon, Bhatewar and near Panchayat Samiti (Bhindar), while Quasi-Newton Algorithm (QN) is found to be best fit for well sites near Police Station (Bhindar) and Warni. Goodness of fit statistics for best fit ANN models during training, validation and testing period showed that selected algorithms have predicted the water table depths in a better way in terms of its performance statistics.

Testing of models in the study shows that it is possible to obtain good prediction for ground water table depths using developed ANN models. Therefore developed ANN models could be used for further prediction of monthly water table depths for study area. In general it is concluded that the ANN based algorithms were a better choice for the prediction of water table depths where the continuous monitoring of hydrological parameters are very limited. The ANN modeling approach as presented in this study can provide scientists, engineers and water managers a comprehensive tool for carrying out systematic study of ground water fluctuations.

Micro-Level Land and Water Management Planning using

Remote Sensing and GIS

सू�म स्त भू�म और जल योजना का सुदरू संवेदन और

भौगो�लक सूचना प्रणा द्वार प्रबं

MUNJAPARA BIPINKUMAR JAYANTIBHAI

THESIS MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING (SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING)

2014

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN)

ABSTRACT

Water resources are useful or potentially useful. Uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. Virtually all of these human uses require fresh water and only 3 per cent of the water on the Earth is fresh water of which slightly over two thirds is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The demand for water has increased over the years and this has led to water scarcity in many parts of the world. Therefore, there is an urgent need of land and water resources planning for agricultural development. Planning in India started in the form of centralized macro-level economic planning and multilevel decentralized planning developed at a later stage. The study has been taken under at Dharta watershed of District Udaipur, (Rajasthan) for micro-level planning based on aridity index (AI) and integrated land suitability potential index (LSPI) using multi-criteria decision rule. The remote sensing and GIS techniques were used for integrating temporal and spatial data.

The aridity index (AI) was computed for Dharta watershed. Based on aridity index most of the area was found under the semi-arid class using Thornthwaite’s precipitation effectiveness and UNEP (UNESCO) method where as arid class using De Martonne method. The value of PE index was found to be 21.12 in 2003 and 63.14 in 2006 using Thornthwaite’s precipitation effectiveness. Similarly, the aridity index values obtained from De Martonne method were found to be 0.55 in 2003 and 2.71 in 2005 and from UNEP (UNESCO) method were found to be 0.238 in 2003 and 0.585 in 2006. The De Martonne method is not valid for the study area because it defined the study area as arid region which is not according to the agro ecological regions of India.

The land use/land cover classification of the study area shows that the major area (about 97 per cent) is under cultivation or fallow land. About 35.66 per cent area of Dharta watershed had been estimated as highly suitable, 38.53 per cent area was fairly suitable and rest 25.81 per cent area was unsuitable.

The micro level planning suggested for utilization of land and water resources available in the study area using remote sensing and GIS has become a useful tool for planners and decision makers in the field of agriculture.

Key words: Aridity index, Remote sensing, GIS, ArcGIS, ERDAS, Land Suitability Potential Index (LSPI).

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR – 313 001

Dated: / /

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Micro-Level Land and Water Management Planning using Remote Sensing and GIS” submitted by Mr. Munjapara Bipinkumar Jayantibhai to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. R. C. Purohit) (Dr. P. K. Singh) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. H. K. Jain) (Dr. G. S. Tiwari) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. P. K. Singh) Professor and Head (Dr. B. P. Nandwana) Department of SWE Professor and Dean CTAE, Udaipur CTAE, Udaipur

Approved

DIRECTOR, RESIDENT INSTRUCTIONS Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology Udaipur (Rajasthan) OPTIMAL PLANNING OF HYBRID DISTRIBUTION

GENERATORS IN ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

ladfjr forj.k tfu=ksa dk fctyh forj.k O;oLFkk ds fy, b"Vre fu;kstu

RINI JAIN

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING)

2014

DEPARTMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN)

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

CERTIFICATE - III

Date: 13/11/ 2014

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Optimal planning of Hybrid Distribution Generators in Electrical Distribution System” submitted by Miss. Rini Jain to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Renewable Energy Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral th examination held on 12 Nov 2014 had found satisfactory, we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. Surendra Kothari Dr. Naveen Jain Major Advisor Advisor

Dr. Deepak Sharma Dr. G. S. Tiwari Advisor DRI Nominee

Head DEAN

Department of REE CTAE, Udaipur

Approved

Director Resident Instruction

MPUAT, Udaipur.

ABSTRACT

The Distributed Generation (DG) resources have gained a lot of attention in recent times due to their positive impact on distribution system. Optimal planning of distribution system with hybrid distributed generation resources is not only concerned with the sizing and siting of distributed generators but gives due weightage to total energy saving as well. The installation of DG at optimum location boosts the performance of distribution system as well as presents a cost effective solution thus giving a new dimension to distribution system planning. Therefore, this is an attempt made to determine the optimal location and size of renewable DG units (such as biomass, wind and solar) for minimizing annual energy losses. In this research, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method is used to determine the optimal size for each location to minimize energy loss and to improve voltage profile under different voltage dependent load condition.

The proposed methodology have been tested at different power factor limit for a 69 and 33 bus test distribution system. The results show that the proposed method can save annually maximum energy significantly compared with results of literature. The results clarified the efficiency of this algorithm for the improvement of the voltage profile up to 9%, reduction of power losses in the range of 80-85%, reduction of MVA flows and MVA intake from the grid, and also for increasing the voltage stability margin. For maximum energy saving up to 90%, a combination of dispatchable source (e.g. biomass) and nondispatchable source (e.g. solar and wind) DG of desired size are determined in the range of 0.5-2MW.

For optimum design of the hybrid systems, an analysis of local weather conditions (solar radiation and wind speed) was carried out. Western Rajasthan is found to have favorite solar, wind and biomass power resources, which validates the practical applications in Western Rajasthan. The results show that the renewable source utility can gain financial benefits as the Levelized Energy Cost (LEC) decreased significantly on using renewable DG units. The environmental impact analysis shows that the inclusion of renewable DG unit significantly helps to reduce the pollutant emission to the great extent.

ENERGY AUDITING OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND SCOPE

FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY- A CASE STUDY

रसायन उ饍योग मे ऊर◌ा◌ाऱेखा् परर�ण और नवीकरणीय ऊर◌ा◌ाके् लऱए संभावनाए- एक अ鵍ययन

SANAP AMOL UDHAVRAO

Thesis

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING)

2014

DEPARTMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN) MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

CERTIFICATE - III

Date: 13 / 11 / 2014

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Energy auditing of chemical industry and scope for renewable energy- a case study” submitted by Mr. Sanap Amol Udhavrao to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Renewable Energy Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The th performance of the candidate in the oral examination held on 12 November, 2014 had found satisfactory, we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. Surendra Kothari Dr. N. L. Panwar Major Advisor Advisor

Dr. Vinod Kumar Yadav Dr. P. K. Singh Advisor DRI Nominee

Dr. Deepak Sharma Dr. B. P. Nandwana Head DEAN Department of REE CTAE, Udaipur

Approved

Director Resident Instruction

MPUAT, Udaipur. ABSTRACT

Energy audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows for energy conservation to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the output. Energy audit is thus a reliable and systematic approach in the industrial sector. Indirectly energy conservation activity reduces greenhouse gas emissions. By considering these points resent work was carried out in production plant of Phosphate India Pvt. Ltd. Jamarkotda Road, Udaipur, Rajasthan (India) to evaluate energy consumption pattern and energy saving in plant. This study presents the electrical and thermal energy auditing in chemical industry. The study aimed to find energy saving opportunity in lighting system, induction motors, spin flash dryer, hot air generator and suggest possible application of renewable energy sources.

The individual energy consumption was evaluated by efficiency calculations of utilities according to BEE standards and simultaneously pointed out energy saving opportunities. The annual wastage of energy in plant through lighting system was found 528.24 kWh. Efficiency test of induction motors were showing low power factor. An efficiency of spin flash dryer (for drying chemicals) was 32.20 per cent. The hot air generator (HAG) efficiency calculations were performed by direct and indirect method, which was found 36.44 per cent and 40.27 per cent respectively. Suggested application of 2 kW SPV system which could save Rs 45900 annually with approximate payback period of 63 months compared to conventional electricity and gave suggestions for efficiency improvement in existing systems. Also suggested to make insulation to dryer and supply excess air to HAG which can save 0.6 and 5.4 kg/h of coal respectively.

Development of Detection, Counting and Yield Estimation algorithm for Agriculture Product

—f"k mRiknksa dh [kskt] fxurh vkSj mit vkdyu ds fy, dyu fof/k dk fodkl

NEETU MEENA

Thesis

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

(With specialization in Communication Systems)

2014

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering College of Technology and Engineering Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur (Rajasthan), 313001 COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR-313 001

Dated: 11/12/2014

CERTIFICATE - III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Development of detection, counting and yield estimation algorithm for Agriculture product” submitted byMs. Neetu Meenato the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in the subject ofElectronics and Communication Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination was satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. Navneet Agarwal Dr. Sunil Joshi Major Advisor Major Co-Advisor

Dr. Naveen Jain Dr. B.S.M. Singhvi Advisor DRI Nominee

Dr. Sunil Joshi Dr. B. P. Nandwana Professor &Head Professor and Dean Department of ECE C.T.A.E., Udaipur

Approved

DIRECTOR, RESIDENT INSTRUCTIONS Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology Udaipur (Rajasthan)

ABSTRACT

Computer vision methods are helpful for automatic counting and yield estimation of fruits on trees. In the present work developed the detection, counting and yield estimation algorithm for agricultural products which was based on color and shape analysis in the field. Firstly, preprocessing was applied on input images which were tree’s sectional images of fruits and then it was converted from RGB to L*a*b color space to detect the fruit region and made them well distinguishable for algorithm. Otsu’s method was used to create the image segmentation. Morphological operation was applied on binary images to remove noise. Noise removed binary images were used to extract the fruit region by region labeling. Edge detection technique was applied on the labeled images to detect the edges of fruit region. Sobel operator was used to detect the edges of fruit object. On this edge detected image, new circle fitting algorithm was applied for automatic counting and yield estimation of fruits. The input images of different types of fruits (apple, Tangerine/orange, pomegranate, lemon, peach and plum) were taken from internet and RCA (Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur). The simulation outputs show that new counting algorithm was found to be suitable for yield estimation. From developed algorithm total yield estimation (accuracy) was calculated 88.73% for apple, 93.93% for Tangerine/Orange, 81.36% for pomegranate, 84.43% for Lemon, 83.14% for peach and 70.18% for plum fruits. The average yield estimation error was found as 16.3% by developed algorithm.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF RUBBERIZED CONCRETE IN ACIDIC ENVIRONMENT vEyh; okrkoj.k esa jcjkbZTM ØadhV dh iz;ksxkRed vuqla/kku

NISHA KUMAWAT

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

CIVIL ENGINEERING

(Structural Engineering)

2014

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR (RAJASTHAN) 313 001 (INDIA)

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR -313 001

Dated: 10/12/2014

CERTIFICATE -III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Experimental Investigation of Rubberized Concrete in acidic Environment” submitted by Mrs Nisha Kumawat to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Civil Engineering in the subject of Structural Engineering was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on her thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Mr. Trilok Gupta) (Dr. Ravi Kumar Sharma) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. B. S. Singhvi) (Dr. G. S. Bhardwaj) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. B. S. Singhvi) (Dr. B. P. Nandwana) Professor and Head Professor and Dean

Approved Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

ABSTRACT

Throughout the world, the disposal of used tires is a major environmental problem causing environmental hazards such as breeding ground for mosquitoes, producing uncontrolled fire and they are contaminating the soil and vegetation. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify alternative outlets for these tyres, with the emphasis on recycling the waste tyre. Concrete is an excellent structural material and considered as essential for the modern civilization and human society. Now, the use of waste tires in concrete has become technically feasible and the concrete is being considered as light weight concrete. This study reviews the feasibility of using waste tyres in the form of fibers in concrete in terms of the strength as well as protecting the environment. It reviews the effect of sulphuric acid and sodium chloride acidic environment on rubberized concrete also.

The study was carried out to develop information about the mechanical and durability properties of rubberized concretes in three cases which are (i) without adding silica fume (ii) with 5% silica fume and (iii) with 10% silica fume. In this study fine aggregates were partially replaced by waste rubber fibres from 5% to 25% with an increment of 5%. Totally 18 concrete mixes without silica fume were cast and total 17 concrete mixes with 5% & 10% silica fume were cast with three different water cement ratio (0.35, 0.45 and 0.55). Concrete cubes of these mixes were tested for compressive strength, visual observation, weight loss and compressive strength on

rubberized concrete after submerged in NACL & H2SO4 for 7 days, 28 days & 56 days.

The results revealed that compressive strength of concrete decreases with increase of rubber aggregate content. Similarly compressive strength decreases with increase of rubber content in sulphuric acid and sodium chloride acidic environment even though the w/c ratio is kept constant. The reduction in weight increases with increase in rubber aggregate content in sulphuric acid and sodium chloride acidic environment. Reduced compressive strength of concrete due to the inclusion of rubber aggregates do limit its use in some structural applications, but it has few desirable characteristics such as lower density, higher impact and toughness resistance, enhanced ductility, and better sound insulation etc. These properties can be advantageous to some construction applications.

ENVIRONMENTAL DUST CONCENTRATION EVALUATION DURING AGRICULTURAL OPERATIONS OF RABI SEASON jch ekSle esa Ñf"k dk;ksZa ds nkSjku i;kZoj.k /kwy d.k lkanzrk dk ewY;kadu

SHIVPUJE SHIVANAND HAVGIRAO

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING)

2014

DEPARTMENT OF FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN)

ABSTRACT

Agriculture is estimated to have the greatest labour force in the world with over one billion people and employs about 450 million waged woman and men workers. In agricultural operations dust are generated due to seasonal work activities such as ploughing, seed bed preparation, sowing, harvesting and threshing. The severity of the effects of dust in terms of human health depends on the source of dust particles, particle sizes, dust concentration and exposure time. Due to continual exposure to breathing hazards, farm workers suffer from breathing difficulties such as asthma, organic dust toxicity syndrome (ODTS) etc. The present study was undertaken for environmental dust concentration evaluation during agricultural operations such as ploughing, seed bed preparation, sowing, harvesting and threshing in Rabi season and to identify the most hazardous dust producing operation and introduce dust protective measures. In the present study, Total five locations were selected for the measurement of dust concentration on each operation during Rabi season. Dust concentration was measured for 2.5 µm, 10 µm and total dust particle size by a real - time personal dust monitor and dust concentration for 5 µm particle size was measured by gravimetric respirable dust monitor at breathing zone of worker’s for 15 min. The measured dust levels were compared with standard exposure limits. It was found that, the respirable dust concentration varied from 0.512 mg/m3 to 3.353 mg/m3 in four different field operations and from 0.076 mg/m3 to 3.141 mg/m3 for three locations in threshing operation. The maximum values of 3.353 mg/m3 and 3.141 mg/m3 were above standard exposure limit of 3 mg/m3 as per ACGIH but below 5 mg/m3 as per OSHA in harvesting and threshing operation respectively.

