Submitted by Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP)

Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Expansion of Existing CHWTSDF To ICHWTSDF at Survey No. 1018/13, Gudli, Malvi, Udaipur, Rajasthan By Rajasthan Waste Management Project

(Final Report)

Submitted by Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP)

Consultant Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited

November 2018

Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Expansion of Existing CHWTSDF To ICHWTSDF at Survey No. 1018/13, Gudli, Malvi, Udaipur, Rajasthan By Rajasthan Waste Management Project

Final Report

Submitted to Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, Jog Bagh Road, New Delhi - 110003

Submitted by Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) Survey No: 1018/13, Gudli Village, Udaipur District, Rajasthan.

Consultant Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited Ramky Grandiose, Gachibowli, Hyderabad (NABET Certificate No: NABET/EIA/1518/SA 0061) November 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Table of Contents QCI/NABET Certificate Declaration of Experts Terms of Reference (TOR) TOR Compliance

Chapter Title Page No. No. Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.1 1.2 Purpose of Report 1.3 1.3 Identification of Project and Project Proponent 1.3 1.3.1 Project 1.3 1.3.2 Project Proponent 1.4 1.3.3 Ramky Group Waste Management Division 1.5 1.4 Brief description of nature, size, location of the project and its 1.6 importance to the country and region 1.4.1 Importance of the Project 1.8 1.4.2 Facilities available at RWMP site 1.8 1.5 Scope of the Study 1.12 1.5.1 EIA Report 1.15 Chapter 2 Project Description 2.1 Type of the project 2.1 2.2 Need for the Project 2.2 2.2.1 Justification of the Project 2.3 2.3 Location of the Project 2.3 2.3.1 Capacities of the proposed project 2.8 2.4 Size of Operation and its Associated Activities 2.9 2.4.1 Required Manpower 2.10 2.4.2 Water Requirement 2.11 2.4.3 Power and Fuel Requirement 2.11

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

2.5 Process Description of Hazardous Wastes 2.12 2.5.1 Laboratory Facilities 2.14 2.5.2 Collection and Transportation 2.14 2.5.3 Storages 2.16 2.5.4 Waste Disposal Operations 2.16 2.5.5 Incinerator 2.24 2.6 Bio Medical Waste 2.26 2.6.1 Categories of Bio Medical Waste as per BMW rules, 2016 2.27 2.6.2 Collection and Transportation 2.31 2.6.3 Disinfection and Destruction 2.32 2.6.4 Incinerator 2.32 2.6.5 Autoclave 2.32 2.6.6 Other Infrastructure 2.33 2.7 E waste Handling 2.34 2.7.1 Methodology 2.34 2.7.2 Process Description 2.35 2.8 Recycling Facilities 2.38 2.8.1 Spent Solvent Recycling 2.38 2.8.2 Used Oil Recycling 2.39 2.8.3 Alternative Fuel and Raw Material Facility 2.40 2.8.4 Methodology of Waste Handling 2.46 2.8.5 Used Lead Acid Battery Recycling 2.47 2.8.6 Waste Plastic Recycling 2.48 Chapter 3 Description of Environment 3.1 Introduction 3.1 3.2 Micrometeorology 3.2 3.3 Ambient Air Quality 3.5 3.3.1 Air Quality Scenario in the Study Area 3.9 3.4 Water Quality 3.13 3.4.1 Water Quality Assessment 3.13 3.4.2 Regional Scenario 3.19

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

3.5 Noise Environment 3.20 3.5.1 Source of Noise 3.21 3.5.2 Noise Levels in the Study Area 3.21 3.6 Traffic Study 3.25 3.7 Soil Quality 3.26 3.7.1 Criteria Adopted for Selection of Sampling Locations 3.26 3.7.2 Soil Sampling Locations 3.26 3.7.3 Regional Scenerio 3.29 3.8 Biological Environment 3.31 3.8.1 Introduction 3.31 3.8.2 Objectives of Ecological Study 3.31 3.8.3 Methodology adopted for the survey 3.32 3.8.4 Ecological Status 3.32 3.8.5 Wildlife Sanctuaries/ National Parks/ Biosphere Reserve/ 3.37 REET Species 3.9 Land Use/ Land Cover Details 3.38 3.10 Demography and Socio-Economics (secondary data description) 3.43 3.10.1 Methodology Adopted for the Study 3.43 3.10.2 Demographic Aspects 3.44 3.10.3 Social Structure 3.45 3.10.4 Literacy Levels 3.45 3.10.5 Occupational Structure 3.46 3.10.6 Dependancy Ratio 3.47 3.10.7 Primary Observations in the core zone 3.47 Chapter 4 Anticipated Environemental Impacts and their Mitigation Measures 4.1 Identification of Impacts 4.1 4.2 Methodology 4.1 4.3 Potential Impacts 4.1 4.4 Impacts during Construction phase 4.2 4.4.1 Impact on Air Quality 4.3 4.4.2 Impact on Water Quality 4.5

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

4.4.3 Impact of Noise Levels 4.6 4.4.4 Impact Due to Solid Waste Generation 4.6 4.4.5 Impact on Land Environment 4.8 4.4.6 Socio-Economics 4.9 4.4.7 Ecology 4.9 4.5 Impacts during Operation Phase 4.9 4.5.1 Prediction of Impacts on the Air Environment 4.9 4.6 Impact on Water Quality 4.18 4.6.1 Leachate Collection/ Treatment and Disposal 4.20 4.6.2 Leachate Treatment Plant 4.21 4.6.3 Effluent Treatment Plant 4.22 4.6.4 Water Impacts Mitigation Measures 4.23 4.6.5 Rain Water Harvesting and Strom Water Management 4.24 4.7 Noise Environment 4.24 4.7.1 Noise mitigation measures 4.24 4.8 Prediction of Impacts on Land Environment 4.25 4.9 Predicted Impacts of the Landfill 4.25 4.10 Impacts on the Community 4.26 4.11 Impact on Ecology 4.26 4.12 Impact on Socio Economic 4.26 4.13 Odor Management 4.27 Chapter 5 Analysis of Alternative Site & Technology 5.1 Introduction 5.1 5.1.1 Site selection 5.1 5.2 Technological aspects 5.3 5.2.1 Waste minimization 5.4 5.2.2 Recycling wastes 5.4 5.2.3 Treatment of waste 5.5 5.2.4 Collection, transportation and disposal 5.7 5.3 Disposal of hazardous waste 5.8 5.3.1 Landfill disposal 5.8

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

5.3.2 Incineration 5.9 5.3.3 Underground disposal 5.10 5.4 No project option 5.11 Chapter 6 Environmental Monitoring Program 6.1 Environmental Monitoring Program 6.1 6.2 Construction Phase 6.1 6.3 Operation Phase 6.4 6.4 Post Operational Phase 6.6 6.5 Environmental Laboratory Equipment 6.8 6.5.1 Environmental Management Cell 6.9 6.6 Pollution Monitoring Facilities 6.9 6.6.1 Reporting Schedules of the Monitoring Data 6.9 6.6.2 Public Health Monitoring 6.10 6.6.3 Budgetary Provision for EMP 6.10 Chapter 7 Additional Studies 7.1 Risk Assessment & Disaster Management Plan 7.1 7.1.1 Risk Analysis 7.1 7.1.2 Evaluating Hazards 7.1 7.2 Identification of Major Hazard Installations 7.2 7.2.1 Identification of Toxic, Flammable, Explosive Chemicals 7.2 7.2.2 Storage facilities of hazardous chemicals 7.3 7.2.3 Maximum credible accident analysis for diesel storage area 7.5 7.2.4 Nature of hazard from oil storage 7.8 7.2.5 Heat radiation and thermal damage criteria 7.8 7.3 Emergency preparedness at RWMP 7.14 7.4 Organizational set up and infrastructure for emergency operations 7.14 7.4.1 Roles and responsibilities of emergency personnel 7.15 7.5 Operational Systems During Emergency 7.16 7.5.1 Communication System 7.16 7.5.2 Warning System & Control 7.16 7.5.3 Mutual Aid 7.17

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

7.6 On-site emergency plan of RWMP 7.17 7.6.1 Existing facilities 7.18 7.7 Off-site emergency plan of RWMP 7.19 7.8 Disaster Management Plan 7.21 7.8.1 Earthquake 7.22 7.8.2 Major explosion of chemicals / fire and toxic gas release in 7.24 landfill or Stores 7.8.3 Contamination of soil and water sources due to leakage of 7.26 contaminants 7.8.4 Release of toxic gases from incinerator 7.27 7.8.5 Hazards due to combustibles 7.28 7.9 General prevention measures for other hazards 7.30 7.9.1 Fire 7.30 7.9.2 Electrical accidents 7.30 7.9.3 First aid and emergency procedures 7.31 7.9.4 Mock drill monitoring 7.31 7.10 Hazards due to combustibles (Paper & plastic waste) 7.31 7.10.1 Control measures 7.32 7.11 Geology and Hydrogeology 7.33 7.11.1 Physiography 7.33 7.11.2 Geology 7.33 7.11.3 Hydrogeology 7.34 Chapter 8 Project Benefits 8.1 Introduction 8.1 8.2 Benefits of hazardous waste management 8.1 8.3 Benefits of e waste recycling 8.2 8.3.1 Materials recovered from e waste 8.3 8.4 Benefits from bio medical waste treatment facility 8.3 8.5 Benefits of landfill 8.3 8.6 Benefits from recycling facilities 8.3 8.6.1 Lead recycling 8.4 8.6.2 Used oil recycling 8.5

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

8.6.3 Spent solvent recycling 8.6 8.6.4 Benefits of alternate fuel raw material facility 8.6 8.6.5 Waste plastic recycling 8.7 8.6.6 Waste paper recycling 8.7 8.7 Improvements in the physical infrastructure 8.7 8.8 Improvements in the social infrastructure 8.8 8.9 Employment potential 8.9 8.10 Other tangible benefits 8.9 8.11 SWOT Analysis 8.9 8.11.1 SWOT analysis of integretaed waste management facility 8.10 8.11.2 Materials and methods 8.11 8.11.3 Landfill site condition 8.12 8.11.4 Strategies derived from the SWOT profile of the landfill 8.12 8.12 Conclusion 8.13 8.13 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) 8.13 8.13.1 Introduction 8.13 8.13.2 Ramky Foundation (RF) 8.14 8.13.3 Report of CSR Program in Rajasthan by Ramky Foundation (RF) 8.15 Chapter 9 Environmental Management Plan 9.1 Introduction 9.1 9.2 Environmental Management during Construction 9.1 9.2.1 Air Quality Mitigation Measure 9.1 9.2.2 Water Quality Mitigation Measure 9.2 9.2.3 Noise Mitigation Measures 9.3 9.2.4 Solid Waste Mitigation Measures 9.3 9.2.5 Ecological Aspects 9.4 9.2.6 Site Security 9.5 9.3 Management during Operation Stage 9.5 9.3.1 Air Quality Management 9.5 9.3.2 Odor Control 9.6 9.3.3 Gas Management 9.6

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

9.3.4 Water Quality Mitigation Measures 9.7 9.3.5 Noise Mitigation Measures 9.8 9.3.6 Solid Waste Mitigation Measures 9.9 9.3.7 Greenbelt Development 9.9 9.4 Post Operation of Landfill 9.11 9.5 Socio Economic Development Activities under CSR 9.11 9.5.1 Planning 9.12 9.5.2 Implementation 9.12 9.5.3 Possible areas of activities under CSR 9.14 9.5.4 Budgetary Provision for CSR and CER activities 9.15 9.5.5 Occupational health management 9.17 9.6 Occupational Health Management 9.17 9.7 Fire Protection System 9.17 9.8 Environmental Management Cell 9.18 9.8.1 Record Keeping and Reporting 9.18 9.9 E-Waste Management and Handling Rules 2016 9.19 9.10 Action Plan for Complying Performance Evaluation & Monitoring of TSDF 9.19 9.11 Compliance of Hazardous Waste Rules 2016 9.22 Chapter 10 Summary and Conclusion 10.1 Introduction 10.1 10.2 Project Capacity Details 10.2 10.3 Project Importance 10.2 10.4 Land Details 10.3 10.5 Water Requirement 10.4 10.6 Power and Fuel Requirement 10.4 10.7 Required Manpower 10.5 10.8 Baseline Environmental Status 10.5 10.9 Anticipated Impacts 10.8 10.10 Environmental Monitoring Plan 10.9 10.11 Risk Analysis 10.11 10.12 Project Benefits 10.11

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

10.13 Environmental Management Plan 10.12 10.14 Project Cost Estimate and Means of Finance 10.13 10.15 Cost Estimate of the Project 10.14 Chapter 11 Disclosure of Consultants 11.1 About the group 11.1 11.2 About the accredited consultant organisation 11.1 11.2.1 Consultancy services 11.1 11.2.2 Laboratory services 11.2 11.2.3 Training services 11.2 11.2.4 Field services 11.2 11.2.5 Treatment plant services 11.3 11.2.6 Solid waste management services 11.3 List of Tables

Table No. Title Page No. 1.1 Details of proposed treatment facilities with capacities 1.4 1.2 Features of the proposed project site 1.7 1.3 Chronology of events for obtaining EC 1.15 2.1 Salient Features of the project 2.1 2.2 Proposed Project facilities & Capacities 2.8 2.3 List of proposed common facilities 2.9 2.4 Land area breakup 2.10 2.5 Manpower requirement details 2.10 2.6 Water requirement 2.11 2.7 Power and fuel requirement 2.11 2.8 Stabilization mechanism based on waste characteristics 2.18 2.9 Categories of biomedical waste with treatment and disposal options 2.28 3.1 Observed meteorological data 3.3 3.2 Season frequency distribution table 3.3 3.3 Ambient Air Quality monitoring locations 3.5 3.4 Particulate Matter levels in the study area (µg/m3) 3.6 3.5 Ambient Air Quality in the study area (µg/m3) 3.6 3.6 Ambient Air Quality in the study area (µg/m3) 3.7 3.7 Water sampling locations 3.14 3.8 Water sample analysis results – Groundwater 3.17

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

3.9 Surface water sample analysis result 3.18 3.10 Noise monitoring locations 3.22 3.11 Noise levels in the study area – dB (A) 3.24 3.12 Traffic survey at site road 3.25 3.13 Soil sampling locations 3.26 3.14 Soil analysis results 3.28 3.15 List of flora in the study area 3.33 3.16 List of fauna in the study area 3.35 3.17 List of semi aquatic macrophytes found in the surface waterbodies of 3.37 the study area 3.18 List of Aquatic Fauna in the Study Area 3.37 3.19 Distribution of population in the study area 3.39 3.20 Distribution of population by social structure 3.44 3.21 Distribution of literate and literacy rates 3.45 3.22 Occupational structure 3.46 3.23 Demographic details in the study area of 10 Kms radius 3.47 3.24 Occupational structure and employment scenario in the project area 3.51 villages 4.1 Stack emissions details 4.12 4.2 24 Hours mean meteorological data 4.13 4.3 Post project scenario (µg/m3) 4.14 4.4 Ambient air quality levels in the study area 4.14 4.5 Wastewater generation details 4.19 5.1 Location criteria for the proposed project 5.3 6.1 Environmental monitoring during construction phase 6.2 6.2 Environmental monitoring during operational phase 6.5 6.3 Environmental monitoring during post operation phase 6.7 6.4 Equipment Needed for Environmental Monitoring 6.8 6.5 Budget of implementation of environmental management plan 6.11 7.1 Toxicity values of chemicals 7.2 7.2 Details of chemicals and applicability of GoI rules 7.4 7.3 Nature of possible hazards 7.4 7.4 Hazardous chemicals at site 7.6 7.5 Physical properties of chemicals at site 7.6 7.6 F & EI of fuels used in the proposed project 7.7 7.7 F & EI category 7.7 7.8 Effect of heat radiation 7.9

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

7.9 Heat radiation and fatality 7.9 7.10 Effect of heat radiation due to HSD storage tank (Pool fire) 7.10 7.11 Effect of heat radiation due to solvent leakage (Pool fire) 7.11 7.12 Organizational set up for emergency operations 7.14 7.13 Roles and responsibilities of the emergency personnel 7.15 7.14 Existing safety equipment details 7.18 7.15 Off-site emergency plan 7.19 7.16 First aid for burns 7.31 7.17 Stratigraphic succession 7.34 8.1 CSR activities carried out by Ramky Foundation in Udaipur, Rajasthan 8.15 9.1 Wastewater generation details 9.8 9.2 List of plants for greenbelt development 9.10 9.3 Mitigation measure proposed during operation period 9.11 9.4 Proposed CSR activities and its budget 9.16 9.5 Record keeping particulars 9.19 9.6 Compliance E waste Management & Handling Rules 9.20 9.7 Action plan for monitoring TSDF 9.21 9.8 Compliance of Hazardous Waste Rules, 2016 9.22 10.1 Details of proposed treatment facilities with capacities 10.2 10.2 Land Area Breakup 10.3 10.3 Water requirement 10.4 10.4 Power and Fuel Requirement 10.4 10.5 Manpower requirement details 10.5 10.6 Ambient Air Quality Results (µg/m3) 10.5 10.7 Summary of Ground Water Analysis 10.6 10.8 Summary of Surface Water Analysis 10.7 10.9 Noise Levels – dB (A) 10.7 10.10 Soil Quality in Study Area 10.8 10.11 Post Project Scenario (µg/m3) 10.9 10.12 Environmental Monitoring during Operational Phase 10.9 10.13 Mitigation Measure proposed during Operation Period 10.12 10.14 Cost Estimate of the Project 10.14 List of Figures

Figure No. Title Page No. 1.1 Location map of the site 1.10 1.2 Google image of proposed project site 1.11

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

2.1 Google image of proposed project site 2.4 2.2 Topographical map (10 km radius) 2.5 2.3 Layout map of proposed ICHWTSDF 2.6 2.4 Site photographs 2.7 2.5 Cross section of the landfill 2.21 2.6 Typical layout of incinerator 2.26 2.7 Layout of autoclave sterilization process 2.33 2.8 E-waste treatment process flow chart 2.37 2.9 Flow chart of spent solvent recovery 2.39 2.10 Waste/ used oil recycling plant 2.40 2.11 Alternative Fuel and Raw material Facility (AFRF) 2.45 2.12 Used lead acid battery recycling 2.47 2.13 Process flow chart of plastic recycling 2.48 3.1 Wind rose diagram 3.4 3.2 Ambient Air Quality sampling location map 3.8 3.3 Groundwater sampling locations map 3.15 3.4 Surface water sampling locations map 3.16 3.5 Noise sampling locations map 3.23 3.6 Soil sampling locations map 3.27 3.7 Sensitivity map of proposed site 3.38 3.8 Satellite imagery of 10 km radius of study area 3.41 3.9 Land Use/land cover map of the study area up to 10 km radius 3.42 4.1 Predicted GLCs of PM (µg/m3) 4.15 3 4.2 Predicted GLCs of SO2 (µg/m ) 4.15 4.3 Predicted GLCs of NOx (µg/m3) 4.16 4.4 Predicted GLCs of Pb (µg/m3) 4.16 4.5 Water Balance Flow chart 4.20 4.6 Leachate Treatment Plant 4.22 4.7 Effluent Treatment Plant 4.23 6.1 Organization setup of environmental management 6.9 7.1 ALOHA source point on the layout 7.12 7.2 Thermal radiation threat zone for HSD and solvents 7.13 7.3 Rajasthan earthquake zone map 7.23 7.4 Drainage map of the study area 7.36 8.1 SWOT analysis 8.10 8.2 Photos of CSR activities conducted at various places of Rajasthan state 8.16

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

List of Annexures

1 Protocol for performance evaluation & monitoring 2 Status of compliance to the provisions of Hazardous waste Rules 2016 3 Compliance to conditions of cencent to operate and authorization of existing faciltiy 4 Certified compliance certificate 5 Action plan for leachate management in monsoon 6 Peizometric data analysis of bore wells 7 CSR activities by Ramky Foundation (RF) 8 Tripartiate Agreement on Land Allotment for RWMP

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QCI –NABET Accreditation Certificate of Consultant

ACCREDITATION CERTIFICATE OF LABORATORY (MoEF)

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MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS NOTIFICATION New Delhi, the 3rd January, 2014 S.O. 21 (E).—In exercise of the powers conferred by clause (b) of sub-section (1) of section 12 and section 13 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986) read with rule 10 of the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, the Central Government hereby makes the following further amendments in the notification of the Government of India in the Ministry of Environment and Forests, number S.O. 1174(E), dated the 18th July, 2007, namely : — In the Table appended to the said notification,— (a) for serial numbers 3, 46, 55, 57, 58, 61, 65, 68 and 69 and the entries relating thereto, the following serial numbers and entries shall be substituted, namely :—

(1) (2) (3) (4) "3 M/s Bhagavati Ana Labs Pvt. Ltd., (1) Mr. Bhagavathi Hari Babu Regd. Office and Central Laboratory (2) Mr. A.V. Hanumantha 3.01.2014 Plot No. 7-2-C7 & 8/4, Industrial Rao to Estate Near Agromech Industries (3) Mr. V. Raghavacharyulu 2.01. 2019 Santhnagar, Hyderabad - 500018 (Andhra Pradesh) 46 M/s Cosmo Conscious Research Laboratory" (1) Mr. G. Dhavaleshwar SURVEY HOUSE" # 121, 2nd Cross, Nehru (2) Smt. V. Swarnalatha 3.01.2014 Colony, Bellary - 583103 (Karnataka) (3) Mr. K. Somasekhar Rao to 2.01. 2019 55 M/s Anacon Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., FP-34, 35 (1) Dr. (Ms.) Sugandha D. Food Park, 5 Star Industrial Estate, Butibori, Garway 3.01.2014 Nagpur - 441122 (Maharashtra) (2) Ms. Kavita Saygaonkar to (3) Mr. Yogesh Dhoke 2.01.2019 57 M/s. Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd. Hyderabad (1) Mr.V. Vijay Kumar Waste Management Project, Survey No.684/1, (2) Mr.Madan Kumar D. Tiwari 3.01.2014 Dundigal (V), Qutabullapur (M) Rangareedy (3) Mr. K. Venkateswara Rao to District – 500 043 (Andhra Pradesh) 2.01.2019”; 58 M/s. International Testing Centre, Plot No. 86, (1) Dr. Prakash kaur Industrial Area Phase-1, Panchkula-134109 (2) Mr. Prem Kumar 3.01.2014 (Haryana) (3) Ms. Poonam Sharma to 2.01.2019 61 M/s Mitra S.K. Private Ltd., (Behala (1) Mr. Sudip Mukhuty Laboratory) , 620, Diamond Harbour Road, (2) Ms. Sutapa Bhowmik 3.01.2014 4 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [P ART II—SEC . 3(ii)]

Behala Industrial Estate, Tool Room No. 2/3, (3) Ms. Mousumi Sengupta to 2/4 & 2/5, Kolkata – 700034 2.01. 2019 (West Bengal) 65 M/s Envirodesigns Eco Labs (1) Mr. K.L. Antony 3.01.2014 Eco Tower, Janatha Jn. Palarivattom, Kochi – (2) Ms. Susan Abraham to 682025 Kerala (3) Ms. Simi K.K. 2.01. 2019 68 M/s Scientific Research Laboratory (1) Dr. Jyotirmoy Majumdar "SHYAMALI APARTMENT" 90, Lake East (2) Shri Kalyan Ghosh 3.01.2014 4th Road 'Santoshpur, Kolkata - 700075 (3) Ms. Purba Mukherjee to (West Bengal) 2.01. 2019

69 M/s Sadekar Enviro Engineers Pvt. Ltd., B- (1) Mr. Vishal Basawanni Sannakki 306/307, Plot No.61, Patel Estate, Reis Magos, (2) Mr. Vinayak Gangaram Kudkar 3.01.2014 verem, Alto, Old Betim Road, Bardez, (3) Ms. Swati Vaibhav More to Porvorim, Panaji – 403101 (Goa) 2.01.2019

(b) after serial number 113 and the entries relating thereto, the following serial numbers and entries shall be inserted, namely :—

(1) (2) (3) (4) “114 M/s Ecomen Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Flat No. 8, (1) Ms. Reena Tripathi 2nd Floor, Arif Chamber - V, Sector - H, Aliganj, (2) Dr. Om Prakash Shukla 3.01.2014 Lucknow - 226024 (Uttar Pradesh) (3) Mr.Praveen Kumar Dubey to 2.01.2019 115 M/s Team Labs and Consultants (1) Mr. Ambati Ravi Pavankumar B-115 & 509, Annapurna Block (2) Mr. S. Ramesh 3.01.2014 Aditya Enclave, Ameerpet (3) Mr. T. Ravi Kiran to Hyderabad – 500038 Andhra Pradesh 2.01. 2019 116 M/s TUV SUD South Asia Pvt. Ltd., C-153/1, (1) Mr. Pramod Kumar 3.01.2014 Okhla Industrial Estate, Phase-1, New Delhi - (2) Mr. Ajay Kumar Pramanik to 110020 (3) Mr. Vijayanand 2.01. 2019";

[ F. No. Q.15018/23/2013-CPW ]

Dr. RASHID HASAN, Advisor

Note.- The principal notification was published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary vide number S.O. 1174 (E), dated the 18th July, 2007 and subsequently amended vide notification numbers S.O. 1539 (E), dated the 13th September, 2007, S.O.1811(E), dated the 24th October, 2007, S.O.55(E), dated 9th January, 2008, S.O.428(E), dated the 4th March, 2008, S.O.865(E) dated the 11th April, 2008, S.O.1894(E), dated the 31st July, 2008, S.O.2728(E) dated the 25th November, 2008, S.O.1356(E), dated the 27th May, 2009, S.O.1802(E), dated the 22nd July, 2009, S.O.2399(E), dated the 18th September, 2009, S.O. 3122(E), dated the 7th December, 2009, S.O. 3123(E), dated the 7th December, 2009, S.O.No.142(E), dated the 21st January, 2010, S.O.619(E), dated the 19th March, 2010, S.O.1662(E) dated the 13rd July, 2010, S.O.2390(E), dated the 30th September, 2010, S.O.2904(E), dated the 8th December, 2010, S.O.181(E), dated the 28th January, 2011, S.O. 692(E), dated the 5th April, 2011, S.O.1537(E), dated the 6th July, 2011, S.O.1754(E), dated the 28th July, 2011. S.O.2609 (E) dated the 22nd November, 2011, S.O.264 (E), dated the 13 February, 2012, S.O.1150(E), dated the 22nd May, 2012, S.O.2039(E), dated the 5th September, 2012, S.O. 2802(E) dated the 27th November, 2012, S.O. 2850(E), dated the 7th December, 2012, S.O. 592 (E), dated the 8th March, 2013, S.O.945(E), dated the 8th April, 2013,S.O.2287(E), dated the 27th July, 2013, S.O.2288(E), dated the 27th July, 2013 and S.O.3489(E) dated the 26th November, 2013.

Printed by the Manager, Government of India Press, Ring Road, Mayapuri, New Delhi-110064 and Published by the Controller of Publications, Delhi-110054

UNDERTAKING FROM PROJECT PROPONENT

Declaration of Experts

Declaration by Experts contributing to the EIA – “Proposed expansion of Existing CHWTSDF to ICHWTSDF at Survey No 1018/13, Gudli(V), Zinc Smelter Chouraha, Debari Railway Station Road, Mavli(T), Udaipur(D), Rajasthan by M/s Rajasthan Waste Management Project (Division of Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd)”

I, hereby, certify that I was a part of the EIA team in the following capacity that developed this EIA report.

EIA Coordinator: Name : Dr. K. Srinivas

Sign & Date :

Period of involvement: June, 2017 – Till date

Contact information : [email protected]

Functional Area Experts:

S. Functional Name of the Involvement Sign & Date No Area Expert Period Task Selecting ambient air monitoring sites based on IMD data, Review of the Mr. V. Vijay June, 2017 1 AP meteorological data and AAQ data, Kumar – Till date suggesting air pollution control measures Identification of water monitoring sites, estimating water requirement, Dr. B. June, 2017 2 WP Suggesting Recycling of water, waste Chakradhar – Till date water treatment methods & disposal schemes Inventorization of Hazardous waste, Bio June, 2017 medical wastes, etc., suggesting 3 SHW Dr. K. Srinivas – Till date treatment options viz., landfill, incineration, recycling, stabilization Generating primary SE data, livestock inventory and impacts, conducted Dr. V. Harish June, 2017 4 SE focused group discussions, taken public Srivatsava – Till date opinion on the project. Identified villages wise amenities and needs Collected secondary data from forest/ agricultural/ fisheries department, generation of primary flora and fauna June, 2017 data from study area & core area, 5 EB Mr. M A Fasi – Till date ground trothing for ecological assessment, development of status report, suggested species for greenbelt development Measurement of ground water levels from the existing wells present in and around project site, observation of surface water bodies, establishing Mr. B. June, 2017 6 HG groundwater flow direction and its Mallikarjuna Rao – Till date gradient and evaluation of rainfall data and suggesting suitable depth for secured land fill base, and identification of development of monitoring wells Observations made towards the Identification of country rock, development of porosity, thickness and Mr. B. June, 2017 7 GEO extent of weathered formations, area Mallikarjuna Rao – Till date seismicity and evaluation of soil permeability for suggesting suitable civil structures Meteorological & Air Pollution Dr. B. June, 2017 dispersion studies, suggesting 8 AQ Chakradhar – Till date environmental management plan for air pollution control measures Identification of noise sources, sampling Dr. Hemanth June, 2017 locations, calculation of noise 9 NV Rajkumar – Till date equivalents, comparing with standards, suggesting noise mitigation measures Collection of GPS readings from the project site. Preparation of topo map Mr. R. June, 2017 through SOI 1:50,000 scale topo sheet. 10 LU Venkateswarlu – Till date Preparation of LU map through Satellite imagery, SOI, Google map & Ground truth verification.

Estimating risks such as construction Dr. B. June, 2017 11 RH failures, electrical or civil accidents, fires Chakradhar – Till date etc., & suggesting control measures

Prof. K. Bayapu June, 2017 Soil management and conservation in 12 SC Reddy – Till date project area

Declaration by the Head of the accredited consultant organization/ authorized person:

I, Dr. B. Chakradhar, hereby, confirm that the above mentioned experts prepared the EIA Report for the “Proposed expansion of Existing CHWTSDF to ICHWTSDF at Survey No 1018/13, Gudli(V), Zinc Smelter Chouraha, Debari Railway Station Road, Mavli(T), Udaipur(D), Rajasthan by M/s Rajasthan Waste Management Project (Division of Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd)”. I also confirm that the consultant organization shall be fully accountable for any misleading information mentioned in this statement.