Five different types of dust protectors were selected for suitability tests. A Performa was designed to record different parameters to observe the suitability of dust protectors in terms of breathing resistance, air leakage from sides, dust filtration, feeling of tightness on face, rate of sweating, spoil and smudge of skin during use and any communication problem. Each of the workers was asked to give a comparative rank as per his preference for suitability. The comparative rank was converted to comparative acceptability score. It was observed that, the mask 5 i.e. cloth type dust protection mask was found most suitable and acceptable by the agriculture workers and is recommended for use in threshing operation. It will be helpful for agriculture workers to provide protection against the respirable dust. Besides, it is a cost effective and easily available.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: 27 / 11 /2014 CERTIFICATE-III This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Environmental Dust Concentration Evaluation During Agricultural Operation of Rabi Season” submitted by Mr. Shivpuje Shivanand Havgirao to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. A. K. Mehta Dr. Ajay Kumar Sharma Major Advisor Advisor

Dr. H. K. Mittal Dr. S. K. Jain Advisor DRI Nominee

Dr. B. P. Nandwana Dr. A. K. Mehta Dean Head CTAE, Udaipur Department of FMPE Approved

Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur DEVELOPMENT OF AIR SLEEVE AND BOOM FOR

AIR ASSISTED SPRAYER FOR VEGETABLE CROPS

USING SMALL TRACTOR

स녍जी क� फसऱ� के ल ऱ ए छोटेट्रै啍टर का उपयोग क र त ेह ु ए हवा 饍वारा सहायता प्रेयर क� वायुआꥍतीन और बमू का ववकास

DOBARIYA RITUL BHIMJIBHAI

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING)

2014

DEPARTMENT OF FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN) MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: / /2014

CERTIFICATE-III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Development of Air Sleeve and Boom for Air Assisted Sprayer for Vegetable crops using Small Tractor” submitted by

Dobariya Ritul Bhimjibhai to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. S. M. Mathur Dr. A. K. Mehta Major Advisor Advisor

Dr. Sudhir Jain Dr. S. K. Jain Advisor DRI Nominee

Dr. B. P. Nandwana Dr. A. K. Mehta Dean Head CTAE, Udaipur Department of FMPE

Approved

Director Resident Instruction

MPUAT, Udaipur ABSTRACT

Brinjal is subjected to attack of many insect-pests and diseases, which ultimately lowers the quality and yield of the crop. Appropriate and timely plant protection measures ensure higher yield and better quality of the produce. Chemical control is the popular method adopted for controlling most insects and diseases. Conventional method of spraying system consumes large amount of water, labour and time, almost fifty per cent of applied spray fluid drops down to ground as a loss. The effectiveness of pesticide spray on crops is greatly influenced by the application equipment and techniques. Incorporation of air assistance in the sprayer has been found to increase deposition uniformity in the entire plant canopy. In the view of this, study was undertaken to modify existing ASPEE Turblow mist blower with the development of air sleeve boom of 5 m length for air assisted sprayer for pesticide applications. The air assisted sprayer was developed and its performance was evaluated both in laboratory and field (brinjal).

The finding of study showed that air velocity (16, 20, 22 and 24 m/s) and pump discharge (4.9, 7.7, 9.9 and 14.3 l/min) was significantly effect on droplet size, droplet density and uniformity coefficient. The deposition of droplet was taken at top, middle and bottom position of the plant and on upper and lower leaf surface. It was observed that the recommended value of 2 droplet size (100-150 µm) and droplet density (25-35 droplets/cm ) was obtained at air velocity of 24 m/s and pump discharge of 4.9 L/min. The field evaluation of air assisted sprayer was conducted in the field (Brinjal) at optimum levels of the variables i.e. air velocity of 24 m/s and pump discharge of 4.9 l/min obtained during laboratory experiment. The obtained droplet size 2 (121-141 µm), droplet density (26-32 droplets/cm ) and uniformity coefficient (1.18-1.30) was found within the recommended range at top, middle and bottom position of the plant and on upper and lower leaf surface.

The statistical analysis of the data indicated that air velocity, pump discharge and their interaction had a significant effect on droplet size, droplet density and uniformity coefficient.

ABSTRACT

A MANET is a collection of independent mobile nodes with self configuring, self administrating features. A lot of research work has been done on routing in

MANET’s. However security is still a point of major concern to be achieved in such networks where any node can join and leave the network, without any central authority for authenticating nodes. A routing protocol designed for efficient path formation may makes the same network vulnerable to various attacks. Malicious node tries to disrupt the control packet information in various ways. It can generate fake packets to create scenario in which it tries to come in path of source and destination in order to perform various malicious activities like packet dropping during transmission which adversely affects and degrades the network performance. Packets that are routed during route discovery need to be protected so that it leads to the least probability of having a malicious node in path formation for data packets. In this thesis a new secure routing protocol, Security Enhanced- AODV (SE-AODV) is proposed which adds extra secure features to standard AODV routing protocol, making path formation more secure. The proposed protocol secures mutable as well as non mutable information in control packet in such a way that if a malicious node alters any information in these packets then this alteration is detected. In this thesis we have addressed the various ways in which malicious node can disrupt the path formation. In the subsequent section the various security pitfalls of existing secure routing protocols is presented and then it is shown how proposed algorithm is able to overcome these pitfalls with the as least overhead as possible. The performance analysis of the proposed routing protocols is done on NS2 simulator under both the malicious and non malicious scenarios. The performance of proposed routing protocol is compared with SAODV in terms various performance metrics.

Drought Risk Assessment using Remote Sensing

and Geographical Information System: A case study

of Western Rajasthan

सखा◌ू जोखखम मल◌ा◌ा◌ंकन् ू के � ल ए सद셂ु संवेदन तथा भौगो�लक सचना◌ू प्रणाि◌◌ी का उ प ◌् ोग - पि�चमी राजथान के ए क मा�मेका अध◌्◌्न्

JYOTHY NARAYANAN

THESIS

MASTER OF TECNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(Soil & Water Conservation Engineering)

2014

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR (RAJASTHAN) 313 001 (INDIA)

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

UDAIPUR (RAJASTHAN)

Dated:

CERTIFICATE-III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Drought Risk Assessment using Remote

Sensing and Geographical Information System: A case study of Western Rajasthan” submitted by Miss Jyothy Narayanan to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agriculture Engineering in the subject of Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on her thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommended that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. Mahesh Kothari) (Dr. P. K. Singh) Major Advisor Co-Major Advisor

(Dr. R.R. Joshi) (Dr. Lokesh Gupta) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. P.K. Singh) (Dr. B. P. Nandwana)

Head, Dean Dept. of Soil and Water Engineering College of Technology and Engineering

ABSTRACT

Drought is a major environmental problem in arid and semi-arid environments. As drought is highly variable in nature, it continues to haunt Indian agriculture and economy. The State of Rajasthan particularly over the westernmost districts comprising the Great Indian Thar Desert experiences a number of successive drought and water scarcity. Consequently, timely information about the onset of drought its intensity, extent and duration is essential to limit the drought related damage to lives, economy and environment, in which remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) plays a vital role.

The present study has been carried out with the aim to perform drought risk assessment using satellite based meteorological and vegetation analysis in the three highly drought prone districts of western Rajasthan viz Jodhpur, Jaisalmer and Barmer. Monthly precipitation data for the monsoon months (June-September) obtained from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite were downloaded for the study area. The TRMM spatial analysis was used to assess drought conditions in the past 15 years from 1998-2012 for the study area and for its further substantiation Precipitation Anomaly Percentage (PAP) was calculated to derive the severity of meteorological drought and its trend in the study period. The Advanced Wide Field Sensor (AWiFS) and Wide Field Sensor (WiFS) onboard IRS-P6 and IRS-1C satellites respectively have been used to derive Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (MSAVI2).

The spatial analysis of 3B43-algorithm based TRMM data depicted the drought conditions in the study area for the past 15 years i.e. 1998-2012 from June to September. The spatial analysis depicted that the northern most part of Jaisalmer experienced no rainfall in the years 2001, 2002, and 2003. The years 1999-2002 witnessed extreme drought conditions in Barmer and Jaisalmer districts followed by Jodhpur in the south experiencing high drought conditions. A normal drought condition was depicted in the three districts in 1998 and 2003. The spatial analysis rendered moderate to scanty rainfall in Jodhpur and Jaisalmer districts whereas Barmer received a normal rainfall in 2004 and 2009.The three western districts under the study area were endowed with better rainfall in 2005 compared to the rain in former years comprehending moderate to high rainfall in Jaisalmer, Barmer and Jodhpur excluding some regions of Jaisalmer that underwent no rainfall. The month of July is bestowed with moderate to high rainfall in the study area in all the years of the study period except in 2004, 2005, 2007 and 2012 which witnessed no rainfall in the northern regions of Jaisalmer and Barmer. In July, the whole study area experienced no rainfall to scanty rainfall except paltry regions of southernmost Jodhpur which went across moderate to high rainfall in 2000, 2001 and 2002 as per the analysis. It was completely a wet month in the year 2003. Contrary, to 2004 and 2005 northern part of Jodhpur and Barmer received high rainfall in 2006 and 2007. All the three districts under the study area witnessed moderate to high rainfall in 2010 and 2011. The effect of drought was being delineated efficiently through the TRMM analysis for the years 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2002 in August. The study area got overall a moderate rainfall in 2003 except some dune regions of Barmer and Jaisalmer. The consecutive drought years viz. 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2002 experienced almost no rainfall in September that was followed with the year 2003 in which many regions of Jaisalmer received no rainfall. Similarly, Barmer acquired scanty to moderate rainfall in 2003. The approaching years viz. 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008 were depicted as non drought years with good rainfall except some dune regions in the three districts which received scanty rainfall. On contrary, 2009 witnessed no rainfall in September month virtually all over the study area omitting some low lying areas of Jodhpur that received moderate rainfall. Jaisalmer was the only district among the three districts in study area that received no to scanty rainfall in 2012 leaving some regions of Barmer and Jodhpur experiencing moderate rainfall.

The agricultural drought in the study area was assessed using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (MSAVI2) for the drought year 1999 and in 2008 a non drought year to evaluate the suitability of Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (MSAVI2) in the study area. It was concluded from the study that the vegetation cover is sparse in the study area. Thus, soil brightness factor plays a vital role to assess the drought conditions which can be appropriately defined and depicted by the Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (MSAVI2) as compared to Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI).

From this study it is concluded that the whole study area is vulnerable to drought condition and efficient drought mitigation measures are needed. TRMM monthly spatial data analysis for the past 15 years rendered the distribution, trend and severity map of drought for the study area. The agricultural drought assessed in the highly drought prone study area by MSAVI2 proved to be more efficient as compared to NDVI in less vegetated or high soil exposed regions.

STUDIES ON DRYING CHARECTERISTICS OF BOTTLE GOURD ykSdh ds lq[kus dh fo’ks"krkvksa ij v/;;u

BY PREETI SUMAN MATTU

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING)

2014

DEPARTMENT OF PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN)

ABSTRACT

Although hot air drying is the simplest and economic method of drying foods, certain problems such as cell collapse, structure changes in food due to local hardening and unfavorable changes in colour, texture, flavour and nutritive value are likely to occur in dehydrated bottle gourd therefore an attempt has been made for a comparative study between tray drying and fluidized bed drying of bottle gourd slabs.

Locally available bottle gourd was used in the present study. Bottle gourd were washed and further peeled manually. These peeled bottle gourds were cut into different dimensions i.e. slab shape, as per the requirement of the investigation. bottle gourds were cut into dimensions of 10 x 10 x 3 mm, 10 x 10 x 5 mm and 10 x 10 x 7 mm. The bottle gourd slabs were blanched for 2 min followed by dipping in 1% KMS solution. Bottle gourd slabs were removed from the solution and put on wire mesh tray to drain the excess of solution from them.

Whole slabs of 10 x 10 x 3 mm, 10 x 10 x 5 mm and 10 x 10 x 7 mm size were subjected to tray drying and fluidized bed drying. Slabs were dried at 50˚C, 60˚C and 70˚C at a constant air velocity of 3m/s and 10m/s for tray drying and fluidized bed drying respectively. The effect of process variables such as air temperature and size along with air velocity were studied in tray and fluidized bed drying experiment.

The initial moisture content of bottle gourd was 16.48 g of water/g of dry matter (94.28 % wb).The complete drying took place in the falling rate period .It was inferred from the study that drying time was reduced as temperature increased for bottle gourd slabs in tray dryer and fluidized bed dryer. The drying time was higher for tray dryer compared with the fluidized bed dryer at all the temperature and size level. The drying time was higher for slabs of 10×10×7 mm as compared to slabs of 10×10×5mm and the drying time of slabs of 10×10×5 mm was higher than the slabs of 10×10×3mm, for all the three levels of drying air temperature. Drying time was higher for slabs of 10×10×7 mm as compared to slabs of 10×10×3 mm in all the three temperature and size levels for both tray drying and fluidized bed drying experiments. Minimum drying time was observed for high air temperature 70˚C and for the small slab size 10×10×3 mm in fluidized bed drying. Drying rate for slab of 10×10×7 mm was lower compared with that of slabs of 10×10×5 mm and for slab 10×10×5 mm was lower compared with of slabs of 10×10×3mm in all the three temperature levels (50˚C, 60˚C and 70˚C) for both tray drying and fluidized bed drying experiments. The drying rate is high for the slabs of 10×10×3mm at 70˚C for fluidized bed drying. Moisture diffusivity for fluidized bed dryer at every size and every temperature level is higher compared to tray dried product .Moisture diffusivity of bottle gourd slabs dried under fluidized bed drying conditions was found in the range of 1.03 × 10-09 m2/s to 6.18 × 10-09 m2/s. and for the tray dryer the range of moisture diffusivity is 9.14 × 10-11 m2/s to 6.27 × 10-10 m2/s. Air temperature and thickness of slabs were statistically found to have significant effect on moisture diffusivity of bottle gourd slabs. Drying constant increased with increase in temperature for both tray dried and fluidized bed dried samples. Page model gave better fit for both tray drying and fluidized bed drying conditions. Among all the three mathematical models tested, the Page model gave an excellent fit with experiment data of the fluidized bed drying. Samples dried at high temperature and at small thickness 10×10×3 mm in fluidized bed drying were of best quality in terms of water activity (0.318) compared with tray drying. The color of fluidized bed dried product is good compare with tray dryer. The color of fluidized bed dried product for 10×10×5 mm slab at 60˚C is best.

There was no significant difference in the carbohydrate content, fat content and protein content of Bottle gourd slabs dried in fluidized bed dryer and tray dryer. The fluidized dried product in fat (0.26 g), protein (1.27 g) and carbohydrate (3.79 g) content manner found best comparatively to tray dried product. Sensory evaluation show that the fluidized dried product was good in flavor, texture, color and overall quality etc. compare with tray dryer.

Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology College of Technology and Engineering, Udaipur-313001

Dated: / /2014

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “studies on drying characteristics of bottle gourd” submitted by Miss. Preeti Suman Mattu to the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in the subject of Agricultural Engineering (Processing and Food Engineering), was approved after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on her thesis has been found satisfactory. We therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. P.S. Champawat) ( Dr. N.K. Jain) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. Y.C. Bhatt) (Dr. Sudhir Jain) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. B.P. Nandwana) (Dr. S.K. Jain) Dean, C.T.A.E. HEAD Department of P.F.E

Approved

Director Resident Instruction M.P.U.A.T., Udaipur GROUND WATER EXPLORATION USING

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY METHOD

Hkwty ds fy, fo|qrh; jks/k i)fr ls vUos"k.k

VINOD KUMAR DOTANIYA

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(Soil and Water Conservation Engineering)

2014

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR - 313001 (RAJASTHAN)

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR-313 001

Dated: 23/12/2014

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Ground Water Exploration Using Electrical Resistivity Method” submitted by Mr. Vinod Kumar Dotaniya to the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in the subject of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination was satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. P. K. Singh) (Dr. Mahesh Kothari) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. K. K. Yadav) (Dr. V. D. Mudgal) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. P. K. Singh) (Dr. B. P. Nandwana) Head Dean Department of SWE C.T.A.E., Udaipur

Approved

Director Resident Instructions MPUAT, Udaipur

ABSTRACT

In order to plane optimum utilization of groundwater resources and to prevent the failure of wells, it is necessary to evaluate the total groundwater resource potential of an area. Hirakudi near Rabcha- village, Nathdwara, in Rajsamand district was chosen for the study where tube wells and open wells are being frequently dug without any scientific consideration. It was decided to carry out the electrical resistivity survey in order to get the information about the subsurface layer parameters such as thickness and resistivities of different layers. This would lead to identification of the aquifer, establishment of its depth, thickness and lateral extent. It was further planned to identify groundwater levels at different places in study area.

A total 12 Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were carried out in area under study. The curves which mostly represented apparent resistivity v/s spacing have been interpreted by the inverse slope method. Resistivity values were correlated to lithology giving representative geological section. Geophysical studies confirmed uniformity of geological formation in the area, and show the continuity of the aquifer through-out the study area.

Different layer gives different resistivity value, a range from 20-50 Ohm-m represents highly weathered layer, 50-120 Ohm-m represents semi-weathered layer, 100-250 Ohm-m fractured and jointed granites and more than that usually represents hard granites. Groundwater level was identified from depth wise apparent resistivity data at all VES points.

Groundwater level obtained from geo-electrical investigations sufficiently correlates with nearby wells at some VES points. Groundwater level was found in the range of 8 m to 21 m below ground level. For exploration of sub surface hydrogeology of study area and preparation of groundwater flow models, RockWorks16 software was used. Groundwater flow pattern was estimated from groundwater flow models. Groundwater flows from Northeast to Southeast direction in study area.

DEVELOPMENT AND COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF SUITABLE HEADGEAR FOR FARM WORKERS UNDER THE HEAT STRESS CONDITION

rkih; ruko dh fLFkfr ds rgr~ —f"k Jfedksa ds fy, mi;qDr Vksih dk fodkl vkSj rqyukRed ewY;kadu

DHARAIYA PARESHKUMAR AMBABHAI

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING)

2015

DEPARTMENT OF FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN)

ABSTRACT The study deals with development and comparative evaluation of headgears in harvesting operation in rabi and kharif. In this experiment assessment of heat stress on human physiology, thermal discomfort and physical discomfort of male farm workers in maize and wheat harvesting operations was made. Effect of different type of headgear on physiological responses in heat stress conditions and development of suitable headgear for farm workers was studied. Generally in agricultural operation farm workers wear traditional pagdi on head during the agricultural operation according to region. There is no special headgear for farm workers to wear during the farm operations which help them against heat stress. Effect of WBGT on the farm workers was assessed while using different headgears. For development of suitable headgear, six farm workers were selected from the representative population of workers for assessment of heat stress during harvesting of maize and wheat. Thermal parameters (oral, head and forehead temperature), physiological parameters (resting, working heart rate) as well as physical discomfort parameter (overall discomfort rate) were measured at different WBGT from 24 ºC to 29 ºC. It was not possible to maintain exact WBGT temperature so variation of ±0.5 ºC was considered during the whole experiment. The experiment was conducted from 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM during the day. All six workers were allowed to work with headgear during experiment. Workers were not allowed to drink water and to take breath while measuring the oral temperature. Forehead temperature was measured after swiping out sweat by cotton cloth. Thermal parameters oral, head and forehead temperatures of farm workers increased with the increase in WBGT due to heat stress. Physiological and physical discomfort parameters also increased with an increase in WBGT due to heat stress. The headgears selected were hat with brim width 45 mm, hat with brim width 90mm, hat with brim width 90 mm and solar operated fan system and traditional white pagdi. Use of headgear reduced the effect of heat stress significantly on thermal parameters oral, head, and forehead temperature, physiological parameters working heart rate as well as on physical discomfort parameters i.e, overall discomfort rate. Hat with brim width of 90 mm was found best among the hat with brim width 90 mm, hat with solar operated fan, hat with brim width 45 mm and white pagdi. During the experiment it was found that head, forehead and oral temperature were lowest in case of hat with brim width 90 mm and highest in case of hat with solar operated fan. The overall discomfort rate and heart rate were also recorded lowest in case of hat with brim width 90 mm and highest in case of hat with solar operated fan.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: 24/ 04/2015 CERTIFICATE-III This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Development and comparative evaluation of suitable headgear for farm workers under the heat stress condition” submitted by Mr. Pareshkumar Ambabhai Dharaiya to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

( Dr. A. K. Mehta ) ( Dr. S. M. Mathur ) Major Advisor Advisor

( Dr. Surendra Kothari ) ( Dr. V. D. Mudgal ) Advisor DRI Nominee

( Dr. A. K. Mehta ) ( Dr. B. P. Nandwana ) Head Dean Department of FMPE CTAE, Udaipur

Approved Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

Abstract

Soil tillage is one of the fundamental operations in agriculture having great influence on soil properties, environment and crop production. Tillage is one of the main mechanization expensive operations and consumes a large amount of the power and energy. Suitable selection of tillage method and providing proper effect on soil physical properties improves seed bed for plant emergence, growing development and higher grain yield along with savings in amount of energy required.

Effect of different tillage practices on soil physical properties, energy requirement and crop parameter in sandy loam soil for wheat crop was investigated. Three different tillage operations namely, disk harrow followed by cultivator (Tl), Mould board plough followed by Off-set disk harrow and cultivator (T2) and No-till seed cum fertilizer drill (T3) were selected. Three main plots were selected as Plot A, Plot B and Plot C of size 96 × 20 m each. Each plot was further divided into six sub plots, considering the replications. The size of sub plot was 45 × 6 m. Thus each experiment was replicated six times in these three main plots.

As soil tillage operation greatly differs with respect to energy requirement, no-till operation enabled saving of almost 60.3% and 81.6% energy compared to tillage operations T1 and T2 respectively. Higher soil moisture content was observed as 27.7 per cent at 40 cm depth of soil under treatment T3 compared to treatment T1 (26.6 per cent) and T2 (24.3 per cent) at 70 DAS. Soil cone index increased with tillage depth. . The maximum and minimum bulk density was found under treatment T3 and T2 at 21 cm depth and at 7 cm depth at 70 DAS and 55 DAS respectively. Infiltration rate decreased with respect to time for all tillage operations. The infiltration rate was less under tillage operation T3 compared to T1 and T2. Maximum and minimum ERI were obtained as 17.59 for T3 and 12.76 for T2. Maximum and minimum length of root was observed as 111.8 mm and 85.2 mm for tillage operations T2 and T3 after 10 days of sowing respectively. Soil compaction caused restriction of root growth. Maximum number of weeds was observed in operation T3 compared to T2. Higher cost of operation was obtained for tillage operation T2 followed by T1 and T3.

Keywords: tillage operation, wheat crop, infiltration rate, moisture content, bulk density, cone index, energy requirement, weeds etc.

[82]

DEVELOPMENT OF RAINFALL INTENSITY-DURATION- FREQUENCY CONSTANTS, CURVES AND NOMOGRAPH FOR SELECTIVE STATIONS OF PUNE DISTRICT iq.ks ftys ds p;fur LFkkuksa gsrw o"kkZ rhozrk-vof/k-vko`fŸk fLFkjkad] ?kqeko ,oa lajs[k.k ¼ukseksxzkQ½ dk fodkl

Thesis Submitted to the MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING)

ACHPAL SAGAR MOHAN

2015

ABSTRACT

Rainfall is the result of complex atmospheric phenomena and it is a complicated temporal and spatial structure. A wide range of frequency-content features and extreme variability over time intervals from a few seconds to years make rainfall an interesting and challenging process to study. Rainfall is varying from one location to another and not having same intensity and frequency, thus there is need to develop Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) location specific constants.

Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency relationship and nomographs are required for design of soil and water conservation structures. The rainfall IDF relationship can be expressed as, I = K Ta / (t + b) d Where, I is maximum rainfall intensity (cm/h), T is return period (years), t is Duration (h) and K, a, b and d are location specific constants.

For the location specific constants in above equation, it is required to evaluate the rainfall IDF relationship. The present study was undertaken to develop the rainfall IDF relationship and nomographs for five stations viz. Ambeghar, Nasrapur, Deoghar, Pangari and Sangvi Bk. of Pune district (Maharashtra).

For the IDF analysis, the automatic rainguage charts (mass curves) were collected from Pune sub division of Hydrology project. The rainfall charts of 18, 13, 11, 14 and 14 years for Ambeghar, Nasrapur, Deoghar, Pangari and Sangvi Bk. were analysed for maximum annual rainfall intensity for selected durations viz. 0.08, 0.16, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours. The plotting positions were obtained by using the ‘Computed Method’ for development of frequency lines. The value of constants ‘a’ and ‘b’ were determined by using graphical method whereas the values of ‘K’ and ‘d’ were determined using least square method.

The values of constants K, a, b and d were found to be 3.291, 0.148, 0.02 and 0.598 for Ambeghar; 4.688, 0.125, 0.20 and 0.821 for Nasrapur; 4.220, 0.143, 0.01 and 0.487 for Deoghar; 4.415, 0.117, 0.01 and 0.577 for Pangari; 3.928, 0.171, 0.15 and 0.781 for Sangvi Bk. Further the nomographs were developed by using method suggested by Luzzadar (1964) for the IDF relationship for the said stations. It was finally analysed through the comparison of calculated and evaluated value of rainfall intensities are within the permissible limit of error percentage and thus the developed IDF relationships and nomograph can be used for further studies.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR -313 001

Dated: 04/03/2015

CERTIFICATE -III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Development of Rainfall Intensity- Duration- Frequency constants, curves and nomograph for selective stations of Pune district” submitted by Mr. Achpal Sagar Mohan to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Irrigation Water Management Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on her thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. H. K. Mittal) (Dr. P. K. Singh) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. K. K. Yadav) (Dr. G. S. Bhardwaj) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. P. K. Singh) (Dr. B. P. Nandwana) Professor and Head Professor and Dean,

Approved

Director Resident Instruction

MPUAT, Udaipur AUGMENTATION OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES THROUGH DUGOUT PONDS IN BUNDI DISTRICT OF RAJASTHAN

jktLFkku ds cqUnh ftys esa [kksns x;s rkykcksa ds ek/;e ls Hkwty lalk/kuksa dh o`f)

CHANNABASAPPA KADLIUNDI

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING)

2015

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR-313001 (RAJASTHAN)

TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: 11/08/2015

CERTIFICATE-III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Augmentation of Ground Water Resources through Dugout Ponds in Bundi Districts of Rajasthan” submitted by Mr. Channabasappa Kadliundi to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Er. Manjeet Singh) (Dr. P. K. Singh) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. K. K. Yadav) (Dr. P. C. Bapna) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. B. P. Nandwana) (Dr. P. K. Singh) DEAN Head CTAE, Udaipur Department of S.W. E.

Approved

Director Resident Instruction

MPUAT, Udaipur

Abstract

Water is a renewable resource for sustaining life and environment, excessive pumping of groundwater results in the ground water table being depleted. The major natural source of groundwater recharge is rainfall. In Bundi district just like many other areas, the rate of natural recharge is lower than pumping rate.Over exploitation of groundwater is a threat to the water quality and table and creates hydrological imbalance.The artificial recharging through water harvesting structures is one of the techniques to overcome the hydrologic imbalance. The water harvesting is the simple technique of catching the runoff for storing long time and utilize it as and when needed for various purpose example, life saving irrigation, domestic purpose and to improve groundwater table and quality.