Signature : Name : Dr. B. Chakradhar Designation : Vice President & Head Name of the EIA Consultant Organization : Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited NABET Certificate No. & Issue Date : NABET/EIA/1619/RA 0046

Terms of Reference (TOR)

EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

TOR Compliance

S. No TOR Points Compliance Additional TOR Rajasthan state generates around 808512 MTA of hazardous waste from about 646 industries and about 7110 MTA of biomedical waste. The up-gradation of existing TSDF and expansion to Integrated Common hazardous waste TSDF with incinerator and recycling facilities is being proposed to meet the i. Importance and benefits of the project requirements and cater the needs for safe and scientific disposal of hazardous wastes generated in the present and future scenario. This would fill the gap between the generation and treatment of hazardous, industrial, biomedical and e-wastes generated from various districts of Rajasthan. The proposed integrated TSDF project is being established within the existing RWMP CHWTSDF site at Udajpur, Rajasthan and hence no alternate sites were considered. The site has been assessed to be ideal for To carry out a sensitivity analysis of proposed expansion due to site accessibility, alternative sites as per the "Guidelines existing climatological and geological for conducting Environmental Impact ii. conditions, environmentally being not Assessment: site selection for common critically sensitive, and expected to have Hazardous waste management facility positive impact on socio-economic status of published by the CPCB in 2003." nearby villages. Moreover, the existing site proposed for project expansion is meeting site selection criteria of CPCB guidelines, which are given in detailed in Chapter 5, section 5.1.1 Project proponents would also submit The "Protocol for Performance evolution and a write up on how their project monitoring of the Common Hazardous Waste iii. proposals conform to the stipulations Treatment Storage and Disposal facilities made in the "Protocol for Performance including common Hazardous Waste

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad TOR 1

EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

evolution and monitoring of the incinerators", it attached as Annexure 1 Common Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage and Disposal facilities including common Hazardous Waste incinerators", published by the CPCB on May 24, 2010. Yes, complying with the provisions. “Status Status of compliance to the provisions of Compliance to the provisions of the of the Hazardous and Other Wastes Hazrdous and Other Wastes (Management iv. (Management and Transboundary and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016 Movement) Rules, 2016. and Bio medical Waste Management Ruels, 2016”. Compliance to the conditions of the Compliance to the conditions of the consent v. consent to operate and authorization to operate and authorization for the existing for the existing facilities. facilities is given as Annexure 2 A separate chapter on status of compliance of Environmental Conditions granted by State/Centre to be provided. As per circular dated 30th Not Applicable, as the existing project is vi. May, 2012 issued by MoEF&CC, a established prior to EIA Notification, 2006 certified report by RO, MoEF&CC on status of compliance of conditions on existing EC to be provided in EIA-EMP report. The existing TSDF facility at RWMP has a capacity of 18,000 TPA which is proposed for up gradation of capacity and expansion of facilities from common hazardous waste TSDF to Integrated TSDF with the following capacities Details of various waste management vii. units with capacities for the proposed Name of the Facility Proposed project Capacity Secured Landfill (DLF) 20,000 TPA Stabilization (LAT) 40,000 TPA Incinerator (INC) – 12 TPA Common for HW and BMW Bio-Medical Waste 5 TPD AFRF 18,000 TPA E-Waste 4,000 TPA

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad TOR 2

EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Used Oil recycling 2 KLD Spent Solvent Recycling 5 KLD Lead Recycling Facility 2,000 TPA Paper Recycling 2 TPD Plastic Recycling 2 TPD

Hazardous waste comprising viz. ETP sludge, still bottom residues, process sludge, spent carbon, evaporation salts, incineration ash, slags, spent catalysts & resins, expired drugs, etc. will be handled. The sources of the hazardous waste are List of waste to be handled and their industries present in Rajasthan state, viii. source along with mode of primarily Udaipur and its nearby districts. transportation. The mode of transportation is through dedicated trucks. Specially designed fleets are available at site and deployed for collection of waste from industries, so that chance of spillage is minimized during transit. Articulated Cranes and Hook Lifts mounted vehicles are used for carriage of containers. Except for construction material for the newly proposed facilities, no other major raw materials are required for proposed project. However for stabilization process, typical Other chemicals and materials materials that would be used and stored ix. required with quantities and storage include lime, fly ash, bentonite (clay), capacities. cement, saw dust, etc., in combination with sodium silicate solution, if required to create additional binding properties of the wastes. Diesel used as fuel for running DG set will be stored in drums / tank. The existing facility has two sheds constructed and functional, which can store Details of temporary storage facility for up to 3000 MT of hazardous waste material. x. storage of hazardous waste at project The sheds include: site.  Waste storage shed,  Intractable waste storage shed and In rainy season the landfill will not be

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad TOR 3

EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

operational and all collected waste from the industry and mines will be stored in storage sheds. More sheds and infrastructure necessary for storage as per proposed increased capacities and for new facilities will be constructed. The facility also has specially designed containers for storage and segregation of wastes. The Containers are specially designed for easy pouring and storing of waste with inner lining and leak proof leads. There are few wastes which require physico- chemical treatment prior to land filing. The facility has mixing pits and earth moving equipment for carrying out this job. After receipt of waste, comprehensive analysis of Details of pre-treatment facility of xi. waste is carried out in laboratory and based hazardous waste at TSDF on the report pre-treatment chemicals are decided and stabilization is carried out. The facility is having a stabilization unit consisting of stabilization reagent storage and stabilization pond. The air emissions are mainly due to fugitive dust during construction and form DG set during power failure in operation. Their minimization is properly planned through sufficient green belt development and by following other guidelines as per CPCB. Waste water generation is expected from Details of air emissions, effluents, landfill as leachate, discharges from xii. hazardous/solid waste generation and operating equipment like incinerator, which their Management will be treated in waste water treatment plant and recycled to facility. Similarly solid waste generated would be reused in filling up of dug out pits and for plantation. Details of air emissions, effluents, hazardous/solid waste generation during

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad TOR 4

EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

construction and operation phases and their mitigation measures are given in various sections of Chapter 4 from Section 4.4.1 – to 4.4.4 Water requirement is 60 KLD which will be supplied through bore-wells from the nearby villages. Power required is 450 kVA which would be supplied by Ajmer Vidyut Vitran Requirement of water, power, with Nigam Ltd. 100 persons including skilled and source of supply, status of approval, unskilled workers are required as manpower xiii. water balance diagram, man-power during construction (50) and operation phase requirement (regular and contract). (50). Details of man-power, water, power requirement and their source are given in Chapter 2. Tables 2.5, 2.6 & 2.7. Water balance table and flow chart are given in Chapter 4 as Table 4.5 & Fig. 4.5. Project description including description of Process description along with major different facilities, units, processes and the equipment and machineries, process xiv. details of existing facilities are clearly given as flow sheet (quantative) from waste text and flow diagrams in Chapter 2 Sections material to disposal to be provided. 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9 & 2.10 Probable hazards and risks due to types of wastes stored/handled, type of fuels used and stored and other hazardous chemicals were identified. Risks due to leakage, spillage and fire burst outs were quantified using ALOHA software. Apart from these, risks due Hazard identification and details of to natural hazards like cyclones, fire due to xv. proposed safety systems. stored paper and plastic waste, and due to accidental leakage of contaminants were also identified the details are given in Chapter 7, Section 7.2.1 Safety systems as per the analyzed anticipated risks have been given in detail in Chapter 7, Section 7.3 Layout maps of proposed solid waste The site layout showing various existing, xvi. management facilities indicating proposed infrastructural units, greenbelt, storage area, plant area, greenbelt roads, parking area etc. are given in Chapter

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad TOR 5

EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

area, utilities etc. 2, Figure 2.3 Details of Drainage of the project up to There are no major surface tanks and rivers 5 km radius of study area. If the site is within 2 km radius from proposed site within 1 km radius of any major river, boundary. As per drainage map there are no peak and lean season river discharge as seasonal streams flowing from site to nearest xvii. well as flood occurrence frequency surface water tank. The detailed map of based on peak rainfall data of the past natural drainage system occurring 5 km study 30 years. Details of Flood Level of the of proposed site is presented in Figure 7.4. project site and maximum Flood Level and Figure 7.8 of the river shall also be provided. Eight ground water samples were collected from different sources like hand pumps & bore wells within the study area and important physical & chemical parameters Ground water quality monitoring in xviii. including heavy metals were considered and around the project site during analysis. The details of quality analysis of ground water have been discussed in Chapter 3, Section 3.4 Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) established a Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, Disposal Facility (CHWTSDF) in 2005 with prior Consent to Status of the land purchases in terms Establish in an area of 21 acres. The land was xix. of land acquisition Act and study the provided by the Udaipur Industrial Waste impact. management & Research Centre (UIWM&RC). The proposed expansion to integrated TSDF with recycling facilities will be carried out within the same site. The proposed expansion will be done only in Status of acquisition of land. If the 21 acres land provided by UIWM&RC of acquisition is not complete, stage of Udaipur, Rajasthan where TSDF facility xx. the acquisition process and expected already exists and obtained CtE. Hence the time of complete possession of the proposed expansion does not involve any land new land acquisition. As Per The Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation R&R details in respect of land in line xxi. And Resettlement Bill, 2011, the present land with state Government policy. area of 21 acres may not attract R&R plans as

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

the LARR bill specifies that R&R is applicable for land acquisition of more than 100 acres of land in rural area. The effluents generation is expected to be around 12 kld which will be treated in and reused in the process (about 2 KLD for landfill facility & 8 KLD for incinerator). Details of effluent treatment and xxii. Sludge generated in the pond shall be recycling process disposed in the secured landfill as per landfill disposal regulations. 4 KLD from domestic sewage will be disposed of in soak pit. The leachate collected in solar evaporation pond shall be sprayed on the active landfill surface which helps in effective compaction of the water and also prevents dust Leachate study report and detailed generation from landfill. The waste water xxiii. leachate management plan to be shall be treated and recycled to incinerator incorporated. and landfill. The spray of landfill shall be continued as per the requirement. A detailed leachate management plan is attached as Annexure 3 Action plan for measures to be taken Action plan for measures to be taken for xxiv. for excessive leachate generation excessive leachate generation during during monsoon period monsoon period are given as Annexure 3 Ground water monitoring shall be carried out Action plan for any pollution of ground as per the CPCB Protocol. 4 bore wells have water is noticed during operation xxv. been made close to the facility site from period or post closure monitoring which samples are drawn at regular intervals period and analyzed for the quality. Detailed Environmental Monitoring Environmental Monitoring Plan as well as xxvi. Plan as well as Post Closure Monitoring Post Closure Monitoring Plan have been Plan. given in detail in Chapter 6 Public hearing to be conducted and Public Hearing was conducted on issues raised and commitments made 14.6.2017 at 11:30 am. at the Atal Seva xxvii. by the project proponent on the same Kendra, Government Bhavan, Gudli should be included in EIA/EMP Report Village, Mavli Tehsil, Udaipur District, in the form of tabular chart with Rajasthan. It was held under Shri C.R.

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

financial budget for complying with the Devasi, Additional District Collector – commitments made (Administration), Udaipur who represented the Collector, Udaipur. The Public hearing minutes (signed copy) photographs suggestions / complaints raised during public hearing and replies along with action plans are given in Annexure-4. Any litigation pending against the project and/or any direction/order passed by any Court of Law against the project, if so, details thereof shall also be included. Has the unit received any As per the present status, there are no xxviii. notice under the Section 5 of litigations pending against the project. Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 or relevant Sections of Air and Water Acts? If so, details thereof and compliance/ATR to the notice(s) and present status of the case. A tabular chart with index for point ToR compliance report has been prepared as xxix. wise compliance of above ToR. suggested. Standard TOR

As the proposed (integrated TSDF) project is Reasons for selecting the site with being established within the existing RWMP details of alternate sites CHWTSDF at Udaipur, Rajasthan no alternate examined/rejected/selected on merit sites were considered. The site has been with comparative statement and assessed to be ideal for proposed expansion reason/basis for selection. The due to site accessibility, existing examination should justify site climatological and geological conditions, i. suitability in terms of environmental environmentally being not critically sensitive, damages, resources sustainability and expected to have positive impact on associated with selected site as socio-economic status of nearby villages. compared to rejected sites. The Moreover, the existing site proposed for analysis should include parameters project expansion is meeting site selection considered along with weightage criteria of CPCB guidelines, which are given in criteria for short-listing selected site. detailed in Chapter 5, section 5.1.1 ii. Submit the details of the road/rail The proposed site is well connected by road

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

connectivity along with the likely and railways. The nearest National highway impacts and mitigative measures (NH – 48) at 0.5 Km South from site. Traffic details are given in Chapter 3 Section 3.6 In addition to this, the proposed project being an expansion of existing facility, the service for the roads is very good and hence there is no adverse effect due to this project Submit the present land use and The Tiipartiate land purchase agreement with iii. permission required for any conversion respect to RWMP site has been provided as such as forest, agriculture etc. Annexure 5 Specially designed ultramodern waste- transport vehicles are available at site deployed for collection of waste from industries, so that chance of spillage is minimized during transit. Articulated cranes and hook lifts mounted vehicles are used for Examine the details of transportation carriage of containers. Safety measures for iv. of Hazardous wastes, and its safety in the handling & transportation of hazardous handling. waste will be followed as per the guidelines prescribed for Transportation of Hazardous Waste – Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016. Details have been given in Chapter 9 Online pollutant monitoring will be provided as per CPCB guidelines for monitoring of Examine and submit the details of on particulate matter, SO , NOx and CO from the v. 2 line pollutant monitoring. incinerator stack. The results obtained will be uploaded into State PCB server on regular intervals. The monitoring of dioxins and furans in the Examine the details of monitoring of stack emissions will be carried out by vi. Dioxin and Furan. MOEFCC recognized third party laboratory as per the MOEFCC guidelines. The ash generated from the incinerator and MoU for disposal of ash through the other processes will be disposed at the vii. TSDF. secured landfill area within the facility and hence there is no requirement of MoU for

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

disposal of ash The scrubbing wastewater generated from alkaline scrubber will be disposed through MoU for disposal of scrubbing waste viii. spray drier / quencher within the prposed water through CETP. facility, which help in control of dioxin and furans. Hence, MoU is not applicable. The water quality around the landfill site will be monitored regularly to assess the impact (if any) on groundwater. Samples will be examined as per EC/CFE conditions given by Examine and submit details of SPCB, at regular intervals (monthly) by ix. monitoring of water quality around the providing piezometers in all directions of landfill site. landfill including upstream and downstream. Five bore wells have been made around the site exclusively for this purpose. The latest report of analysis of 4 bore well samples close to the site is attached as Annexure 6 Use of organic deodorant sprays, covering of landfill with clay/similar material, maintaining the cleanliness of area around landfill, regular washing of waste carrying vehicles, use of Examine and submit details of the odor x. odor control agents in APCDs and control measures. maintenance of thick green belt are some measures suggested for odor control. More details on odor control measures are given in Chapter 9, Section 9.3.2 There are no water bodies in the proposed site. Storm water collection pond is proposed within the down gradient side (based on contours) which would prevent surface run Examine and submit details of impact off entering the landfill and thus the xi. on water body and mitigative leachate. A detailed action plan for measures during rainy season. management of landfill during monsoon has also been attached. Water from storm water collection pond will be utilized for green belt and other applicable purposes. Environmental Management Plan Detailed Environmental Management Plan is xii. should be accompanied with provided in Chapter 9, Detailed

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Environmental Monitoring Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan is given in environmental cost and benefit Chapter 6 and budget for implementation of assessment. Regular monitoring shall EMP (capital cost and recurring cost) is be carried out for odor control. provided in Chapter 6. The water quality around the landfill site will be monitored regularly to assess the impact (if any) on groundwater. Samples will be examined as per EC/CFE conditions given by Water quality around the landfill site SPCB, at regular intervals (monthly) by shall be monitored regularly to xiii. providing piezometers in all directions of examine the impact on the ground landfill including upstream and downstream. water. Five bore wells have been made around the site exclusively for this purpose. The latest report of analysis of 4 bore well samples close to the site is attached as Annexure 6 The storage and handling of hazardous The storage and handling of hazardous wastes Rules 2016 are given in Chapter 7, xiv. wastes shall be as per the Hazardous Section 7.1 and Table 7.1 & 7.2. proposed Waste Management Rules. facility would follow these rules during both construction and operation. Submit details of a comprehensive The Disaster Management Plan including Disaster Management Plan including precautions to be taken during natural and xv. emergency evacuation during natural manmade disasters are given in Chapter 7, and man-made disaster. Section 7.3. Public hearing to be conducted for the project in accordance with provisions Public hearing would be conducted after of Environmental Impact Assessment submission of draft EIA report and the Notification, 2006 and the issues raised important issues raised by public & by the public should be addressed in commitments of client with financial budget xvi. the Environmental Management Plan. will be incorporated in the final EIA report as The Public Hearing should be per EIA Notification 2006. conducted based on the ToR letter issued by the Ministry and not on the basis of Minutes of the Meeting available on the web-site. A detailed draft EIA/EMP report should EIA report has been prepared as per the xvii. be prepared in accordance with the recommendations of MoEFCC. The report above additional TOR and should be includes appropriate justification to ToR

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

submitted to the Ministry in points. Chapters of the report have been accordance with the Notification. prepared in compliance with ToR, following the MoEF&CC guidelines wherever applicable. ToR compliance report is presented in tabular format at the beginning of the report. Final EIA report would be submitted to the ministry after conducting public hearing, including the issues raised and responses given. Details of litigation pending against the As per the current status, there are no project, if any, with direction/order xviii litigations/judicial issues pending against the passed by any Court of Law against the proposed project. Project should be given The total project cost is 40 Crores. The details of budget break up is given in Chapter 10, The cost of the Project (capital cost and Table 10.14 The budget allotted towards recurring cost) as well as the cost xix EMP is around 4.5 Crores and the details are towards implementation of EMP given in chapter 6, Table 6.5. Details of should be clearly spelt out. budget allotment for CSR has also been given in detail Any further clarification on carrying out the above studies including anticipated All the studies/activities in the TOR were impacts due to the project and completed in detail and presented in the EIA xviii. mitigative measure, project proponent report. No further clarification required for can refer to the model TOR available carrying out the studies suggested. on Ministry website

General TOR Guidelines

The EIA document shall be printed on (i) Noted and Complied both sides as far as possible All documents should be properly (ii) Noted and Complied indexed, page numbered. The baseline study was carried out during Winter season from October 2017 – Period/date of data collection should (iii) December 2017. Details of period/date of be clearly indicated. study have been mentioned clearly in the report.

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Authenticated English translation of all (iv) material provided in Regional Noted and Complied languages The letter/application for environmental clearance should quote (v) Noted and Complied the SEAC file no. and also attach a copy of the letter prescribing the ToR. The copy of the letter received from Ministry on the ToR prescribed for the (vi) project should be attached as an Noted and complied Annexure to the Final EIA – EMP Report. The final EIA-EMP report submitted to Public Hearing was conducted on the Ministry must incorporate the 14.6.2017 at 11:30 am. at the Atal Seva issues mentioned in ToR and that Kendra, Government Bhavan, Gudli raised in Public Hearing. The index of Village, Mavli Tehsil, Udaipur District, the EIA-EMP report must indicate the Rajasthan. It was held under Shri C.R. specific ToR prescribed by the Ministry Devasi, Additional District Collector – (vii) and the issue raised in the Public (Administration), Udaipur who Hearing have been incorporated. represented the Collector, Udaipur. The Questionnaire related to the project Public hearing minutes (signed copy) (posted on MoEFCC website) with all photographs suggestions / complaints sections duly filled in shall also be raised during public hearing and replies submitted at the time of applying for along with action plans are given in EC. Annexure-4. Grant of ToR does not mean grant of (viii) Noted EC The status of accreditation of the EIA consultant with NABET or QCI shall be specifically mentioned. The consultant (ix) Noted and Complied shall certify that his accreditation is for the sector for which this EIA is prepared. On the front page of EIA/EMP reports the name of the consultant/ (x) Noted and Complied consultancy firm along with their complete details including their

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

accreditation, if any shall be indicated. The consultant while submitting the EIA/EMP report shall give an undertaking to the effect that the prescribed ToRs (ToR proposed by Project proponent and additional ToR given by MoEF&CC) have been complied with and the data submitted is factually correct. (Refer MoEF&CC Office Memorandum dated 4th August, 2009). While submitting the EIA/EMP reports, the name of the experts associated with/involved in the preparation of these reports and the laboratories through which the samples have been got analysed should be stated in the report. It shall clearly be indicated that (xi) Noted and Complied these laboratories are approved under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and the rules made there under (Please refer MoEF&CC Office Memorandum dated 4th August, 2009). The project leader of the EIA study shall also be mentioned. All the ToR points as presented before (xii) the Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) Noted and Complied shall be covered.

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Executive Summary

EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Executive Summary

1.0 Introduction

M/s Rajasthan Waste Management Project (Division of Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd) is proposing to expansion of Existing Common Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility (CHWTSDF) to Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility (ICHWTSDF) with investment of Rs.40 Crores. Proposed project activities consists of collection, transportation, treatment, storage, re-use, recycle, blending and disposal of industrial hazardous wastes, bio-medical waste, spent solvent recycling, used oil recycling, alternate fuel & raw material facility (AFRF), lead recycling, paper recycling, plastic recycling and e-waste management facility. The proposal was considered by the Expert Appraisal Committee (Infra-2) in its 18st meeting held during 25th – 27th May 2017 for determination of the Terms of Reference (TOR) for undertaking detailed EIA Study in accordance with the provisions of the EIA notification dated September 14, 2006 and subsequent amendments. The EAC has given Terms of Reference vide its letter No. F. No. 10-19/2017-IA-III dated 7th July 2017.

2.0 Project Details

The proposed project falls in Project Activity 7(d) - Common hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities (TSDFs). The proposed project falls in Category ‘A’, All Integrated facilities having incineration & landfill or Incineration alone. The existing facility located at Survey No 1018/13, Gudli Village, Zinc Smelter Chouraha, Debari Railway Station Road, Mavli Tehsil, Udaipur District, Rajasthan, with land area of 21 acres. The total power required for the proposed project is 450 kVA will be taken from Ajmer Vidyut Vitran Nigam Limited. The total water required is 60 KLD will be met through Ground Water Source/Tankers. Green belt development is taken up 5m wide (3 rows of different height) along boundary and open areas/closed dump site with 33% of land area and proper treatment provided to leachate to restrict odor problem.

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Existing TSDF facility have current capacity of 18,000 TPA, alternative fuel and raw material 2,000 TPA, proposed capacity of secured landfill (DLF)-20,000TPA, stabilization (LAT)- 40,000 TPA, incineration (INC) - 500 kg/hr (common for hazardous waste & bio medical waste) biomedical waste- 5 TPD, alternative fuel and raw material 18,000 TPA, e-waste- 4,000 TPA, used oil recycling - 2 KLD, spent solvent recycling- 5 KLD, lead recycling- 2,000 TPA, paper recycling- 2 TPD & plastic recycling- 2 TPD are Proposed.

3.0 Project Importance

Rajasthan generates around 808512 MTA of hazardous waste and around 7110 MTA of biomedical waste contributing to more than 10% of total hazardous waste and around 4% of total biomedical waste generated in India. Due to non-availability of common hazardous waste treatment facilities, such hazardous, biomedical and e-wastes which are generated in considerable quantities are not treated appropriately. Moreover, with increasing industrial establishments, much larger quantities of hazardous wastes are predictable which need to be handled & treated in a scientifically safe way. Hence there is an immediate need for up gradation of the existing TSDF and also for establishment of integrated facility to cater the increasing demand for present and future needs of waste disposal of state. Hence, the proposed RWMP-Integrated TSDF project is designed to collect & treat all these different types of waste on scientific basis to meet the following rules.

 The Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016.  The Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016.  The Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016.  E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016.  Battery management and handling rules 2001.

4.0 Land Details

RWMP proposes to setup an Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage & Disposal with recycling Facility within the site where an operational existing common hazardous waste TSDF is located within existing CHWTSDF in Gudli village, Udaipur district. A 21 acres land is provided by the Udaipur Industrial Waste Management & Research Centre,

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

(UIWM&RC) for this purpose. Out of this 21 acres land, around 15% (13233 sq m) is allocated for secured landfills, 5% (4580 sq m) for biomedical & recycling facilities, 2.5% (7,256 sq m) for common facilities, 33% (28045 sq m) for green belt and 16% (14,007 sq m) for future expansion.

5.0 Water Requirement

The proposed project requires around 60 KLD of water for various waste treatment operations and for green belt development, which will be met through bore wells/tankers.

6.0 Power and Fuel Requirement

The proposed facilities would require around 450 kVA of power would be drawn from the Ajmer Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd. During power failures or emergencies, the facility would be operated through DG sets (250 kV) for which there would be requirement of around 0.7 KLD of diesel.

7.0 Manpower Requirement

The proposed project would require around 100 workers of which 50 would be skilled and the rest 50 would be unskilled manpower required during various stages of construction and operation. The priority would be given to the residents of nearby villages.

8.0 Baseline Environmental Status

The baseline data generation for the proposed ICHWTSDF has been carried out during the winter season i.e., October 2017 to December 2017. The data collection with respect to meteorological conditions, air pollution levels, noise levels, water quality, soil quality and socio-economic conditions were carried out during the study period. The predominant wind direction during study period was from East to South. Calm condition prevailed for 32.84% of the total time and the average wind speed for the season was observed to be 2.05 m/s.

Ambient Air Quality

Ambient air quality monitoring stations were installed at 9 different locations. The locations were selected in downwind, crosswind and upwind direction from the proposed project site.

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

At each location, monitoring was carried out at a frequency of 2 days per week for 12 weeks during the study period.

3 PM2.5 levels were recorded in the range of 26.5 to 36.4 µg/m , PM10 levels were recorded in 3 the range of 54.7 to 65.4 µg/m , Sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentrations were in the range of 3 3 12.7 to 17.3 µg/m , Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were in the range of 21.4 to 31.8 µg/m , 3 Ammonia (NH3) concentrations were in the range of 15.2 to 22.8 µg/m , Ozone (O3) concentrations were in range of 18.2 to 28.6 µg/m3, Carbon monoxide (CO) were in the 3 3 range of 510 to 680 µg/m and Benzene (C6H6) were in range of 0.35 to 0.53 µg/m . The observed levels were compared with CPCB Standards (National Ambient Air Quality Standards, 2009) and all parameters were well within the standards. Remaining 4 parameters (Lead, Nickel, Arsenic & Benzo (a) Pyrene) were observed to be below detectable limit.

Water Quality Monitoring

Surface water and groundwater samples were collected from different sources within the study area and analyzed for all important physico-chemical parameters to establish the quality of water prevailing in the project surroundings. A total of 7 ground water and 2 surface water samples were collected.

The groundwater samples were drawn from the bore wells and hand pump used by villagers for their daily needs. The surface water samples were drawn from river and nallas. The pH of ground water observed ranges from 7.2 to 7.7 and in surface water it is in the range of 7.2 to 7.6, the TDS level of ground water is from 976 mg/l to 1524 mg/l, whereas in surface water the levels are 554 to 905 mg/l. The chloride concentration in ground water is between 166 to 322 mg/l, whereas the surface water has chloride values of 101 to 186 mg/l. The hardness observed in ground water is 395 to 570 mg/l and in surface water the hardness found to be between 125 to 234 mg/l. Though many of the values were corresponding to more than acceptable limits, they were below the permissible limits as per the prescribed standards. These high values of results were found to tally with ground analysis report of Udaipur district as published in “Ground Water year Book of Rajasthan State, 2014-2015” and the surface water samples met the class ‘A’ norms as per IS: 2296-1992 inland surface water standards. Moreover, the presence of Zinc smelter industry in the surrounding area of

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan proposed project would have contribute to the high levels of TDS, chloride, fluorine and total hardness.

Noise Monitoring

Noise levels were monitored at 7 different locations within study zone, using a noise measurement device. The day levels of noise have been monitored during 6 AM to 10 PM and the night levels during 10 PM to 6 AM. The day equivalents during the study period were in the range between 50.8 to 54.361.6 dB (A), whereas the night equivalents were in the range of 40.8 to 43.9 dB (A). From the results it can be seen that the day equivalents and the night equivalents were within the Ambient Noise Standards of Residential.

Soil Quality

Soil Quality was monitored at 8 locations within the study area of the project site. The sampling locations were selected to assess the existing soil conditions representing various land use conditions and geological features. The important physical and chemical parameter concentrations were determined from all the samples.

The pH values in the study area were varying from 7.6 to 8.2, the organic carbon was varying from 0.54 to 0.72 %, the available nitrogen was varying from 282 to 336 kg/ha, the available phosphorus was varying from 12.3 to 17.3 kg/ha, and the available potassium was varying from 291 to 358 kg/ha.

Ecological Environment

A detailed study was done within 10 km radius area of the project site which includes, primary data generation through systematic studies to understand baseline ecological status, fauna structure and important floristic elements; Collection of secondary data from Forest Working Plan and Gazetteers. The compilation of primary and secondary data of flora and fauna is done. The site area comprises of non-forest, wastelands and fallow lands. It is sparsely covered by a few shrubs, trees and surrounded by agricultural lands. There are no National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves and Important Bird Areas (IBA) within the study area. Bara Magra Reserve Forest – 0.8 km W, Kantia RF – 1 km N, Panwari RF – 1.1 km S, Khamlodia RF – 4.6 km SW, Dhenkli RF – 5 km NW, Bordi RF – 5 km SW,

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Hinglashia RF – 5.6 km SSW, Nahar Magra RF – 7.5 km NE, Kherad RF – 8.5 km NNW, Umra RF – 9 km SW, Amberi Protected Forest – 9 km NW, Nauva RF - 9.5 km NW. There are no reports of occurrence of any rare or endangered or endemic or threatened (REET) fauna in the study area.

Socio – Economic Environment

The Socio-Economic study covers villages in the 10 km radial distance from the periphery of the proposed project site at Gudli village. The study area covers a total of 72 villages, in 4 Tehsils; namely Malvi, Girwa, Salumbar, Vallabhnagar in Udaipur district. The Socio- Economic study categorizes these villages/towns/wards in to 3 Zones, namely Core Zone (0 to 2 Km radius), Buffer Zone (2 km to 5 km) and other villages which are in 5 to 10 km distance from the proposed site. .

The Socio-Economic study observed that 41.4% of people belong to scheduled category, in which 34.8% belongs to Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Scheduled Castes (SC) comprises 6.5% of total population. The study area had an average family size of 5 persons per household. This represents moderate family size and also in similarity with other parts of the district. To reiterate the percentage of men and women constitute about 50.9% and 49.1% in the study area respectively. The occupational structure of project area is studied with reference to three categories viz. main workers, marginal workers and non-workers. A total of 27.8% main workers, 16.5% marginal workers and 55.7% non-workers constituted the total population respectively. Therefore, non-workers are predominant in the population of workers by occupation. The study also noted that, a vast majority of the educated youth are also part of the non-working population as they don’t have any job opportunities in the area.

Similarly, this would also trigger many direct and indirect benefits for economic advancement and social development of project area.

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

The study also noted an active presence of women groups in the nearby villages. Many of these groups are acting as micro-finance entities, rotating small amount of loans among the group members.

9.0 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

The potential impacts on the environment from the proposed project are identified based on the nature of the various activities associated not only with the project implementation and operation, but also on the current status of the environmental quality at the project site. The proposed project may cause impact on the environment during two phases.

 Impact during Construction phase  Impact during operation phase Impacts during Construction Phase

Construction phase works include site clearance, site formation, building works, infrastructure provision and any other infrastructure activities. The impacts due to construction activities are short term and are limited to the construction phase. The impacts will be mainly on air quality, water quality, soil quality and socio-economics.

Impacts during Operation Phase

During the operation phase of the proposed project there would be impacts on the air environment, water environment, land environment and socio-economic aspects.

Air Quality: The main sources of air pollution include Incinerator, DG Set, and Vehicles. Incinerator will be equipped with all necessary Air Pollution Control Devices (APCDs) including quencher, venturi scrubber and wet alkaline scrubber to comply with emission standards. Also, the incinerator will be provided with a 30m high stack. The emissions from the DG sets are minimal since they will be operated only during power failures. All the vehicles will be regularly serviced and maintained properly to minimize emissions. All the internal roads will be maintained properly to minimize dust generation.

Water Quality: Wastewater generated from vehicle and container washing, floor washing, incineration, recycling plants shall be treated at ETP. The domestic wastewater will be sent to septic tank followed by soak pit. The treated waste water shall be continuously

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan recirculated to fulfill water requirement of APCDs. Storm water drains shall be provided throughout the facility and are connected to rain water collection chamber. The rain water thus collected shall be used for greenbelt, vehicle washing etc., after treatment, if necessary.

Noise Level: The major source of noise in proposed project will be from unloading of hazardous and biomedical waste, incinerator, DG set, pumps, motors etc. Adequate measures for noise control, at the design stage shall be taken such as keeping high noise generating equipment’s like pumps, motors, etc., on anti-vibration pads, closed rooms and regular maintenance. Employees will be provided with PPE like ear plugs, helmets, safety shoes etc. as necessary and also greenbelt will be developed all along the boundary and along the roads for reducing the noise levels within the project.

Land Environment: Waste such as incineration ash generated in the process of incineration shall be stored in a separate area under the shed so as to avoid entry of rain water during the monsoon and for easy collection and in case, incineration ash is hazardous waste in nature same should be disposed through authorized TSDF. With these measures it is anticipated that there will not be any impact on land environment.

Ecology: There is no ecological and sensitive areas viz. wildlife sanctuary, national parks, archeological important areas within 10 km radius of the project site. There are no known rare, endangered or ecologically significant animal and plant species. Except few wild species of plants and grasses and a few animals that are very commonly spotted in any rural environment. Due to the development of green belt (as per CPCB guidelines) in 33% area of the proposed facility, the impact on ecology will be minimal.

Socio-Economics: The proposed facility is likely to provide direct and indirect employment and likely to increase the socio-economic status of the nearby villages in the study area.

10.0 Environment Management Plan

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is required to ensure a sustainable development of the plant area and the surrounding areas of the plant. The EMP aims to control pollution at the source level to the possible extent with the available and affordable technology followed by the standard treatments before getting discharged.

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

The proposed incinerator shall be equipped with all necessary Air Pollution Control Devices (APCDs) including quencher, high-pressure venturi scrubber, wet alkaline scrubber etc. to comply with prescribed emission norms. Necessary precautions shall be taken to minimize odour and noise. Wastewater generated from the incineration plant and from floor washing/vehicle and container washing shall be treated in Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP). Treated wastewater shall be reused to meet the water requirement of APCDs. Ash generated from the incineration plant and sludge generated from the ETP shall be transported to nearest TSDF for final disposal. Minimum 33% of the total plot area shall be developed as greenbelt as per CPCB guidelines.

11.0 Environment Monitoring Program

Environmental monitoring program describes the processes and activities that need to take place to characterize and monitor the quality of the environment. Different activities involved in the proposed project and their impact on various environmental attributes have been taken into account while designing a detailed environmental monitoring program. Environmental monitoring program has been prepared for the proposed project for assessing the efficiency of implementation of Environment Management Plan and to take corrective measures in case of any degradation in the surrounding environment. Results of monitoring will be reviewed, analyzed statistically and submitted to concerned authorities.

Environmental Monitoring Program includes: (i) continuous online monitoring of the incinerator stack emission for flue gas parameters (ii) incinerator stack emission monitoring to ensure compliance with emission standards (iii) ambient air quality monitoring (iv) analysis of treated wastewater especially in case of discharge (v) periodic monitoring of incineration ash and ETP sludge (vi) other parameters as prescribed in Consent for Operation (CFO) etc.

12.0 Project Benefits

From the proposed project the major benefits, include improving the degraded environment by establishing an Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, Disposal and Recycling Facilities.

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

 The proposed project facilitates better management of the industrial wastes.  It will be the showcase for other states for management of hazardous waste with additional benefit of green and clean Environment.  It minimizes the pollution load on environment from industrial hazardous waste  Compliance with prescribed regulatory norms which in turn avert the risk of closure on account of violation of rules  It reduces the number of hazardous waste dump sites in the area and also eliminates the pollution potential

13.0 Project Budget

The total cost for the proposed project is Rs. 40 Crores of which around 10% (4.5 crores) has been allotted for EMP.

14.0 Conclusion

Based on the Environmental Impact Assessment study conducted for the proposed project, it is observed that the accessibility to proposed site near Gudli, Udaipur District, is good. Environment related aspects are not critically sensitive to impacts, which can be mitigated by having a proper Environmental Management Plan. Socioeconomic aspects will have a positive impact with reference to the employment generation to the locals. Climatological and Geological conditions for the site are feasible.

The proposed site is feasible for the expansion and setting up of Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Management Treatment Storage Disposal and Recycling Facility with Proper Environmental Management Plan. Therefore it can be concluded from the assessment carried out that the proposed site could be developed into a ICHWTSDF with the appropriate planning for environmental management during operation and post closure. Baseline data was collected for various environmental components and an overall assessment was made on the potential environmental impacts likely to arise from the proposed Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment Facility. Necessary pollution control measures (along with monitoring plan) have been proposed to ensure minimal impact on the environment.

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Executive Summary

1.0 Introduction

M/s Rajasthan Waste Management Project (Division of Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd) is proposing for the expansion of Existing Common Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility (CHWTSDF) to Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility (ICHWTSDF) with an investment of Rs. 40 Crores. Proposed project activities consist of collection, transportation, treatment, storage, re-use, recycle, blending and disposal of industrial hazardous wastes, bio-medical wastes, spent solvent recycling, used oil recycling, alternate fuel & raw material facility (AFRF), lead recycling, paper recycling, plastic recycling and e-waste management facility. The proposal was considered by the Expert Appraisal Committee (Infra-2) in its 18st meeting held during 25th – 27th May 2017 for determination of the Terms of Reference (ToR) for undertaking detailed EIA Study in accordance with the provisions of the EIA notification dated September 14, 2006 and the subsequent amendments. The EAC has given Terms of Reference vide its letter No. F. No. 10- 19/2017-IA-III dated 7th July 2017.

2.0 Project Details

The proposed project falls under Category ‘A’, All Integrated facilities having incineration & landfill or Incineration alone, under Activity 7(d) - Common hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities (TSDFs). The existing facility is located at Survey No 1018/13, Gudli Village, Zinc Smelter Chouraha, Debari Railway Station Road, Mavli Tehsil, Udaipur District, Rajasthan, within a land area of around 21 acres. The total power required for the proposed project is 450 kVA which will be acquired from Ajmer Vidyut Vitran Nigam Limited. The total water required is 60 KLD and will be met through local bore wells or through water tankers. A 5m wide green belt will be developed (3 rows of different height) along boundary and open areas/closed dump site covering around 33% of the total land.

Existing TSDF has a current capacity of 18,000 TPA for landfill and 2,000 TPA for alternative fuel and raw material facility, while the proposed new and elevated capacities include 20,000TPA for secured landfill and 40,000 TPA for stabilization, 500 kg/hr for incineration which will be common for both hazardous & bio medical wastes, 5 TPD for biomedical waste, 18,000 TPA for alternative fuel and raw material, 4,000 TPA for e-waste management, 2 KLD for used oil recycling, 5 KLD for spent solvent recycling, 2,000 TPA for lead recycling, 2 TPD for each paper & plastic recycling facilities.

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

3.0 Project Importance

According to CPCB inventory of hazardous wastes, 2014 data, Rajasthan generates around 808512 MTA of hazardous waste and around 7110 MTA of biomedical waste contributing to more than 10% of total hazardous waste and around 4% of total biomedical waste generated in India. Due to non- availability of common hazardous waste treatment facilities, such hazardous, biomedical and e- wastes which are generated in considerable quantities are not treated appropriately. Moreover, with increasing industrial establishments, much larger quantities of hazardous wastes are foreseen which need to be handled & treated in a scientifically safe way. Hence there is an immediate need for up gradation of the existing TSDF and also for establishment of integrated facility to cater the increasing demand for present and future needs of waste disposal of state and to recover efficiently a majority of the productive waste. Hence, the proposed RWMP-Integrated TSDF project is designed to collect & treat all these different types of waste on scientific basis to meet the following rules.

4.0 Land Details

RWMP proposes to setup an Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage & Disposal with recycling facilities within the existing site of operational common hazardous waste TSDF which is located within CHWTSDF in Gudli village, Udaipur district. A 21 acres land is provided by the Udaipur Industrial Waste Management & Research Centre, (UIWM&RC) for this purpose. Out of the 21 acres land, around 15% (13233 sq m) has been allocated for landfills, 5% (4580 sq m) for biomedical & recycling facilities, 2.5% (7,256 sq m) for common facilities, 33% (28045 sq m) for green belt and 16% (14,007 sq m) for future expansion.

5.0 Water Requirement

The proposed project requires around 60 KLD of water for various waste treatment operations and for green belt development, which will be met through local bore wells/tankers. The major water requiring industrial activities include steam generation by boilers for spent solvent and used oil recovery; scrubbing, quenching and for cooling the incinerator; moistening of landfill, wheel wash of

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan waste carrying vehicles. Other water requiring activities include domestic and drinking purposes by working people for and a major requirement for green belt irrigation purpose.

6.0 Power and Fuel Requirement

The proposed facilities would require around 450 kVA of power which would be drawn from the Ajmer Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd. During power failures or emergencies, the facility would be operated through DG sets (250 kV) for which there would be requirement of around 0.7 KLD of diesel.

7.0 Manpower Requirement

8.0 Baseline Environmental Status

Ambient Air Quality

Ambient air quality monitoring stations were installed at 9 different locations. The locations were selected in downwind, crosswind and upwind directions from the proposed project site. At each location, monitoring was carried out at a frequency of 2 days per week for 12 weeks during the study period.

3 PM2.5 levels were recorded in the range of 26.5 to 36.4 µg/m , PM10 levels were recorded in the 3 range of 54.7 to 65.4 µg/m , Sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentrations were in the range of 12.7 to 17.3 3 3 µg/m , Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were in the range of 21.4 to 31.8 µg/m , Ammonia (NH3) 3 concentrations were in the range of 15.2 to 22.8 µg/m , Ozone (O3) concentrations were in range of 18.2 to 28.6 µg/m3, Carbon monoxide (CO) were in the range of 510 to 680 µg/m3 and Benzene

3 (C6H6) were in range of 0.35 to 0.53 µg/m . The observed levels were compared with CPCB Standards (National Ambient Air Quality Standards, 2009) and all parameters were well within the standards.

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Remaining 4 parameters (Lead, Nickel, Arsenic & Benzo (a) Pyrene) were observed to be below detectable limit.

Water Quality Monitoring

Noise Monitoring

Soil Quality

Soil Quality was monitored at 8 locations within the study area of the project site. The sampling locations were selected to assess the existing soil conditions representing various land use

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan conditions and geological features. The important physical and chemical parameter concentrations were determined from all the samples.

Ecological Environment

Socio – Economic Environment

The Socio-Economic study covers villages in the 10 km radial distance from the periphery of the proposed project site. The study area covered a total of 72 villages, in 4 Tehsils; namely Malvi, Girwa, Salumbar, Vallabhnagar of Udaipur district. The Socio-Economic study categorizes these villages/towns/wards in to 3 zones, namely Core Zone (0 to 2 Km radius), Buffer Zone (2 km to 5 km) and other villages which are in 5 to 10 km distance from the proposed site. .

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan predominant in the population of workers by occupation. The study also noted that, a vast majority of the educated youth are also part of the non-working population as they don’t have any job opportunities in the area.

The socio-economic study revealed that the youth in the project area are devoid of employment opportunities. They can be a potential source of workers with minimum handholding and vocational education skills. The youth have expressed their willingness to setting up of industries in the area as it provides them gainful employment opportunities. Similarly, this would also trigger many direct and indirect benefits for economic advancement and social development of project area. The study also noted an active presence of women groups in the nearby villages. Many of these groups are acting as micro-finance entities, rotating small amount of loans among the group members.

9.0 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

The potential impacts on the environment from the proposed project are identified to cause major impacts during construction and then during operation phase of the plant.

Impacts during Construction Phase

Construction phase works include site clearance, site formation, building works, infrastructure provision and any other infrastructure activities, which are generally for short term and limited to the construction phase. The impacts during this would be mainly on air quality, water quality, soil quality and socio-economics.

Impacts during Operation Phase

During the operation phase of the proposed project there would be impacts on the air environment, water environment, land environment and socio-economic aspects due to generation of effluents, and emissions from various industrial operations.

Air Quality: The main sources of air pollution include emissions form incinerator, DG Set, and vehicular exhaust, dust. To mitigate the impacts, incinerator would be equipped with all necessary Air Pollution Control Devices (APCDs) including quencher, venturi scrubber and wet alkaline scrubber to comply with emission standards. Also, the incinerator will be provided with a height of 30 m long stack. The emissions from the DG sets are minimal since they will be operated only during power failures. All the vehicles will be regularly serviced and maintained properly to minimize emissions. All the internal roads will be well maintained to minimize dust generation.

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Water Quality: Wastewater generated from vehicle and container washing, floor washing, incineration, recycling plants, landfill leachate shall be treated at waste water treatment plant. The domestic wastewater will be sent to septic tank followed by soak pit. The treated waste water shall be continuously re-circulated to fulfill water requirement of APCDs. Storm water drains shall be provided throughout the facility and are connected to rain water collection chamber. The rain water thus collected shall be used for greenbelt, vehicle washing etc., after treatment, if necessary.

Noise Level: The major source of noise in proposed project will be from unloading of waste from vehicles, incinerator, DG set, pumps, motors etc. Adequate measures for noise control, at the design stage shall be taken such as keeping high noise generating equipment like placing the pumps, motors, etc., on anti-vibration pads, closed rooms and their regular maintenance. Employees will be provided with PPE like ear plugs, helmets, safety shoes etc. as necessary and also greenbelt will be developed all along the boundary and along the roads for reducing the noise levels within the project.

Land Environment: Waste such as incineration ash generated in the process of incineration shall be stored in a separate area under the shed so as to avoid wash out by rain water during the monsoon and also for easy collection. The hazardous ash would be disposed in the secured landfill existing within the site. With these measures it is anticipated that there will not be any impact on land environment.

Ecology: There are no ecologically sensitive areas like, wildlife sanctuary, national parks, archeological important areas within 10 km radius of the project site. There are no known rare, endangered or threatened ecologically significant animal and/or plant species. The of green belt development activity in 33% of total site area of the proposed facility would minimize effect of all other impacts like from air emissions and noise and also help in restoring the ecology with minimal impact.

Socio-Economics: The proposed facility is likely to provide direct and indirect employment and likely to increase the socio-economic status of the nearby villages in the study area.

10.0 Environment Management Plan

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is required to ensure a sustainable development of the plant and the surrounding areas. The EMP aims to control pollution at source to the maximum possible extent with the available and affordable technology to meet the discharge standards for various types of emissions and effluents being discharged.

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

As discussed in the above sections, air emissions, odor and noise generation would be controlled through installation of APCDs, green belt and regular monitoring as per CPCB prescribed guidelines. Wastewater generated from various sources would be treated in treatment plant, which would be re-circulated and reused meet the water requirement of APCDs. Ash and sludge generated from plant activities shall be safely disposed in the secured landfill within the proposed disposal facility. A green belt of 33% of the total plot area shall be developed as an important air pollution, noise and odor control measure and also to restore ecology and improve the aesthetics of the site.

11.0 Environment Monitoring Program

Environmental monitoring program describes the processes and activities that need to be characterized and monitored which alter the quality of the environment due to various activities of plant operation. Various such parameters have been considered while designing a detailed environmental monitoring program for the present project. The efficiency of implementation of environment management plan and corrective measures have also been taken into account to avoid any chance of degradation of the surrounding environment. Results of monitoring will be reviewed, analyzed statistically and submitted to concerned authorities.

Environmental Monitoring Program includes: (i) continuous online monitoring of the incinerator stack emission for flue gas parameters and to ensure compliance with emission standards (ii) ambient air quality monitoring (iii) Quality analysis of treated wastewater for reuse, and of leachate (iv) periodic monitoring of incineration ash and water treatment plant generated sludge (v) other parameters as prescribed in Consent for Operation (CFO) etc. For this purpose, a budget of more than 10% of project cost, which is around Rs. 4.5 crores has been allotted exclusive for the environmental monitoring and management program.

12.0 Project Benefits

The major benefits of the proposed project include the following

 Better and more efficient management of the industrial wastes by improving the degraded environment through establishment of the Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, Disposal and Recycling Facilities.  The project would be the showcase for other states for management of hazardous waste with additional benefit of green and clean Environment.  Minimizes the pollution load on environment from industrial, hazardous and biomedical waste by reducing the number of hazardous waste dump sites.

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

13.0 Project Budget

The total cost for the proposed project is Rs. 40 Crores of which around 10% (4.5 crores) has been allotted for EMP. An in depth analysis of existing socio economic facilities and deficient civil & infrastructure facilities has been carried out to identify possible gaps for fulfilling through CSR activities. The Company shall earmark approximately Rs. 1.1 crores (approximately 2.75% of the project cost) for CSR and other developmental activities as part of Enterprise Social Responsibility.

14.0 Conclusion

Based on the Environmental Impact Assessment study conducted, it is observed that the facility which is located near Gudli, Udaipur District is well connected through road network. Environment related aspects are not critically sensitive to impacts, which can be mitigated through proper environmental management plan. Socioeconomic aspects are expected to have positive impact in terms of employment generation to the locals, improvement of civil and infrastructural facilities and aesthetics. Climatological and Geological conditions for the site are feasible for establishment of proposed integrated waste treatment facility. Baseline data was collected for various environmental components and an overall assessment was made on the potential environmental impacts likely to arise from the proposed facility.

Based on the analysis from detailed EIA studies, it can be concluded that the proposed site could be ideal for expansion and establishment of ICHWTSDF with appropriate planning for environmental management during construction, operation and post closure. Sufficient budget and necessary pollution control measures (along with monitoring plan) have been proposed to ensure minimal impact on the environment.

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Introduction

Rajasthan, the ‘Land of Kings or Kingdoms’ is located in the north-western region of India. It is the largest state in India by area (342,239 Sq. Km), bounded on the west and northwest by Pakistan, on the north and northeast by the states of Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh, on the east and southeast by the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, and on the southwest by the state of Gujarat. It has a total population of 6.85 Crore with around 25- 30% of the population residing in urban Rajasthan while the rest 70-75% being rural inhabitants. Jaisalmer, Udaipur, Jodhpur, Ajmer, Bikaner, Alwar, Amber and Chittorgarh are some of the key cities and towns in the state.

Rajasthan is a fast growing economy and one of the most preferred industrial investment destinations after Maharashtra and Gujarath, for its peaceful environment, less population density and investment friendly environment. It is a mineral rich state and draws major portion of its economy through agriculture, mining and tourism. Gold, silver, sandstone, marble, limestone & copper, are the major mined products of Rajasthan. It is the second largest producer of cement and is among largest producers of edible oils and oil seeds. The main industries of Rajasthan include textile, rugs, woolen goods, vegetable oil and dyes. Heavy industries consist of copper and zinc smelting and the manufacture of railway rolling stock. It stands 7th in the country with a GDP of 7.67 lakh crores (2016-17), of which more than 30% revenue is being generated through industries.

Various departments/corporations/agencies are functional in the state to promote industrial development and for facilitating establishment and expansion of small, medium and large scale industries and meeting their various requirements, either directly or by discharging the responsibility as the strong facilitators. "Make in Rajasthan", the endeavor for industrial accretion in the State, has emerged on the same ground of industrial revolution, the "Make in India" in the country. 78 proposals for establishment of major and medium industries with an investment of Rs. 5,077.00 Crores have been submitted upto

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

December, 2016 to the Government of India and around 41 have already been approved. (Source: https://rajasthan.gov.in/AboutRajasthan/; Economic Review 2015-16, Govt. of Rajasthan)

With the existing industrial structure and projected industrial growth, considerable generation of hazardous waste through various industrial operations is anticipated. The major hazardous waste generating industries in various districts of Rajasthan include steel, textile, leather, and electronics, automobile & auto components, inorganic chemicals and heavy engineering industries. Hazardous wastes from the industrial sectors mentioned above contain heavy metals, cyanides, complex aromatic compounds (such as PCBs), and other chemicals which are toxic, flammable, reactive, corrosive or have explosive properties affecting the environment. As per the report released by the CPCB on inventory of hazardous waste generating industries (2014), there are around 646 hazardous waste generating industries in various districts which generate around 808512 MTA of hazardous waste which accounts to around 10.3% of total hazardous waste generated in India. Out of this, around 562220 MTA is landfillable waste, 55704 MTA is incinerable and 190588 MTA is recyclable waste. Similarly, there are around 5384 health care facilities with approximately 94961 beds in total, that generate around 7110 MTA of biomedical waste in the state of Rajasthan, as per 2016 report on biomedical waste inventory released by CPCB.

Management of pollution and the waste generated from the industries is always been a challenging task faced by the country. Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd (REEL) has been the pioneer in offering solutions for industrial waste management and its secured disposal. Presently it holds about 15 sites in various states of the country providing waste management services. M/s Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP), a division of Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited has proposed to expand the existing Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility (CHWTSDF) with capacity of 18,000 TPA to Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility (ICHWTSDF). The proposed ICHWTSDF will be developed in existing Rajasthan Waste Management Project site (RWMP) located at S. No. 1018/13, Gudli village, Mavli Tahsil, Udaipur District Rajasthan. In order to obtain the environmental clearance for the proposed project, environmental impact assessment has been carried out and the EIA report has been prepared as per the ToR issued by the MoEF&CC

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

1.2 Purpose of Report

The objective of this EIA study report is the description of those aspects of the project which are likely to cause environmental impacts in/around the proposed project area and identification of long-term, short-term, reversible & irreversible impacts on the immediate environment, ecology and ecosystem. Based on impact prediction, suitable management plan would be defined that will control and/or minimize the detrimental impacts. It is very much important in the design stage of the project to take into account not only the social and economic aspects of the project, but also environment protection considerations. The environmental impacts of any expansion project must be surveyed, forecasted and evaluated by the project proponents in the process of designing the project. These results and findings are then to be incorporated in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report.

Environmental Impact Assessment report has been prepared to comply with the Terms of Reference (TOR) received from MoEF&CC F.No.10-19/2017-IA-III dated 7th July, 2017. As per EIA Notification: S.O. No 1533 dated 14th September 2006 and its subsequent amendments, the proposed project falls under Project / Activity 7 (d) Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility (TSDFs), Category “A” (All integrated facilities having incineration & landfill or incineration alone) and requires environmental clearance from Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC), MOEF&CC, New Delhi.

1.3 Identification of Project and Project Proponent

1.3.1 Project

M/s Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP), a division of Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited has proposed to extend the existing Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility (CHWTSDF) with a current capacity of 18,000 TPA & alternate fuel and raw material facility (AFRF) of 2000 TPA, to Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility (ICHWTSDF). The proposed ICHWTSDF will be developed in existing Rajasthan Waste Management Project site (RWMP) located at S. No. 1018/13, Gudli village, Mavli Tahsil, Udaipur District Rajasthan. The RWMP site where a Common Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage & Disposal Facility (CHWTSDF) was established in the year 2005 (CTE 01.09.2005) and is operational since 2008 (CTO

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

1.10.2008). This facility has a total area of around 21 acres for the proposed expansion of existing TSDF. In the proposed expansion, RWMP is proposing to set up an Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, Disposal (ICHWTSDF) provided with incineration and recycling facilities. Proposed project activities consist of collection, transportation, treatment, storage, re-use, recycle, blending and disposal of industrial hazardous wastes, biomedical waste, spent solvent recovery, used oil recovery, alternate fuel & raw material facility, recycling of used lead acid batteries, waste plastic & paper and e-waste, generated in Rajasthan. The proposal was considered by the Expert Appraisal Committee (Infra – 2) in its 18th Meeting held during 25th – 27th May, 2017 for determination of the Terms of Reference (TOR) for undertaking detailed EIA Study in accordance with the provisions of the EIA notification dated September 14, 2006 and subsequent amendments. The EAC has given Terms of Reference vide its letter No. F. No. 10-19/2017-IA.III. dated 7th July 2017. The proposed project details are given in Table 1.1

Table 1.1 Details of proposed treatment facilities with capacities

S. No Name of the Facility Current Consent Proposed Capacity Capacity 1 Secured Landfill (DLF) 8000 TPA 20,000 TPA 2 Stabilization (LAT) 10000 TPA 40,000 TPA 3 Incineration (INC) – Common for -- 12 TPD HW and BMW 4 Bio-Medical Waste -- 5 TPD 5 AFRF 2000 TPA 18,000 TPA 6 E-Waste -- 4,000 TPA 7 Used Oil recycling -- 2 KLD 8 Spent Solvent Recycling -- 5 KLD 9 Lead Recycling Facility -- 2,000 TPA 10 Paper Recycling -- 2 TPD 11 Plastic Recycling -- 2 TPD

1.3.2 Project Proponent

The proposed Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) will be established and operated by M/s Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited, Hyderabad.

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

1.3.3 Ramky Group Waste Management Division

Ramky Waste Management is focused in the fields of Industrial Hazardous Waste Management, Bio-Medical Waste Management and Municipal Solid Waste Management. The group companies have the credit and distinction of having established first-of-its-kind bio-medical waste and hazardous waste management facilities operating on a common platform in the country at Hyderabad. The group today is the leader in waste management in India. The company presently is having 15 hazardous waste management facilities established and operating (some are under construction stage) under the name of:

 Hyderabad Waste Management Project located at Hyderabad  Mumbai Waste Management Limited located at Mumbai  West Bengal Waste Management Limited located at Haldia  Tamil Nadu Waste Management Limited located at Chennai  Uttar Pradesh Waste Management Project located at Kanpur  Coastal Waste Management Project located at Visakhapatnam  Rajasthan Waste Management Project located at Udaipur  Punjab Waste Management Project located at Chandigarh  Karnataka Waste Management Project located at Bangalore  Odisha Waste Management Project  Balotra Waste Management Project  Madhya Pradesh Waste Management Project Located at Indore  West Bengal Waste Management Limited located at Saltora  Tamil Nadu Waste Management Limited located at Chennai  Bihar Waste Management Project.

The hazardous waste management facilities in operation are integrated facilities catering to over 6000 industrial establishments and catering to over 700,000 TPA of industrial hazardous wastes. The facilities comprise of a secured landfill facility in compliance to CPCB National Standard, a waste stabilization facility, incinerator, intractable and temporary stores, leachate treatment facility, advanced laboratory, transport equipment, administrative and other supporting infrastructure. Ramky facilities are serving as role models for waste management facilities in the country today.

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 1.5

EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

The company has design, detailed engineering capability for the above-mentioned capacity as proven from the established facilities. All the facilities are equipped with state of the art laboratories capable of performing comprehensive and fingerprinting analysis. The company deploys complete mechanization in collection and transportation of wastes. Ramky’s experience in MSW is also exhaustive in terms of various consultancy projects rendered for Telangana state and Karnataka States in addition to the MSW management projects awarded at Haldia, Bangalore, Guwahati, Hyderabad and New Delhi.

In a society where environment stands on the top of social agenda with economic policies not tied to the same, our effort towards improvement of environment is seen as a great step towards environmental improvement projects in the country. All the waste management facilities established by the Ramky Group are operated and maintained with high priority towards environment, occupational health and safety aspects. Where ever possible the operations have been automated or mechanized and all the staff working with the waste are provided with adequate and suitable personnel protective equipment and regular health checkups.

1.4 Brief description of nature, size, location of the project and its importance to the country and region

The proposed project is targeted to treat scientifically and dispose safely, the hazardous, industrial, bio medical, e-waste etc. along with recovery of spent solvents and oils, recycling of waste paper & plastic and treat other miscellaneous wastes generated from various hazardous waste generating units from different districts of Rajasthan. The proposed project will be designed in line to meet the following rules.

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 1.6

EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

As discussed in the previous section, Rajasthan generates around 808512 MTA of hazardous waste and around 7110 MTA of biomedical waste contributing to more than 10% of total hazardous waste and around 4% of total biomedical waste generated in India. Due to non- availability of common hazardous waste treatment facilities, such hazardous, biomedical and e-wastes which are generated in considerable quantities are not treated appropriately. Moreover, with increasing industrial establishments, much larger quantities of hazardous wastes are predictable which need to be handled & treated in a scientifically safe way. Hence there is an immediate need for up gradation of the existing TSDF and also for establishment of integrated facility to cater the increasing demand for present and future needs of waste disposal of state. The details of the project site are given in Table 1.2 the location map of the project site is given as Figure 1.1.

Table 1.2 Features of the proposed project site

Survey No. 1018/13, Gudli Village, Zinc Smelter Chouraha, Location Debari Railway Station Road, Mavli Tehsil, Udaipur District, Rajasthan Geographical Coordinates 24°36'52.69"N 73°48'46.15"E Total Area 21 Acres 7 (d) – Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage and Category of Project Disposal Facilities (TSDFs) Nearest Highway NH - 48 around 0.6 Km towards Sout Nearest Railway Station Debari Railway Station around 0.8 Km towards North west Nearest Airport Maharana Pratap Airport around 6.7 Km towards East Nearest Village Gowla around 0.3 Km towards East Nearest Water body Udai Sagar Lake at about 3 Km towards South Topography Site Elevation ranges from 554 m to 570 m above MSL National Parks Not present with 15 Km radius Wildlife Sanctuary Sajjan Garh WLS at around 16.2 Km towards West Major water bodies Udai Sagar Lake at about 3 Km towards South Streams/Rivers Tributary Berach River at around 0.9Km towards East Seismicity Zone-II: Low Damage Risk Zone (MSK-VI or Less) Total Project Cost Rs. 40 Crores

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 1.7

EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

1.4.1 Importance of the Project

There is a growing concern all over the country for the disposal of hazardous wastes generated from anthropogenic sources. The waste generators find it difficult to dispose their hazardous wastes without causing environmental disturbance, as very few appropriate disposal facilities are available. The Government of India has promulgated the Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules in 1989 through the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) under the aegis of Environment (Protection) Act EPA Act 1986. Also in order to encourage the effective implementation of these rules, the MOEF&CC has further amended the rules several times with the emendation made in 2016 being the latest.

The hazardous wastes need to be disposed of in a secured manner in view of their characteristic properties such as, toxicity, corrosivity, ignitability, reactivity and persistence. A wide range of health hazards have been attributed to their contamination. A number of options are available for the treatment and disposal of a variety of hazardous wastes; the options available for hazardous waste management are not being efficiently utilized by the waste generators resulting in severe pollution of air, land surface and ground water.

At Treatment Storage Disposal Facility (TSDF), the wastes are collected from the waste generators, treated as per their characteristics and finally disposed of. More than one unit operation may be employed for the treatment and disposal of the wastes at TSDF.

1.4.2 Facilities Available at RWMP Site

The existing RWMP-TSDF is situated near Gudli village, Zinc Smelter Chouraha, Debari Station Road, Mavli Tehsil in the district of Udaipur having 21 acres of land which includes secured landfill facility, waste treatment stabilization facility, laboratory, ultramodern waste transportation vehicles, temporary waste storage sheds and other related components.

The unit has obtained initial Consent to operate in the year 2005 and the renewed CFO is valid up to 31.03.2022. Since its operation, it has received and disposed around 178002 MT of industrial and hazardous waste. The details of waste treated and disposed by the existing RWMP-CHWTSDF are given below:

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 1.8

EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Quantity of waste S. No Year received (MT) 1 2005-06 159.89 2 2006-07 6868.76 3 2007-08 12720.05 4 2008-09 9986.06 5 2009-10 13023.39 6 2010-11 18430.14 7 2011-12 17122.21 8 2012-13 15828.96 9 2013-14 18755.06 10 2014-15 21439.20 11 2015-16 24129.79 12 2016-17 19539.45 Total waste 178002.95

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 1.9

EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Figure 1.1 Location map of the site

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 1.10

EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Figure 1.2 Google image of proposed project site

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 1.11 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

1.5 Scope of the Study The scope of the study is to carry out the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies to identify, predict and evaluate potential environmental and socio-economic impacts which may result from the proposed Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, Disposal including Incineration & Recycling Facilities and to develop suitable Environment Management Plan (EMP) to mitigate the undesirable effects.

The study is aimed at:

 Establishing the existing environmental conditions, identifying potential environmental impacts and identifying areas of significant environmental concerns due to the proposed project  Prediction of impacts on environment, socio-economic conditions of the people residing close to and within the proposed project area.  Preparation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP)  Development of post project environmental monitoring program.

The EIA study shall be conducted as per the applicable rules/guidelines of Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Govt. of India including the general/sectoral provisions. The EIA study will necessarily include but not get restricted to the following: (a) Literature Review (b) Field Studies (c) Impact assessment and preparation of the EIA/EMP Stage A Establishing the relevant features of the project that are likely to have an impact on the environment during construction and operation phases. Stage B Assessment of likely emissions from the proposed facility and assessment of impacts using scientific tools to delineate post project scenario. Stage C

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 1.12 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Suggesting adequate pollution control measures to offset adverse impacts if any. Preparation of EIA and EMP documents. Defense of the study findings before the regulatory authorities.

An outline of the activities carried out in stages A, B, C are briefly described below. Stage A The study area shall be up to 10 km radial distance from the proposed project with reference to air, water, soil, noise, socio economic and ecological studies. The baseline environmental conditions shall be established using toposheets, through literature survey and field investigations. In addition to the above, information on the location of towns/cities, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and ecologically sensitive areas like tropical forests, important lakes, bio-sphere reserves and sanctuaries within impact area shall be furnished. A review and analysis of the information available with various governmental organizations, educational and other institutions shall be carried out for each discipline. Based upon preliminary review of the available data, detailed field work shall be planned to collect information on the parameters critical to characterize the environment of the area. The baseline environmental studies shall be undertaken for meteorology, air quality, noise, water quality, water use etc. The list of various aspects to be covered under different disciplines for EIA studies are as given below.

1) Meteorology Following meteorological parameters of the area shall be measured at the project site. In addition, data shall also be collected from the nearest IMD observatory for reference.

 Temperature  Rainfall  Relative humidity  Wind speed and direction

2) Air Quality Ambient Air Quality shall be monitored at requisite number of locations considering the prevailing meteorological conditions, topography, nearby villages etc. The parameters for

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 1.13 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan monitoring shall be PM10 and PM2.5, SO2, NOx, CO, NH3, O3, Lead, Nickel, Arsenic, Benzene & Benzo (a) Pyrene. Adequacy of the existing air pollution control measures shall be studied. 3) Noise Noise monitoring shall be carried out to characterize the noise environment in the study area. The noise level shall be measured using high level precision sound meters at suggested number of locations. Attenuation model shall be developed to predict the noise level in the surrounding areas. 4) Water Surface water samples and ground water samples within study area shall be collected and analyzed for physic chemical analysis covering major, minor ions, some important heavy metals. 5) Land Environment Soil samples were collected from the plant site, not only at its immediate vicinity but also in the surrounding villages in a 10 km radial zone. Physico - chemical properties of the soils were determined. Information on land use pattern in the study area was also collected. Information regarding existing cropping pattern, their types and yield of the crop was collected from various sources. Based on the attenuation factors for dust, aerosols and air pollutants, green belt species have been identified. 6) Eco System Information on eco-system within 10 km radius was collected from the state agricultural and forest departments. The important floral species native to the area were enumerated. A test check survey was also undertaken to judge the correctness of the data collected. 7) Socio Economic Environment A field survey was conducted within 10 km radius of the proposed project. The parameters selected under socio-economic component included demographic structure of the study area, provision of basic amenities, industries likely to come up in the study area, welfare facilities proposed by the project proponent, safety training and management, community and occupational health hazards. Relevant information was collected from selected villages and analyzed. Stage B Assessment of Environmental Impacts of Proposed Project With the knowledge of baseline conditions in the study area and proposed project activities, impact on the environment shall be discussed in detail covering air emissions, discharge of

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 1.14 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan liquid effluents and particulates emission during construction, noise & solid waste generation etc. Detailed projections shall be made to reflect influence of the proposed project on different environmental components. Assessment of potential damage to terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna due to air emissions, discharge of effluents, noise pollution, ash disposal, and change in land use pattern, habitat degradation and fragmentation, anthropogenic activities from the proposed project and delineation of guidelines to minimize adverse impacts were done. Assessment of economic benefits arising out of the project have been carried out.