The study was conducted for augmentation of ground water resources through dugout farm pond at Nainwa block of Bundi district of Rajasthan. In the present study, rainfall data of 30 years (1984-2013) for Nainwa block of Bundi district were analyzed for probability distribution using different Weibull, Gumbel, Log Pearson III and Log normal techniques. Log Pearson III distribution was found best for 3 annual rainfall forecasting.The estimated average runoff volume 6169.52, 8516.62 and 11668.44 m for all three ponds respectively and the designed runoff was considered as 50per cent of average runoff and the storage capacities of all three farm ponds were increased by 30, 47 and 220per cent respectively.

The rate and volume of water recharge through constructed pond were also calculated by monitoring the water level of the pond. It was found that the rate and volume of recharge through the 3 dugout farm pond were found to be 47 mm/day and 2905 m respectively. Effect of recharge on water quality was observed by testing water samples during both pre and post monsoon and it was found that the groundwater quality were highly saline and the average concentration of cations and anions where comparatively high during pre monsoon. The concentration of salts, cations and anions diluted during post monsoon due to recharge.

STUDIES ON NANO STRUCTURED WEAR RESISTANT COATING FOR CULTIVATOR REVERSIBLE SHOVELS dYVhosVj 'kkWoy ds fy, usuksizkS|ksfxdh {kj.kjks/kh ijr ij v/;;u

by N R N V GOWRIPATHI RAO

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING)

2015

DEPARTMENT OF FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

ABSTRACT

Cultivator is a kind of soil engaging tool that is used as secondary tillage implement. The extensive usage of cultivators for tillage operation causes wear of the shovels. Therefore, control and prevention of wear of cultivator shovels are vitally important.

Surface modification such as coating can be used to increase the useful life shell of agricultural tools. Thus a study was planned to observe the influence of nanostructured coating on wear of cultivator shovels in sandy soil. So, nano structured coating material was used to enhance the life shell of the cultivator shovels.

Chromium nitrite (CrN) coating was developed using DC magnetron sputtering technique at at different substrate temperatures as (100 0C, 150 0C, 200 0C). The structural, morphological, hydrophobic and wear properties were investigated using X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy, contact angle goniometer and custom designed soil bin assembly. X-Ray diffraction pattern reveals that the deposited coating was cubic structure in nature. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of coating deposited revealed that Cr/N ratio is best for film deposited at temperature 200oC. Roughness value also increased as substrate temperature was increased from 100 0C, 150 0C and 200 0C. Water contact angle of CrN confirms that coating was hydrophilic in nature. A linear relationship was observed between operating time and gravimetric wear in abrasive sand respectively. It was found that the wear loss decreased with increase in substrate temperature based coating. Thus, with the increase in temperature from 100 0C to 200 0C the cumulative gravimetric wear was decreased by 43.71 per cent respectively. In dimensional wear, it was observed that shovels wore out along the thickness. There was negligible change in length and width. The wear loss was maximum at the tip of the shovel and it gradually decreased while moving away from the tip of the shovel. On the basis of the above findings, it was concluded that the DC magnetron sputtering coating technique can be used to deposit antiwear, corrosion free and hydrophobic coating at higher substrate temperatures on agricultural tools.

Key Words: wear, shovels, abrasive sand, sandy soil, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, nanoroughness, atomic force microscopy, hydrophobicity.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: /08/2015

CERTIFICATE-III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Studies on Nano structured Wear Resistant Coating for Cultivator Reversible Shovels” submitted by Mr. N R N V GOWRIPATHI RAO to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. G.S. Tiwari Dr. Y.C. Bhatt Major Advisor Advisor

Dr. Deepak Sharma Dr. N.K. Jain Advisor DRI Nominee

Dr. B.P. Nandwana Dr. A.K. Mehta Dean, C.T.A.E Head, Department of FMPE

Approved

Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF ANTI-VIBRATION MEASURES FOR REDUCING HAND TRANSMITTED VIBRATION IN WALKING TYPE SELF PROPELLED VERTICAL CONVEYOR REAPER Lopkfyr [kM+h dUos;j jhij (in lapkfyr) esa gkFk izlfjr daiu âkl daiu fujks/kh mik;ksa dk fodkl ,oa ewY;kadu

GURURAJ T. RAMAJJANAVAR

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING)

2015

DEPARTMENT OF FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN) ABSTRACT The self propelled vertical conveyor reaper is commonly used for harvesting wheat, rice etc. It has become a main or the sole of mechanical power source on small and medium size farms in India. The operator has to actuate the clutch lever and walk behind the machine. The operators of VCR are exposed to a high level of vibration arising from single cylinder engine. The vibration from the VCR is transmitted from handle to hands, arms and shoulders. The detrimental effect of the prolonged exposure to hand-transmitted vibration on the operators has been known for a long time. The symptoms which include effects on peripheral circulation, the peripheral nerves or the musculoskeletal system have also been recognized as important occupational disease. To reduce the detrimental effect of the hand-transmitted vibration three types of anti-vibration measures and their combinations were developed. Synthetic rubber (Styrene-Butadiene Rubber) and Foam rubber (Nitrile rubber) was used to develop anti-vibration measures. The material used for these anti-vibration measures were commercially available cylindrical isolators, rubber sheet and foam rubber hand grips. To prevent the transmission of vibration to handle the cylindrical isolators were provided in between engine and chassis, rubber interventions were provided in between engine and metallic plate, metallic plate and chassis, chassis and handle beam, handle beam and handle bar and joint of header unit and machine. Likewise hand grips were provided in handles.

In the present study, experiments were conducted in two operational conditions i.e. transportation on bitumen road and wheat harvesting at engine speed of 2200 and 2800 rpm. In this study it was found that the vibration magnitudes decreased with increase in engine speed from 2200 to 2800 rpm in both operational conditions. The vibration total values without anti-vibration measures at 2200 rpm were 22.8 and 28.11 ms-2 in transportation and wheat harvesting, respectively. Where as at 2800 rpm, the vibration magnitudes were 12.93 and 17.86 ms-2, respectively.

One third octave band frequency spectra were also obtained. The peak acceleration appeared around 50 Hz for both transportation and wheat harvesting at engine speed of 2200 and 2800 rpm.

The vibration magnitudes were reduced after installation of developed anti-vibration measures. The maximum reduction of 57.76 per cent, 56.75 per cent, 6.88 per cent, 69.86 per cent, 58.9 per cent and 71.53 per cent with isolator, rubber intervention, hand grips combination of isolator with rubber intervention, combination of isolator with hand grips and combination of isolator, rubber intervention and hand grips were achieved at 2200 rpm in transportation, respectively. The anti-vibration measures also resulted in maximum vibration reduction of 54.75 per cent, 53.18 per cent, 5.19 per cent, 67.34 per cent, 57.13 per cent and 69.33 per cent at 2200 rpm in wheat harvesting, respectively. It was found that the vibration reduction with combination of isolator and rubber intervention and combination of isolator, rubber intervention and hand grips were higher for both operational conditions. This was due to the damping effect of isolators and elastic recoverability of rubber. The lower vibration reduction was obtained with hand grips due to its smoothness and high compressibility. The average 8 hour exposure time for occurrence of white finger syndrome increased from 1.16 year to 4.12 year and 0.93 year to 3.03 year with combination of isolator and rubber intervention for transportation and wheat harvesting operation respectively.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: / 07/2015 CERTIFICATE-III This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Development and Evaluation of Anti-Vibration Measures for Reducing Hand Transmitted Vibration in Walking Type Self Propelled Vertical Conveyor Reaper” submitted by Mr. Gururaj T. Ramajjanavar to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

( Dr. A. K. Mehta ) ( Dr. S. M. Mathur ) Major Advisor Advisor

( Er. S. S. Meena ) ( Dr. P. S. Champawet) Advisor DRI Nominee

( Dr. A. K. Mehta ) ( Dr. B. P. Nandwana ) Head Dean Department of FMPE CTAE, Udaipur

Approved Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT, AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A

WOOD GAS STOVE WITH THERMOELECTRIC POWER GENERATION

SYSTEM

HIMANSHU KUMAR

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING)

2015

DEPARTMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR-313001

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: /08/2015

CERTIFICATE-III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Design, Development, and

Performance Evaluation of a Wood Gas Stove with Thermoelectric Power

Generation System” submitted by Mr. Himanshu Kumar to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Renewable Energy Engineering, after recommendation by the examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommended thesis be approved.

Dr. N.L. Panwar Dr. Deepak Sharma

Major Advisor Advisor

Dr. Surendra Kothari Dr. Arun Kumar

Advisor DRI Nominee

DEAN Dr. Deepak Sharma

CTAE, Udaipur Head

Department of REE

Approved

Directorate Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

ABSRTACT

The present research work was undertaken to design, development, and performance evaluation of wood gas cookstove with thermoelectric power generation system at Center for Biomass Cookstove Testing Laboratory, Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, CTAE, Udaipur (Latitude: 24°38’ N, Longitude:

73°43’ E, Altitude: 582.5 m). The system is designed on the basis of energy required for 6 members of a family and tested with babool wood (Acacia Nilotica) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) shell pallet as per BIS standard IS-13152 in laboratory conditions as well as in field conditions.

The diameter, height of combustion chamber, height of the inner and outer cylinder, total height of cookstove, diameter for secondary air hole and numbers of hole for the same were 11.9 cm, 19.2 cm, 25 cm, 30 cm, 38.8 cm, 1 cm and 18 respectively. 18 gauge M.S. sheet was used for the fabrication of cookstove.

Thermal efficiency, power output rating, average CO and CO2 emissions, and total particulate matter (TPM) of the designed cookstove were found 36.56 %, 36.79 %, 33.44 %, 3.15 kW, 2.95 kW, 2.5 kW, 179.95 ppm and 5783.17 ppm, 61.43 ppm and 7174.6 ppm, 208.48 ppm 3 3 3 and 4922.83 ppm, and 7.55 mg/m , 6.22 mg/m , 17.82 mg/m tested with babool wood, groundnut shell pallet in forced draft mode and with babool wood in natural draft mode respectively.

The power output from TEG module was found 1.654 W, 2.048 W, and 0.084 W with babool wood and groundnut shell pallet in forced draft mode and with babool wood in natural draft mode respectively. In natural draft mode power output was insufficient, because it was unable to maintain cooling effect to the cold side of the TEG module.

The economic assessment reveals that the designed cookstove is in position to save considerable amount of fuel value in comparison to traditional cookstove. Net present value

(NPV), minimum numbers of meal to be cooked to get economic (nm), and payback period (PP) in forced draft as well as in natural draft with babool wood were found about Rs.55047.02, 46 meals, 0.25 year and Rs.56912.08, 44 meals, 0.24 year respectively. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMASS BASED WATER HEATING SYSTEM

बायोमास आधा�रत जल उष्म प्रणा क� संरचना एवं �वकास

PAUL ARJUN SANJAY

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING)

2015

DEPARTMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR-313001

ABSTRACT

The research work was undertaken to design and develop a biomass based water heating system for domestic applications in rural area at department of Renewable Energy Engineering, CTAE, Udaipur. The diameter of reactor was 20 cm, diameter of water tank was 30 cm, height of reactor was 60 cm and diameter, height of chimney was 90 cm and 5 cm respectively. The main design principle of system was to transfer maximum heat from reactor to surrounded water tank.

The performance of the biomass based water heating system has been tested with different type of woody biomass. Different parameters were recorded such as surface temperature, flame temperature, gas outlet temperature through chimney to carry out emissions test, thermal efficiency test, heat transfer efficiency and energy balance of the system.

The developed system delivers 80 litre of hot water per hour per one kg of biomass at temperature ranges from 50 °C to 60 °C. The emission of CO was recorded in the range of 25 to 450 ppm, average 217ppm was recorded whereas CO2 emission was recorded in the range of 1020 to 6760 ppm at its peak and average 3056 ppm was recorded. CO generated per MJ was found to 0.35 g/MJd. The maximum temperature 680 °C was attained in combustion chamber, surface temperature was recorded to 40 °C, and temperature of exhaust gas at chimney was recorded to 400 °C.

Thermal Efficiency of developed system was varied in the range of 50 to 55%. The heat transfer efficiency was found 75% with Neem (Azadirachta Indica) wood test. Loses through chimney was counted 15.2%, heat looses to surrounding was counted 8.6% and remaining were unaccountable losses 1.2%.

The estimated cost of the system was Rs. 5000/- with 1.3 year payback period. It can be inferred that the developed biomass based water heating system is technically as well as economically feasible.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated:

CERTIFICATE-III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Design And Development Of Biomass Based Water Heating System” submitted by Mr. Paul Arjun Sanjay to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Renewable Energy Engineering, after recommendation by the examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommended thesis be approved.

Dr. N.L. Panwar Dr. Deepak Sharma Major Advisor Advisor

Dr. Sudhir Jain Dr. Arun Kumar Advisor DRI Nominee

DEAN Dr. Deepak Sharma CTAE, Udaipur Head Department of REE

Approved Directorate Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

DESIGN ANDDEVELOPMENT OFHYBRIDDRYERFOR INDOORDRYING

BY KirtikaSharma

THESIS MASTER OFTECHNOLOGYIN AGRICULTURALENGINEERING(RENEWA BLEENERGY ENGINEERING)

2015

DEPARTMENTOF RENEWABLEENERGYENGINEERING COLLEGEOFTECHNOLOGYANDENGINEERINGMA HARANA PRATAPUNIVERSITY OFAGRICULTUREAND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR–313001

MAHARANAPRATAPUNIVERSITY OFAGRICULTURE ANDTECHNOLOGY,UDAIPUR COLLEGE OFTECHNOLOGY&ENGINEERING,UDAIPUR

Dated: 18/08/2015

CERTIFICATE– III

Thisistocertifythatthisthesisentitled“DesignandDevelopmentofHybridDryerforI ndoorDrying”submittedbyMs.KirtikaSharmatoMaharanaPratapUniversityofAgriculture &Technology,Udaipur,inpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementsforthedegreeofMasterofTech nologyinagriculturalengineeringinthesubjectofRenewableEnergyEngineering,wasapprov edafterrecommendationbytheexternalexamineranddefendedbythecandidatebeforethefollow ingmembersoftheexaminationcommittee.Theperformanceofthecandidateintheoralexaminat iononherthesis has beenfoundsatisfactory; we therefore,recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr.SurendraKothari) (Dr. N.L.Panwar) MajorAdvisor Advisor

(Dr.S.K. Jain) (Dr. S. M. Mathur) Advisor DRINominee .