Stage C Environmental Management Plan The mitigation measures necessary to offset the impacts from the proposed project were discussed. Environmental management plan and pollution control measures necessary to meet the requirements of the regulatory agencies have been suggested. Environmental Management Plan consists of mitigation measures for item-wise activity to be undertaken for construction and operation of the facility for its entire life cycle to minimize adverse environmental impacts. It also delineates the environmental monitoring plan for compliance of various environmental regulations.

1.5.1 EIA Report The EIA report has been prepared based on the proposed ToR and additional ToR issued by MOEF&CC, covering generic structure of Environmental Impact Assessment notification. The chronology of events occurred for obtaining EC has been given in Table 1.3

Table 1.3 Chronology of events for obtaining EC

F.16(147)RPCB/Gr.III/Haz/Udaipur/4387 Issue of Initial Consent to Establish for CHWTSDF Dated: 28th July 2005 Form 1 along with Pre-Feasibility report Proposal No. IA/RJ/MIS/63355/2017 uploaded MOEFCC online portal to obtain TOR dated 23rd March 2017 for the proposed expansion to ICHWTSDF Presented before EAC Committee for obtaining EAC (infra -2) meeting held on 25th-27th TOR May, 2017 F. No 10-19/2017-1A.III TOR Granted dated on 7th July 2017 PH conducted 14.06.2018 at Atal Seva Kendra, Gudli

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 1.15

CHAPTER 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Chapter 2 Project Description

2.1 Type of the Project

The proposed project is an expansion of existing operational TSDF facility to an integrated common hazardous waste treatment, storage, disposal including incineration and recycling facilities for treatment of industrial, biomedical, e-wastes, used acid batteries, etc., at Gudli Village, Mavli Tehsil, Udaipur district, Rajasthan. As per EIA Notification S.O. No 1533 dated 14th Sep 2006 and its subsequent amendments, the proposed project falls under Project / Activity 7 (d) Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility (TSDFs), Category “A” (All integrated facilities having incineration & landfill or incineration alone). The proposed ICHWTSDF is aimed to cater the needs for safe and scientific disposal of industrial, hazardous and biomedical wastes generated from industries and health care units throughout the state of Rajasthan. The salient features of the project are given in Table 2.1 below.

Table 2.1 Salient features of the project

S.no Parameters Description 1 Land Possession Udaipur Industrial Waste Management & Research Centre, (UIWM&RC), has allotted around 21 acres of land situated in Gudli village in Udaipur District on 19th January 2006. 2 Total ICHWTSDF Area 21 Acres 3 Category of Project 7 (d) Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility (TSDFs), Category “A” (All integrated facilities having incineration & landfill or incineration alone). 4 Project proposed Expansion of existing common hazardous waste treatment storage and disposal facility to Integrated common hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal including incineration & recycling facilities 6 CfE Granted File No: 16(147)RPCB/Gr.III/Haz/Udaipur/4387 Concent to Establish was granted on 28/07/2005

8 Plot no./Survey no. Survey No. 1018/13, Gudli Village, Zinc Smelter Chouraha,

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.1 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Debrai Railway Station Road, Mavli Tehsil, Udaipur District, Rajasthan. 9 Coordinates 24°36'52.69"N 73°48'46.15"E 10 Elevation Site elevation ranges from 554 m to 570 m above MSL 11 Water requirement Net water requirement is 60 KLD. Source : Ground water/tankers 12 Power Power is fetched from Ajmer Vidyut Vitran Nigam Limited. 450 KVA DG set is maintained for emergency as an alternative source. 13 Coverage Area Industrial, hazardous and biomedical wastes from all districts of Rajasthan 14 Total Project Cost Project cost is Rs. 40 Crores

2.2 Need for the Project

Though the economy of Rajasthan state is majorly agrarian in nature, in recent years it has taken major strides in industrial development. Rajasthan, the largest (area-wise) state in India, is located in the north-western part of the subcontinent. It borders six major states in the northern, western and central parts of India. Rajasthan is a natural corridor between the northern and the western states, making it an important trade and commerce centre. The Government of Rajasthan is promoting the development of several SEZs across the state for sectors such as gems and jewelry, handicrafts, IT, electronics, automotive/auto components and textiles. RIICO (Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment Corporation) developed 323 industrial areas, including SEZs, export promotion industrial parks and inland container depots. A number of new large and medium enterprises are also in the pipeline for implementation both in various districts of the state. IT parks with special infrastructure have been set up at Jaipur, Jodhpur, Udaipur, Kota and Alwar. With the huge increase in the industrial prospects, there is of course an expected peak in the economic growth of the state. However, there is also a concern regarding the quantities of industrial and hazardous waste expected as outcome from these industries in near future, after their commissioning.

Industrial operations lead to considerable generation of hazardous waste. Hazardous wastes from the existing and upcoming industrial sectors mentioned above contain heavy metals, cyanides, pesticides, complex aromatic compounds (such as PCBs), and other chemicals which are toxic, flammable, reactive, corrosive or have explosive properties affecting the environment.

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.2 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

2.2.1 Justification of the Project

The integrated treatment facility proposed is among the recent advances of technology and research. Its implementation would provide a ‘one stop’ solution for Treatment, Storage & Disposal Facility for various kinds of wastes like the industrial, hazardous and biomedical wastes. The proposed facility being a centralized treatment, storage and disposal facility for hazardous wastes from different industries, will create a clean environment by avoiding the indiscriminate dumping of waste in open sites which pollutes the air, land and water; the toxic, corrosive and reactive emissions which affect the health and environment through generation of toxic gases and obnoxious odors and finally it will also ensure the preservation of flora and fauna of the surrounding regions.

2.3 Location of the Project

RWMP proposes to setup an Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage & Disposal Facility in 21 acres land within existing CHWTSDF in Gudli village, Udaipur district. The nearest village from the proposed site is Gowla (Approx. 0.3 Km East) and the nearest railway station is Debari Railway Station (0.8 Km North West) and the nearest airport is Maharana Pratap Airport-6.7 Km-East. Nearest highway from the proposed site is NH-48-0.5 Km-Sout. The Google image of the proposed site is given in Figure 2.1 and topographical map of 10 km radius is shown in Figure 2.2. The Figure 2.3 layout map of the proposed facility is presented in and site photographs are presented in Figures 2.4.

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.3 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Figure 2.1 Google image of proposed project site

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.4 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Figure 2.2

Topographical map (10 km radius)

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.5 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Figure 2.3 Layout map of proposed ICHWTSDF

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.6 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Figure 2.4 Site photographs

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.7 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

2.3.1 Capacities of the Proposed Project

The proposed project capacities are given in Table 2.2. A list of common facilities is given in Table 2.3. The detailed breakup of the land required for various activities are given in Table

2.4.

Table 2.2 Proposed project facilities & capacities

S. No Name of the Facility Current Consent Proposed Capacity Capacity 1 Secured Landfill (DLF) 8000 TPA 20,000 TPA 2 Stabilization (LAT) 10000 TPA 40,000 TPA 3 Incineration (INC) – Common for HW -- 12 TPA and BMW 4 Bio-Medical Waste -- 5 TPD 5 AFRF 2000 TPA 18,000 TPA 6 E-Waste -- 4,000 TPA 7 Used Oil recycling -- 2 KLD 8 Spent Solvent Recycling -- 5 KLD 9 Lead Recycling Facility -- 2,000 TPA 10 Paper Recycling -- 2 TPD 11 Plastic Recycling -- 2 TPD

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.8 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Table 2.3 List of proposed common facilities

S.no. Description Area (in Sq m) 1 Security room 11.97 2 Weighbridge room 13.56 3 Admin cum lab 377.76 4 General stores 80.00 5 Vehicle maintenance shed 76.2 6 Occupational health center 10.56 7 Interactable waste stores 582.73 8 Temporary waste stores 438.25 9 Waste stabilization unit 296.33 10 Toilet block 12.00 11 D.G & electrical panel room 21.73 12 Transformer yard 24.00 13 Vehicle tyre wash 189.75 14 Landfill 21,226.93 15 Solar evaporation pond 690.00 16 Rain water collection pond 609.00 17 Water supply sump 9.88 18 Bore well 12.00 19 Sample collection platform 19.81 20 Store room 42.75 21 AFRF facility 900.00 22 Lead recycling facility 780.00 3 Fire hydrant sump and room 200.00 24 Pcc/mcc/plc 83.76 25 Tank form 72.0 26 Incinirator shed 350.00 27 Solvent waste/used oil recovery 1,100.00 28 Plastic paper & e-waste recycling facility 900.00 29 Road net 12,900.00 30 Autoclave/Biomedical Facility 900.00 31 Open space 14,007.25 32 Green belt 28,045.00 Total area of facility 84,983.22

2.4 Size of Operation and its Associated Activities

The TSDF existing in Rajasthan Waste Management Project has proposed for up gradation of capacity along with expansion to Integrated Hazardous Waste TSD facility including incinerator and recycling facility within the present 21 acres land in Udaipur district, Rajasthan.

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.9 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Table 2.4 Land area breakup

S. Utility Area in Sq.m Area in Acres % of Area No. 1 Secured Landfill a) Secured Landfill Cell-1 13233.22 3.27 15.5 b) Secured Landfill Cell-2 8093.71 2 9.5

2 Bio-Medical Facility 900.00 0.2 0.95

3 Recycling Facilities 3680.00 0.9 4.2

4) Roads 12,900.00 3.18 15.1

5) Greenbelt 28045.00 6.9 32.8

6) Common Facilities 4123.80 1.0 4.7

7) Area Left for Future Expansion 14,007.27 3.46 16.4

Total (approx.) 84,983 20.91 99.15

2.4.1 Required Manpower

The details of skilled and unskilled manpower required for the proposed project during construction and operational phases is given below in Table 2.5.

Table 2.5 Manpower requirement details

S. Required Manpower Details Remarks No. (No)

1 Skilled 50 Permanent staff

2 Semi/Un-Skilled 50 On contract Total 100

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.10 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

2.4.2 Water Requirement

Water requirement for the project will be met through the bore wells within the boundary premises/ village panchayat supply. The details of the water requirement are given in Table 2.6.

Table 2.6 Water requirement

S. No Process/Facility Water Requirement (KLD) 1 Secured Land Fill 8 2 BMW + Incinerator +plant-wet & venture 24 scrubber 3 Boiler for solvent/used oil recovery 14 4 Plastic, Paper, Lead recycling & E waste 2 5 Domestic 4 6 Truck wheel wash 1 7 Greenbelt 7 Total 60

2.4.3 Power and Fuel Requirement

The details of the power required for operation of the facility and fuel required for running DG sets for emergency use during power failure are given in Table 2.7.

Table 2.7

Power and fuel requirement

Details Capacity Remarks

Power 450 kVA From Ajmer Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd.

Auxiliary Fuel for Incinerator 2 KL/Day From Local Dealers HSD/Furnace Oil DG Set 250 KVA DG set is used for emergency power backup, Diesel 0.7 KL/Day fuel will be procured from local dealers

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.11 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

2.5 Process Description of Hazardous Wastes

The hazardous wastes to be handled by the proposed project are expected to comprise the following groups:

 Waste oil/used oil/skimmed oil/oily sludge  ETP sludge  Sludge from water treatment plants  Discarded containers used for chemicals and hazardous substances  Date expired / off specific /discarded chemicals and products  Ash from Hazardous waste incineration  Sludge generation from processing of waste water from recovery/ reuse/ recycle  Miscellaneous waste like used cotton, gloves, gum boots  Contaminated filter / filter bags  Contaminate centrifuge bags  Spent activated carbon and any other waste  Tank bottoms residues  Spent catalysts  Process dust  Dust / particulate from exhaust / flue gas treatment  Sulphur sludge  Oil contaminated earth  Resin residues  Asbestos containing waste  Sludge from solar ponds  Spent / used lead acid batteries  Alkaline and acidic and paint sludges  Spent resins from DM plant  Distillation residue / Tarry Waste  Cooling water sludge

Depending on the nature of the hazardous waste and its characteristic, various types of treatment and disposal methods have been proposed according to the standards.

 ETP sludges can go to landfill either directly or after stabilization.  Still bottom residues, process residues and other organic wastes can be sent for incineration including spent carbon depending on the characteristics of the impurities.  Incineration ash, slags, asbestos and glass fibers are essentially inorganic in nature and can go to landfill directly or with simple stabilization techniques.  Spent catalysts and resins would have to be characterized on a case-by-case basis to assess their nature and characteristics. However, the percentage of wastes

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.12 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

generated through these sources is likely to be very small as most of it is taken back by the manufacturers.  Salts will have to be bagged and land filled.  Based on the above compiled information wastes have been classified by their pathway of disposal:

o Wastes going to direct landfill o Wastes that require stabilization prior to landfill o Wastes requiring storage until alternate economically viable techniques are made available. o Wastes requiring incineration with or without pre treatment

Recycling Facilities:

The various types of wastes are used to recycle or recovery by the proposed project is expected to comprise the following:

 E waste such as TVs, monitors of computer etc.,  Spent Solvents o Isopropyl alcohol o Butanol o Toluene etc.  Waste oil such as Lubricants, Transformer oil etc.,  Liquid type incinerable waste  Solid type incinerable waste  Lead acid Battery  Waste paper/plastic

The existing TSDF facility is set up based on the guidelines prescribed by the CPCB and the proposed new integrated facilities also shall follow the same relate to daily activities associated with the operations of TSDF:

 The secured landfilling is done only during day light hours.  The landfill is staged in cells so that the minimum practical area of waste is exposed and maximum practical area of waste has the final cap in place i.e., progressive filling and capping of the landfill ensuring minimization of infiltration of wastes  The weigh bridge at the main entrance is set to record all movements and weights and receive waste tracking receipt as required by the waste manifest system.  The standpipe forming part of the leachate collection system is checked regularly for the presence of leachate. Once leachate is detected it is regularly pumped out and transferred to the leachate treatment facility on-site. The level of leachate in the

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.13 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

standpipe shall not be allowed to rise above the level of the leachate collection system.  Materials Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for every chemical used or handled at the landfill is provided on the premises.  Monitoring and auditing of the facility is performed on a periodic basic and would continue by including the proposed new facilities.  Existing met-station continuously records the meteorological data.  A security system is maintained to avoid trespassing & hazard to public.  Once a waste is received at the TSDF, a sample of waste is collected at the sampling bay/temporary storage facility and is subjected to laboratory analysis based on which its pathway of treatment/ disposal is determined.  A waste manifest system has been developed in accordance with the requirement of the regulatory agencies to cover the transportation of the waste to TSDF and to provide for record of waste manifestation. The manifest system would comply with the HOWM Rules, 2016.  An inventory is maintained with the details of the arrival and departure dates, waste loads in and out from the intractable waste storage area etc.

2.5.1 Laboratory Facilities

A well-established laboratory already exists in the RWMP site and this will be used to carry out comprehensive analyses of hazardous wastes like the finger print analysis and treatability studies to decide on the disposal path way as per the waste acceptance criteria.

2.5.2 Collection and Transportation

Specially designed fleets are available at site deployed for the collection of waste from industries, so that chance of spillage is minimized during transit. Articulated cranes and hook lifts mounted vehicles are used for carriage of containers. Vehicles owned by the RWMP complying with the standards prescribed by CPCB are already in operation of collection and transportation of wastes. Further new vehicles would be purchased and provided as per demand. Type of vehicles used will be based on the relevant capacity (crane mounted / containerized collection and loading vehicles /covered trucks / trucks having pneumatic loading / unloading arrangements). The manifest system and TREM card system will comply with the HOWM Rules 2016.

Minimum SSC qualified experienced drivers are engaged for the purpose. They are trained in operating the manifest system and management of TREM card system. As a practice a

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.14 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

trained driver and helper are employed to accompany the truck to ensure that the manifest system and TREM card arrangement are properly maintained. Drivers and helpers are trained to take care of pollution arising out of emergency and first aid in case of injuries. Based on need for proposed expansion of facility, more drivers and helpers would be employed.

Washing of tanker/ container and disposal of effluent: Each container of vehicle is thoroughly washed prior to being sent to the industry for collection of wastes. The collected water is treated and taken to the leachate treatment facility.

The manifest system contains information regarding:

 Details of waste generator  Details of waste transporter  Quantitative and qualitative description of waste materials.  Consistency of the waste  Waste category number and characteristics  Precautionary measures for handling the wastes  Emergency procedures to be followed.

The 7 copies of the system shall be distributed as outlined below:

Copy number with Purpose color code Copy 1 (White) To be forwarded by the sender to the State Pollution Control Board after signing all the seven copies. Copy 2 (Yellow) To be retained by the sender after taking signature on it from the transporter and the rest of the five signed copies to be carried by the transporter. Copy 3 (Pink) To be retained by the receiver (actual user or treatment storage and disposal facility operator) after receiving the waste and the remaining four copies are to be duly signed by the receiver. Copy 4 (Orange) To be handed over to the transporter by the receiver after accepting waste. Copy 5 (Green) To be sent by the receiver to the State Pollution Control Board. Copy 6 (Blue) To be sent by the receiver to the sender. Copy 7 (grey) To be sent by the receiver to the State Pollution Control Board of the sender in case the sender is in another State.

All records in respect of TSDF operations would be maintained as per the Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016.

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.15 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

2.5.3 Storages

The existing TSDF at RWMP has storage sheds for the purpose of temporary storage of hazardous waste material. The temporary waste storage facility shall keep each shipment of wastes separately and ensure that wastes do not get mixed with each other. This is to ensure that incompatible wastes are kept segregated. Compatible wastes that can be mixed with others and those that can be stored in drums/containers are kept away from incompatible wastes. In rainy season the landfill of the facility will not be operational and all collected waste from the industry and mines will be stored in the storage sheds. The available waste storage facility records the details of each shipment of waste separately and ensures that wastes do not get mixed with each other. This is to ensure that incompatible wastes are kept segregated. Incinerable wastes are stored separately in a shed following compatibility and labeling of the wastes. CPCB guidelines for the storage of incinerable wastes are being followed.

Intractable wastes, which do not meet the criteria for landfill disposal or treatment or incineration, would be stored separately in a suitable area allotted for storage of these categories of waste until alternate viable treatment technologies are identified and become available.

 Proper ventilation is provided to prevent accumulation of hazardous gases.  The floor is made up of concrete slab which is impermeable, non-reactive material properly bunded and graded towards one corner for the collection of accidental spillage and leakage.  The storage area is built in such a way so as to avoid inundation.  Bunding and/or drains are provided around the storage area to avoid storm water entering into this area.  Fire control equipment are installed, at appropriate places based on the characteristics of the waste and priority positions.

2.5.4 Waste Disposable Operations

2.5.4.1 Waste Stabilization

Waste stabilization is designed to convert industrial wastes in the form of liquids, semi- solids or reactive solids into low leachable materials that can be deposited into a secured landfill. The stabilization operation will be carried out for all waste that requires this to

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.16 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

minimize their contaminant leaching potential. This will change the nature of these wastes to a less hazardous category. Stabilization involves the immobilization of leachable materials by fixation as non-reactive solids. The treated wastes are assessed for compatibility with other wastes before being landfill and for compatibility with the HDPE and the pipe network. The term stabilization covers a number of mechanisms including:

 Immobilization / chemical fixation – the chemical binding of contaminants within a cementing structure to reduce the mobility or leachability of the waste.  Encapsulation – the occlusion or entrapment of contaminant particles within a solid matrix.  Solidification – the conversion of slurries that do not readily de-water, into solids by addition of adsorption agents.

Typical reagents that would be used for the stabilization process include cement, lime, fly ash, bentonite clay, saw dust and other. Where required sodium silicate solution would be used as an additive binding agent. The reagents to be used for stabilization are decided depending upon the type of the waste to be stabilized, price and availability. These regents are generally stored in sufficient quantities. The Infrastructure for the stabilization unit would include:

 Storage facilities for regents  Tanks/drums for storage of reagents as required  Stabilization bins for mixing the wastes  Earth moving equipment for movement of wastes and mixing.  Place for curing the treated waste  Trucks for hauling the wastes.

Stabilization Facility existing at RWMP: There are a few wastes which require physico- chemical treatment prior to land filing. The facility has mixing pits and earth moving equipment for carrying out the job. After receiving the waste material by M/s RWMP, as a first step a comprehensive analysis is done in their NABL accredited laboratory existing in the site to find out the concentrations of hazardous chemicals existing in the waste material. Based on the comprehensive analysis report of hazardous waste, different chemicals are added to stabilize the waste material. After stabilization the wastes are again analyzed to ensure the proper stabilization of waste. Accordingly after treatment, the wastes are disposed to the secured landfill site which is properly sealed prior to rainy season.

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.17 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Treatment facility utilizes a range of techniques and processes designed to change the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of the waste. This may include changing the composition so as to neutralize the waste, to recover energy or natural resources from the waste, to render the waste non-hazardous or less hazardous, safer to transport, store, or dispose of or to reduce its volume. Typical operations at Stabilization unit are as follows:

 Waste reception  Reagent addition  Mixing  Curing  Analysis of the stabilized wastes  Approval by the laboratory for disposal  Transfer of the waste materials to the truck  Disposal in the secured landfill

Application criteria: A study of the waste characteristics carried out as an integral part of the project indicates the following applicability to the process described below in Table 2.8

Table 2.8 Stabilization mechanism based on waste characteristics

Mechanism Applicability Immobilization /  Heavy metal and metal plating sludge Chemical Fixation  Copper-chromium-arsenic wood preservative wastes  Mercury waste  Bag house dust  Tannery wastes  Spent catalysts  Others Solidification  Effluent treatment plant sludge  Oil and paint sludge  Bitumen wastes  Textile industry sludge  Wool scouring slurries  Others Encapsulation  Aluminum powder  Asbestos  Filer aids  Others

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.18 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

2.5.4.2 Secured Landfill

A secured landfill which is already present at RWMP at existing TSDF facility is designed and constructed to contain the waste material and any leachate which is formed by the entrapped moisture or by infiltration of rainfall. To meet these requirements the base of the landfill has been designed as an engineered liner constructed prior to the placement of waste and also an engineered capping over the surface after completion of filling to minimize the infiltration of rainfall. One large cell of area is actively in use for landfilling with 3.27 acres area, which comprises of around 15% of the total area proposed for ICHWTSDF. The existing landfill has been constructed complying with the CPCB set standards and the proposed landfill would also be constructed following the same.

The base liner of the landfill containment system is a double composite liner with synthetic geo-membrane plus clay with adequate leachate collection system incorporated at the base to collect and remove the leachate. HDPE pipes are embedded in drainage layers of sand/ gravel and /or geonet/ geotextile. Above the secondary base liner, a primary liner comprising of primarily clay layer and HDPE membrane which will prevent infiltration into the secondary layer is made. A leachate collection and removal system is also placed over the primary liner to collect and remove any leachate generated by infiltration of precipitation or by the moisture entrapped in the waste. This makes the secondary system to serve as a leak detection system and an early warning of potential future liabilities to necessitate action for remediation. Above the drainage system of the primary liner a geotextile filter is placed to act as a filter/ barrier between the waste and the drainage system. This entire system would make the base liner a double composite liner meeting the national laws.

Clay Liner consists of a varying proportions of hydrated aluminum silicates (e.g. kaolnite, bentonite, illite and montmorillonite) which, when properly compacted, form a soil mass with a very low hydraulic conductivity. The clay material for use as the liner at this landfill is analyzed and permeability testing is carried out to ascertain its low permeability. Design permeability of the clay liner has been fixed at 10–9 m/s and with availability of clay liner; we will be able to achieve better results than the design values. Placement of clay liner is most critical in terms of its efficiency of functioning. Clay should be placed in layers not exceeding

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.19 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

200-mm and is compacted to attain the required permeability. The clay layer after attaining the 0.45m thickness should be then checked for its permeability. Further to this, clay is kept moist to ensure that it does not dry up and cause cracks to the lining system. To ensure this we intend to keep the clay for the purpose at +4% wet of optimum moisture content.

Synthetic Liners consists of various synthetic flexible membrane liners have been considered for use as the primary liner at the proposed landfill. Both Poly-Vinyl Chloride (PVC) and High – Density Polyethylene (HDPE) liners are generally suitable for this landfill. Tensile strength is a fundamental design consideration in order to assess the ability of the liner to resist uniaxial and biaxial strains, which occurs in the landfill. Another stress strain consideration is the coefficient of thermal expansion. Considering various membrane properties it is decided to use HDPE liner with appropriate thickness as primary liner for the base of the landfill. HDPE was selected for the following reasons:

 Adequate strength to withstand mechanical strength during construction, placement and operations. Acceptable weathering performance.  Superior physical properties under chemical and environmental exposure to wastes  Capability to withstand the seaming process.

The hydraulic conductivity of HDPE is of the order of 0.5X10–16 m/sec, which is effectively impermeable. Construction of the seam welding process is subjected to strict QA/QC measures to ensure the integrity of the liner.

Secure Landfill is the final placement area for land fillable hazardous wastes which are treated or wastes does not require treatment. Waste directly or after treatment will be disposed in the landfill as per the laboratory advice. Waste will be spread in the landfill using heavy earth machinery and then compacted using vibro compactor. At the end of the landfill operations 10 – 15 cm soil cover is placed as a daily cover.

During rainy season a flexible geo-membrane cover is placed over the uncapped area of the landfill minimize infiltration of rainfall into the landfill; the rain water is diverted to join the surface water drains. At the end of the total landfill operations the final capping is done using composite liner with clay and synthetic geo-membrane, with vegetative soil cover grass cover. The cross section of the landfill meeting MOEF Guidelines is given in Figure 2.5.

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.20 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Figure 2.5 Cross section of the landfill

2.5.4.3 Leachate Management

Leachate generated from the landfills is effectively collected and treated off without causing any adverse effect to the environment. Leachate treatment at the existing TSDF is done through solar evaporation and in forced evaporation system constructed for the purpose and the residue is reprocessed as hazardous solid waste.

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.21 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

A very critical aspect in wastewater management would be minimization of generation of leachate/ wastewater. To minimize the same, a maximum portion of the landfill covered especially during the monsoon, thus minimizing the generation of leachate.

Liner System Specifications: double composite liner as explained in landfill section

Capping Arrangement: is made as defined in landfill section

Monsoon capping: Yes, during monsoon, the facility is totally under monsoon covers to avoid percolation of water through landfill and thus avoiding leachate generation through rain water. Hence the leachate which is generated in the facility would be more or less the same in any taken season.

Primary collection System: 300-mm drainage media with lateral and header pipes

Secondary Collection System: 300-mm drainage media with lateral and header pipes/geo net

Leachate collection and removal is provided above the geo-membrane in two layers viz. the primary and the secondary liner. The primary liner serves as leachate collection and removal system, while the secondary liner serves as leak detection system and a signal of potential liabilities in terms of environmental pollution.

Leachate is collected by a network of lateral and header pipes embedded in a drainage layer, all of which eventually drain into a leachate collection sump. The collected leachate is transferred to a leachate treatment system. Leachate, thus collected is transferred to the solar evaporation system and the residue after decanting is subjected back to the land filling process.

The leachate collection system in an engineered landfill takes the form of an under-drain beneath the waste material it is required to ensure there is no more than a limited head of pressure above the base liner to cause leakage of liquid from the base of the landfill. The design maximum pressure head in the proposed landfill is limited to 300 mm.

Drainage is affected by a layer of about 300 mm thick of graded sand/gravel having a high permeability. Within this layer a network of HDPE pipes are placed to collect leachate and conduct it quickly to the collection sump for removal from landfill. The pipes are typically

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.22 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

perforated only over the upper half to allow the leachate to enter the pipe and thereafter to be contained within the pipe network system. The layout of the pipe network generally includes sufficient redundancy to ensure that if a blockage occurs somewhere in the network the leachate simply backs-up a little then flows into the system a little further up- gradient. Two layers of the leachate collection system is provided one over the other. Slotting area of the pipe is done only on the top 120o portion of the pipe and to an extent of 100 Sq. cm per running meter of the pipe.

The key design features of the leachate collection system to be installed at the proposed landfill comprise the following:

 A network of semi perforated HDPE pipes is laid out directly over the primary and secondary liners and graded towards the collection sump at no less that 1 and 2% slope, with a slotting area of 100 Sq. Cm per running meter of the pipe.

 A drainage layer 300 mm thick of graded sand/gravel placed over the entire base of the landfill, covering the pipe network.

 A geo-textile placed over the primary liner serving the purpose of filter/ barrier between the waste and the drainage media.

The pipe has sufficient strength to withstand the load imposed by the overlying waste and the earth moving activities associated with the placement and the compaction of the waste (Min 6 Kg/ Sq.cm). The main pipe (headers) feeding leachate to the sump should have the capability to be cleaned out in case of clogging. However, the design includes sufficient redundancy of pipe work to ensure alternative drainage paths that are available in the event of localized clogging of any part of the system. Leachate treatment plant design is discussed in the subsequent section.

Quantity of leachate generated from landfill:

I = P – PCR/O – AET +/- S Where, I - Rate of infiltration P - Precipitation

PCR/O - Coefficient of runoff AET - Actual evapo-transpiration S - Soil moisture content retention capacity Empirically,

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.23 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

For capped portion of landfill: I = 0.01 P For uncapped portion of landfill: I = 0.07 P Landfill with temporary cover: I = 0.3 P

Drainage of surface run-off, its collection, treatment (if required based on pre-determined criteria) and disposal:

Network of open channels have been designed and constructed around the land fill to intercept surface runoff of rainwater and divert it around the facility or collect it for the use at the facility or for disposal. Storm water collected on the land fill site will be directed to a first flush retention pond which is designed for a sufficient capacity to cover a 1in 100 years 10 minutes storm event.

Storm water drainage system

Storm water drainage is one of the main components of landfill facility. The arrangement is such that the storm water from landfill facility has to be collected effectively in drainage system and conveyed away from facility quickly. Storm water drain is of trapezoidal shape / rectangular with concrete/Pitching. The inside part of drain has to be plastered with cement mortar. Storm water drain is constructed all along between the road and the green belt.

First flush retention Pond:

Surface water runoff is a significant component in a landfill design and is clearly designed. The design includes a garland drainage system all around the landfill which is lined and is connected to a storm water collection pond. Water collected in the pond is tested for storm water quality parameters and if it meets the discharge standards is discharged, otherwise the same is considered as leachate and sent to the leachate treatment plant.

2.5.5 Incinerator

Incineration is an ultimate treatment process, applied to certain wastes that cannot be recycled, reused or safely deposited into a landfill. It is a high temperature, thermal destruction oxidation process in which hazardous wastes are converted in the presence of oxygen in air into gases and incombustible solid residue. The gases are vented into the atmosphere with cleaning as deemed necessary while the solid residue is sent to landfill for

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.24 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

disposal. The proposed incinerator would cater for the disposal/ destruction of the following wastes:

 Spent solvents  Waste oils, oil emulsions and oil mixtures  Pesticide wastes  Refinery wastes  Pharmaceutical wastes  Phenolic wastes  Grease and wax wastes  Organic wastes containing halogens, sulphur, phosphorous or nitrogen compounds  Solid materials contaminated with oils.  Organics with high calorific value

The primary objective of incinerator is to destroy the wastes as completely as possible, to have end products (solids and gases) that are harmless when released from the incinerator and to minimize the formation of new hazardous organic compounds. To achieve the same the incinerator is proposed with sufficient temperature, time and turbulence and in presence of excess air. Incinerator is the facility for final disposal of incinerable wastes. Wastes which are not suitable for disposal in the landfill and are candidates for incineration are disposed in the incinerator. The wastes is pre-processed in case of necessary for making it uniform calorific value and maintain the norms of halogen concentrations less than 1% and all. Wastes are fed through cart dumper and ram feeder into the rotary kiln and the hot gases are sent to the secondary combustion chamber. The residence time and the desired temperatures are maintained at both primary and secondary combustion chambers for complete combustion as per CPCB guidelines for hazardous waste incineration. The gases after complete combustion are sent to spray drier / evaporative cooler for cooling followed by gas cleaning equipment.

The gases are passed through multi cyclones for removal of particulates. Then dry lime and activated carbon are injected for neutralization of acidic gases and removal of organic constituents if any. The flue gases then passed through bag filters for complete removal particulates and then through wet alkaline scrubber for neutralization. The flue gases after completely cleaned in all respects are sent out through a 30 m stack. The ash generated during the combustion process and collected at the bottom of the hopper will be send to landfill facility. The typical layout of the incinerator is shown in Figure 2.6

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.25 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Figure 2.6 Typical layout of incinerator

2.6 Bio Medical Waste

Growth in population, industrialization and changing life styles and food habits have brought with it various health related issues. More and more people are suffering from ailments. Alongside this is the growing awareness towards utilizing proper medical facilities. This has created the need for a whole range of health care establishments, hospitals, clinics, laboratories which are generating “Bio-Medical Wastes” that are incompatible with the environment. These wastes need professional attention for effective management as the infectious nature of the waste can cause irreparable damage to the human health and the environment. It has become imperative to monitor and control the management and handling of these wastes.

The concern about disposal of infectious wastes generated by the hospitals is increasing rapidly due to the fear of the spread of viruses that spread dangerous diseases such as Hepatitis B. These wastes (bio-medical wastes generated from health care establishments) present a high risk of causing potential damage to the human health and the environment by way of spreading. To prevent the spread of such infectious wastes that finds its genesis in bio-medical wastes (from hospitals, clinics, laboratories, dispensaries etc.) a scientific

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.26 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

approach is required. It is essential that professionally trained personnel should handle the wastes and that the wastes should be disposed scientifically.

To enable effective management and handling of the bio-medical wastes, the Ministry of Environment and Forests Climate Change (MOEFCC) has issued regulations for the management and handling of these wastes. In response to these rules, Government and major Private Hospitals initiated their arrangements for treatment and disposal of biomedical wastes. However, the smaller nursing homes, clinics and other similar institutions which do not have or can afford such facilities need alternate modalities and arrangements to dispose their wastes, in accordance with the latest amended waste handling and management rules.

In view of the difficulties faced by private hospitals, nursing homes and clinics that could not make their own arrangements due to high cost involved in setting up treatment and disposal facilities, the need for a centralized system for treatment was felt. Consequentially, in September 2003, the Central Pollution Control Board enunciated the “Guidelines for Common Bio-Medical Waste Treatment Facility” which in addition to providing common facilities discouraged the setup of individual incineration facilities by health care establishments the rules of which were latest amended in the year 2016.

2.6.1 Categories of Bio Medical Waste as per BMW rules, 2016

Categories of Bio Medical Waste are given in the Table 2.9 below

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.27 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Table 2.9 Categories of biomedical waste with treatment and disposal options

Cate Type of Waste Type of Bag Treatment and Disposal Treatmen gory or options (as per Bio- t and Container Medical Waste Disposal Yello (a) Human Anatomical Waste toYellow be used ManagementIncineration or Rules, Plasma OptionIncinerati to w Human tissues, organs, body coloured 2016)Pyrolysis or deep burial beon parts and foetus below the non- adopted viability period (as per the chlorinated at the Medical Termination of plastic bags proposed (b)Pregnancy Animal ActAnatomical 1971, Waste IncineratiCBWTF Experimentalamended from animal time to time) on carcasses, body parts, organs, tissues, including the waste generated from animals used in experiments or testing in (c)veterinary Soiled Waste hospitals or Incineration deep burial Incinerati Itemscolleges contaminated or animal houses. with or plasma pyrolysis or In on blood, body fluids like absence of above dressings, plaster casts, facilities, Autoclaving or cotton swabs and bags micro-waving/ containing residual or hydroclaving followed discarded blood and blood by shredding or components. mutilation or combination of sterilization and shredding. Treated waste to be sent for energy recovery. (d) Expired or Discarded Yellow Expired cytotoxic drugs Incinerati Medicines coloured and items contaminated on Pharmaceutical waste Like non- with cytotoxic drugs to antibiotics, cytotoxic drugs chlorinated be returned back to the including all items plastic bags manufacturer or contaminated with cytotoxic or supplier for incineration drugs along with glass or containers at temperature>12000C plastic ampoules, vials etc. or to common biomedical waste treatment facility or hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facility for incineration at >12000C or Encapsulation or Plasma Pyrolysis at

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.28 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Cate Type of Waste Type of Bag Treatment and Disposal Treatmen gory or options (as per Bio- t and Container Medical Waste Disposal to be used Management>12000C. All other Rules, Option to 2016)discarded medicines is be either sent back to adopted manufacturer or at the disposed by proposed incineration. CBWTF

(e) Chemical Waste Yellow Disposed of by Incinerati Chemicals used in production coloured incineration or Plasma on of biological and used or containers Pyrolysis or discarded disinfectants. or Encapsulation in non- hazardous waste chlorinated treatment, storage and plastic bags disposal facility. (f) Chemical Liquid Waste: Separate After resource recovery, Not Liquid waste generated due collection the chemical liquid accepted to use of chemicals in system waste is pre-treated at the production of biological and leading to before mixing with CBWTF used or discarded effluent other wastewater. The disinfectants, silver X-ray film treatment combined discharge developing liquid, discarded system shall conform to the Formalin, infected secretions, discharge norms aspirated body fluids, liquid from laboratories and floor washings, cleaning, housekeeping and disinfecting activities etc. (g) Discarded linen, Non- Non- chlorinated Incinerati mattresses, beddings chlorinated chemical disinfection on contaminated with blood or yellow followed by incineration body fluid. plastic or Plasma Pyrolysis or bags or for energy recovery. In suitable absence of above packing facilities, shredding or material mutilation or combination of Sterilization and shredding. Treated

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.29 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Cate Type of Waste Type of Bag Treatment and Disposal Treatmen gory or options (as per Bio- t and Container Medical Waste Disposal to be used Managementwaste to be sent Rules, for Option to 2016)energy recovery or be incineration or Plasma adopted Pyrolysis. at the proposed CBWTF

(h) Microbiology, Autoclave Pre-treat to sterilize Incinerati Biotechnology and other safe plastic with non- chlorinated on clinical laboratory waste: bags or chemicals on-site as per Blood bags Laboratory containers National AIDS Control cultures, stocks or specimen Organisation or World of microorganisms, live or Health Organisation attenuated vaccines, human guidelines thereafter for and animal cell cultures used Incineration. in research, industrial laboratories, production of biological, residual toxins, dishes and devices used for cultures. Red Contaminated Waste Red Autoclaving or micro- Autoclave (Recyclable) coloured waving/ hydroclaving (a) Wastes generated from non- followed by shredding disposable items such as chlorinated or mutilation or tubing, bottles, intravenous plastic bags combination of tubes and sets, catheters, or sterilization and urine bags, syringes (without containers shredding. Treated needles and fixed needle waste to be sent to syringes) and vaccutainers registered or authorized with their needles cut) and recyclers or for energy gloves. recovery or plastics to diesel or fuel oil or for road making, whichever is possible. Plastic waste should not be sent to landfill sites. Whit Waste sharps including Puncture Autoclaving or Dry Heat Autoclave e Metals: Needles, syringes proof, Leak Sterilization followed by (Tran with fixed needles, needles proof, shredding or mutilation sluce from needle tip cutter or tamper or encapsulation in nt) burner, scalpels, blades, or proof metal container or any other contaminated containers cement concrete,

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.30 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Cate Type of Waste Type of Bag Treatment and Disposal Treatmen gory or options (as per Bio- t and Container Medical Waste Disposal sharp object that may cause to be used Managementcombination of Rules, Option to puncture and cuts. This 2016)shredding cum be includes both used, discarded autoclaving, and sent for adopted and final disposal to iron at the Contaminated metal sharps foundries (having proposed consent to operate from CBWTF the State Pollution Control Boards or Pollution Control Committees) or sanitary landfill or designated concrete waste sharp pit. Blue (a) Glassware: Broken or Cardboard Disinfection (by soaking Autoclave discarded and contaminated boxes with the washed glass waste glass including medicine vials blue after cleaning with and ampoules except those colored detergent and Sodium contaminated with cytotoxic marking Hypochlorite treatment) wastes. or through autoclaving or microwaving or hydroclaving and then sent for recycling. (b) Metallic Body Implants Cardboard boxes with blue colored marking

2.6.2 Collection and Transportation

Bio-medical waste will be collected from each health care establishment on a regular basis. Wastes shall be segregated as per the color coding, properly packed and placed at a secure designated point by the health care establishment from where it will be collected. Upon collection wastes shall be placed into closed containers enclosed in a containerized vehicle and transported to the site. The vehicles shall be dedicated for the purpose and shall adopt the conditions specified in the BMW Management Rules- 2016.

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.31 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

2.6.3 Disinfection and Destruction

Upon receipt of the waste at the facility, wastes containers are unloaded. Wastes based on their color codes are separated and properly treated and disposed of as per MOEFCC rules. Ash, residue from high temperature incineration and other material residues from the process are collected into containers and disposed into the secured landfill.

2.6.4 Incinerator

The incinerator proposed for hazardous waste will be used for incineration of both biomedical and hazardous wastes and hence it is a common facility for incineration of all incinerable wastes coming to the facility.

2.6.5 Autoclave

The primary purpose of autoclave is to sterilize / disinfect the waste with steam. Microorganisms which contribute to infection do not survive beyond 80oC. However, as a precaution MOEFCC has stipulated a temperature of 121oC with 15 psi pressure and 60 min duration to ensure distribution of temperature. At this temperature and pressure, microorganisms are completely destroyed and thus render the wastes infection free. The dis-infected waste shall then be segregated into HDPE, PP, rubber, latex, glass and metal. The segregated materials shall then be shredded completing the process of disinfection and ensuring non-recycling of the waste materials for medical / food grade purposes. All the process control conditions will be as per the applicable Bio medical rules, 2016.

2.6.5.1 Autoclave Features

A vacuum type (programmable) autoclave which can operate at all the specifications mentioned by MOEFCC is proposed. The autoclave shall have continuous and automatic recording of temperature, pressure, date, time and batch of loading. Every batch is monitored with a strip chart recorder and once in a month the spore validation test and/or spore monitoring is done. Following are the key features of the proposed autoclave:

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.32 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Type: Vacuum Type, automatic with documentation Capacity: 432 liters per hour Temperature: 121°C Pressure: 15 psi Automation: PLC with MMI ( Man-Machine interface) Documentation/ Recording: Computerized recording

The layout of typical autoclave process is given in Figure 2.7

Figure 2.7 Layout of autoclave sterilization process

2.6.6 Other Infrastructure

The other infrastructure required /proposed in bio-medical waste treatment is as follows

 Waste water Treatment Plant: A waste water treatment plant to treat the scrubbing water, floor washings and other wastewater from the plant is proposed and the treated water shall be reused for circulation into the scrubber. The treatment system consist of cooling tank, pressure sand filter and activated carbon filter assembly followed by neutralization before recirculation into the scrubber.  Shredder: A mechanical shredder to make the waste unrecognizable as medical waste shall be installed with a capacity to handle about 100 kg of medical wastes per

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.33 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

hour with its D.O.L. starter. Shredder motor capacity of 10 HP and used 3 high speed blades.  Landfill: The residue will be sent to secured landfill cell.

2.7 E Waste Recycling

The assessment of e-waste recycling sector in India indicates that e-waste trade starts from formal dismantling sector and moves to informal recycling sector. There are no large scale organized e-waste recycling facilities in India at present except few in some states of India, while most of the e-waste recycling units are operating in un-organized sector. So, this will be an opportunity for us to serve the industries by handling their E-waste. The main objective of the proposed E-Waste facility is given below.

 To provide Safe and Secured Destruction services at project site to ensure intellectual property assurance.  To provide innovative and pollution-free technology for recycling of E-waste.  To provide Environmental management system and solutions.  To recover up to 99% of total waste received  To enhance customer service through online account access.  To conserve natural resource & ensuring working towards global warming

The proposed project consists of the following facilities

 World class security systems  Certified, Safe and Secured destruction services  Comprehensive EHS practices  Logistics, warehousing facility  Highly skilled manpower

2.7.1 Methodology

The methodology proposed to be followed at the E-Waste facility is as follows. Upon client request, project management shall arrange a suitable and secured transport to collect the material from clients premises.

 Collected material shall be weighed, if desired by clients at their premises using their own weighing machine and witnessed by both parties.  Manifest shall be issued by generator to transport with manifest copies as per Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Trans-boundary Movement) Rules, 2016 (HOWM Rules 2016).

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.34 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

 Delivery order will be issued by client prior to collection from their premises. Collected material is to be provided in good packaging condition and thereafter will be transported to the facility.  After inspection by project security guard, material is weighed at site weighbridge to determine the gross weight of the material and will then be sent to its warehouse for acceptance.  Goods Receive Note (GRN) for the gross weight will be issued upon receiving the material at the warehouse.  Material will then be sent for dismantling section under IDO (Internal Delivery Order) for dismantling.  Destruction process can be witnessed by Client, if required.  Upon data destruction completed, official destruction certificate will be issued to Client for records.  Dismantled material will then be sent to suitable recycling process.

2.7.2 Process Description:

The process involved in proposed integrated E Waste recycling facility is basically physical destruction and recovery of metals. The steps of proposed process is described in following paragraphs

 The e-waste received from generator is stored at earmarked covered shed having concrete floor and leak proof roof. Wooden or plastic pallets are provided to store the waste.  Waste which may contain mainly electronic and electrical material and monitors of computer or TVs, shall be shifted to manual dismantling section in hand trolleys  A set of 8 to 10 work stations are proposed with a suction hood for any dust particle coming out of the dismantling process. A team of experts in dismantling will be deputed for dismantling purpose with all the required tools and tackles. The tools and tackles shall be identified with best available brand to ensure optimization in working and to avoid small accidents in the process. The employees at this section will be provided with all the required PPEs i.e. apron, safety shoes, gloves, dust mask etc. Fire extinguishers shall be provided in the working area in addition to the existing ones as per the need.  The team deputed shall dismantle all the waste articles Eg. computer, CPU box, hard drive, CD ROM, cables, PCBs etc. and monitor into back cover and picture tube. The hard drive, PCBs is further dismantled into components attached and naked PCBs.  The dismantled PCBs will be sent for shredding followed by crushing and pulverizing. The product will be made in to powder of PCB from which metal and non-metal part will be segregated by physical process. Both the products shall be stored in bags for disposal for recovery (metal part) and for making of toys and monuments (non-metal

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.35 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

part). In case the non-metal part fails to be recycled, the same shall be disposed into incinerator as this consists of residue with high C.V.  The dismantled picture tube shall be send to Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) cutting m/c, which is a closed chamber attached with a hood connected to cyclone and bughouse.  The CRT is put into the control panel connected automatic CRT cutting frame. The CRT will be cut into two pieces i.e. front glass and funnel glass.  The glass which is free from all coating etc will be crushed further and stored in bags to be dispatched for recycling

 The components removed from PCBs will be segregated and stored in bags for further disposal and/or reuse.

 The ferrous material i.e. cabinet, body of monitor etc would be baled and disposed for recycling

 Plastic from cabinet, monitor will be shredded in the shredder and sold out for recycling to authorized recyclers

 The waste generated from above process shall be stored at earmarked area and not allowed to be exposed to the environment. The process flow sheet is given in Figure 2.8.

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.36 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Figure 2.8 E-waste treatment process flow chart

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.37 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

2.8 Recycling Facilities

The recycling facilities proposed for the site are

 Spent solvent recycling

 Used oil recycling

 Alternative fuel and raw material facility

 Used Lead acid battery recycling facility

 Waste plastic recycling

 Waste paper recycling

2.8.1 Spent Solvent Recycling

Spent solvents are recovered using a distillation methodology. Following are few solvents proposed to be separated /distilled initially:

 Isopropyl alcohol

 Butanol

 Dimethyl formamide

 Toluene and

 Ortho dichloro benzene

Storage of spent solvents

 The waste solvent received in drums (MS/Plastic) will be stored in shed which will be provided with garland drain, fire hydrant system, lined floor etc.  The drums will be stacked as per the best practices. The leakages are avoided at any point of time.  A separate storage shed sized 35x40 m is proposed adjacent to facility to store the solvent drums.  The stacking of drums will be in the manner that mixing of solvent drums is avoided at maximum extent.

2.8.1.1 Process Description

Distillation process shall be suitable for the recovery of many spent solvents. Distillation can be a batch or continuous operation. It is proposed to adopt batch process in the proposed facility. The process involves pre-treatment of neutralization and separation of spent solvent

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.38 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan feed mixture in a Reactor. After layer separation, the spent solvent mixture will be sent to distillation still connected to distillation column. The solvent mixture is then heated by steam and the distillation column will be under total reflux for a specific period. Fractionation of solvent takes place solvent / water as the case may be are separated initially under atmospheric pressure and later under vacuum (if required). Distilled solvents are analyzed, stored and recycled, liquid effluent mostly condensate will be recycled back into system and solid residue sent for incineration / landfill. Steam for heating will be generated by the boiler (2 x 10 TPH). Flow chart for spent solvent recovery is shown in Figure 2.9.

Figure 2.9 Flow chart of spent solvent recovery

2.8.2 Used Oil Recycling

Used oil is termed as hazardous. Lube oil does not wear out with use but it only gets contaminated with water, carbon and fuel etc. This means that used oil when it is ready for rejection can be re-used.

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.39 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

The methods of disposal being followed are dumping, burning or reprocessing. The used / waste oil generated are not easily biologically degradable. Therefore, dumping of used / waste oil is harmful to environment.

Burning of used / waste oil is not desirable for the following reasons:

 Waste fuel oil contains substantial quantity of water that will prevent proper burning of fuel and lead to generation of carbon monoxide.  The used oil (used lubricants, Transformer oils etc.), they may contain chemicals, metallic compounds; Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCBs) etc. which when burned will release gas to the atmosphere. Therefore, burning of used / waste oil should not be encouraged.  The other option is Repressing. Improper reprocessing methods can lead to generation of waste which is even more hazardous than used / waste oil.  Therefore, reprocessing should be allowed only with approved methods. Reprocessing of used / waste will not only be a solution for disposal of waste but it will have tremendous economic advantage.

The process diagram of the waste/ used oil recycling plant will be as below in Figure 2.10

Figure 2.10 Waste/ used oil recycling plant

2.8.3 Alternative Fuel and Raw Material Facility (AFRF)

The disposal of hazardous waste creates major economic and environmental problems. The ideal way of handling and disposal of hazardous waste is to look for options such as reuse, recycle and / or recovery. In line with this concept utilization of hazardous waste as a fuel or

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.40 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan raw material in the manufacture of cement is one of the best options. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in the year 2010, issued “Guidelines on Co processing in Cement/Power/Steel Industry” to encourage utilization of selected hazardous waste in cement kilns as a fuel or raw material while protecting the environment from the control of emissions and without impacting the quality of cement.

2.8.3.1 Wastes Handling in AFRF

Despite co-processing having inherent advantages, a careful approach is desired in view of the hazardous nature of the substances that are handled in the process from the point of i. Selection of right materials ii. Transportation of waste iii. On-site storage iv. Handling & Disposal v. Emission control vi. Compliance, Health & Safety management

The hazardous wastes for co-processing need to be handled in an environmentally sound manner avoiding the possibilities of contaminating the nearby environment and eliminate the chances of accidents. CPCB has identified and prescribed suitable wastes for co- processing in cement kilns.

2.8.3.2 Categories of Wastes Handled

The following are the categories of hazardous wastes / substances for which regular permission has been granted by CPCB for co-processing in cement industries,

1. Hazardous Wastes

a. Paint sludge from automobile sector b. Petroleum refining sludge c. TDI tar waste d. ETP sludge

2. Other Wastes

a. Plastic wastes b. Tyre chips

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.41 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

The hazardous wastes other than which are listed in the above mentioned not recommended list, should possess the following characteristics as a minimum for co- processing in the cement kilns.

S. No Hazardous Characteristics Limits 1 Volatile organic hydrocarbon < 5000 ppm

2 CaO + SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3 +SO3 (in ash) > 80% 3 Sulphur < 1.5% 4 Hg < 10 ppm 5 As + Co + Ni + Se + Te + Sb + Cr + Sn + Pb + V < 10000 ppm 6 Total organic carbon < 1000 ppm 7 Chloride < 1.5% 8 PCB/PCT < 5 ppm 9 Cd + Ti + Hg < 100 ppm

I. Specifications of hazardous waste for use as Alternative Raw Material Parameter Limit

II. Specifications of hazardous waste for use Energy Recovery

Parameter Limit Calorific value as received basis > 2500 K Cal /Kg Ash - Liquid < 5% - Solid < 20 % Chloride < 1.5% Sulphur < 1.5% PCB/PCT < 5 ppm Hg < 10 ppm < 50 ppm Cd + Tl + Hg < 100 ppm As + Co + Ni + Se + Te + Sb + Cr + Sn + Pb + V < 2500 ppm pH 4 to 12 Viscosity for liquid < 100 Cm.Sec-1 Flash point for liquid > 60°C

Certain wastes cannot be processed in cement kilns keeping in the environment, health, safety and operational issues.

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.42 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

The wastes listed below are not recommended for co-processing in cement kilns

• Asbestos containing waste • Electronic scrap • Entire batteries • Explosives • Corrosives • Mineral acid wastes • Radioactive wastes • Unsorted municipal garbage

In view of the above potential for reuse of hazardous waste in the cement industry, RWMP has already established an AFRF facility for 2000 TPA, which it proposes to expand to 18,000 TPA through this project in Rajasthan.

2.8.3.3 Methodology of Waste Handling

The principle concept of AFRF is to pre-process the waste at TSDF to make it directly suitable to utilize in cement kilns either as raw material or fuel. The pre-processing like blending / mixing / calorific value enriching etc., will homogenize the wastes received from different industries and bring the pre-processed waste characteristics in line with concentration limits as prescribed by CPCB.

AFR Facility at TSDF shall help the hazardous waste generator in providing one stop solution for all the hazardous wastes generated at their end and at the same time help cement industry in eliminating the transport, pre-processing and other associated activities at their and facilitate both of them to concentrate in their core business of manufacturing activity.

The methodology of operations is as follows:

1. Waste Characterization

2. Waste Transport from HW generator

3. Pre-processing at – AFR Facility

4. Waste Transport to Cement Industry

2.8.3.4 Waste Characterization

The waste received from the generator shall be subjected to comprehensive analysis as per the Hazardous Waste (Handling, Management & Transboundary) Rules, 1989 & subsequent

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.43 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan amendments and Hazardous & other waste rules, 2016. The disposal pathway of the waste shall be first looked for the possibility of converting the same to be useful for co-processing otherwise it shall be opted to dispose by means of secured landfill or incineration.

The following laboratory infrastructure required for the AFR Facility

S. No Parameters Instruments Required for Testing 1 pH pH meter 2 VOC PCB/PCT Gas Chromatograph 3 TOC TOC Analyser Inductive Couple Plasma CaO, SiO ,Al O , Fe O , SO 4 2 2 3 2 3 3 Spectrophotometer / (in Ash) & Heavy Metals Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer 5 Cl& S CHNS & Cl Analyser / Bomb Calorimeter 6 F UV Visible Spectrophotometer 8 CV Bomb calorimeter 9 Ash Muffle furnace, hot air oven 10 Viscosity Viscometer 11 Flash Point Flash Point Analyser

Alternative fuel platforms will be developed as below:

 ‘L’ Type Alternative Fuels Area

‘L’ Type Alternative Fuels are basically liquid type incinerable waste which are more than 2500 Kcal.

1. Common Neutralization Tank to maintain pH level 7 2. 25 KL Mixing Tank with Cooling Coil and External Jacket to control the heat for Exothermic Liquid Waste 3. 25 KL Mixing Tank for the Non-Exothermic Liquid Waste 4. Agitator set up made by Stainless Steel 5. Pump  ‘S’ Type Alternative Fuels Area:

‘S’ Type Alternative Fuels are basically solid type incinerable waste which are more than 2500 Kcal

1. Common neutralization tank to maintain pH level 7 2. Mixing pit of 5 x 5 m 3. Jaw mixer for premixing of the solid and semisolid Waste. 4. Blender

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.44 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

 Solid blend will be prepared through mixing in an appropriate quantity of solid/ semi solid waste with binders. The first step of preparing solid blend is selection of waste.  The segregation of waste is done according to their pH & calorific value. Source materials are segregated like paint sludge, oily filter cake, spent carbon, organic waste, tarry waste, biomass, resin, distillation residues, grease, ETP sludge, and alumina sludge etc.  Assortment of waste is done according blending norms.  A general waste selection criteria for high calorific value fuel is low moisture content, high LOI & TOC, high calorific value, good compressibility, less ash content, non- toxic, less pollutant, sustainable combustion. Schematic diagram for the Alternative Fuel and Raw Material Facility (AFRF) is shown in Figure 2.11.

Figure 2.11 Alternative Fuel and Raw material Facility (AFRF)

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.45 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

2.8.4 Used Lead Acid Battery Recycling

Lead is one of the most vital nonferrous metal having multiple uses like in lead acid batteries, cable covering, alloying elements in solders, nuclear shield etc., and in terms of its chemical it is used in glass, paint and as an important stabilizers in PVC as lead striate etc.

Almost 70 to 80 % of lead productions come from recycling and balance 20 to 30% from virgin sources that is lead concentrates. The requirement of lead is going up at the rate of 15 to 20 % annually. Its requirement is going up more in developing countries like India and China. Further almost 70% of the lead goes in to the production of lead acid batteries. Demand for lead acid batteries is going up almost at the rate of 20 to 25% in India & China.

In India only Hindustan Zinc Limited and two other producers in smaller quantities produce lead from lead concentrates. Rest of the lead production is either from recycling or imports. Since more & more scrap lead acid batteries and other scrap of lead will be available there is a good scope to recover lead in and environmentally friendly manner.

2.8.4.1 Used Lead Acid Battery Recycling Process

Extraction of lead from used lead acid battery plates, lead scrap, lead dross and other lead bearing wastes is carried out by using rotary furnace and reverberatory furnace.

Conventional method of lead extraction from used lead acid battery plates, lead scrap, lead dross and other concentrate generates huge amount of sludge which becomes very difficult for disposal in the landfill. However, the combination of rotary furnace and reverberatory furnace with high calorific furnace oil as fuel reduces the quantum of slag generation and improves the recovery of lead metal considerably. Furnace oil will be used as fuel to melt the battery and other scrap.

The schematic diagram of the lead recycling is shown in Figure 2.12.

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.46 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Figure 2.12 Used lead acid battery recycling

2.8.5 Waste Plastic Recycling

A recycling plant uses seven steps to turn plastic trash into recycled plastic:

 Segregation The plastic will be segregated manually into 2 major components i.e. dirty plastic not suitable for granulation and plastic can be used for granulation.  Mechanized Cleaning Since the plastic drums contain hazardous material, mechanized cleaning will be done with some cleaning agents to remove any types of hazardous substances. The cleaned drums can be re-used or further processing can be done based on the requirement.  Chopping The washed drums will be chopped into flakes for further processing.

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.47 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

 Drying The plastic flakes will be dried in a tumble dryer.  Melting The dried flakes are fed into an extruder, where heat and pressure melt the plastic. Different types of plastics melt at different temperatures.  Filtering The molten plastic will be forced through a fine screen to remove any contaminants that slipped through the washing process. The molten plastic is then formed into strands  Pelletizing The strands are cooled in water, and then chopped into uniform pellets. Manufacturing companies buy the plastic pellets from recyclers to make new products. The process flow chart of plastic recycling is given in below in Figure 2.13

Figure 2.13 Process flow chart of plastic recycling

PLASTIC WASTE

2.8.6 Waste Paper Recycling

Paper recycling is the process of recovering waste paper and remaking it into new paper products. There are three categories of paper that can be used as feedstock for making recycled paper:

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.48 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

 Mill broke: Paper trimmings and other paper scrap from the manufacture of paper.  Pre-consumer waste: Material which left the paper mill but discarded before it was ready for consumer use.  Post-consumer waste: Post-consumer waste are the material discarded after consumer use such as old magazines, old newspaper, office wastes, old telephone directories, residential mixed paper, industrial packaging , waste multi-wall cement paper bags.

2.8.6.1 Process for Paper Recycling:

ICWF focuses on recovering waste paper and sending to paper manufacturing industry. It is proposed to carryout baling in the following steps:

 Step 1: Waste Paper Collection: Collection of waste paper material will be done through special color coded recycling bins (segregated directly at generator’s premises). However, at some locations, all kinds of papers may be collected in a single bin.  Step 2: Manual Segregation: The waste paper collected will be segregated according to variety / thickness of paper like newspaper, office stationary, packaging paper, card boards etc.  Step 3: Compaction and Baling: The waste paper is manually fed to the Baling press. It is equipment which utilizes hydraulic pressure on the loose paper in an enclosed chamber to compact them into bales. The bale weight can be varied from 40 – 60 kg, making them very convenient to handle manually.

 Step 4: Transportation: Transportation of bales to paper mills and other paper related product manufacturing units.

Baling wire and tape

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 2.49

CHAPTER 3

DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Chapter 3 Description of Environment

3.1 Introduction

Baseline environmental status in and around proposed project depicts the existing environmental conditions of air, noise, water, soil, biological and socio-economic environment. With proposed project as the centre, a radial distance of 10 km is considered as ‘study area’ for baseline data collection and environmental monitoring. Baseline data was collected for various environmental attributes so as to compute the impacts that are likely to arise due to the expansion of existing Common Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility (CHWTSDF) to the proposed Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility (ICHWTSDF) at RWMP, Udaipur, Rajasthan.

The main aim of the baseline study is to identify the critical environmental attributes which will be affected and have adverse impacts on the surrounding systems due to the present scenario. This study is carried out during the project planning stage itself, so that the proposed facility can be implemented in a technically, financially and environmentally sustainable long term basis.

The study depends mainly on two factors. One is estimation of impact from proposed project on the environment and the second one is assessment of the baseline environmental condition. Both are key factors to arrive at the post project scenario. The estimated impact due to the proposal can be superimposed over the existing conditions to arrive at the post project scenario. The scope of the baseline studies includes detailed characterization of the following environmental components, which are most likely to be influenced by setting up the proposed common bio-medical waste treatment facility:

 Meteorological Conditions  Ambient Air Quality  Noise Levels  Water Quality (ground & surface water)  Soil Quality  Biological Environment

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 3.1 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

 Land Environment and  Socio-Economic Studies a) Study Period

3.2 Micrometeorology

The study of micrometeorological conditions of a particular region is of utmost importance to understand the variations in ambient air quality status in that region. The prevailing micrometeorology at project site plays a crucial role in transport and dispersion of air pollutants released from the project site. The persistence of the predominant wind direction and wind speed at the project site will decide the direction and extent of the air pollution impact zone. The principal variables, which affect the micrometeorology, are horizontal transport and dispersion (average wind speed and directions), convective transport and vertical mixing (atmospheric stability) and also topography of the area towards local influences.

The micrometeorological data recorded in the study region is appropriately used in this study. The hourly record of wind speed and wind direction during study period was used for computing the relative percentage frequencies of wind occurrences in various directions. The observed meteorological data at site is given in Table 3.1. The wind rose diagram for winter season is presented in Figure 3.1.

During the observed season from October 2017 to December 2017, the winds were predominantly recorded from West direction. Calm condition prevailed for 32.84 % of the total time and the average wind speed for the season was observed to be 2.05 m/s.

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 3.2 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Table 3.1 Observed meteorological data

o Temp ( C) Relative Humidity (%) Rainfall Predominant Period Min Max Min Max (mm) wind Direction October-2017 15.2 34.4 38 66 7.3 W November-2017 11.4 28.9 32 63 5.4 W December-2017 6.8 26.2 46 74 8.5 W

Table 3.2 Season frequency distribution table (Oct- 17 to Dec-17)

Wind directions Wind classes (m/s) Total 0.5 - 2.0 2.0 - 3.5 3.5 - 5.0 > 5.0 N 2.04 0.72 1.22 0.63 4.62 NNE 0.86 0.77 0.41 0.77 2.81 NE 1.09 0.77 0.54 0.32 2.72 ENE 0.86 0.63 0.82 0.68 2.99 E 0.68 0.36 0.50 0.59 2.13 ESE 0.95 0.45 0.86 0.50 2.76 SE 1.04 0.54 0.63 0.68 2.90 SSE 0.82 0.63 0.68 0.72 2.85 S 1.59 0.77 0.54 0.54 3.44 SSW 1.13 0.32 0.68 0.77 2.90 SW 0.91 0.86 0.91 0.72 3.40 WSW 1.95 0.68 0.82 0.86 4.30 W 4.85 2.26 2.63 2.85 12.59 WNW 2.22 0.95 1.59 1.27 6.02 NW 3.13 1.81 2.22 1.40 8.56 NNW 0.95 0.45 0.36 0.41 2.17 Sub-Total 25.05 13.00 15.40 13.72 67.16 Calms (<0.5 m/s) 32.84 Total 100 % Note: 1. Average Wind Speed is 2.05 m/s 2. All values are in percentages

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 3.3 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Figure 3.1 Wind rose diagram

3.3 Ambient Air Quality

The ambient air quality was monitored in the impact study area as per MoEFCC guidelines. The prime objective of the baseline air quality study is to assess the existing ambient air quality of the area with reference to conventional air pollutants.