(Dr.B.P. Nandwana) (Dr. DeepakSharma) Dean, C.T.A.E. HEAD, R.E.E

Approved

DirectorResidentInstruction MPUAT,Udaipur

ABSTRACT

Energy is the most important, critical and vital component in rural agro processing industries for development, employment generation and economic growth as this sector constitute a major consumer of commercially produced energy. The conservation of energy in industrial sector can be achieved through end use efficiency improvement and utilization of renewable energy technologies which are renewable in nature and which could be harnessed in a decentralized way. The naturally available solar energy can effectively be utilized for drying with process time reduction. The integration of these renewable technologies with non-renewable is the need of agro industry for better performance and sustainable development. It plays an important role in improving the overall efficiency.

Mushrooms are relished for their characteristic aroma and texture in the preparation of a wide variety of dishes but due to its short keeping quality and fast post harvest deterioration its marketing is becoming difficult. Thus keeping in view of the off seasonal utilization of mushroom, investigation was carried out for drying of mushrooms through hybrid drying system in which continuous drying takes place through both solar and electric heater. Therefore it became very important to evolve a cheap and better method for increasing the shelf life which is a prerequisite process for proper storage of mushrooms. Drying enhances their shelf life, reduces weight and volume of foods substantially, in addition to it minimizes packaging, storage and transportation costs.

Mushoom flakes were dried within 8 hrs from the moisture content of 82.0% (w.b.) to 10.67% (w.b.). 3 kg of fresh mushroom flakes were reduced to 0.54 kg after dehydration. The drying rate of mushroom flakes varies 1.555 to 0.0216 g water evaporated /g of dry matter / h. NPW of the design was found to be Rs. 1,55,456. Pay back period, B/C ratio and IRR was found to be 2.08, 2.22 and 46.98 respectively. For mushrooms, besides the investigation of the drying times and rates, the product rehydration capacity and quality should also be evaluated. DEVELOPMENT OF FAMILY SIZE BIOGAS PLANT BASED ON KITCHEN WASTE

रसोई अप�शष् आधा�रत प�रवार आकार के बायोगैस सयंत का �वकास

BY SHURPATNE AMOL DILIP

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING (RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING)

2015

DEPARTMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN)

ABSTRACT

The present research work was undertaken to improve the anaerobic digestion of a family size biogas plant based on kitchen waste integrated with phase separation compartments. Laboratory experiments were carried out with developed 5 lab scale biphasic models. Out of these, model A, B and C are made of balloon gas holder type having 120 liter biogas production capacity and remaining models D and E are FRP KVIC type biogas plant. Model A and D were fed with cattle dung, model B and E were fed with the mixture of kitchen waste and cattle dung and model C was fed with kitchen waste only. After analysis, it can be resulted that plant B gives highest biomethanation results among other all selected proportion. The fertilizer content (N,P,K) obtained from plant B was better than other remaining plants. As per lab scale study, one cubic meter size biogas plant based on FRP technology was designed developed at Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, CTAE, Udaipur. Average biogas production from developed FRP plant was 786.05 l/day recorded. Methane and carbon dioxide content in produced biogas was 55.3 percent and 44.15 percent respectively.

Keywords: Fibre reinforced plastic (FRP), Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium (N,P,K), kitchen waste, cattle dung , biomethanation, KVIC.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR Dated: /08/2015

CERTIFICATE-III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Development of family size biogas plant based on kitchen waste” submitted by Mr. Shurpatne Amol Dilip to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Renewable Energy Engineering, after recommendation by the examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommended thesis be approved.

Dr. Deepak Sharma Dr. Nafisa Ali

Major Advisor Advisor

Dr. N.L. Panwar Dr. N.K.Jain

Advisor DRI Nominee

DEAN Dr. Deepak Sharma CTAE, Udaipur Head Department of REE Approved Directorate Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

STUDY ON DRYING KINETICS OF BLACK PEPPER dkyh fepZ ds 'kq"du xfrdh ij v/;;u

ANIKET SHIVAJI GAWAI

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING (PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING)

2015

DEPARTMENT OF PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR - 313 001 (RAJ.) ABSTRACT

Although the open sun (conventional) drying is the simplest and economic method of drying agricultural products, it is slow and uncontrolled process and the product obtained have an unappealing color, poor texture, taste and changed flavor, which significantly affect their acceptability. Therefore an attempt has been made for a comparative study between open sun drying and fluidized bed drying of black pepper. Fresh black pepper (green berries) of variety, Panniyur-2 from market of Sindhudurg district of Maharashtra state was used in the present study. Black pepper were washed and further cleaned and stored at 4 °C prior to drying. The black pepper berries were blanched about for a minute prior to drying. The blanched black pepper samples were subjected to fluidized bed drying and open sun drying respectively.

In fluidized bed drying samples were dried at 45, 50, 55, and 60˚C at a constant air velocity of 4.5 m/s. The effect of process variable such as air temperature on drying time, moisture diffusivity and quality of final dried samples were studied in fluidized bed drying and open sun drying experiment. Drying is found to be in falling rate period for both fluidized bed drying and open sun drying methods respectively throughout the drying process. The initial moisture content of black pepper was 65.50 % (wb). The drying time taken for open sun drying was very high (1920 min.) compared with the fluidized bed dryer at different level of temperatures (330 to 210 min. at 45 to 60 °C respectively). Moisture diffusivity of black pepper samples dried under fluidized bed drying conditions was found in the range of 1.12 × 10-08 m2/s to 2.26 × 10-08 m2/s and 2.00 × 10-9 m2/s during open sun drying respectively. Water activity of dried black pepper samples was found in the range of 0.451 to 0.386 during fluidized bed dried samples while 0.474 for open sun drying respectively. Thus water activity in fluidized bed dried product was superior over open sun dried product. L-values for fluidized bed dried black pepper samples were in the range of 20.66 to 16.75 while 14.82 for open sun dried sample respectively. L-values for fluidized bed dried products were found to be superior over the open sun dried product. Sensory evaluation was conducted on some aspects such as colour, taste, appearance, flavour and overall acceptability. It was inferred that the sample dried at 50°C in fluidized bed dryer was appreciable in about all the aspects as compared to samples dried at 45, 55 and 60 °C. Thus from the results it is concluded that the fluidized bed drying is better drying method than open sun drying with respect to drying characteristics, quality of the final product and time consumption for drying of black pepper.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: / /2015

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Study on drying kinetics of black pepper” submitted by Mr. Aniket Shivaji Gawai to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Processing and Food Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. P.S. Champawat) (Dr. S. K. Jain) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. Deepak Sharma) (Dr. A. K. Mehta) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. S.K. Jain) (Dr. B.P. Nandwana) Head Dean Dept. of PFE C.T.A.E., Udaipur

Approved Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PNEUMATIC NURSERY TRAY SEEDER FOR VEGETABLE SEEDS

lCth chtksa ds fy, ok;oh; ikS/k’kkyk Vs~ chtd dh vfHkdYiuk rFkk fodkl

BY JANMEJAY SHRIRANG BARVE

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING (FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING)

2015

DEPARTMENT OF FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR - 313 001 (RAJASTHAN)

ABSTRACT Placement of seeds in nursery trays for raising vegetable seedlings is being performed manually. This operation is highly monotonous and time consuming. Small sizes of vegetable seeds further make it more difficult to singulate and sow the seeds. This constrains the production capacity of most vegetable nurseries. To overcome this challenge faced by nurseries growers, a pneumatic nursery tray seeder has been designed and developed at Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, College of Technology and Engineering, Udaipur. The perspective behind it was to design and develop a device which could singulate seeds from the seed bulk pneumatically, thus eliminating the intricacy involved in manual seeding and accelerate the work by sowing multiple cells of the nursery tray at once. The pneumatic nursery tray seeder was designed for seeding cabbage, chilli and tomato seeds. The physical and engineering properties of seeds like size, shape, seed weight and terminal velocity were studied. The performance of the developed seeder was evaluated for sowing of seeds into nursery trays having 221 cells. The seeder attained a singulation efficiency of 94.12 per cent for cabbage seeds with combination of 18 gauge size needle and 500 mmWC suction pressure. The singulation efficiency for chilli seeds was observed 90.20 per cent while operating with 20 gauge size needles at 500 mmWC suction pressure. For tomato seeds the singulation efficiency of pneumatic nursery tray seeder 92.46 per cent for combination of 21 gauge size needles and 600 mmWC suction pressure. The average rate of work obtained was 30 trays per hour. Cost economics of the developed seeder revealed that the saving on sowing cost by using the pneumatic nursery tray seeder was Rs. 20.23 per 1000 cells sown which was 66.08 per cent of the manual sowing cost. The pay-back period of the pneumatic nursery tray seeder was estimated to be 27.87 hours of operation, which was 1.39 per cent of its expected life.

Keywords: Pneumatic nursery tray seeder, nursery raising, vegetable seeds, cabbage, chilli, tomato.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Date: / /2015

CERTIFICATE - III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Design and Development of Pneumatic Nursery Tray Seeder for Vegetable Seeds” submitted by Mr. Janmejay Shrirang Barve to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Er. S. S. Meena) (Dr. A. K. Mehta) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. N. L. Panwar) (Dr. S. C. Jain) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. B. P. Nandwana) (Dr. A. K. Mehta) Dean, Head, CTAE Department of FMPE

Approved

Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur DEVELOPMENT OF PROCESS FOR FLAVOURED WATER BY JUILI SURESH RAUT

THESIS Master of Technology In Agricultural Engineering (Processing and Food Engineering)

2015

DEPARTMENT OF PROCESSING & FOOD ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJ.)

ABSTRACT Water beverages designed to help consumers to stay hydrated necessary for overall health and wellness. Today, a significant part of marketed water is flavoured. It consists in the addition of flavours, juices, bioactive compounds, preservatives and sweeteners that provide singular tastes and smells appreciated by consumers. Thus, flavoured water is a traditional product category that is scientifically developed to suit present day needs of quenching thirst without having to worry about consuming excess preservatives, unwanted gas, sweeteners etc,. Flavoured water also encourages consumers to drink more quantity of water which in turn will make them remain free from dehydration. Microbiological analysis was carried out on first day and repeated after intervals of 15 days for two and half months. E. coli and coliform bacteria was found to be absent in the entire sample tested for entire period of study. The prepared water would not produce any detrimental effect to consumers up to two and half months. During the analysis it was observed that there was no growth of Sulfite-Reducing Anaerobes in sample so that no contamination in treatments observed. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa can cause a range of infections but rarely causes serious illness. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa can be grown with favorable conditions in water. Control sample of mint and lemon flavoured water (without preservative stored at room temperature) showed traces of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa after 45 days. Sample of mint and lemon flavoured water without preservative should be stored at refrigerator for 60 days. The mint and lemon flavoured water prepared with preservative and stored at room temperature were good for 60 days because traces of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa were found after 75 days of storage. The mint and lemon flavoured water with 0.01 per cent of sodium benzoate, when stored at in refrigerated condition remained in good condition and traces of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa were found after 75 days of storage. Growth of YMC is done with time in sugar containing products. Prepared flavoured water was initially treated with heat treatment so that there was no YMC in fresh prepared sample as YMC is heat sensitive. During analysis for two and half month’s growth of YMC in samples occurred. When the growth of YMC crossed permissible limit at that time sample was rejected. From the study of Microbiological analysis of flavoured water it was observed that Shelf life of mint and lemon flavoured water increased by 30 days to 60 days by addition of preservative at room temperature. When samples of mint and lemon flavoured water stored in refrigerator shelf life increased from 60 days to 75 days.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: /07/2015

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Development of process for flavoured water” submitted by Ms. Juili Suresh Raut to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in agricultural engineering in the subject of Processing and Food Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on her thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. S. K. Jain Dr. G. P. Sharma Major Advisor Advisor

Dr. H. K. Jain Dr. Arun Kumar Advisor Advisor

Dr. P. K. Singh DRI Nominee

Dr. S.K. Jain Dr. B. P. Nandwana Head Dean, Processing & Food Engineering Dept. C T A E, Udaipur

Approved Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur PROCESS DEVELOPMENT FOR DEHYDRATION OF

TOFU

VksQw ds futZyhdj.k ds izØe dk fodkl

SAGAR MADHUKAR CHAVAN

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING)

2015

DEPARTMENT OF PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN)

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: / 09/ 2015

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Process Development For Dehydration of Tofu” submitted by Mr. Sagar Madhukar Chavan to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Processing and Food Engineering was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. R. C. Verma) (Dr.G. P. Sharma)

Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. L. K. Murdia) (Dr. Arun Kumar) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. B. P. Nandwana) (Dr. Dr. S. K. Jain) Dean Head C.T.A.E. Department of PFE

Approved Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur Abstract

Soybean (Glycine max.) often called as the ‘golden miracle bean’, belongs leguminous crop used for health food, feed and industrial products. It contains about 38 – 40 % protein and 18 % fat and can therefore be used in combating protein calorie malnutrition in the poor strata.

Soypaneer (tofu) is the most popular non-fermented nutritional product prepared from soybean. It contains 15 % protein, 3.6 % fat, 1.9 % carbohydrate, 0.4 % fiber and 72 % moisture. Tofu being highly nutritious has low shelf life. Drying is the most widespread method which reduces weight and volume of the product thereby, minimizes transportation cost and increase in shelf life. Various types of dryers are popular in industries used for drying purpose. In the present investigation studied the drying characteristics of tofu by tray, microwave and freeze dryer and evaluated qualities of rehydrated tofu. Experiments were planned to dry tofu at 45, 60 and 75 °C temperatures in tray dryer, at 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 kW power levels in microwave dryer and at -40 °C temperature in freeze dryer.

Fresh tofu was prepared and evaluated for quality. The colour (L-value) and water activity were recorded as 79.63 and 0.98 respectively. The hardness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, springiness and chewiness were recorded as 1334.443, 0.397, -2.449, 0.837 and 443.167 respectively. These values were used to compare the quality of rehydrated tofu.