Methodology Adopted for the Study

The baseline status of the ambient air quality has been assessed through a scientifically designed ambient air quality network. The design of monitoring network in the air quality surveillance programme has been made based on the following considerations:

 Topography of the study area.  Representation of regional background.  Populated and sensitive areas.  Screening of maximum ground level concentrations and distances of their likely occurrences as per climatologically normal.  Representation of valid cross sectional distribution in downwind direction. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (AAQM) stations were installed at 9 different locations with due consideration to the above mentioned points. AAQ locations were selected in downwind, cross wind and upwind direction of the proposed project location. The details of the monitoring stations are given in Table 3.3. The Ambient Air Quality Sampling location map is given in Figure 3.2.

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 3.4 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Ambient air quality monitoring stations were selected on the basis of surface influence, demographic influence & meteorological influence. At each sampling station monitoring was carried out for a frequency of 2 days per week for 12 weeks during study period. The common air pollutants namely Particulate Matter (PM<2.5µm, PM<10µm), Sulfur dioxide

(SO2), Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and Ozone (O3) were sampled on 8/24 hourly and results

were averaged to 24 hours and Carbon monoxide (CO), Benzene (C6H6) and Ammonia (NH3) were monitored 2 days per week for 4 weeks during study period to meet the requirements of the MoEFCC and compared with the standards stipulated by CPCB.

Table 3.3 Ambient air quality monitoring locations

W.R.T. Site Name of the Code Distance Latitude (North) Longitude (East) Locations Wind Type Direction (km)

AAQ1 Site Core - - 24° 36' 52.815" N 73° 48' 47.023" E

AAQ 2 Gowla Down wind 0.4 E 24° 36' 44.787" N 73° 49' 3.631" E

AAQ3 Gurli Down Wind 1.8 NE 24° 37' 44.834" N 73° 49' 18.384" E

AAQ4 Gurli Ki Dhani Up Wind 2.4 N 24° 38' 10.905" N 73° 48' 26.022" E

AAQ5 Sagdar Up Wind 2.4 W 24° 36' 47.102" N 73° 47' 16.835" E

AAQ6 Panwai Cross Wind 2.9 S 24° 35' 8.191" N 73° 48' 46.880" E

AAQ7 Dabok Down Wind 6.1 E 24° 36' 44.131" N 73° 52' 28.570" E

AAQ8 Pratap Nagar Cross Wind 6.2 WSW 24° 35' 32.690" N 73° 45' 16.669" E

AAQ9 Dhanu Cross Wind 8.5 SE 24° 33' 37.691" N 73° 52' 27.712" E

The existing values of air pollutants of concern as mentioned above are presented in Table 3.4-3.7. Statistical parameters like minimum, maximum and 98th percentile have been computed from the observed raw data for all sampling stations. These are compared with the standards as prescribed by MoEFCC for industrial, residential and rural zone.

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 3.5 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Table 3.4 Particulate matter levels in the study area (µg/m3)

PM-10 PM-2.5 Location 98th 98th Min Max Min Max Percentile Percentile Site 58.4 65.4 65.4 31.4 36.8 36.4 Gowla 55.1 62.8 61.9 27.4 33.2 32.0 Gurli 53.1 57.1 57.0 25.4 28.7 28.7 Gurli ki Dhani 51.2 54.8 54.7 21.6 26.5 26.5 Sagdar 52.1 55.9 55.2 24.4 31.3 31.2 Panwai 54.1 57.6 57.4 23.4 29.4 29.3 Dabok 55.1 59.2 58.9 26.5 33.5 33.3 Pratp nagar 54.5 60.4 60.4 28.7 34.7 34.6 Dhanu 50.1 55.4 55.0 22.7 27.6 27.6 98th Percentile 54.7 to 65.4 26.5 to 36.4 NAAQ Standards 2009 (24 hr) 100 60

Table 3.5 3 Ambient air quality - SO2 & NOx levels in the study area (µg/m )

SO2 NOx Location 98th 98th Min Max Min Max Percentile Percentile Site 12.2 17.4 17.3 28.7 31.8 31.8 Gowla 11.1 16.6 15.9 21.9 27.1 26.8 Gurli 10.3 14.3 14.2 20.1 22.8 22.8 Gurli ki Dhani 9.4 12.7 12.7 18.5 21.6 21.4 Sagdar 9.3 15.4 15.1 20.2 24.2 24.1 Panwai 9.7 13.5 13.0 18.2 23.5 23.4 Dabok 10.3 13.7 13.7 20.1 23.8 23.6 Pratp nagar 11.2 16.3 16.2 22.2 26.5 26.0 Dhanu 9.2 13.8 13.5 20.3 23.9 23.6 98th Percentile 12.7 to 17.3 21.4 to 31.8 NAAQ Standards 2009 (24 hr) 80 80

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Table 3.6 3 Ambient air quality - O3 and CO levels in the study area (µg/m )

O3 CO Location 98th 98th Min Max Min Max Percentile Percentile Site 23.3 28.6 28.6 590 680 680 Gowla 17.4 22.2 22.0 526 640 640 Gurli 16.9 19.6 19.6 510 585 585 Gurli ki Dhani 14.8 18.4 18.2 410 520 510 Sagdar 17.1 20.8 20.5 450 550 550 Panwai 15.5 21.3 20.8 490 590 569 Dabok 16.5 19.8 19.4 425 540 538 Pratp nagar 18.6 22.2 21.8 550 670 670 Dhanu 17.1 20.7 20.4 440 570 570 98 Percentile 18.2 to 28.6 510 to 680 NAAQ Standards 2009 (8 hr) 100 2000 Location NH3 C6H6 98th 98th Min Max Min Max Percentile Percentile Site 13.8 18.7 17.6 0.42 0.54 0.53 Gowla 15.7 18.9 18.4 0.33 0.48 0.48 Gurli 16.4 20.6 20.2 0.31 0.36 0.36 Gurli ki Dhani 12.4 15.3 15.2 0.25 0.35 0.35 Sagdar 15.4 19.1 19.0 0.32 0.41 0.41 Panwai 14.7 18.4 18.2 0.28 0.39 0.39 Dabok 16.4 20.7 20.2 0.33 0.42 0.42 Pratp nagar 17.2 23.1 22.8 0.38 0.45 0.45 Dhanu 16.3 19.7 18.9 0.32 0.43 0.42 98th Percentile 15.2 to 22.8 0.35 to 0.53 NAAQ Standards 2009 400 5 (Annual)

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Figure 3.2 Ambient air quality sampling location map

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 3.8 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

3.3.1 Air Quality Scenario in the Study Area a) Particulate Matter <2.5µm &<10µm

Particulate Matter (PM) is the term used for a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in the air. These particles originate from a variety of sources, such as power plants, industrial processes, and diesel trucks, and they are formed in the atmosphere by transformation of gaseous emissions. Their chemical and physical compositions depend on location and time of year. Particulate matter is composed of both coarse and fine particles.

Coarse particles (PM10) have an aerodynamic diameter between 2.5 µm and 10 µm. They are formed by mechanical disruption (e.g. crushing, grinding, and abrasion of surfaces) evaporation of sprays, and suspension of dust. PM10 is composed of alumina silicate and other oxides of crustal elements, and major sources including fugitive dust from roads, industry, agriculture, construction and demolition, and fly ash from fossil fuel combustion. The lifetime of PM10 is from minutes to hours and its travel distance varies from <1 km to 10 km.

Fine particles have an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5). They differ from PM10 in origin and chemistry. These particles are formed from gas and condensation of high temperature vapors during combustion, and they are composed of various combinations of Sulfate compounds, Nitrate compounds, Carbon compounds, Ammonium, Hydrogen ion, organic compounds, metals (Pb, Cd, V, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe), and particle bound water. The major sources of PM2.5 are fossil fuel combustion, vegetation burning, and the smelting and processing of metals. Their lifetime is from days to weeks and travel distance ranges from hundreds to thousands of kilometers.

The 98th percentile of Particulate Matter <2.5µm recorded within the study area were in the range of 26.5 to 36.4 µg/m3. The 98th percentile of Particulate Matter <10µm recorded within the study area were in the range of 54.7 to 65.4 µg/m3.

The 24 hourly average values of Particulate Matter <2.5µm & Particulate Matter <10µm were compared with the national ambient air quality standards and found that all sampling locations recorded values within the applicable limits of residential and rural area limits for all locations in study area.

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 3.9 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan b) Sulfur Dioxide

Sulfur dioxide gas is an inorganic gaseous pollutant. Sulfur dioxide emissions are expected to be emitted wherever combustion of any fuel containing sulfur takes place. The sulfur in the fuel will combine with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide. Sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid mist are the other important pollutants in the sulfur group. In general some of the important sources of sulfur dioxide are power stations, sulfuric acid plants, oil refining, boilers in utilities in any industry and domestic use of coal. The following sources of Sulfur dioxide in the study area are identified:

 Emissions from domestic fuel (coal, diesel, etc.)  Emissions from DG sets used by industries and local residents

Sulfur dioxide in atmosphere is significant because of its toxicity. Sulfur dioxide is capable of producing illness and lung injury. Further it can combine with water in the air to form toxic acid. Aerosols can corrode metal surfaces, fabrics and the leaves of plants. Sulfur dioxide is irritating to the eyes and respiratory system. Excessive exposure to sulfur dioxide causes bronchial asthma and other breathing related diseases as it affects the lungs.

th The 98 percentile of SO2 recorded within the study area was in the range of 12.7 to 17.3 µg/m3.

The 24 hourly average values of SO2 were compared with the national ambient air quality standards and it was found that all sampling locations recorded values much lower than the applicable limit of 80 µg/m3 in residential and rural areas. c) Oxides of Nitrogen

Oxides of nitrogen are also an inorganic gaseous pollutant like sulfur dioxide. Oxides of nitrogen emissions are expected to be emitted wherever combustion at high temperatures takes place. Nitrous oxide and nitric acid mist are the other important pollutants in the inorganic nitrogen group. In general some of the important sources of oxides of nitrogen are boilers (utilities) in any industry and automobile exhaust. In a metropolitan town NOx levels are predominantly high due to automobile emissions. The following sources of oxides of nitrogen in the study area are identified:

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 3.10 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

1. Emissions from industrial and domestic burning of coal. 2. Emissions from automobiles.

Oxides of nitrogen have far greater significance in photochemical smog reaction than any of the other inorganic gaseous contaminants. NOx in the presence of sunlight will undergo reactions with a number of organic compounds to produce all the effects associated with photochemical smog. NOx has inherent ability to produce deleterious effects by themselves like toxicity. It acts as asphyxiate when in concentrations great enough to reduce the normal oxygen supply from the air. th The 98 percentile of NOx recorded within the study area was in the range of 21.4 to 31.8 µg/m3.

The 24 hourly average values of NOx were compared with the national ambient air quality standards and it was found that all the sampling locations recorded values much lower than the applicable limit of 80 µg/m3 in residential and rural areas.

d) Ammonia (NH3)

Ammonia (NH3) in the atmosphere results primarily from the decomposition and volatilization of animal wastes. As such it is in principle a natural trace gas. Other sources of ammonia emission include direct volatilization from mineral fertilizers (particularly urea), agricultural crops and a wide range of non-agricultural sources including sewage, catalytic converters, wild animals, seabirds and industrial processes.

Atmospheric ammonia has impacts on both local and international (trans boundary) scales. In the atmosphere ammonia reacts with acid pollutants such as the products of SO2 and NOX + 3 emissions to produce fine ammonium (NH4 ) containing aerosol. While the lifetime of NH is + relatively short (<10-100 km), NH4 may be transferred much longer distances (100 - >1000 km).

In addition to the transboundary effects, NH3 has substantial impacts at a local level: emissions occur at ground level in the rural environment and NH3 is rapidly deposited). As a result some of the most acute problems of NH3 deposition are for small relict nature reserves located in intensive agricultural landscapes. th The 98 percentile of NH3 recorded within the study area was in the range of 15.2 to 22.8 µg/m3.

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 3.11 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan e) Ozone (O3)

Ozone (O3) or Trioxygen, is a triatomic molecule, consisting of three oxygen atoms. It is an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic allotrope (O2). Ozone in the lower atmosphere is an air pollutant with harmful effects on the respiratory systems of animals and will burn sensitive plants; however the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere is beneficial, preventing potentially damaging ultraviolet light from reaching the Earth’s surface. Ozone is present in low concentrations throughout the Earth’s atmosphere.

The 98th percentile of ozone recorded within the study area was in the range of 18.2 to 28.6 µg/m3. The 8 hour average values of ozone were compared with the national ambient air quality standards and found that the recorded values were within the applicable limits of residential and rural area for all the locations in study area. f) Carbon Monoxide (CO)

It is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is slightly less dense than air. It is toxic to humans and animals when encountered in higher concentrations, although it is also produced in normal animal metabolism in low quantities, and is thought to have some normal biological functions. In the atmosphere, it is spatially variable and short lived, having a role in the formation of ground-level ozone. Along with aldehydes it is part of series of reactions that forms photochemical smog. Carbon monoxide is present in small amounts in the atmosphere, chiefly as a product of volcanic activity but also from natural and man-made fires (such as forest and bush fires, burning of crop residues and sugarcane fire-cleaning).

Carbon monoxide is a temporary atmospheric pollutant in some urban areas, mainly from the exhaust of internal combustion engines (including vehicles, portable and back-up generators, lawn mowers, power washers, etc.), but also from incomplete combustion of various other fuels (including wood, coal, charcoal, oil, paraffin, propane, natural gas, and trash).

The 8 hourly average values of CO were compared with the national ambient air quality standards and it was found that all the sampling stations recorded values much lower than the applicable limit of 2000 µg/m3 for residential and rural areas.

The 98th percentile of CO recorded within the study area was in the range of 510 to 680 µg/m3.

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 3.12 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan g) Benzene (C6H6)

Benzene is a clear, colorless, highly flammable and volatile, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon with a gasoline-like odor. Benzene is found in crude oils and as a by-product of oil-refining processes. Benzene is found in the air from emissions from burning coal and oil, gasoline service stations, and motor vehicle exhaust. Acute (short-term) inhalation exposure of humans to benzene may cause drowsiness, dizziness, headaches, as well as eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritation.

The 98th percentile of Benzene recorded within the study area was in the range of 0 35 to 0.53 µg/m3.

The other parameters such as lead, arsenic, nickel and benzopyrene are below detectable limits (BDL).

3.4 Water Quality

Surface water and ground water samples were collected from different sources within the study area and some important physical & chemical parameters including heavy metals were considered for depicting the baseline status of the study area.

3.4.1 Water Quality Assessment

The water samples collected from the below locations were analyzed for important water quality parameters and the analytical results of the water samples were compared with IS: 10500-2012 drinking water standards and the results are shown in Table 3.8, surface water results were compared with IS: 2296-1992 and are shown in Table 3.9.

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Table 3.7 Water sampling locations

Code Name of the Source With Respective to Site Latitude Longitude Locations Type Distance Direction (North) (East) (km) Ground Water GW1 Site Bore well - - 24° 36' 55.5 73° 48' 46.9

GW2 Gowla Hand Pump 0.7 SE 24° 36' 42.3 73° 49' 10.5

GW3 Gurli Hand Pump 4.3 NE 24° 38' 48.7 73° 50' 20.9

GW4 Gurli Ki Dhani Hand Pump 2.5 N 24° 38' 11.0 73° 48' 24.4

GW5 Sagdar Hand Pump 2.4 W 24° 36' 52.4 73° 47' 15.2

GW6 Panwai Hand Pump 3.2 S 24° 35' 11.0 73° 48' 47.0

GW7 Dabok Hand Pump 5.4 E 24° 37' 22.6 73° 51' 57.9

GW8 Dhanu Bore well 8.5 SE 24° 33' 38.2 73° 52' 29.7

Surface Water SW1 Udai Sagar Lake River surface 3.5 S 24° 34' 59.5 73° 48' 47.3

SW2 Berach River River surface 8.6 E 24° 36' 27.3 73° 53' 51.9

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Figure 3.3 Groundwater sampling locations map

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 3.15 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Figure 3.4 Surface water sampling locations map

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Table 3.8 Water sample analysis results – Groundwater Analysis Results Standard as per IS - Sl. 10500:2012 Parameter Unit Gurli ki No Site Gowla Gurli Sagdar Panwai Dabok Dhanu Acceptable Permissible Dhani Limit Limit 1 Odour -- Agreeable Agreeable 2 pH Value -- 7.7 7.4 7.6 7.5 7.4 7.3 7.2 7.7 6.5-8.5 No Relaxation 3 Turbidity NTU 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 1 5 4 Electrical Conductivity µs/cm 1520 1434 1685 1823 1742 1575 1794 2245 -- -- 5 Dissolved Solids mg/l 1055 976 1123 1254 1188 1085 1245 1524 500 2000 6 Alkalinity mg/l 265 225 286 329 310 245 280 325 200 600 7 Chloride (as Cl ) mg/l 166 204 201 254 212 212 235 322 250 1000

8 Sulphate (as SO4) mg/l 96 86 126 123 130 86 134 160 200 400

9 Nitrate (as NO3) mg/l 32 33 32 34 36 36 42 38 45 No Relaxation

10 Phosphates (as PO4) mg/l 0.8 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.6 1.1 0.6 1.1 - - 11 Total Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/l 438 395 485 568 470 457 506 570 200 600 12 Calcium (as Ca ) mg/l 95 88 104 134 108 96 114 123 75 200 13 Magnesium (as Mg) mg/l 48 42 54 56 48 52 53 63 30 100 14 Sodium as Na mg/l 102 112 132 138 165 134 148 188 -- -- 15 Potassium as K mg/l 22 18 25 12 22 23 23 38 -- -- 16 Fluoride (as F) mg/l 0.75 0.58 1.2 0.75 1.2 0.65 0.82 1.2 1.0 1.5 17 Iron (as Fe) mg/l 0.25 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.24 0.22 0.25 0.25 0.3 18 Lead (as Pb) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 No Relaxation 19 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/l <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 0.003 20 Copper (as Cu) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.05 1.5 21 Arsenic as As mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.05 22 Zinc (as Zn) mg/l <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 5 15

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Table 3.9 Surface water sample analysis result

S. Parameters Units Udaisagar lake SW2 IS 2296 – 1992 Inland surface water standards No SW1 A B C D E 1 pH --- 7.6 7.2 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.0-9.0 6.5- 8.5 6.5- 8.5 2 EC µs/cm 856 1322 - - - - 2250 3 Odor -- Unobjectionable Unobjectionable Un - - - - objectio nable 4 TDS mg/l 545 905 500 - 1500 - 2100 5 TSS mg/l <10 <10 - - - - - 6 Turbidity NTU 0.2 1.5 - - - - - 7 Alkalinity mg/l 125 234 - - - - - (CaCO3) 8 Chloride (Cl-) mg/l 101 186 250 - 600 - 600 -2 9 Sulphate (SO4 ) mg/l 58 62 400 - 400 - 1000

10 Nitrates (NO3) mg/l 32 38 20 - 50 - -

11 Phosphate(PO4) mg/l 0.8 0.8 - - - - - 12 Total Hardness mg/l 268 427 200 - - - - 13 Calcium (Ca) mg/l 54 94 - - - - - 14 Magnesium(Mg) mg/l 32 46 - - - - - 15 Sodium (Na) mg/l 52 87 - - - - - 16 Potassium (K) mg/l 22 28 - - - - - 17 Fluoride (F-) mg/l 0.54 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.5 - - 18 Iron (Fe) mg/l 0.22 0.25 0.3 - 0.5 - - 19 Lead (Pb) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 0.1 - 0.1 - _ 20 Cadmium (Cd) mg/l <0.003 <0.003 0.01 - 0.01 - _ 21 Arsenic (As) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 0.05 0.2 0.2 - _ 22 Chromium (Cr) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 - - - - - 23 Zinc (Zn) mg/l < 1 < 1 15 - 15 - _ 24 Copper (Cu) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 1.5 - 1.5 - _ 25 DO mg/l 5.7 5.6 6 5 4 4 - 26 COD mg/l 42 48 - - - - - 27 BOD mg/l 14 16 2 3 3 - - 28 Oil & Grease mg/l <15 ,<15 - 29 E Coil MPN/ 26 22 - - - - - 100ml 30 Total coliform MPN/ 312 285 50 500 5,000 - - 100ml

Note: U/O: Unobjectionable

Class A- Drinking water source without conventional treatment but after disinfection Class B- Outdoor bathing Class C- Drinking water source after conventional treatment and disinfection Class D- Propagation of wild life and fisheries Class E- Irrigation, industrial cooling, controlled waste disposal

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3.4.2 Regional Scenario Groundwater

 The pH limit fixed for drinking water samples as per IS: 10500-2012 Standard is 6.5 to 8.5 beyond this range the water will affect the mucus membrane and or water supply system. In the study area, the pH was varying from 7.2 to 7.7 showing that they are within the acceptable range.  The acceptable limit for total dissolved solids as per IS: 10500-2012 Standard is 500 mg/l whereas the permissible limits in absence of alternate source are 2000 mg/l, beyond this palatability decreases and may cause gastro intestinal irritation. In ground water samples collected from the study area, the total dissolved solids were relatively high and were varying from 976 mg/l to 1524 mg/l. The TDS of all samples were above the acceptable limit but within the permissible limit, however, this data also tallies with the information given in the Groundwater year Book of Rajasthan, 2914-2015, where a majority of tested ground water samples of villages around Udaipur district have shown a high TDS of 501 to 2000 mg/l.  The acceptable limit for chloride is 250mg/l as per IS: 10500-2012 Standards whereas the permissible limit of the same is 1000 mg/l beyond this limit taste, corrosion and palatability are affected. The Chloride levels in the ground water samples collected in the study area were ranging from 166 mg/l to a maximum of 322 mg/l. Chloride content of two samples was above acceptable limit but within the permissible limit and for the rest of the samples it was within the acceptable limit.

 The acceptable limit as per IS:10500-2012 Standards for hardness as CaCO3 is 200 mg/l whereas the permissible limit for the same is 600 mg/l beyond this limit encrustation in water supply structure and adverse effects on domestic use will be observed. In the ground water samples collected from the study area, the hardness is varying from 395

mg/l to 570 mg/l. Hardness as CaCO3 of all samples was found to be above acceptable limit but within permissible limit. This result also tallies with the analysis reported in the ‘Ground water Year Book of Rajasthan, 2014-15’ with almost all tested ground water samples of Udaipur showing a high total hardness of 200 – 600 mg/L.  Fluoride is the other important parameter, which has the acceptable limit of 1 mg/l and permissible limit of 1.5 mg/l. However the optimum content of fluoride in the drinking

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water is <0.6 to 1.5 mg/l. If the fluoride content is less than 0.6 mg/l it causes dental carries, above 1.5 mg/l it causes staining of tooth enamel, higher concentration in range of 3 - 10 mg/l causes fluorosis. In the ground water samples of study area the fluoride value were in the range of 0.58 to 1.2 mg/l. Three of the tested samples showed a Fluoride content above acceptable but below the permissible limit and for the rest samples, it was within the acceptable limit. (The probable reasons for existence of high concentrations of Chlorides, fluorides, and hardness in the ground water of majority of areas of Rajasthan as collected from secondary data has been given in the end of this chapter.) Surface Water

 The pH is in the range of 7.2 to 7.6. The pH values for all the samples collected in the study area during study period were found to be within the limits.  The total dissolved solids were in the range of 554 to 905 mg/l which were within the Class ‘C’ norms.  The chlorides were in the range of 101 to 186 mg/l, which are within the limits of Class ‘A’ norms.

 The hardness as CaCO3 in samples varies between 125 to 234 mg/l.  The fluorides in the above samples were found to be in the range of 0.54 to 1.2 mg/l which are within the limits of Class ‘A’ norms. The samples were analyzed and all the parameters were falling under Class ‘A’. However, BOD values were in the range of 14 to 16 mg/l which are above the norms of Class A, B and C.

3.5 Noise Environment

Noise can be defined as unwanted sound or sound in the wrong place at the wrong time. It can also be defined as any sound that is undesirable because it interferes with speech and hearing, is intense enough to damage hearing or is otherwise annoying. Noise can also disturb natural wildlife and ecological systems.

Sound can be transmitted through gases, liquids, and solids. Noise impacts can be of concern during the construction and the operational phases of projects. Noise should also be considered in relation to present and future land use zoning and policies.

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Construction noise can be a significant source of community noise. The impacts of concern on people near the construction site, who are totally unrelated to construction activities (e.g. area residents, office workers, school children, staff, etc.). Factors which are important in determining noise levels that will potentially impact such populations include distance from the noise source, natural or man-made barriers between the source and the impacted population, weather conditions which could potentially absorb, reflect or focus sound (such as wind speed, direction, temperature inversions), the scale and intensity of the particular construction phase (excavation, erection, or finishing). The Environment/ health impacts of noise can vary from Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) to annoyance depending on loudness of noise levels and tolerance levels of individual.

3.5.1 Source of Noise

The main sources of noise in the study area are domestic activities, industrial activities and vehicular traffic. 3.5.2 Noise Levels in the Study Area

Noise levels have been monitored at 7 locations within the study zone, using a noise measurement device. Random noise level measurement locations were identified for assessment of existing noise level status, keeping in view of the land use pattern, residential areas in villages, schools, bus stands, etc., the day levels of noise have been monitored during 6 AM to 10 PM and the night levels during 10 PM to 6 AM. The noise monitoring stations are shown in Table 3.10 and Figure 3.5. The results are presented in Table 3.11.

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Table 3.10 Noise monitoring locations

W.R.T. Site Name of the Code Distance Latitude (North) Longitude (East) Locations Direction (km) N1 Site - - 24° 36' 46.1" 73° 48' 49.8" N2 Gowla 0.6 SE 24° 36' 43.2" 73° 49' 4.3"

N3 Gurli 4.0 NE 24° 38' 44.7" 73° 50' 6.2" N4 Bichhri 3.5 SE 24° 35' 24.8" 73° 50' 3.8" N5 Gurli-ki-Dhani 2.5 N 24° 38' 15.9" 73° 48' 32.6" N6 Sagdar 2.5 N 24° 36' 49.0" 73° 47' 21.5"

N7 Panwai 3.2 S 24° 35' 10.8" 73° 48' 53.0" N8 Pratapnagar 6.2 SW 24° 35' 43.3" 73° 45' 18.5"

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 3.22 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Figure 3.5 Noise sampling locations map

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Table 3.11 Noise levels in the study area – dB (A) N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 Hours Gowla Gurli Bichhri Gurli ki Dhani Sagdar Panwai Pratp nagar Project Site Near School Within Village Near bus stop Near School Near Junction Near bus stop Near Market 1 42.3 40.2 41.5 41.2 40.2 40.9 41.5 41.3 2 43.5 40.6 43.1 42.3 40.8 41.7 41.5 43.3 3 44.5 41.3 43.7 45.5 41.5 43.6 43.4 44.4 4 44.8 42.6 44.5 45.9 42.4 44.5 45.4 45.4 5 45.7 43.7 45.7 47.9 42.9 45.6 45.4 46.5 6 54.3 45.4 47.3 54.5 43.6 48.6 47.3 53.4 7 63.4 50.2 53.1 49.9 47.7 55.0 54.4 55.6 8 64.7 51.4 54.5 53.5 50.8 56.6 55.4 56.7 9 63.3 51.6 55.4 54.6 51.3 55.6 56.4 57.6 10 62.2 53.3 56.4 55.9 52.5 56.3 55.1 56.4 11 63.3 54.2 57.5 56.5 53.3 53.5 54.0 55.4 12 62.5 52.4 54.0 57.6 48.9 52.5 52.9 53.7 13 62.1 50.6 54.5 54.6 51.5 52.1 51.5 52.6 14 62.8 50.4 52.1 53.4 50.5 52.3 52.1 54.5 15 63.5 49.9 51.4 54.7 51.3 55.1 54.5 55.6 16 63.3 52.4 56.6 55.8 53.5 56.0 55.9 56.7 17 62.2 51.3 55.7 55.3 52.4 54.3 53.4 53.5 18 48.9 49.7 51.5 54.3 52.8 51.0 52.1 53.3 19 47.2 48.2 49.0 51.2 50.4 50.4 51.1 52.6 20 46.6 46.5 47.1 50.4 47.7 48.3 48.7 50.8 21 45.4 45.3 45.6 48.7 45.5 46.5 46.5 49.3 22 44.5 42.4 45.0 45.5 42.4 45.1 45.4 47.3 23 43.8 41.3 43.4 43.2 41.3 44.0 43.4 44.3 24 43.5 40.4 41.2 41.3 40.9 41.41 41.1 42.3 Min 42.3 40.2 41.2 41.8 40.2 40.9 41.1 41.3 Max 64.7 54.2 57.5 57.6 53.5 56.6 56.4 57.6 L day 61.6 50.8 53.8 54.4 50.9 53.7 53.4 54.7 L night 43.3 40.8 42.8 43.4 40.8 42.7 42.9 43.9

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Regional Scenario

The values of noise observed in some of the rural areas are primarily owing to vehicular traffic and other anthropogenic activities. In rural areas wind blowing and chirping of birds would contribute to noise levels especially during the nights. The day equivalents during the study period are ranging between 50.8 to 61.6 dB (A) whereas the night equivalents were in the range of 40.8 to 43.9 dB (A). From the results it can be seen that the day equivalents and the night equivalents were within the Ambient Noise Standards of residential area.

3.6 Traffic Study Traffic studies are required to assess the traffic density pattern of the region and to assist the proponent in planning vehicular movement during the project activity. The methodology adopted for carrying out the traffic study was to select the major roads around the project site and count the various categories of vehicles moving on these roads. The traffic survey was carried out at site road and the details of it are given in Table 3.12.

Table 3.12

Traffic survey at site road Passenger cars Heavy commercial Two wheeler Three wheeler Total vehicles &pick-up vans vehicles (HCV) Hours Total v/hr PCU/hr v/hr PCU/hr v/hr PCU/hr v/hr PCU/hr Total PCU/hr 6-7 am 234 176 32 64 193 193 265 981 724 1413 7-8 am 332 249 54 108 254 254 167 618 807 1229 8-9 am 423 317 72 144 321 321 216 799 1032 1581 9-10 am 523 392 85 170 387 387 244 903 1239 1852 10-11 am 588 441 98 196 465 465 267 988 1418 2090 11-12 pm 545 409 85 170 423 423 254 940 1307 1942 12-1 pm 498 374 78 156 412 412 205 759 1193 1700 1-2 pm 389 292 65 130 356 356 198 733 1008 1510 2-3 pm 434 326 76 152 323 323 213 788 1046 1589 3-4 pm 488 366 82 164 434 434 324 1199 1328 2163 4-5 pm 564 423 96 192 456 456 366 1354 1482 2425 5-6 pm 512 384 92 184 422 422 342 1265 1368 2255 6-7 pm 432 324 86 172 345 345 326 1206 1189 2047 7-8 pm 321 241 76 152 243 243 265 981 905 1616 8-9pm 188 141 54 108 156 156 287 1062 685 1467 9-10pm 156 117 43 86 123 123 321 1188 643 1514 10-11pm 123 92 23 46 132 132 345 1277 623 1547 The highest peak observed is 3055 PCU/hr during 10 am to 11 am Road width 40 m Roads with no frontage access, no standing IRC – 106 -1990 2 way/4 lane vehicles very little cross traffic 3600 PCU/hr Existing v/c ratio 0.59 LOS = Level of Service (Existing) at Peak time Good

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3.7 Soil Quality

The present study on soil quality establishes the baseline characteristics in the study area surrounding the project site. The study has been addressed with the following objectives.

 To determine the base line characteristics.  To determine the soil characteristics of proposed project site.  To determine the impact of industrialization/ urbanization on soil characteristics.  To determine the impacts on soils from agricultural productivity point of view.

3.7.1 Criteria Adopted for Selection of Sampling Locations

For studying the soil types and soil characteristics, 8 sampling locations were selected to assess the existing soil conditions representing various land use conditions and geological features. The homogenized soil samples collected at different locations were packed in a polyethylene plastic bag and sealed. The sealed samples were sent to laboratory for analysis. The important physical, chemical parameter concentrations were determined from all the samples.

3.7.2 Soil Sampling Locations

Details of the soil sampling locations are given in Table 3.13 and the soil sampling location map is given in Figure 3.6.

Table 3.13 Soil sampling locations

W.R.T. Site Name of the Code Latitude (North) Longitude (East) Locations Distance (km) Direction

S1 Site - - 24° 36' 55.5 73° 48' 46.9 S2 Gowla 0.7 SE 24° 36' 42.3 73° 49' 10.5 S3 Gurli 4.3 NE 24° 38' 48.7 73° 50' 20.9 S4 Gurli Ki Dhani 2.5 N 24° 38' 11.0 73° 48' 24.4 S5 Sagdar 2.4 W 24° 36' 52.4 73° 47' 15.2 S6 Panwai 3.2 S 24° 35' 11.0 73° 48' 47.0 S7 Dabok 5.4 E 24° 37' 22.6 73° 51' 57.9 S8 Dhanu 8.5 SE 24° 33' 38.2 73° 52' 29.7

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Figure 3.6 Soil sampling locations map

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Table 3.14 Soil analysis results

Parameters Unit Site Gowla Gurli Gurli ki Sagdar Panwai Dabok Dhanu Standard Soil Classification – (Indian Dhani Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi Color - Brownish Brownish Moisture Content % 18.4 16.8 20.6 18.4 15.8 19.5 16.8 17.5 - µs/cm Normal<1000, Critical for germination EC ( 1:5 Extraction) 165 148 232 255 243 184 224 288 1000-2000, Critical for growing 2000 - 4000, Injurious to most crops>4000 -- Acidic<6.0, Normal to Saline 6.0-8.5, pH ( 1:5 Extraction) 7.7 7.8 7.7 8.2 7.8 7.9 8.1 7.6 Tending to become Alkaline8.6 to 9.0, Alkaline above 9. Organic Carbon % 1.1 0.54 0.65 0.72 0.72 0.65 0.68 0.66 Low < 0.5 , Medium 0.5 – 0.75, High > 0.75 Low below 280, Medium 280-560, High Available Nitrogen as N kg/Ha 325 332 336 309 305 287 305 282 above 560 Low below 110, Medium 110-280 High Available Potassium as K kg/Ha 347 358 354 325 296 302 298 291 above 280 Available Phosphorus as P kg/Ha 14.6 15.2 16.8 14.3 12.3 13.2 14.6 17.3 Low below 10, Medium 10-25,High above 25 Zinc as Zn mg/kg 34.5 16.8 22.4 25.8 34.5 28.6 32.5 30.2 -

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3.7.3 Regional Scenario

The analytical results of the soil samples collected during the study period are summarized in above Table 3.14.

The pH of the soil is an important property as plants cannot grow in low and high pH soils. The normal range of the soils from 6.0 to 8.5 is called as normal to saline soils. Most of the essential nutrients like N, P, K, Cl and SO4 are available for plants at the neutral pH, except for Fe, Mn and Al which are available at low pH range. The soils having pH below 7 are considered to be acidic from the practical standpoint, those with pH less than 5.5 and which respond to liming may be considered to qualify to be designated as acid soils. On the basis of pH measurements, the degree of soil acidity may be indicated. The pH values in the study area are varying from 7.6 to 8.2.

Based on the electrical conductivity, the soils are classified into 4 groups (Normal, Critical for germination, Critical for growth of the sensitive crops, Injurious to most crops). The electrical conductivity in the study area is varying from 145 to 288 µs/cm indicating that soils fall under normal category.

The organic carbon in the study area is varying from 0.54 to 0.72 %.

The other important parameters for characterization of soil for irrigation are N, P, K. Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium are known as primary nutrients; Calcium, Magnesium and Sulphur as secondary nutrients. The primary and secondary nutrient elements are known as major elements. This classification is based on their relative abundance and not on their relative importance.

Nitrogen encourages the vegetative development of plants by imparting a healthy green colour to the leaves. It also controls, to some extent, the efficient utilization of phosphorus and potassium. Its deficiency retards growth and root development, turns the foliage yellowish or pale green, hastens maturity, causes the shriveling of grains and lowers crop yield. The older leaves are affected first. An excess of nitrogen produces leathery (and sometimes crinkled), dark green leaves and results in succulent growth. It also delays the maturation of plants, impairs the quality of crops like barley, potato, tobacco, sugarcane and

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 3.29 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan fruits increases susceptibility to diseases and causes ”lodging” of cereal crops by inducing an undue lengthening of the stem internodes. The available nitrogen as N in the study area is varying from 282 to 336 kg/ha, all the samples are falling under medium category.

Phosphorus influences the vigor of plants and improves the quality of crops. It encourages the formation of new cells, promotes root growth (particularly the development of fibrous roots), and hastens leaf development, the emergence of ears, the formation of grains and the maturation of crops. It also increases resistance to disease and strengthens the stems of cereal plants, thus reducing their tendency to lodge. It offsets the harmful effects of excess nitrogen in the plant. When applied to leguminous crops it hastens and encourages the development of nitrogen fixing nodule bacteria. If phosphorus is deficient in the soil, plants fail to make a quick start, do not develop a satisfactory root-system, remain stunted, and sometimes develop a tendency to show a reddish or purplish discoloration of the stem and foliage owing to an abnormal increase in the sugar content and the formation of anthocyanin. However the deficiency of this element is not so easily recognized as that of nitrogen. It has also been observed that cattle feeding on the produce of phosphorus deficient soils become dwarfed, develop stiff joints and lose the velvety feel of the skin. Such animals show an abnormal craving for eating bones and even soil itself. In the study area available phosphorus is varying from 12.3 to 17.3 kg/ha which indicates that all samples are in medium range.

Potassium enhances the ability of the plants to resist diseases, insect attacks, cold and other adverse conditions. It plays an essential part in the formation of starch and in the production and translocation of sugars and is thus of special value to carbohydrates rich crops e.g. sugarcane, potato and sugar beet.

The increased production of starch and sugar in legumes fertilized with potash benefits the symbiotic bacteria and thus enhances the fixation of nitrogen. It also improves the quality of tobacco, citrus etc. With an adequate supply of potash, cereals produce plump grains and strong straw. But excess of the element tends to delay maturity, though not to the same extent as nitrogen. Plants can take up and store potassium in much larger quantities than what is needed for optimum growth and this excess uptake is known as luxury consumption. With the maturity or death of plants, potassium is washed out from the plant body readily.

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Vegetables and legumes are particularly heavy consumers of potassium. The deficiency of potassium produces the characteristic ringing of alfalfa leaves with rows of small white spots, reddish brown discoloration of cotton leaves, the drying, scorching and curbing of leaf margins of potato, intravenal chlorosis and flaring along the edges of maize leaves. The older leaves are affected first. The available potassium in the study area is varying between 291 to 358 kg/ha which indicates that all samples are in higher range with respect to Potassium content.

3.8 Biological Environment

3.8.1 Introduction

Ecological studies are one of the important aspects of Environmental Impact Assessment with a view to conserve environmental quality and biodiversity. The present objective is to study an area of 10 km radius from the proposed project site. Ecological systems show complex inter-relationships between biotic and abiotic components including dependence, competition and mutualism. Biotic components comprise of both plant and animal communities, which interact not only within and between themselves but also with the abiotic components viz. physical and chemical components of the environment.

The assessment of flora and fauna of the study area was done as per the MoEFCC guidelines. The main objective behind gathering information about the ecology and biodiversity of the study area was to assess the existing baseline ecological conditions in the study area, correlate it with the data available with the forests department and develop mitigation measures for possible impacts of the project on the existing ecology.

Generation of base-line data and knowing the types and extents of pollutants would be the first step of the environmental study report. The biological assessment is trustworthy and acceptable method to understand the impact of surroundings. This leads to suggesting remedial measures for minimizing impact. The aim of environment management plan is to manage the ecosystems with least alterations because only this can make ecosystem stable.

3.8.2. Objectives of Ecological Study

The main objective of the survey is to collect the information about the ecology and

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 3.31 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan biodiversity of the project site and its surroundings within 10 km radius of the site, to measure the below features. . To assess the distribution of flora and fauna in and around of the project site . Comparing of primary data with authentic past records to understand diversity changes. . Characterize the environmental components like land, water, flora and fauna. . To assess the impacts of the project on the immediate ecology and biodiversity. 3.8.3. Methodology adopted for the survey To accomplish the above objectives, a general ecological survey covering an area of 10 km radius from the proposed project boundary was done as follows: 1. Reconnaissance survey for selection of sampling sites in and around the site on the basis of meteorological conditions; 2. Compilation of secondary data from Forest Department 3. Primary data generated through systematic studies, which covers generation of primary data to understand baseline ecological status, fauna structure and important floristic elements; . Preparing a checklist of plants observed at the site. . Determining the bird population by taking random readings at every location. . Observing mammals, reptiles, amphibians, insects through their calls, droppings, burrows, pugmarks and other signs. . Interaction with local residents 4. Primary data collected from core and buffer zone of the project site.

3.8.4 Ecological Status:

Project site is located at plot no. 1018/13, Gudli village in Mavli Tehsil, Udaipur District, Rajasthan inside the boundary of existing Common Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage and Disposal facility. This is an expansion of the existing facility within the site boundary, so existing infrastructure can be used for proposed project. Hence, the original landscape remains mostly unchanged.

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3.8.4.1. Terrestrial Vegetation and Flora of the core zone: As mentioned above the proposed project is an expansion of existing TSDF which is well established with all facilities including greenbelt. The site area comprises of non-forest, wastelands and fallow lands. It is sparsely covered by a few shrubs, trees and surrounded by agricultural lands. Flora of the core area includes namely Babul (Acacia arabica), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Mango (Mangifera indica), Dhao(Butea monosperma), Dhakra (Anogeissus latifolia), Bargad (ficus benghalensis), Gular (Ficus glomerata), Jamun (syzygium cumini), Khair (Acacia catechu), Khejri (Prosopis spicigera),Peepal(Ficus religiosa), Bans (Dendrocalamus strictus), Indian date (Phoenix sylvestris), Tamarind (Tamarindus indica), Kapok tree (Calotropis procera), Ber (Ziziphus nummularia) etc.

3.8.4.2 Vegetation and Flora of the Buffer zone: Land use and land cover of the buffer zone reveals the absence of any National Parks or Wildlife Sanctuaries or Biosphere Reserves or Important Bird Areas (IBAs) or Protected Wetlands within 10 km radius of the project site.

Besides maize, jowar, other crops like cotton, pulses, groundnut were also observed and fruits like Guava, Mango are the most common, widely grown fruit trees in the buffer zone. There are many non-cultivable wastelands sparsely covered with thorny bushes of Indian date (Phoenix sylvestris), Euphorbia tirucalli , Acacia catechu, Acacia nilotica, Acacia farnesina, Prosopis spicigera, Cassia auriculata, Borassus flabellifer, Prosopis juliflora, as well as Lantana camara, Calotropis gigantea, Madhuca longifolia, Albizia lebbeck, Opuntia etc. List of plants found in the core and buffer area is given in Table 3.15.

Table 3.15 List of flora in the study area

S. No Scientific Name Family Name Common/Local Name 1 Abutilon Indicum Malvaceae Kanghi 2 Acacia Arabica Fabaceae Babul 3 Acacia catechu Mimosaceae Arabic gum 4 Acacia farnesiana Mimosaceae Guh baboool 5 Albizia saman Mimosaceae Coco tamarind 6 Annona squamosal Annonaceae custard-apple 7 Anogeissus latifolia Combretaceae Dhau

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8 Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Neem 9 Bambusa vulgaris Poaceae Bamboo 10 Borassus flabellifer Aracaceae Palmyra palm 11 Butea monosperma Fabaceae Flame-of-the-forest 12 Calotropis procera Asclepiadaceae Rubber bush 13 Casuarina equisetifolia Casuarinaceae Casuarina 14 Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae Nut grass 15 Dalbergia sissoo Fabaceae Shisham 16 Delonix regia Caesalpiniaceae Gulmohar 17 Dendrocalamus strictus Poaceae Bans 18 Euphorbia antiquorum Euphorbiaceae Tridhara 19 Ficus benghalensis Moraceae Banyan tree 20 Ficus glomerata Moraceae Goolar 21 Ficus religiosa Moraceae Peepul tree 22 Filicium decipiens Sapindaceae Fern-leaf 23 Grevillea robusta Proteaceae Silver oak tree 24 Lantana camara Verbenaceae Wild-sage 25 Lawsonia inermis Lythraceae Henna 26 Madhuca longifolia Sapotaceae Mahua 27 Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Mango Tree 28 Mimosa pudica Fabaceae Sensitive plant 29 Musa paradisiaca Musaceae Banana 30 Opuntia littoralis Cactaceae Culinary 31 Parthenium hysterophorus Asteraceae Congress grass 32 Persicaria maculosa Polygonaceae Willow weed 33 Phoenix sylvestris Arecaceae khajur 34 Polyalthia longifolia Annonaceae Ashok 35 Prosopis cineraria Mimosaceae Khejri 36 Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Guava 37 Senna auriculata Fabaceae Legume tree 38 Senna surattensis Caesalpiniaceae Bushy Cassia 39 solanum xanthocarpum Solanaceae Thorny Nightshade 40 Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Jamun 41 Tamarindus indica Fabaceae Tamarind Tree 42 Tectona grandis Lamiaceae Teak 43 Terminalia catappa Combretaceae Indian-almond 44 Ziziphus jujube Rhamnaceae Jujube

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3.8.4.3. Terrestrial fauna of the Core area and the Buffer zone:

As the animals, especially vertebrates and the winged invertebrates move from place to place in search of food, shelter, mate or other biological needs so separate lists for core and buffer areas are not feasible. There are no forests or wildlife habitats, wetlands or IBAs in the core and buffer zone. As such there are no chances of occurrence of any rare or endangered or endemic or threatened (REET) species.

The mammal species observed during the survey namely Squirrels, Mongoose, Rats, Bandicoots, monkeys etc., among the reptiles namely Lizards, Garden lizards were very common. No snakes or Monitor lizard was seen during the survey and the amphibians were also rare. Hence, common lists are prepared based on available secondary data and on the basis of direct observation, indirect or circumstantial evidence such as foot prints, feathers, skin, hair, hooves etc. The list of fauna observed during primary survey and based on secondary sources is given in Table 3.16

Table 3.16 List of Fauna in the Study Area

S.No Scientific name Common/Local name WPA Schedule Mammals 1 Bandicota indica Large bandicoot rat Schedule-IV 2 Funumbulus sp Stripped squirrel Schedule-III 3 Golunda ellioti Indian bush rat Schedule-IV 4 Harpestes edwardsi Common mongoose Schedule –II 5 Hystrix indica Indian Porcupine Schedule-IV 6 Lepus nigricollis Common Hare Schedule-IV 7 Macaca mulatta Monkey Schedule-II 8 Presbytis entellus Hanuman langur Schedule-II 9 Rattus norvegicus Field mouse Schedule-III 10 Rattus rattus House rat Schedule-III 11 Sus scrofa Wild pig Schedule-III Reptiles 1 Calotes versicolor Garden Lizard Schedule-III 2 Ptyas mucosus Rat snake Schedule-II 3 Naja naja Cobra Schedule-IV 4 Bungarus caeruleus Indian Krait Schedule-IV 5 Vipera russeli Viper Schedule-IV 6 Chamaeleo chamaeleon Common chameleon Schedule-IV Amphibians

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1 Bufo melanosticus Indian Toad Schedule-IV 2 Rhacophorus maculatus Indian Tree frog Schedule-IV Avian Species S.No Scientific name Common name WPA Schedule 1 Acridotherestristis Common mynah Schedule-IV 2 Anas platyrhynchos domesticus Duck Schedule-IV 3 Athene brama Spotted Owlet Schedule-IV 4 Ardeola grayil Pond heron Schedule-IV 5 Bubulcus ibis Cattle egret Schedule-IV 6 Clanga hastate Common Eagle Schedule-IV 7 Columba livia Rock Pigeon Schedule-IV 8 Coracias benghalensis Indian roller Schedule-IV 9 Corvus corvus Jungle crow Schedule-IV 10 Corvus splendens House Crow Schedule-V 11 Dicrurus macrocercus Black drongo Schedule-IV 12 Eudynamys scolopaceus Common Koel Schedule-IV 13 Gracupica contra Asian Pied Starling Schedule-IV 14 Gruidae Crane Schedule-IV 15 Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite Schedule-IV 16 Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt Schedule-IV 17 Megalaima merulinus Indian Cuckoo Schedule-IV 18 Milvus migrans Black Kite Schedule-IV 19 Passer domesticus House Sparrow Schedule-IV 20 Pavo cristatus Indian peafowl Schedule-I (LC) 21 Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Indian Cormorant Schedule-IV 22 Pycnonotus cafer Red vented bulbul Schedule-IV 23 Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank Schedule-IV 24 Vanellus indicus Red-wattled lapwing Schedule-IV Source:- Forest Department & information gathered from surrounding villagers during primary survey

3.8.4.4. Aquatic flora and fauna of the study area

There are several small village / irrigation tanks and no perennial water bodies in the study area. The bed of Udaisagar Lake, Berach, Ahar River observed nearby the site. Aquatic flora like semi aquatic macrophytes including variety of sedges Cyperus species, some aquatic grasses paspalam and herbs such as Najas. Similar emergent species such as water lilies like Nyphoides cristatus. Fauna observed in study area is given in the below table. There is no reservoir, protected wetlands or other ecologically sensitive wetlands within the 10 km radius of the study area. As such, the area is not important from the point of aquatic ecology.

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Table 3.17 List of semi aquatic Macrophytes found in the surface water bodies of the study area

Latin name Local / Common name Family Aponogeton natans Driftin sword plant Aponogetonaceae Alternanthera philoxeroides Alligator weed Solanaceae Alternanthera sessilis Dwarf copperleaf Solanaceae Carex cruciate Carex Cyperaceae Eichhornia crassipes Gurrapu dekka Pontederiaceae Ipomoea aquatic Tigabachhali Convolvulaceae Ipomoea carnea Bush Morning Glory Convolvulaceae Limnophila indica Indian Marsh weed Scrophulariaceae Typha angustata Cattail Typhaceae

Table 3.18 List of Aquatic Fauna in the Study Area

Pisces S.No Scientific name Common name WPA Schedule 1 Aspidoparia morar Chilwa - 2 Labeo angra Angra labeo - 3 Barilius vagra Barilius 4 Puntius dorsalis Long snouted barb 5 Silonia silondia Silond catfish - Source:- Fishery Department, information gathered from surrounding villagers and local markets during primary survey

3.8.5 Wildlife Sanctuaries/ National Parks/ Biosphere Reserve/REET Species

There are no National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves and Important Bird Areas (IBA) within the study area. Bara Magra Reserve Forest – 0.8 km W, Kantia RF – 1 km N, Panwari RF – 1.1 km S, Khamlodia RF – 4.6 km SW, Dhenkli RF – 5 km NW, Bordi RF – 5 km SW, Hinglashia RF – 5.6 km SSW, Nahar Magra RF – 7.5 km NE, Kherad RF – 8.5 km NNW, Umra RF – 9 km SW, Amberi Protected Forest – 9 km NW, Nauva RF - 9.5 km NW. There are no reports of occurrence of any rare or endangered or endemic or threatened (REET) fauna in the study area. None of the species other than Peacock (Pavo cristatus) is listed in Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, was found in the study area. Though Peacock is Schedule I (LC), is does not belong to the REET category of the IUCN. If allowed to domesticate, it is easy to multiply them. Hence no specific action plan for its conservation is required.

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Figure 3.7 Sensitivity map of proposed site

3.9 Land Use/ Land Cover Details

The study of land environment and its physical and biological aspects of the ecosystem are important for the planning, monitoring, managing the activities and to identify sensitive issues, to take appropriate action and to maintain ecological homeostasis in the early stages of project development. The objective is to define the present environment in which the developmental activity is proposed, to evaluate all possibilities to ensure that the proposed project has no negative impact and, if any, are definitely minimized through proper mitigation measures. The satellite based remote sensing technology is a rapid resource information system for acquisition of image of an area and geographic information system is an efficient tool for studying, mapping and analyzing the land and its surrounding environment. The land use/land cover assessment for the study area would be prepared using geo-rectified satellite imagery procured from National Remote Sensing Center, Government of India, along with the toposheet from survey of India of the study as. The satellite imagery would be pre-processed for imagery enhancement

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using image processing software. Then, the base layer information like water bodies, transport network, administrative boundaries, etc., is extracted from the toposheet. The imagery would be interpreted, mapped and categorized into various land use/land cover classes and database will be created using GIS software and subsequently map would be developed using the data collected from the field. The derived map, created database with computed areas of the classes will be analyzed for the impact assessment study of the proposed project activity. For the project, the land use/land cover map is prepared using available data from Bhuvan web portal of NRSC nd the imagery map is shown in Figure. 3.8. The land use/land cover classes of the study area are given below.

Table No 3.19 Land use/land cover pattern Core area Periphery area Lu/LC class (2 km radius) (10 km radius) Built up (urban, rural and Observed are built-up Observed are built-up (urban and industrial areas) (urban and rural areas); rural areas), major is in Agriculture land agriculture lands (crop and southwest; agriculture lands (crop (crop and fallow lands) fallow lands) and crop land and fallow lands); waste lands Forest (ever-green/semi-ever is less of area; waste lands (scrub and barren/rocky areas); green, scrub forest) (scrub and barren/rocky forest lands evergreen/semi- Grass/grazing (grass grazing areas); forest lands evergreen and forest scrub) which land) evergreen/semi-evergreen majorly covering hills; a river and Barren/wasteland and forest scrub) which a major water reservoir in south, (salt affected, scrub, sandy and majorly covering hills; water also with streams and canals; barren/rocky areas. bodies with minor streams; transport network with major Wetlands/waterbodies transport network with road. Also, the irrigation is by (streams, rivers, lakes and major road. canals, water tanks and wells. ponds, canals)

Methodology

The methodology adopted in analysis and interpretation of FCC-LISS IV data of Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS – P6) covering the study area. The data was analyzed adopting a man- machine interactive approach through an interactive process of combining field observations and data interpretation. The image processing software ‘ERDAS Imagine 9.2 V was used for the

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 3.39 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Image Analysis and Map Composition.

The base map information such as major roads, railways network and drainage networks were extracted from the available survey of India (SOI) Toposheets on 1:50,000 scale vectorized using “ARC/INFO” (Geographic Information System) Software.

Satellite imagery of 10 km radius study area is given in Figure 3.8. The land-use and land cover of the study area (10 km radius of the project site) is provided in Figure 3.9.

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 3.40 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Figure 3.8 Satellite imagery of 10 km radius of study area

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 3.41 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Figure 3.9 Land Use/land cover map of the study area up to 10 km radius

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3.10 Demography and Socio-Economics (secondary data description)

This section illustrates the prevailing socio-economic aspects of villages in the 10 km radius of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli Village, Mavli Tehsil, Udaipur District, Rajasthan. The following pages attempts to comprehend the social phenomenon so as to represent the demographic, occupational, gender and diversity among the project area villages, thereby postulate impactful developmental interventions

3.10.1 Methodology Adopted for the Study

Afore mentioned, the Socio-Economic study covers villages in the 10 km radial distance from the periphery of the proposed project site at Gudli village. The study area covers a total of 72 villages, in 4 Tehsils; namely Malvi, Girwa, Salumbar, Vallabhnagar in Udaipur district. The Socio-Economic study categorizes these villages/towns/wards in to 3 Zones, namely Core Zone (0 to 2 Km radius), Buffer Zone (2 km to 5 km) and other villages which are in 5 to 10 km distance from the proposed site.

The study also adopts a two-fold methodology for data collection, namely, review of published secondary data and analysis of primary data. Secondary data was collected from district census statistics of 2011, which includes: demography, occupational structure, literacy profile and Social structure etc.

Similarly, the primary data was collected through a range of research techniques and tools like: transact walk, structured questionnaire, Focus group discussions, observations and key stakeholder interactions. The primary data was also collected through random survey covering a sample of 5% of households in the core project area villages.

The salient features of the demographic and socio-economic aspects in the Core and Buffer Zone (hereafter referred as Study area) has been described in the following sections. Similarly, village wise demographic data as per 2011 census is presented in subsequent annexure.

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Socio-Economic profile of the study area:

3.10.2 Demographic Aspects

3.10.2.1 Distribution of Population

As per 2011 census the study area consists of 66,428 people and the distribution of population in the study area is given in Table 3.20.

Table 3.20 Distribution of population in the study area Total S. no. Particulars 0-2km 2-5km 5-10km (0-10 km) 1 Number of households 1005 4140 9132 14277 2 Male population 2308 9387 22117 33812 3 Female population 2244 9199 21173 32616 4 Total population 4552 18586 43290 66428 5 SC population 309 1665 2369 4343 6 ST population 1483 2542 19100 23125 7 Total population (0-6 years) 679 2522 7045 10246 8 Average household size 4.5 4.5 4.7 4.7 % of males to the total 9 50.7 50.5 51.1 50.9 population % of females to the total 10 49.3 49.5 48.9 49.1 population Sex ratio (number of females 11 972.3 980.0 957.3 964.6 per 1000 males) Source: District Primary Census statistics of Rajasthan -2011

As illustrated in the above table, the gender diversity, as percentage of men and women constitute about 50.9% and 49.1% in the study area respectively.

 Average Household Size: According to the Census data of 2011, study area had an average family size of 5 persons per household. This represents nuclear family type and also in similarity with other parts of the district.  Population Density: It is estimated that the average density of population of the study area is 242 persons per km2. The following population projections (based on percentage decadal variation) have been worked out based on available census data.

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 Sex Ratio: To reiterate; the male and female constitute 50.9% and 49.1% respectively and number of females per 1000 males is 964. Annual population projections in the project area Percentage Decadal Variation in Udaipur Total Dist (2001-11) Year Male Female population

Decadal Population Growth Rate 23.6 2011 66428 33812 32616 2012 67957 34623 33334 2013 69521 35454 34067 Total Annual Percentage Growth Rate 2.3 2014 71121 36305 34816 2015 72759 37177 35582 Male Annual Percentage Growth Rate 2.4 2016 74434 38069 36365 Female Annual Percentage Growth Rate 2.2 2017 76148 38983 37165

3.10.3 Social Structure The Socio-Economic study observed that 41.4% of people belong to scheduled category, in which 34.8% belongs to Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Scheduled Castes (SC) comprises 6.5% of total population. The distribution of population in the study area by social structure is illustrated in Table 3.21.

Table 3.21 Distribution of population by social structure

S. no. Particulars 0-2 km 2-5 km 5-10 km 0-10 km 1 SC population 309 1665 2369 4343 2 ST population 1483 2542 19100 23125 3 % of SC to the total population 6.8 9.0 5.5 6.5 4 % of ST to the total population 32.6 13.7 44.1 34.8 5 Total SC & ST Population 1792 4207 21469 27468 percentage to the total 6 population 39.4 22.6 49.6 41.4 7 Total population 4552 18586 43290 66428 Source: District Primary Census statistics of Rajasthan- 2011

3.10.4 Literacy Levels The analysis of the literacy levels in selected villages of study area, reveals that an average literacy rate of 50% as per 2011 census data. However, the male literacy of the study area is 63.9%, whereas literacy rate among women, which is an important indicator for social change, is also estimated to be 36.1%.

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The distribution of literates and literacy rates in the study area is illustrated in Table 3.22.

Table 3.22 Distribution of literate and literacy rates

S. no. Particulars 0-2 km 2-5 km 5-10 km 0-10 km 1 Male population 2308 9387 22117 33812 2 Female population 2244 9199 21173 32616 3 Total population 4552 18586 43290 66428 4 Male literates 1558 6469 13169 21196 5 Female literates 919 4154 6912 11985 6 Total literates 2477 10623 20081 33181 7 Male literacy rate (%) 62.9 60.9 65.6 63.9 8 Female literacy rate (%) 37.1 39.1 34.4 36.1 % of Male literates to the male 9 population 67.5 68.9 59.5 62.7 % of Female literates to the 10 female population 41.0 45.2 32.6 36.7 11 Total literacy rate (%) 54.4 57.2 46.4 50.0 Source: District Primary Census statistics of Rajasthan -2011

3.10.5 Occupational Structure

The occupational structure of project area is studied with reference three categories via., main workers, marginal workers and non-workers. According to Census Department of India, the main workers include 4 categories of workers - cultivators, agricultural laborers, those engaged in manufacturing, processing and repairs in household industry; and others including those engaged in household industry, construction, trade and commerce, transport and communication and all other services.

The marginal workers are those workers engaged in some work for a period of less than six months during the reference year prior to the census survey. The non-workers include those engaged in unpaid household duties, students, retired persons, dependents, beggars, vagrants etc.; institutional inmates or all other non-workers who do not fall under the above categories.

As per 2011 census, there is a total of 27.8% main workers in the study area. The marginal workers and non-workers constitute to 16.5% and 55.7% of the total population respectively.

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Therefore, non-workers are predominant in that of workers by occupation. The occupational structure of the study area is given in Table 3.23.

Table 3.23 Occupational structure

S. No. Particulars 0-2 km 2-5 km 5-10 km 0-10 km 1 Total population 4552 18586 43290 66428 2 Total workers 2296 8316 18821 29433 Work participation rate (%) (Total workers/Total 3 population)*100 50.4 44.7 43.5 44.3 4 Main workers 1766 6197 10520 18483 Percentage of main workers to 5 total population 38.8 33.3 24.3 27.8 6 Marginal workers 530 2119 8301 10950 Percentage of marginal workers 7 to total population 11.6 11.4 19.2 16.5 8 Non-workers 2256 10270 24469 36995 Percentage of non-workers to 9 total population 49.6 55.3 56.5 55.7 10 Dependency ratio 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.3 Source: District Primary Census statistics of Rajasthan -2011

3.10.6 Dependency Ratio

Based on the occupational structure of the study area the dependency rate of non-workers on the workers category has been estimated at 1.3. The study also noted that overall work participation rate is only 44.3% in the project area. It is observed that majority of the educated youth are also part of the non-working population as they have limited employment opportunities in the area. Similarly, the prevalence of low industrialization and subsistence agriculture has affected the employability of local population therefore there is a need for income generation activities to strengthen the livelihoods of local population.

3.10.7 Primary Observations in the core zone

The following paragraphs illustrates the current Infrastructural details in project area villages which includes, presence of educational institutions, working profile, housing typology and social composition. The data represented in the graph has been collected through interactions

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 3.47 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with primary stakeholders in the project area villages.

Demographic aspects:

As it is illustrated in the Table, the Sex ratio is observed as 972.3 women for 1000 men, and population belongs to socially weaker sections amounts to 39.4%.

Occupational Structure: Similarly, according to 2011 census, main workers constitute 38.8% of the total population whereas marginal workers and non-workers constitute to 11.6% and 49.6% of the total population respectively. To reiterate, distribution of workers by occupation indicates that the non-workers are the predominant population.

Literacy profile: The male literacy rate is observed as 62.9% and female literacy rate is observed as low as 37.1% and hence the total literacy has been recorded as 54.4%.

Health care facilities and accessibility: The data collected from the field revealed that only all of the villages surveyed have access to Govt. hospitals. These villages have PHC, SHCs and village level dispensaries.

Accessibility to Educational Institutions: It was observed during study that 80% of villages have Anganwadis, primary schools, middle schools and senior secondary schools. The core area villages are also well connected to district headquarters, thereby have an access to vocational and collage education.

Water Resources: Major water sources in surveyed villages are bore wells.

Housing Typology: The study noted that 50% of houses are Pucca and other 50% are Kutcha houses in the project area villages

Communication facilities: Roads: All the villages in the core area have good internal roads within the villages. They are also connected with National Highways through good external roads.

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Post offices: It has been observed that only one village in the proposed project area has Post office, which has been used by nearby villages.

Electricity: All villages are accessed with electricity supply

Awareness about Government schemes and programmes: Most of the villages surveyed are benefitted by government schemes such as MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act), Swatchch Bharat Mission, and convergence programs through community participation etc. The study observed that villagers are aware of the developments so far as the welfare schemes and programs of the Government.

Other Observations: The socio-Economic study revealed that the youth in the project area are devoid of employment opportunities. They can be a potential source of workers with minimum handholding and vocational education. The youth have expressed their willingness to setting up of industries in the area as it provides them gainful employment opportunities.

Similarly, this would also trigger many direct and indirect benefits for economic advancement and social development of project area.

The study also noted an active presence of local committees, Self-Help-Groups in the project area villages. Many of these groups are acting as user groups, micro-finance entities, rotating small amount of loans among the group members.

CSR and developmental Activities by RWMP

Since inception, the RWMP as a responsible citizen has been engaged in community development and creation of sustainable livelihoods for the targeted beneficiaries. It played an active role in developing health, education, skill development, environmental management of the villages in the project area. The following are some of the activities which are currently implemented by the TSDF.

. Awareness on immunization, nutrition, sanitation

. Strengthening infrastructure of Anganwadi Center . Health check-up programs for children, mother, pregnant women & old age persons.