Drying characteristics were determined for tofu dried in tray, microwave and freeze dryers. Drying rates, moisture diffusivity were evaluated and the data were fitted in various models. Drying was found to take place in the falling rate period in all the dryers. The moisture diffusivity values increased with drying air temperature and microwave power level. The drying temperature and power level was appreciably affected the colour, water activity, rehydration ratio and textural characteristics of rehydrated tofu. Quality of rehydrated tofu dried at 75 °C temperature, at 0.9 kW power level and -40 °C temperature in tray, microwave and freeze dryer respectively produced superior quality on the basis of characteristics.

ENERGY AUDITING OF A BREWERY PLANT

RANE SUYASH ANIL

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING)

2015

DEPARTMENT OF PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN)

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated: /09/2015 CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Energy Auditing of a Brewery Plant” submitted by Mr. Suyash Anil Rane to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agriculture in the subject of, Processing and Food Engineering was approved after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on her thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. G.P. Sharma Dr. R.C. Verma Major Advisor Advisor

Dr. Deepak Sharma Dr. Hemant Mittal

Advisor DRI Nominee

Dr. B.P. Nandwana Dr. S.K. Jain

Dean Head

CTAE Department of PFE

Approved

Director Resident Instruction

MPUAT, Udaipur

ABSTRACT

In any industry, energy would invariably emerge as a top ranker, and thus energy management function constitutes a strategic area for cost reduction. Energy Audit will help to identifying the areas where waste can occur and where scope for improvement in energy conservation, waste disposal and energy recovery. By considering these points present work was carried out in processing plant of Impala Brewery and Distillery, Goa to find the energy utilization pattern and its conservation potential. The study of energy consumption pattern of the plant was carried out. This study presents, the thermal and electrical energy auditing conducted in industry, in which boiler was tested by direct to find the losses and efficiency which help to minimize the energy consumption. In the beer processing section pasteurizer regeneration efficiency was calculated. The COP of the refrigeration section and isothermal efficiency of air compressors were also evaluated. The lighting requirement of processing plant was evaluated for saving of electricity. The Energy conservation opportunities were identified to increase productivity and profit and to minimize the energy cost. The performance of wort pre-heater and wort cooler was also carried out. Boiler efficiency was found to be 64% by direct method .The average regeneration efficiency was calculated as 81.8 %. The COP for compressors was 4.743, 4.744 and 4.731, 4.731, 4.754, 4.740, 4.734, 4.746, 4.757 respectively for eight compressors tested. The isothermal efficiency of air compressor was obtained as 62.2 %. Average annual energy wastage in lighting was found to be 779.7 kWh in processing section having area 2 385.17m . By installing 1MW wind mill or 1MW Solar PV System, saving of Rs. 1951.8 lakh or Rs. 2340.5 lakh in 25 years could be achieved. The efficiency of wort pre-heater was found to be 75% and efficiency of wort cooler was found to be 80%.

Paver Blocks Utilizing Waste Rubber Tyre

अप�शष् रबर टायर का पेवर ब्लॉक म उपयोग

RISHI UPADHAYAY

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

CIVIL ENGINEERING

(Structural Engineering)

2015

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR (RAJASTHAN) 313 001 (INDIA)

ABSTRACT

Paver concrete block (PCB) is widely used in India. PCB, if properly designed and constructed, will last for decades with little or no maintenance is being necessary. However, there are certain requirements regarding the design and construction for all types of pavements and structures. These requirements are important to the success of PCB. The structural design of pavements is concerned with traffic, layer work (foundations), materials, subgrade soils, environmental conditions, construction details and economics. A properly designed and constructed concrete block pavement gives excellent performance when applied at locations where conventional systems have lower service life due to a number of geological, traffic, environmental and operational constraints. Many number of such applications for light, medium, heavy and very heavy traffic conditions are currently in practice around the world. Properties and cost of PCB can be modified by changing the ingredients of concrete. The high cost of concrete depends on the cost of the constituent material. Cost of concrete can be reduced through the use of alternative locally available material to the conventional ones. The aim of this work is to find the possible use new material which is cheap and abundantly available. Waste rubber tyre is abundantly available and it is cheap because it is a waste material and therefore, the production cost of the concrete will be reduced. Utilization of this waste will also reduce the environmental impact which is major concern today. Rubber concrete is defined as concrete mixed with waste rubber added in different volume proportions. Partially replacing the coarse or fine aggregate of concrete with some quantity of small waste tyre can improve qualities such as low unit weight, high resistance to abrasion, absorbing the shocks and vibrations, high ductility and brittleness of concrete. Moreover the inclusion of rubber into concrete results in higher resilience, durability and elasticity. Extensive research has been carried out to use of waste rubber tyres. One of the methods for utilization of this material can be in concrete and other building products. Results of experimental studies available in the literature show that the waste tyre rubber concrete has higher fracture and cracking resistance due to the higher toughness of waste rubber tyre. It has been also observed that compressive strength of rubber concrete was reduced but adding of waste rubber to traditional concrete could result in an increase in the deformability and ductility. Increase in deformability and ductility will result in improvement of abrasion resistance and flexure strength of this modified concrete. In present work waste rubber tyres have been used in the powder form. Waste rubber tyre have been used as replacement of fine aggregate (0-25%) and trial mixes containing waste rubber tyre, cement (OPC-43 grade), aggregates have been prepared. Design Mix of concrete has been prepared in this study (using IS 10262) with w/c ratio 0.35 so as to obtain minimum strength of paver block as M20. Water cement ratio has been also varied as 0.30 and 0.35 in this work. Cubes, beams and cylinders of standard dimension have been cast and henceforth these will termed as concrete blocks. These specimens have been cast by applying pre-compression using Hydraulic Pre-Compression Machine. Test results of the samples shows that introduction of recycled rubber powder into concrete increased the slump and workability. A reduction in unit weight of up to 5.27 % was observed. The addition of rubber aggregate resulted in a significant reduction in concrete compressive strength. Reduction in compressive strength ranging from 8.18 % to 45.00 % were observed. These results show that the addition of rubber aggregate to concrete at a lower replacements of 5 to 25 % enhanced the impact resistance of the concrete greatly. Hence, It can be summarised for the mix behaviour of rubberized concrete that it is possible to use recycled rubber tyre in concrete construction for many applications such as reduction in unit weight, high impact resistance and high abrasion resistance. The use of rubber powders from recycled tires addresses also to reduce the environmental threats caused by stock piling of waste tires. Waste rubber tyre will also provide continuous source for fine aggregate and thus will fulfil the objective of conservation of natural resources and will satisfy sustainability issues.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR -313 001

Dated: 21/09/2015

CERTIFICATE –III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Paver Blocks Utilizing Waste Rubber Tyre” submitted by Mr. Rishi Upadhayay to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Civil Engineering in the subject of Structural Engineering was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. Ravi Kumar Sharma) (Dr. R. P. Arora) Major Advisor Advisor

(Mr. Trilok Gupta) (Dr. Ajay Sharma) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. B. S. Singhvi) (Dr. B. P. Nandwana) Professor and Head Professor and Dean

Approved Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

"Performance Evaluation of Selected Dug out Farm Ponds in Sahara Block of Bhilwara District"

"भीलवाड़ा ि◌जलेके सहारा खंडम चय नत खेततालाब का दशन मूयांकन"

DNYANESHWAR SHASHIKANT TALEKAR

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING)

2015

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR-313001(RAJASTHAN)

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR – 313 001

Date: /09/2015

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Performance Evaluation of Selected Dug out Farm Ponds in Sahara Block of Bhilwara District” submitted by Mr. Dnyaneshwar Shashikant Talekar to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering was after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. H. K. Mittal) (Dr. P. K. Singh) Major Advisor Advisor (In place of)

(Dr. P. S. Rao) (Dr. M. A. Saloda) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. P. K. Singh) (Dr. B. P. Nandwana) Professor and Head Dean Department of Soil and Water Engineering C. T. A. E., Udaipur

Approved DIRECTOR RESIDENT INSTRUCTIONS MPUAT, Udaipur

ABSTRACT

Water is the critical determinant to accomplish the challenging task of enhancing agricultural productivity in semi-arid eco-system. Ever increasing population growth coupled with economic development has made it compulsory to use all the available resources efficiently throughout the world. The excess rainwater harvested in farm ponds plays a vital role in stabilizing crop production through its recycling during dry spells in kharif season and providing protective irrigation to the Rabi crops.

The present study is aimed at assessing the status of farm pond technology. Twelve farmers who have adopted farm pond technology in Aravali region of the Sahara Block, District Bhilwara, Rajasthan were randomly selected for the study. Results indicated that farm pond technology of rain water harvesting was widely accepted and adopted by medium farmers (42 percent). It was observed that the most of the unlined farm ponds constructed in the greater catchment area were broken while other farm ponds which were constructed on designed catchment area were not damaged but they overflows oftenly during monsoon season.

The water balance study was carried out on selected six farm ponds and observed that annual rainfall of 667.1 mm with runoff were recorded to be 3 24490, 17082, 15983, 19310, 14361 and 19202 m . Further Results of water 3 balance analysis of six dug out farm ponds revealed that 483 m of water was lost in evaporation from each pond and it was (2.0, 2.83, 3.02, 2.50, 3.37 and 2.52 per cent) of total inflow. The seepage losses from pond No. 2 to 6 were 518, 3 563, 564, 575 and 568 m (3.02, 3.52, 2.92, 4.01 and 2.96 per cent) of total inflow and remaining water was used for providing supplemental irrigation to crops.

The crop water requirements for the major Rabi crops viz. wheat, pea, mustard, gram and barley were computed by Penman-Monteith method using computer program ‘CROPWAT’ and these were used in the development of area allocation plan.

For efficient utilization of utilizing harvested water area allocation plan was prepared for all selected six farm pond. Three different crops i.e. mustard, pea and gram were suggested in the area. Water requirement for three crops were estimated and based on water availability the proposed area of pond No.1 to 6 for mustard was (0.10, 0.10, 0.10, 0.50, and 0.40 ha), pea (0.10, 0.10, 0.10, 0.10, 0.50 and 0.40 ha) and gram was (4.30, 3.13, 3.50, 3.44, 2.63 and 2.57 ha) respectively which gives maximum net profit of Rs. 38334, 28408, 32183, 31055, 31616 and 29228, respectively.

In Sahara Block of Bhilwara district the farm ponds were constructed 4 years ago (2011) with Rs.1,30,000 whereas present cost of construction was worked to be Rs.1,76,683 and BCR for each farm ponds were found to be 13.9, 1.45, 1.44, 1.40, 1.39 and 1.43. Results revealed that a maximum net return of Rs. 40582 was recorded in farm pond No 1. Whereas low net return Rs. 26680 was recorded in pond No. 6 and higher BCR 1.45 was recorded for pond No.2. Hence it indicates the economic viability of the farm ponds.

Designing Micro-strip Patch Antenna For LTE Mobile Application

Manasi Jain

Thesis Master of Technology

Electronics and Communication Engineering

(With Specialization in Communication Systems)

2015

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR-313 001

Dated: ………..

CERTIFICATE - III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Designing Micro-strip Patch Antenna For LTE Mobile Application” submitted by Miss Manasi Jain to the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in the subject of Electronics and Communication Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination was satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. Sunil Joshi Dr. Navneet Agrawal Major Advisor Co-Advisor

Dr. Naveen Choudhary Dr. M.A. Saloda Advisor DRI Nominee

Dr. P.C. Bapna Dr. B. P. Nandwana Head, Department of ECE Dean C.T.A.E. C.T.A.E., Udaipur

Approved

DIRECTOR, RESIDENT INSTRUCTIONS

Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology Udaipur (Rajasthan) ABSTRACT

Due to rapid and wide development of wireless communication, the design goal is heading towards the features of compact, lightweight and low cost antennas. In recent years, antennas for mobile phone handsets has improved in compactness and functions. Mobile phone handsets are strongly required to be small in size. But small size is not the only prerequisite, they are required to have characteristics such as wide bandwidth. In particular compact size and broad bandwidth conflict with each other. Thus, how to downsize an antenna without degrading its bandwidth is the design policy of great interest while designing compact antennas.

A rectangular micro-strip patch antenna is a type of radio antenna which can be mounted on a flat surface. Micro-strip patch antennas have been used in wireless communication system for a long time due to their simple structure, light weight and low fabrication cost.

LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the trademarked project name of a high performance air interface for cellular mobile telephony. LTE is the latest in the mobile network technology that ensures competitive edge over the existing standards. It improves user experience with full mobility. LTE minimizes the system and user-equipment complexities.

This thesis report presents a micro-strip patch antenna designed for Long Term Evolution mobile application. The proposed antenna design is simulated using EMSS FEKO v 6.1 software to study the performance of antenna in terms of bandwidth, return loss, voltage standing wave ratio and gain. The simulated results are verified by the hardware fabrication and testing. The antenna design is fabricated on FR4 substrate and the fabricated antenna is tested on Vector Network Analyzer. The developed antenna is suitable for mounting on the mobile phone due to its low profile, small size, and wide bandwidth.

Design and Development of an Improved Technique for Video Feature Extraction

¼fofM;ks fQpj ,DLVªsD'ku ds fy, ,d csgrj rduhd dk fMtkbu vkSj fodkl½

Preksha Bohra

Thesis Master of Technology

Electronics and Communication Engineering

(Communication System)

2015

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR-313 001

Dated: ………..

CERTIFICATE - III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Design and Development of an Improved Technique for Video Feature Extraction” submitted by Ms. Preksha Bohra to the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in the subject of Electronics and Communication Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination was satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. Sunil Joshi Dr. Navneet Agrawal Major Advisor Co-Advisor

Dr. Naveen Chaudhary Dr. Sudhir Jain Advisor DRI Nominee

Dr. P.C. Bapna Dr. B. P. Nandwana Head, Department of ECE Dean C.T.A.E. C.T.A.E., Udaipur

Approved

DIRECTOR, RESIDENT INSTRUCTIONS

Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology Udaipur (Rajasthan) ABSTARCT

With the advancement in multimedia compression technology, the significant increase in the computer performance and the growth of internet has led to the widespread usage and availability of digital video. Video is one of the medium of communication that delivers more information than any of the other elements of multimedia. The complexities of video data and the limitation of video processing techniques have restricted the progress on video data modelling, indexing and its retrieval. Feature extraction is the first and the essential step of video analysis.

In the pattern recognition, data mining, computer vision, machine learning and other kinds of data analysis applications, we often face high dimensional training data. For example, in face recognition, the size of a training image is usually of high dimensions.

Feature extraction primarily based on the domain data can be performed to explore addditional vital information from the patch and which results in a lower dimensional vector, still the dimension is high for learning. Data-driven techniques are used for reducing the dimensionality of features where domain knowledge cannot directly be performed.

This thesis report presents an improved technique for video feature extraction which is designed to be used for extracting the useful features from the video. Here we devise a nonlinear mechanism using manifold learning to extract certain activities of human as the features from videos automatically. The computation is done by using adaptive nearest neighbor method. In adaptive nearest neighbour the machine itself learns and does the remaining computaion. It overcomes the limitation of the traditional k-nearest neighbor algorithm (k-NN) which usually identifies the same number of nearest neighbors for each test example. The algorithm finds out the optimal k itself.

The aim of the research undertaken in this thesis is to design and develop an improved technique for video feature extraction which is able to cater with the need of reducing the dimension for analysis and protects the important properties and features of the video.

CHARACTERIZATION OF DROUGHT UNDER SOUTHERN SUB HUMID AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONE OF RAJASTHAN

jktLFkku ds nf{k.kh mi vknzZ —f"k&tyok;q {ks= esa lw[ks

dk vfHky{k.ku

ASHWINI ASHOK PATIL

THESIS MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING)

2015

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR - 313 001 (RAJASTHAN) ABSTRACT

Study of drought characterization is one of the most important aspects in the rainfed farming as well as in any water resources planning, management and allocation of irrigation water. The present study was undertaken to characterize drought in southern sub humid agro- climatic zone of Rajasthan, by analyzing rainfall characteristics, estimating dry spells and water deficits, computing different water balance components, study of drought duration, drought severity and determining suitable frequency distributions for extreme water deficit data. Weekly meteorological data (1993-2013) and soil data were collected from Udaipur and Bhilwara stations.

Weekly rainfall data was analyzed for onset and withdrawal of rainy season and determination of dry spells. Annual, seasonal and weekly rainfall analysis of southern sub humid agro-climatic zone of Rajasthan indicates that coefficient of variation at Bhilwara was higher, signifying erratic distribution of rainfall in north-east part of agro-climatic zone. Effective monsoon onsets from 27th (July 2-8) week and was terminated on 40th (October 1-7) week. Length of rainy season was observed 14 weeks during study period. Initial and conditional probabilities of dry and wet spells were determined by Markov-Chain process. Dry spells analysis indicated that probability of dry weeks during first two weeks of onset of monsoon was high and it remained less during monsoon period. The possibility of late season droughts during maturity period was high (>50 per cent probability) at both stations i.e. Bhilwara and Udaipur.

Weekly reference evapotranspiration was determined by Penman-Monteith method. It was observed that annual and seasonal reference evapotranspiration was higher at Bhilwara as compared to Udaipur. Different water balance components were determined with the help of annual average rainfall and reference evapotranspiration. It was observed that moisture status under normal condition was sufficient for satisfactory growth of rainfed crops. Using water

balance components different indices (aridity index (Ia), moisture adequacy index (Ima), moisture index (Im) and humidity index (Ih)) were estimated. Climatic shift studies revealed that climate of Bhilwara and Udaipur was semi-arid type. Drought evaluation study indicated that there is frequency of one drought in every two years. Drought analysis also indicates that frequency of moderate droughts was higher at Bhilwara and frequency of large droughts was higher at Udaipur. Total 11 number of drought years was found during study period and there was no disastrous type of drought observed in southern sub humid agro-climatic zone of Rajasthan. Frequency analysis of weekly maximum water deficit during crop growing season indicated that Log Pearson type –III was best fit probability distribution for selected agro- climatic zone.

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING,

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY,

UDAIPUR – 313001 (RAJ.)

CERTIFICATE – III

Dated: / /2015

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Characterization of Drought under Southern Sub Humid Agro-Climatic Zone of Rajasthan.” submitted by Miss. Ashwini Ashok Patil to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Irrigation Water Management Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the Viva- Voce examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. P. K. Singh) (Dr. S. R. Bhakar)

Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. H. K. Jain) (Dr. N. K. Jain) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. P.K. Singh) (Dr. B.P. Nandwana) Head Dean Dept. of SWE C.T.A.E., Udaipur

Approved

Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF PREFABRICATED

PORTABLE FLOATING DRUM TYPE BIOGAS PLANT

BHAGADE SACHIN SHAHAJI

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING)

2015

DEPARTMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY,

UDAIPUR-313 001 (RAJASTHAN) MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY,

UDAIPUR

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

Dated:

CERTIFICATE- III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Performance evaluation of prefabricated portable floating drum type biogas plant”submitted by Mr. Bhagade Sachin Shahaji to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technologyin agricultural engineering in the subject of Renewable Energy Engineering, was approved after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. Deepak Sharma) (Dr. Sudhir Jain)

Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. Nafisa Ali) (Dr. Deepak Sharma) Advisor HEAD Department of R.E.E.

(Dr. B.P. Nandwana) (Dr. S.K. Jain)

Dean, C.T.A.E. DRI Nominee

ABSTRACT

Prefabricated portable floating drum type biogas plant was installed at the Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, College of Technology and Engineering, Udaipur. The established plant is a floating drum type biogas plant based on cattle dung which is made of High density polyethylene (HDPE) material for anaerobic digestion process. The experiment was carried out for 90 days period of operation and the results were compared with traditional KVIC biogas plant having same capacity. The generated gas from the biogas plant was used for 3 combustion purposes such as for heating. The installed biogas plant was of 2 m capacity with 3 total digester volume of 3.1m . The digester made of HDPE material having thickness of 5.2 mm. HDPE material is lightweight and has maximum protection against UV-rays. Spring mechanism and guide frame is fitted above the gas holder which has proper spring index which exerts sufficient pressure on the gas holder to displace biogas at 100 to 150 mm of water column. With the help of guide frame it is properly fitted on the biogas holder so that biogas holder move up and down freely and smoothly.

Performance evaluation of installed plant was carried out and it was found that the plant 3 generated an average 1.19 m of biogas per day. Average CH4 content of biogas was about 62.20

per cent and average CO2 content was 36.96 per cent of total biogas produce.

The energy efficiency analysis of installed plant was carried out and it was observed that the total energy input provided for the construction and operation of the biogas plant, total energy output from the plant, and energy yield ratio for the biogas plant were found 7526.45 MJ, 124100 MJ, and 16.48 MJ respectively. The energy yield ratio was found higher than unity and it increases with daily gas production capacity. The energy yield ratio was in favour to biogas technology.

Economic analysis of the plant was done for the net present worth, benefit-cost ratio and payback period of the system. The Net present worth, benefit-cost ratio, payback period, and internal rate of return with subsidy and without subsidy were found Rs. 33800.836 and Rs. 67101.486, Rs. 1.25 and Rs. 1.44, 3.304 years and 2.15 years, and 22 per cent and 31.5 per cent respectively.

MULTIPLE USE OF HARVESTED RAIN WATER OF

POLY-LINED FARM POND

ikWyhFkhu vLrj okys [ksr rkykc es laxzfgr o"kkZ ty d¢ ,dkf/kd mi;®x

POOJA BOLIWAL

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(Irrigation Water Management Engineering) 2015

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR (RAJASTHAN) 313 001 (INDIA)

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING,

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY,

UDAIPUR (RAJ.) - 313001

Dated: 26/10/2015

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Multiple use of harvested rain water of poly-lined farm pond” submitted by Ms. Pooja Boliwal to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in agricultural engineering in the subject of Irrigation Water Management Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. P. K. Singh) (Dr. S. R. Bhakar) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. K. K. Yadav) (Dr. Deepak Sharma) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. B. P. Nandwana) (Dr. P.K. Singh) Dean, CTAE HEAD Department of SWE

Approved

Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur ABSTRACT

The present study entitled “Multiple use of harvested rain water of poly-lined farm pond” was conducted at Plasticulture Farm, College of Technology and Engineering (CTAE),

Udaipur from July, 2014 to April, 2015. For research work, a micro agricultural watershed of 4.3 ha area was selected at Plasticulture Farm, CTAE, Udaipur. Daily rainfall for a period of 30 years (1985-2014) and daily metrological data for the year 2014- 2015 were collected from the meteorological observatory of CTAE, Udaipur. Information regarding soil characteristic features was obtained after analysis of soil sample at National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS&LUP), CTAE Campus Udaipur.

Annual runoff was estimated by SCS-CN method and it was observed that a total inflow of 5052.6 cubic meters was recorded with 573.2 mm annual rainfall during the year 2014-15. The poly-lined farm pond got overflow first time in the last week of July after reaching at its 3 full capacity of 903.1 m and total thrice in whole monsoon period. Surplus water was available in the region which could be harvested and recycled during dry-spell periods. Poly film lining was recorded the least seepage rate hence, the seepage losses was recorded zero per cent. Further, the water losses from the poly-lined farm pond due to evaporation losses and outflow was accounted to be 8.22 per cent and 79.27 per cent, respectively of the total inflow. About 0.007 and 0.50 per cent of inflow was used for fish rearing and for providing supplemental irrigation to okra crop in kharif season while, during rabi season 2.35 per cent of inflow was applied for irrigating onion crop.

Crop Evapotranspiration (ETc), Crop Water Requirement (CWR), Irrigation Requirement (IrReq) and the possible irrigated area for the major vegetables of the Udaipur 3 was estimated with the maximum availability of harvested rain water i.e., 903.1 m (full capacity of poly-lined farm pond) at the time of sowing of either kharif or rabi season 3 vegetables. With the maximum availability of harvested rain water (i.e., 903.1 m ) at the time of sowing of vegetables it is calculated that an area of 0.39, 0.39, 0.25, 0.35, 0.34, 0.34, 0.35, 0.31, 0.29, 0.29, 0.19 and 0.17 ha can be irrigated efficiently for okra, cucumber, chilli, pea, cauliflower, cabbage, radish, carrot, potato, brinjal, onion and tomato crops, respectively after subtracting all evaporation loss of water from the pond.

The data with regards to hypothetical area allocation when irrigation water seems to be 3 available at full capacity of poly-lined farm pond i.e. 903.1 m indicates that during kharif

season okra as a single crop can produce net income of Rs. 1,11,316.4/- from an area of 0.387 ha as compared to the all other vegetables whereas, in case of crop combination set when an area of 0.050, 0.260 and 0.050 ha allocated to cucumber, okra and chilli, respectively it gave the maximum net returns of Rs. 91,291.9/- in comparison to all other sets of combination of the same crops.

Developed Linear Programming Model was used for optimization of production and net return, from the vegetable crop like okra and onion. The net return increased by adopting optimal cropping pattern from available harvested rainwater of the poly-lined farm pond. Onion was found most remunerative crop with the higher net returns and B: C ratio of Rs. 4,40,602.6/ha and 3.61, respectively. Whereas, the okra crop comparatively recorded with lower net return of Rs. 2,87,639.4/ha and B:C ratio of 2.56. The total benefits could be increased from Rs. 60,961.4/- (from present area of 0.18 ha) to Rs. 11,41,761.6/- by growing okra and onion crops in 2.0 and 1.29 ha, respectively as per the allocated area through Linier Programming for optimization of production and net return. Results revealed that rainwater harvesting through poly-lined farm pond is the best option to moderate moisture stress at Udaipur.

Spatio-Temporal Variability in Groundwater Quality of Bhilwara

District of Rajasthan

DAMYANTI JEENGAR

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(Soil and Water Conservation Engineering)

2015

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR (RAJASTHAN) 313001 (INDIA) MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY IF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR-313001

Dated: /01/2016 CERTIFICATE-III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Spatio-Temporal Variability in Groundwater Quality of Bhilwara District, Rajasthan” submitted by Ms. Damyanti Jeengar to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture, Udaipur, in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Mater of Technology in Agricultural Engineering in the subject of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in oral examination on her thesis has been found 11/01/2016; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. H.K. Mittal) (Dr. P.K. Singh) Advisor Advisor

(Dr. K.K. Yadav) (Dr. P.K. Singh) Advisor Professor and Head Department of SWE C.T.A.E., Udaipur

(Dr. B. P. Nandwana) Dean Approved CTAE, Udaipur.

Director Resident Instruction

ABSTRACT

The present study elicited spatial and temporal variation of groundwater quality parameters in Bhilwara District, Rajasthan by applying statistical and multivariate statistical tests such as box and whisker plot, correlation matrix method, t-test, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) to standardized dataset of fourteen groundwater

quality parameters (i.e. EC, TDS, pH, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, SO4, CO3, HCO3, NO3, F and TH). The groundwater quality data of 246 sampling sites were collected for pre-monsoon season of year 2002-2010. Results of the box and whisker plots revealed that the highest temporal variation for most of the groundwater quality parameters occurred during pre-monsoon season of the year 2009 and that the highest spatial variation for most of the groundwater quality parameters occurred in block- Hurda. The box and whisker plots also indicated non-normality present in almost all the parameters. The linear relationship between nine pairs of the parameters i.e. EC- TDS, EC-Na, EC-Cl, TDS-Cl, TDS-Na, TDS-SO , Na-Cl, Ca-TH and Mg-TH was observed to be very strong in nature during pre-monsoon season from the result of the correlation matrix ₄ method. The t-test resulted in significant change in the mean concentration of only one parameter, pH at 5% significance level during the pre-monsoon season over nine years. PCA of the groundwater quality parameters indicated that first three principal components were significant in explaining total variance in the groundwater quality. The first PC was characterized

by the strong loading of EC, TDS, Na, Cl, TH, SO4 and Mg during all years while the second PC

was characterized by strong loading of CO3 and F. The results of the HCA supported the

findings of PCA. Two major clusters formed during every year consisted of TDS-EC and HCO3- TH-Cl-Na. Result of water quality index shows that only 4 sites out of 246 sites of groundwater falls under good category of drinking water quality. Result of Kelly’s Ratio showed that 55 sites out of 246 sites of groundwater are suitable for irrigation water. The groundwater used for the irrigation in the study area is of high to very high salinity and only salt tolerant crops can be grown. Overall, these findings reinforce the notion that the management of groundwater in an integrated approach is essential for attaining sustainable development of groundwater systems.

Effect of deficit irrigation on drip irrigated onion with and without black poly- mulch vHkko flapkbZ dk dkyh IykfLVd iyokj ds lkFk ;k mlds fcuk Vid flapkbZ okys I;kt ij vlj

SAROJ

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

(Soil and Water Conservation Engineering)

2016

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR (RAJASTHAN) 313 001 (INDIA)

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR -313 001

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY

Dated: / /201

CERTIFICATE – III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Effect of deficit irrigation on drip

irrigated onion with and without black poly-mulch” submitted by Ms. Saroj to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in agricultural engineering in the subject of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr.S.R. Bhakar) (Dr. Mahesh Kothari) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. K.K. Yadav) Advisor

(Dr. P.K. Singh) (Dr. B. P. Nandwana) HEAD Dean, C.T.A.E. Department of SWE

Approved (Dr. Sudhir Jain) Director Resident Instruction

MPUAT, Udaipur

ABSTRACT

The field experiment was carried out at Plasticulture Farm of the College of Technology and Engineering (CTAE), Udaipur (Rajasthan), during rabi season of 2014-2015 to investigate the effect of mulch and deficit irrigation scheduling on soil moisture and temperature, growth and yield components of onion crop, water use efficiency and relative economics. Mulch and deficit irrigation significantly influenced soil moisture and temperature, growth, yield and yield components of the onion crop.

The performance evaluation of gravity fed drip irrigation system under study was found 0.686 good with regards to pressure-discharge relationship (Y= 4.449x ), field emission uniformity (87.60%), absolute emission uniformity (90.42%), application uniformity (81.38%) and statistical uniformity coefficient (82.45%) and wetting diameters. Based on the value of exponent emitters were classified as non-pressure compensating having partial turbulent flow.

2 The highest average bulb yield of 14203 gm/m was obtained from treatment T6 (80% ET through drip irrigation with black LLDPE mulch) with 735.71 mm of water. The lowest bulb yield of 2 10812 g/m was obtained from treatment T4 (40% ET through drip irrigation without mulch) with 3 367.86 mm of water. The highest water use efficiency (WUE) of 135.81 kg/m was registered in

treatment T8 (40% ET through drip irrigation with black LLDPE mulch) while T1 (100% ET 3 through drip irrigation without mulch) registered 53.77 kg/m .The Maximum net profit of Rs

19,70,723 per ha with B:C ratio of 12.33 was recorded in treatment T6 (80% ET through drip irrigation with black LLDPE mulch) and lowest net profit of Rs 1499778 per ha with B:C ratio12.29 in treatment T4 (40% ET through drip irrigation without mulch).

Performance Analysis of MIMO Transmit Diversity (TD) and

MIMO Spatial Multiplexing (SM) system for various

Wireless channel Models

िविव� ि◌◌ायरलेसचैनलमॉडल के व ल ए मीमो संचाररतिविवधता (टी डी) और मीमो थावनक ब�संके तन(एस एम) �णाली के�दश셍नका िव�ेषण

Kishore Kumar Mali

Thesis Master of Technology

Electronics and Communication Engineering

(With Specialization in Communication Systems)

2015

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR-313 001

Dated: ………..

CERTIFICATE - III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Performance Analysis of MIMO Transmit Diversity (TD) and MIMO Spatial Multiplexing (SM) system for various wireless channel Models” submitted by Mr. Kishore Kumar Mali to the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in the subject of Electronics and Communication Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination was satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. Sunil Joshi Dr. Navneet Agrawal Major Advisor Co-Advisor

Dr. Naveen Jain Dr. S.C. Jain Advisor DRI Nominee

Dr. P.C. Bapna Dr. B. P. Nandwana Head, Department of ECE Dean C.T.A.E. C.T.A.E., Udaipur

Approved

DIRECTOR, RESIDENT INSTRUCTIONS

Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology Udaipur (Rajasthan) ABSTRACT

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technology refers to wireless communication systems employing multiple antennas at either the transmitter end or the receiver end or both. In recent times, use of multiple transmit and receive antenna for enhancing spectral efficiency in a wireless system has established much interest in research field. The solution to obtain superior data rates and better range performance at the same time is OFDM using MIMO technique which is based on 802.11n standard. The main trouble in front of the wireless multipath propagation is the interference between symbols transmitted through neighboring channels. i.e. Inter Symbol Interference (ISI). This could be avoided if we use OFDM technology. Thus MIMO combined with OFDM has got significant importance in future wireless communication system. The major properties of MIMO system involve Spatial Diversity and Spatial Multiplexing which are the main factors to discuss and matter of concern to achieve reliability and high speed data rate.

In this thesis, we study the performance gain of MIMO-OFDM systems. The main investigation carried out in the following thesis work is to deal with various Wireless channel models in Transmit Diversity (TD) and Spatial Multiplexing (SM) mode. The thesis deals with MIMO- OFDM system analysis in various Wireless channel models (Rayleigh, Rician, Nakagami and 3GPP channel Environment) focusing on error rate performance, throughput, Spectral Gain and Diversity Gain in 4x4 MIMO scheme under OFDM system. In this entire thesis work, modulation scheme used is 16 QAM. Evaluation of Bit Error Rate and throughput with respect to varying Eb/No for 4x4 MIMO-OFDM in SM and TD mode with different number of subcarriers

(N) employing MMSE detection, is the baseline of this report. At the end of each subsection, a comparative analysis of Bit Error Rate and throughput for different values of Eb/No under various Wireless channels for SM and TD mode are carried out with N=128 subcarriers. A brief description of the MIMO-ZF system under Rayleigh fading channel corrupted by AWGN noise is studied in terms of the Bit Error Rate (BER).

Development of an Improved Technique for Image Enhancement

Using Image Fusion

छ�व संलयन 饍ि◌◌ाराछ�व संि◌ध셍नके ललए एक उꅍनत तकनीक का �वकास

Samriddhi Bhatnagar

Thesis Master of Technology

Electronics and Communication Engineering

(Communication System)

2016

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR-313 001

Date: ………..

CERTIFICATE - III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Development of an Improved Technique for Image Enhancement Using Image Fusion” submitted by Miss. Samriddhi Bhatnagar to the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in the subject of Electronics and Communication Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination was satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

Dr. Navneet Agrawal Dr. Sunil Joshi Major Advisor Co-Advisor

Dr. Vinod Yadav Dr. N.K. Jain Advisor DRI Nominee

Dr. P.C. Bapna Dr. B. P. Nandwana Head, Department of ECE Dean C.T.A.E. C.T.A.E., Udaipur

Approved

DIRECTOR, RESIDENT INSTRUCTIONS

Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology Udaipur (Rajasthan) ABSTARCT

Quality of image holds importance for both humans and machines. A good quality image is required for better machine interpretation and human perception. Often, images suffer from poor quality, low contrast, blur etc. So, in order to fulfill the requirement of good quality images, image enhancement is needed.

There are a number of contrast enhancement techniques available but application of a single contrast enhancement technique often does not produce desirable result and may lead to over enhanced images. To overcome this problem image fusion is performed so that better results with desired enhancement can be achieved. With application of image fusion desired features of the source images can be retained thereby obtaining an image containing more information than source images. Spatial domain fusion methods may lead to blurring of resultant image. So, in order to restore edges and remove blur image sharpening is performed.

This thesis report presents a method to enhance images using image fusion. The method consists of three stages. In the first stage, the contrast of original image is increased by performing histogram equalization. In the second stage, fusion of original and histogram equalized image is carried out. Image fusion process is based on fuzzy logic. In the third and last stage, image sharpening is done by using unsharp masking.

The performance of proposed method is evaluated on the basis of parameters like Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Absolute Mean Brightness Error (AMBE), Structural Similarity Index (SSI), Standard Deviation and Average Gradient.

CAPACITY BASED DESIGN FOR MULTISTOREY BUILDING IN VARIOUS EARTHQUAKE ZONES

�व�भन् भ कंू प जोन म� बहुमंिजला इमारत के �नमार् के �लए

�मता आधा�रत �डजाइन

NARESH CHOUBISA

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

CIVIL ENGINEERING

(STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING)

2015

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANAPRATAPUNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR (RAJASTHAN) 313 001 (INDIA) ABSTRACT

Many reinforced concrete framed structures located in zones of high seismicity in India are constructed without considering the seismic codal provisions. The vulnerability of inadequately designed structures represents seismic risk to occupants. Most modern building codes employ to ensure ductile response and energy dissipation capacity in seismic resisting systems. The design provisions are geared toward restricting significant inelastic deformations to those structural components that are designed with sufficient inelastic deformation capacity.

The concept of capacity design started for implemented in the seismic design codes to an appreciable level. The basic concept of capacity based design of structures is the spreading of inelastic deformation demands in a structure in such a way so that the formation of plastic hinges takes place at predetermined positions and sequences.

The capacity design is also the art of avoiding failure of structure in brittle mode. This is achieved by designing the brittle modes of failure to have higher strength than ductile modes. Shear failure is brittle mode of failure, hence shear capacity of all components capacity based design are made higher than their flexural capacities so as to avoid shear failure.

The basic of capacity based design lies on strong column and weak beam concept. The seismic inertia forces generated at its floor levels are transferred through the various beams and columns to the ground. The correct building components need to be made ductile. The failure of a column can affect the stability of the whole building, but the failure of a beam causes localized effect. Therefore, it is better to make beams to be the ductile weak links than columns. In the capacity design of structures for earthquake resistance, distinct elements of the primary lateral force resisting system are chosen and suitably designed and detailed for energy dissipation under severe imposed deformations. The critical regions of these members, often termed as plastic hinges, are detailed for inelastic flexural action.

The prime objective of this work is to demonstrate the utility of capacity based design method as compared to conventional design method. The importance of the capacity based design method will be depend on the seismic forces generated. In this work, selected multi-storey building of five, ten and fifteen storeys have been analysed and designed by conventional design method and capacity based design method. Parametric study has been undertaken for the column moments, column shear and beam shear for these selected buildings. All the designed buildings by conventional design method and capacity based design method are compared for earthquake zone II and V. This systematic study has been carried using versatile structural software. It has been shown that column moments, column shear and beam shear for the selected buildings obtained from capacity based design method are more than those obtained from conventional design method.

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR-313 001

Dated: 28/12/2015

CERTIFICATE - III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Capacity Based Design For Multistorey Building In Various Earthquake Zones” submitted by Mr. Naresh Choubisa to the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in the subject of Structural Engineering, after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination was satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. Ravi K. Sharma) Dr. B. S. Singvi Major Advisor Advisor

Sh. Trilok Gupta Dr. S. K. Jain Advisor DRI Nominee

Dr. R. P. Arora Dr. B P Nandwana Associate Professor & Dean Head Department of CE C.T.A.E., Udaipur

Approved Director Resident Instruction MPUAT, Udaipur

UTILIZATION OF WASTE GRANITE SLURRY IN

CEMENT MORTAR

vuqi;ksxh xzsukbZV Lysjh vif'k"V dk lhesUV eksVkZj

esa mi;ksx

YASH AGRAWAL

THESIS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

CIVIL ENGINEERING

(Structural Engineering)

2016

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UDAIPUR (RAJASTHAN) 313001 (INDIA)

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR -313 001

Dated: 07/01/20 16

CERTIFICATE -III

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Utilization of Waste Granite slurry in Cement Mortar” submitted by Yash Agrawal to Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Civil Engineering in the subject of Structural Engineering was after recommendation by the external examiner and defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on her thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Sh. Trilok Gupta) (Dr. Ravi K. Sharma) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. B. S. Singvi) (Dr. N. L. Panwar) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. R .P. Arora) (Dr. B. P. Nandwana)

Associate Professor Dean and Head

Approved

Director Resident Instruction

MPUAT, Udaipur ABSTRACT

Throughout the world, the disposal of mining (cutting and slurry) waste is a major environmental problem causing environmental hazards such as pollution (water and air), contaminating the soil and vegetation. Granite slurry wastes (generates through cutting and polishing process), have pozzolanic as well as cementitious property and can perhaps

be utilized as a part of cement and fine aggregate in concrete mixtures. Today’s waste

management problems much sought after replacing natural raw materials with wastes.

Granite slurry waste can be utilized to replace fine aggregate or cement or it can be

utilized as admixtures so that natural assets can save more successfully and productively

such that the environment can be protected from waste. Mortar is an excellent structural

material, protects the structure from the external environment. Within the past few years,

stress was given on green concrete as it results in sustainable development. This study

shows the feasibility of using granite slurry waste in mortar in terms of the strength as

well as protecting the environment. It reviews the effect of granite slurry waste in

different mortar mix at various level as partial/full replacement of fine aggregate and

cement. Mix of cement mortar was prepared in this study is the general mix use for

making mortar at construction sites. In this study, the mechanical and durability properties

of mortar mixes of 1:4 and 1:6 ratio were investigated and divided into four series which

are:

(i) 1:4 mortar mix with fine aggregate replacement at different percentage by granite

slurry waste.

(ii) 1:6 mortar mix with fine aggregate replacement at different percentage by granite slurry waste.

(iii) 1:4 mortar mix with cement replacement at different percentage by granite slurry waste.

(iv) 1:6 mortar mix with cement replacement at different percentage by granite slurry waste.

Total 20 mixes (27 cubes of each mix) were cast during this investigation. Effect on fresh and

hardened properties of different mortar mixes with granite slurry were evaluated in this study.

Mortar cubes of these mixes were tested for workability, fresh density, compressive strength,

abrasion resistance, water permeability, quality by using ultrasonic pulse velocity and acid attack

(mass loss and compressive strength after submerged in H2SO4 for 7, 28 and 56 days).

Test results of the samples show that utilization of granite slurry waste in mortar significantly increased the workability. A reduction in fresh density was observed. The replacement of fine aggregate by granite slurry waste in mortar resulted in a significant increase in compressive strength at certain levels after that reduction was observed.

Abrasion test demonstrate that with the increase of granite slurry as fine aggregates and

cement, the depth of wear increases in all the series. Water permeability test shows that the

permeability of mortar mix increases with increase of granite slurry waste.

Compressive strength decreases with increase of granite slurry waste in sulphuric acid

environment at all replacement levels. The reduction in weight decreases with increase in granite

slurry waste in sulphuric acid environment.

The results of this study show that it is possible to use granite slurry waste in construction

industry application as a partial replacement for fine aggregates up to 50-66% and cement less than up to 25%.