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 3.49 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

. Drinking water facility in the school by water purifier . Need based support to strengthen educational infrastructure of project area . Encouraging rural sports . Women Empowerment through tailoring and other employability initiatives . Green rallies and plantation drive in local villages

Suggestions for improvement of Socio-Economic Status through CSR activities

The socio-Economic status of the population in the project area shall be improved through CSR and focused community development interventions. Some of the salient activities are illustrated below:

 Need to develop Sustainable water sources through village level Overhead tanks for the consumption of people and their livestock  Reverse Osmosis (RO) based water treatment plants for provision of drinking water  Periodical health checkup camps need to be conducted  Convergence with NABARD to provide loan facilities to the village youth to purchase auto rickshaws or small transport vehicles which not only provides them self-employment, but also strengthen rural transportation and agriculture incomes  Youth empowerment programs through awareness creation about various government schemes, providing appropriate opportunities with relevance to their qualification and skills, conducting skills inculcating programs etc.,  Enhancing women empowerment through conducting skill training programmes for rural women in tailoring, manufacturing household items would enhance their income thereby create better livelihood opportunities for the rural women. These products can be purchased or marketed by company, which will provide additional employment opportunity of the rural women & adolescent girls.  Veterinary camps and Para-Vet services to enhance the milk production of existing milk producing households.  A number of CSR activities can be initiated in the project area villages on convergence mode whilst partnering with exiting Government schemes and financial support from developmental institutions like NABARD.

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 3.50 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Table 3.24 Demographic details in the study area of 10 Kms radius

SI.NO Name TYPE No_HH TOT_P TOT_M TOT_F P_06 P_SC P_ST P_LIT M_LIT F_LIT P_ILL 0-2 km 1 Dholi Khera Rural 117 507 259 248 66 37 44 224 158 66 283 2 Aat Rural 78 393 198 195 61 33 157 264 154 110 129 3 Gudli Rural 456 2080 1058 1022 300 156 715 1188 755 433 892 4 Sagtari Rural 97 458 248 210 85 45 413 239 158 81 219 5 Aachhat Rural 49 211 105 106 24 0 0 135 79 56 76 6 Bori Rural 208 903 440 463 143 38 154 427 254 173 476 Total 1005 4552 2308 2244 679 309 1483 2477 1558 919 2075 2-5 km 7 Khodao Rural 64 298 159 139 37 1 0 202 133 69 96 8 Khajuriya Rural 342 1568 762 806 227 0 819 589 389 200 979 9 Lag Rural 40 158 90 68 30 0 1 75 55 20 83 10 Aawra Rural 165 745 398 347 107 7 30 397 273 124 348 11 Kalodiya Rural 135 575 285 290 94 0 7 257 165 92 318 12 Patookhera Rural 122 580 305 275 92 0 9 305 185 120 275 13 Bemla Rural 222 1058 538 520 127 23 309 627 384 243 431 14 Bajni Rodi Rural 115 532 265 267 82 8 200 290 179 111 242 15 Kot Rural 161 737 382 355 92 87 31 383 258 125 354 16 Charmar Rural 225 972 491 481 176 27 424 317 215 102 655 17 Buthel Rural 197 862 415 447 144 6 10 363 238 125 499 18 Ballabh Rural 199 968 486 482 153 157 0 476 301 175 492 19 Jud Rural 163 600 284 316 88 10 95 284 155 129 316 20 Bhootiya Rural 106 408 193 215 48 0 1 201 122 79 207 21 Kurawar Rural 750 3343 1719 1624 408 825 8 2377 1385 992 966 22 Bandi Magri Rural 42 167 78 89 21 0 0 98 61 37 69

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23 Bambora Rural 821 3964 2013 1951 465 498 568 2754 1591 1163 1210 24 Keradiya Rural 75 292 148 144 37 0 0 180 104 76 112 25 Nandivela Rural 137 553 281 272 67 4 0 319 200 119 234 26 Sulawas Rural 59 206 95 111 27 12 30 129 76 53 77 Total 4140 18586 9387 9199 2522 1665 2542 10623 6469 4154 7963 5-10 km 27 Deoda Rural 86 389 186 203 72 0 319 152 108 44 237 28 Roba Rural 242 1250 651 599 222 70 187 523 372 151 727 29 Jagat Rural 791 3683 1884 1799 573 278 1857 1670 1094 576 2013 30 Bela Rural 276 1278 673 605 256 0 1193 415 320 95 863 31 Wali Rural 409 1803 927 876 244 123 111 966 618 348 837 32 Budal Rural 203 949 483 466 162 8 615 518 341 177 431 33 Partal Rural 40 175 87 88 20 0 175 99 66 33 76 34 Lalpura Rural 275 1383 722 661 261 67 1006 560 375 185 823 35 Sawariya Khera Rural 53 260 139 121 46 0 260 109 74 35 151 36 Kojon Ka Gurha Rural 44 201 104 97 26 1 200 100 63 37 101 37 Bagatsingh Ka Gurha Rural 28 121 64 57 22 0 49 65 38 27 56 38 Banoo Rural 113 507 259 248 89 0 145 260 162 98 247 39 Bed Rural 95 430 225 205 58 24 0 206 139 67 224 40 Kaliwali Rural 175 809 404 405 170 0 23 432 268 164 377 41 Upla Chotiya Rural 95 461 237 224 78 8 430 231 153 78 230 Nawal Singhji Ka 42 Gurha Rural 48 225 111 114 33 0 67 130 87 43 95 43 Kasiya Rural 38 165 85 80 34 0 165 67 46 21 98 44 Parmada Rural 151 801 395 406 133 0 1 486 290 196 315 45 Todi Rural 65 308 155 153 42 0 0 155 102 53 153 46 Suron Ka Gurha Rural 166 840 437 403 135 0 194 412 284 128 428 47 Dantisar Rural 203 979 505 474 133 73 136 510 346 164 469 48 Rorda Rural 214 915 456 459 143 76 233 389 250 139 526 49 Pheela Rural 530 2377 1204 1173 380 109 1166 1214 762 452 1163

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50 Ratanpura Rural 83 400 205 195 77 0 240 159 106 53 241 51 Hatheedo Rural 98 462 237 225 70 0 424 228 158 70 234 52 Jamun Rural 78 352 176 176 74 8 321 132 91 41 220 53 Karmal Rural 93 444 234 210 91 0 282 205 136 69 239 54 Mayda Rural 124 560 276 284 93 28 223 240 150 90 320 55 Amba Talai Rural 87 416 209 207 84 0 250 136 88 48 280 56 Karakali Dhani Rural 43 188 97 91 30 0 56 72 52 20 116 57 Basa Rural 213 963 498 465 152 25 538 394 276 118 569 58 Relakuwan Rural 81 348 178 170 83 0 274 60 38 22 288 59 Utharda Rural 769 3833 1968 1865 552 413 1513 1566 1030 536 2267 60 Jawarda Rural 111 506 253 253 81 0 10 143 104 39 363 61 Gurel Rural 575 2544 1278 1266 393 424 532 1225 787 438 1319 62 Lalwaton Ka Gurha Rural 123 461 244 217 60 0 0 250 176 74 211 63 Pipiya Rural 104 482 237 245 80 0 475 158 103 55 324 64 Khakhariya Kheri Rural 109 525 267 258 122 1 524 184 125 59 341 65 Jaitpura Rural 352 1789 908 881 358 1 1777 544 395 149 1245 66 Gingla Rural 941 4589 2384 2205 636 223 509 2383 1543 840 2206 67 Kenpura Rural 48 237 128 109 42 0 90 130 79 51 107 68 Kharadiwara Rural 124 657 329 328 105 12 645 356 221 135 301 69 Katar Rural 75 358 182 176 67 5 347 177 115 62 181 70 Thana Rural 305 1456 728 728 205 392 129 927 554 373 529 71 Kala Bhata Rural 128 711 376 335 134 0 709 385 262 123 326 72 Dhanol Rural 128 700 332 368 124 0 700 358 222 136 342 Total 9132 43290 22117 21173 7045 2369 19100 20081 13169 6912 23209 Grand Total 14277 66428 33812 32616 10246 4343 23125 33181 21196 11985 33247 Source: District Primary Census statistics of Rajasthan -2011

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Table: 3.25 Occupational structure and employment scenario in the project area villages

TOT_ TOT_ TOT_ MAIN MAIN_ MAIN_ MAIN_ MAIN_ MARG NON_ SI.NO Name TOT_P WORK_P WORK_M WORK_F WORK_P CL_P AL_P HH_P OT_P WORK_P WORK_P 0-2 km 1 Dholi Khera 507 211 159 52 164 102 3 36 23 47 296 2 Aat 393 122 117 5 122 35 6 0 81 0 271 3 Gudli 2080 1205 648 557 1036 576 4 5 451 169 875 4 Sagtari 458 228 141 87 191 158 0 1 32 37 230 5 Aachhat 211 120 75 45 117 105 0 0 12 3 91 6 Bori 903 410 246 164 136 74 0 0 62 274 493 Total 4552 2296 1386 910 1766 1050 13 42 661 530 2256 2-5 km 7 Khodao 298 168 89 79 157 93 0 1 63 11 130 8 Khajuriya 1568 939 484 455 728 423 40 2 263 211 629 9 Lag 158 51 42 9 38 28 1 2 7 13 107 10 Aawra 745 484 255 229 482 467 0 2 13 2 261 11 Kalodiya 575 352 174 178 264 203 8 1 52 88 223 12 Patookhera 580 332 176 156 332 252 0 6 74 0 248 13 Bemla 1058 373 291 82 166 20 15 4 127 207 685 14 Bajni Rodi 532 222 163 59 210 124 44 0 42 12 310 15 Kot 737 353 216 137 339 154 2 1 182 14 384 16 Charmar 972 508 270 238 501 382 8 3 108 7 464 17 Buthel 862 403 215 188 224 141 9 2 72 179 459 18 Ballabh 968 481 274 207 163 112 2 0 49 318 487 19 Jud 600 278 152 126 52 2 1 2 47 226 322 20 Bhootiya 408 264 125 139 136 84 0 3 49 128 144 21 Kurawar 3343 1103 918 185 959 30 4 82 843 144 2240 22 Bandi Magri 167 71 41 30 40 23 3 0 14 31 96

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23 Bambora 3964 1445 1098 347 955 132 88 40 695 490 2519 24 Keradiya 292 195 97 98 191 116 1 1 73 4 97 25 Nandivela 553 194 183 11 189 67 5 5 112 5 359 26 Sulawas 206 100 50 50 71 10 19 0 42 29 106 Total 18586 8316 5313 3003 6197 2863 250 157 2927 2119 10270 5-10 km 27 Deoda 389 153 106 47 21 6 1 0 14 132 236 28 Roba 1250 424 325 99 382 211 18 0 153 42 826 29 Jagat 3683 1345 984 361 1099 760 11 0 328 246 2338 30 Bela 1278 636 344 292 268 185 35 0 48 368 642 31 Wali 1803 982 574 408 441 153 22 27 239 541 821 32 Budal 949 432 283 149 259 127 34 6 92 173 517 33 Partal 175 55 44 11 17 9 0 0 8 38 120 34 Lalpura 1383 514 397 117 411 72 26 7 306 103 869 35 Sawariya Khera 260 128 72 56 43 31 1 0 11 85 132 36 Kojon Ka Gurha 201 72 58 14 24 18 0 0 6 48 129 37 Bagatsingh Ka Gurha 121 48 35 13 33 5 0 0 28 15 73 38 Banoo 507 309 148 161 149 32 0 0 117 160 198 39 Bed 430 127 122 5 118 25 53 1 39 9 303 40 Kaliwali 809 329 213 116 142 45 0 0 97 187 480 41 Upla Chotiya 461 199 128 71 61 21 1 0 39 138 262 42 Nawal Singhji Ka Gurha 225 74 65 9 56 10 4 0 42 18 151 43 Kasiya 165 75 48 27 51 6 3 0 42 24 90 44 Parmada 801 242 221 21 236 96 4 0 136 6 559 45 Todi 308 181 97 84 181 100 6 0 75 0 127 46 Suron Ka Gurha 840 379 284 95 224 111 28 0 85 155 461 47 Dantisar 979 380 307 73 77 0 0 0 77 303 599 48 Rorda 915 536 257 279 216 176 4 1 35 320 379 49 Pheela 2377 1198 728 470 468 159 36 8 265 730 1179 50 Ratanpura 400 220 116 104 218 119 2 2 95 2 180

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51 Hatheedo 462 271 139 132 1 0 1 0 0 270 191 52 Jamun 352 114 106 8 91 75 8 0 8 23 238 53 Karmal 444 261 148 113 62 27 0 0 35 199 183 54 Mayda 560 182 151 31 164 73 0 0 91 18 378 55 Amba Talai 416 127 111 16 72 63 0 0 9 55 289 56 Karakali Dhani 188 51 50 1 49 25 23 0 1 2 137 57 Basa 963 301 280 21 248 90 78 2 78 53 662 58 Relakuwan 348 101 101 0 35 31 4 0 0 66 247 59 Utharda 3833 1455 1035 420 1072 388 330 117 237 383 2378 60 Jawarda 506 174 144 30 134 129 0 0 5 40 332 61 Gurel 2544 1186 691 495 716 407 80 42 187 470 1358 62 Lalwaton Ka Gurha 461 249 125 124 124 122 0 0 2 125 212 63 Pipiya 482 250 120 130 109 102 6 0 1 141 232 64 Khakhariya Kheri 525 250 122 128 145 130 12 2 1 105 275 65 Jaitpura 1789 926 458 468 549 524 17 0 8 377 863 66 Gingla 4589 2041 1285 756 1228 666 67 38 457 813 2548 67 Kenpura 237 60 54 6 44 21 0 0 23 16 177 68 Kharadiwara 657 253 147 106 29 0 0 0 29 224 404 69 Katar 358 184 96 88 165 122 8 5 30 19 174 70 Thana 1456 709 374 335 59 1 0 0 58 650 747 71 Kala Bhata 711 334 174 160 90 62 3 0 25 244 377 72 Dhanol 700 304 153 151 139 80 1 0 58 165 396 Total 43290 18821 12020 6801 10520 5615 927 258 3720 8301 24469 Grand Total 66428 29433 18719 10714 18483 9528 1190 457 7308 10950 36995 Source: District Primary Census statistics of Rajasthan -2011

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Abbreviations

1. TYPE: Type of Habitation 2. No_HH: No. of House Holds 3. TOT_P: Total Population 4. TOT_M: Total Male 5. TOT_F: Total Female 6. P_06: Population below 6 years 7. P_SC: Population belongs to SC 8. P_ST: Population belongs to ST 9. P_LIT: Population Literate 10. P_ILL: Population Illiterate 11. TOT_WORK_P: Total Working Population 12. TOT_WORK_M: Total Working Male 13. TOT_WORK_F: Total Working Female 14. MAINWORK_P: Main working population 15. MAIN_CL_P: Main Cultivator Population 16. MAIN_AL_P: Main Agriculture Labour Population 17. MAIN_HH_P: Main Household Population 18. MAIN_OT_P: Main Other Population 19. NON_WORK_P: Number of Non-Working population

Probable reasons behind high levels of TDS, Chloride, Fluoride and Nitrates in water samples The ground and surface water samples analyzed (for baseline data) for physico-chemical analyses showed high levels of TDS, Chloride, Flouride and Nitrates were observed to be above acceptable range but were below permissible limit. In view of this, reasons for high levels of these parameters have been evaluated from secondary data (Source: Ground water year book, Rajasthan (2014-2015). The following observations were made based on the secondary data available:

 As per the study carried out by The central Ground Water Board in view of the ground water quality in different districts of Rajasthan, the TDS value of a majority of samples were found to be above acceptable limit. In 74.5% stations the TDS was however within permissible limits while for the rest 25.5% stations they were beyond permissible limits (BPL). This can be attributed to the manner of deposition of geological formations and arid climatic conditions which have led to high salinity in ground water at variable depths.

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 The values of Fluorides and Nitrates showed a similar trend. The districts of Jalore, Sirohi, Bhilwara are worst affected districts with fluoride contamination, where more than 50 % of stations have fluoride value greater than 1.5 mg/L. The Nitrate concentrations in 44.7% stations have values beyond permissible limits in Rajasthan. More than 50 % of stations have nitrate values beyond permissible limit(45 mg/l).  It was observed that volcanic rocks occur in parts of Rajasthan. These are basaltic to doleritic in composition. Occurrence and movement of ground water in these formations have also led to high salt formation.  Another major contributor to this problem is the presence of many industries around the proposed site. Zinc smelter industry is present close to the proposed facility in Udaipur and many other chemical industries around, which release industrial wastes have caused ground water pollution in the nearby areas.  Many research articles and news reports have reported about the objectionable quality of ground water in different parts of Rajasthan and hence, the Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) has embarked upon a task of installing RO (Reverse Osmosis) plants at these places.  It was also reported that the elevated TDS concentrations, increased alkalinity and calcium concentrations are a result of weathering and accelerated dissolution of calcium carbonate found in the expanses of impervious surfaces and drainage systems or the result of wastewater leakage or discharges of varied substances in to water sources.

Source:  (Cairn India Providing Safe Drinking Water to the Community in Barmer, Rajasthan), http://indiacsr.in/cairn-india-providing-safe-drinking-water-to-the-community-in- barmer-rajasthan/  160 villages in Barmer to get drinking water plants - Times of India (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/160-villages-in-Barmer-to-get-drinking- water-plants/articleshow/35860985.cms)  Shashank Saurabh, Dharampal Singh and Sameer Tiwari, Drinking water quality of Rajasthan districts, Journal of Basic and Applied Engineering Research, Vol 1 (10), 105- 109, 2014.

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CHAPTER 4

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES

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Chapter 4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts And Their Mitigation Measures

4.1 Identification of Impacts

In this chapter, an endeavor has been made to identify various environmental impacts associated with the operation of facility and other activities wherein, there may be a chance of pollution. Based on the possible worst case emissions and waste generation from the proposed project and also taking into consideration the baseline environmental status at the proposed project site, the environmental factors that are likely to be affected are identified, quantified and assessed. Both positive and negative impacts are accounted for this purpose. The prediction of impacts helps in the preparation of a sound environmental management plan which has to be executed during the on-going activities for the proposed project to minimize the adverse impacts on the environmental quality.

4.2 Methodology

4.3 Potential Impacts

The potential significant environmental impacts associated with the project are grouped as below:

Air Environment

 Impacts on ambient air quality  Impacts on ambient odor

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 Impacts on ambient noise

Water Environment

 Impacts on surface & ground water quality  Impacts on aquatic life

Land Environment

 Impacts on land use  Impacts on agriculture/ soil fertility

Socio Economics

 Impacts on infrastructure  Impacts on employment

Indirect Impacts

 Impacts on public health and safety  Impacts on aesthetics

The impact assessment is carried out for the following phases and presented in the following paragraphs.

 Impacts during construction / development phase  Impacts during operation phase

4.4. Impacts during Construction phase

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4.4.1 Impact on Air Quality

The principal potential source of air quality impact arising from the construction of the proposed project is fugitive dust generation. The dust, measurable as Particulate Matter (PM) would be generated as a result of construction activities.

The potential dust sources associated with construction activities are loading and unloading of the materials, top soil removal, travel over unpaved roads, wind erosion etc. The construction works associated with the proposed development are broadly given below.

1. Site development and foundation works

2. Dust generation due to vehicles bringing raw materials

3. Unloading of raw materials, removal of un wanted waste material from site

4. Civil constructions and provision of infrastructure required for various activities proposed

Exhaust emissions from vehicles and equipment deployed during the construction phase

is also likely to result in marginal increase in the levels of SO2, NOX, PM, CO and un-burnt hydrocarbons. The impact of such activities would be temporary and restricted to the construction phase. The impact is generally confined to the project area and is expected to be negligible outside the plant boundaries.

4.4.1.1 Mitigation Measures – Air Quality

The proposed project being an expansion of existing facility, there already exist proper built structures necessary for the functioning of the existing TSDF facility. The available infrastructure include secured landfill facility, waste treatment, stabilization facility, laboratory, temporary waste storage (waste storage shed, waste stabilization shed, intractable waste storage shed, incinerable waste storage shed), which can store up to 6000MT of hazardous waste. Black tar roads have been laid down partially in the site for smooth transport of vehicles carrying hazardous waste. As majority of the required built

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structure is already available, further expansion works would have less impact the air quality due to fugitive dust emissions from construction. For the proposed expansion, partial site levelling and grading will be carried out, wherever possible to maintain the natural elevations they will not be disturbed. According to the engineering assessment; most of the excavated material shall be reused within the project boundary. The movement of cut and fill material will be limited.

Dust would be generated from the movement of construction vehicles on unpaved roads. Unloading and removal of soil material shall also act as a potential source for dust nuisance. The control measures proposed to be taken up are given below.

1. The important dust suppression measures proposed will be regular water sprinkling on main haul roads in the project area, this activity will be carried out at least twice a day, if need arises frequency will be increased on windy days, in this way around 50% reduction on the dust contribution from the exposed surface will be achieved.

2. The duration of stockpiling will be as short as possible as most of the material will be used as backfill material for the open cut trenches for road development.

3. Temporary tin sheets of sufficient height (3m) will be erected around the site of dust generation or all around the project site as barrier for dust control.

4. Green belt already exists around the proposed site, which would work in mitigating impacts of fugitive dust emissions. Further, development of green belt around the project boundary will be initiated at the early stages by plantation of 2 to 3 years old saplings. Regular watering will be done, so that the area will be moist for most part of the day.

5. To reduce the dust movement from civil construction site to the neighbourhood the external part of the building (administration, canteen, etc) will be covered by plastic sheets.

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Given the implementation of proper control measures for dust suppression, no adverse impacts are expected.

4.4.2 Impact on Water Quality

The proposed project will involve some construction activities. The following section summarizes the activities likely to be undertaken during the proposed expansion and describes the potential impacts on water quality from each activity. The site formation may produce large quantities of run-off with high suspended solids. In the absence of appropriate mitigation measures, this potential problem may be aggravated especially during rainy season.

The used engine oil, lubricants and their storage as waste materials has the potential to create impacts if spillage occurs. Waste oil may infiltrate into the surface soil layers, or runoff into local water courses, increasing hydrocarbon levels. Proper precautionary measures should be taken to prevent any spillage of the above materials and their subsequent runoff into the water bodies.

During construction, waste and wastewater generated from workers’ eating areas, and sewage from temporary sanitary facilities may cause impact. Sewage is characterized by high levels of BOD, ammonia and E. coli. Significant water quality impact will happen only if the sewage is discharged directly into the receiving waters without any prior treatment.

4.4.2.1 Mitigation Measures – Water Quality

During site development necessary precautions will be taken, so that the runoff water from the site gets collected to working pit and if any over flow is, will be diverted to nearby greenbelt/ plantation area. During construction activity all the equipment washed water will be diverted to working pit to arrest the suspended solids if any and the settled water will be reused for construction purposes, and for sprinkling on roads to control the dust emission, etc.

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The domestic waste water generated from temporary toilets used by the work force will be diverted to septic tank followed by soak pit. If the waste water generation is more a mobile STP will be hired from local suppliers.

4.4.3 Impact of Noise Levels

The major activities, which produce periodic noise, during construction phase, are as follows:

 Foundation works  Fabrication of structures  Plant erection  Operation of construction equipment  Movement of vehicles etc

4.4.3.1 Mitigation Measures - Noise

All noise generating equipment will be used during day time for brief period of its requirement. Proper enclosures will be used for reduction in noise levels, where ever possible the noise generating equipment will be kept away from the human habituation. Therefore, impact on noise environment due to proposed project would be insignificant. All vehicles entering into the project will be informed to maintain speed limits, and not blow horns unless it is required.

4.4.4 Impact Due to Solid Waste Generation

Solid waste generation in the proposed project would be due to different types of raw materials being used during construction phase, which in general may comprise the following

 Cement concrete  Bricks, tiles,  Cement plaster  Steel (RCC, door/ window frames, roofing support, railings of staircase etc)  Rubble, sand, Stone (Marble, granite, sand stone)  Timber/wood

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 Paints/varnishes

Besides the above, there are some major and minor components namely conduits, geo membrane, pipes, electrical fixtures, panels, etc. all the above items will be segregated and stored at the site and once the construction activity is completed, these will be installed/fixed in the respective treatment facilities within the site.

4.4.4.1 Mitigation Measures - Solid Waste

The solid waste generated during this period being predominantly inert in nature, maximum effort would be made to reuse and recycle them. Most of the solid waste material can be used for filling/ levelling of low-laying areas within the site. All attempts should be made to stick to the following measures.

 All construction waste shall be stored within the site itself. A proper screen will be provided so that the waste does not get scattered.

 Attempts will be made to keep the waste segregated into different heaps as far as possible so that their further gradation and reuse is facilitated.

 Materials, which can be reused for purpose of construction, levelling, making roads/ pavement etc. will also be kept in separate heaps from those which are to be sold.

 The local body or a private company may be arranged to provide appropriate number of skip containers/ trolleys on hire.

The use of the construction material basically depends on their separation and conditions of the separated material. A majority of these materials are durable and therefore, have a high potential for reuse. It would, however, be desirable to have quality standards for the recycled materials. Construction waste can be used in the following manner

 Reuse of bricks, tiles, stone slabs, timber, piping railings etc. would be done to the extent possible and depending upon their conditions

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 Sale/ auction of materials which cannot be used at the site due to design constraint

 Plastics, broken glass, scrap metal etc. will be stored and processed within the site

 Rubble/ brick bats can be used for building activity, such as levelling, under coat of lanes where the traffic does not constitute heavy moving loads

 Larger unusable pieces can be sent for filling up low laying areas

 Fine material such as sand, dust, etc. can be used as cover material

 The unearthed soil can be used for levelling as well as for lawn development

 The broken pieces of the flooring material can be used for levelling in the building or can be disposed off

 The unused or remaining paints/varnishes/wood can either be reused or can be disposed of

4.4.5 Impact on Land Environment

No significant impacts on land use are anticipated from construction activities. However, there may be minor impacts because of construction debris, paint, diesel etc.

4.4.5.1. Mitigation measures for Land Environment

Following steps are proposed to take care of impact of construction activity on project land area:

 On completion of civil works, all debris etc. will be completely removed from site to avoid any incompatibility with future use

 Other materials like paint, diesel etc. will be properly stored and handled to prevent any spillage on land

 All the wastes will be stored at a designated site within the premises to prevent

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scattered discharge on land

4.4.6 Socio-Economics

Overall socio - economic effect of construction phase will be positive due to direct and indirect employment opportunity for the local livings. Local people from nearby villages of the site will be employed for construction work to the maximum extent possible.

4.4.7 Ecology

Proposed facility will not involve any trees cutting exercise so, there will be no impact on ecology. A well-developed green belt already exists around the existing TSDF facility which will be further expanded up to 33% of total plot area during the later years of development and operation as proposed.

4.5 Impacts during Operation Phase

During the operation phase of the proposed project there would be impacts on the air environment, water environment, Land environment and socio-economic aspects.

4.5.1 Prediction of Impacts on the Air Environment

Prediction of impacts from the proposed project on the ambient air quality was carried out using air quality simulation model. The main sources of air pollution are as follows.

1. Line source emissions from vehicular movement 2. Point source emissions from boiler, incinerator and DG set.

The emissions from the DG sets are minimal since they will be operated only during power failures.

4.5.1.2 Atmospheric Dispersion of Stack Emissions

In order to estimate the ground level concentrations due to the emissions from the proposed project, EPA approved American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model - AERMOD 7.0.3 dispersion model has been used.

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AERMOD dispersion model provides option to model emissions from a wide range of sources that are present in proposed project. The model considers the sources and receptors in undulated terrain as well as plain terrain and the combination of both. The basis of the model is the Gaussian Plume Equation.

Where C = Plume contaminant concentration (µg/m3) Q = Pollutant emission rate (g/s) u = Average wind speed (m/s)

σy = y direction plume standard deviation (m)

σz = z direction plume standard deviation (m) y = y position (m) z = z position (m) H = Effective stack height (m)

AERMOD dispersion model with the following options has been used to predict the cumulative ground level concentrations due to the proposed emissions. Area being rural, rural dispersion parameters is considered

 Predictions have been carried out to estimate concentrations over radial distance of 10 km around the sources

 A combination of Cartesian and Polar receptor network has been considered

 Emission rates from the sources were considered as constant during the entire period

 The ground level concentrations computed were as is basis without any consideration of decay coefficient

 Calm winds recorded during the study period were also taken into consideration

 24 hour mean meteorological data extracted from the meteorological data collected during the study period as per guidelines of IMD/CPCB has been used to

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compute the mean ground level concentrations to study the impact on study area.

Pollution Sources

The main air pollutant expected from line sources are fugitive dust generation from the movement incoming & outgoing vehicle. The existing RWMP site is paved with tar roads that are maintained properly which reduce the dust generation and thus minimize the impact from line source. Specially designed fleets are available at site and deployed for collection of waste from industries, so that chance of spillage is minimized during transit. Articulated cranes and Hook Lifts mounted vehicles are used for carriage of containers. All available vehicles are well maintained to meet emission standards and the new vehicles to be procured would also be checked to meet the same standards. A well- developed green belt exists around the proposed facility area which will be further expanded as per requirement which will also help in minimizing fugitive dust emissions.

The point source emissions considered for the proposed project are Boiler, Incinerator and DG set. The DG set will be used only during power failure for emergency requirements. Hence the impacts from the DG set will be felt only during power failure. The inputs used to run the model are stack details, emissions details are given in Table 4.1 and twenty four hours mean meteorological data is given in Table 4.2.

The Predicted maximum Ground level concentration of PM, SO2, NOx and Pb concentrations considering 24 hour mean meteorological data of study season are superimposed on the maximum baseline concentrations obtained during the study period to estimate the post project scenario, which would prevail at the post operational phase. The overall scenario with predicted concentrations over the maximum baseline concentrations is shown in Table 4.3 and isopleths are shown in the Figure 4.1 to 4.3.

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Table 4.1 Stack emissions details

Spent Solvent/ Used DG Lead Facility Incinerator1 oil2 Set3 recovery1 250 Capacity 11.8 TPD Boiler - 2 TPH 5.48 TPD kVA Stack Height (m) 30 30 7 30 Stack Diameter (m) 0.85 0.85 0.2 0.5 Velocity of Flue Gas (m/s) 20 15 16 14 Volumetric Flow Rate (m3/s) 11.4 8.52 0.5 2.75 Temperature of Flue Gas 130 120 435 140 (°C) PM Emissions (g/s) 0.42 0.09 0.011 -

SO2 Emissions (g/s) 1.68 0.58 0.01 - NOx Emissions (g/s) 3.37 0.39 0.22 - Lead emissions (g/s) -- 0.02 Emission Standards (mg/Nm3) PM 50 115 Nox 200

SO2 400 Lead -- 10

Note 1: Incinerator & Lead emissions were calculated based on the outlet emission standards.

Note 2: Boiler : Source: EPA notification GSR 176 (E), April 2, 1996 0.3 Stack height (H)= 14 Q , H- total stack height (m), Q- SO2 emission rate in kg/hr. In no case the stack height shall be less than 11 m As per Indian coal standards,: Ash content 40 %, : Sulphur content 0.5%.: ESP Efficiency 99.5% NOx Considered as 260 g/GJ from pollution prevention and abatement handbook (World Bank group- industry sector guidelines).

Note 3: DG Set: Sulphur content in diesel - 350 mg/kg As per BS-III Standards NOx limit 4 g/kW-h, PM 0.2 g/kW-h as per Gazette of India - G.S.R .771(E) Environmental (Protection) Third amended rules dated 11th December 2013 (for more than 75 kW)

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Table 4.2

24 Hours mean meteorological data for winter season (Oct-17 to Dec-17)

Temperature Relative Wind Direction Wind Speed Stability Hour (°C) Humidity (%) Degree (m/s) Class 1 12.4 65 270 2.06 6 2 10.5 68 315 1.72 6 3 9.8 70 270 1.48 6 4 7.9 72 270 1.85 6 5 6.8 74 270 1.77 6 6 8.3 71 270 1.78 6 7 11.3 67 270 1.58 5 8 14.6 64 270 1.91 4 9 18.7 62 270 1.85 4 10 22.8 55 270 2.21 3 11 25.4 52 315 2.43 2 12 29.8 48 270 3.11 2 13 32.3 35 270 3.23 1 14 34.4 32 315 3.24 1 15 33.1 38 270 2.22 1 16 31.2 42 290 1.99 1 17 28.7 48 270 2.18 3 18 26.5 53 270 1.85 4 19 25.4 56 270 1.45 5 20 23.1 58 270 1.81 6 21 21.2 64 315 1.68 6 22 18.9 66 270 1.59 6 23 16.3 68 315 2.05 6 24 14.5 64 270 1.67 6

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Table 4.3 Post project scenario (μg/m3)

Particulars Particulate Matter Sulphur Oxides of Lead (PM) dioxide (SO2) nitrogen (Pb) (NOx) Baseline Scenario (Max) 65.4 17.3 31.8 BDL (< 1) Predicted GLC (Max) 0.6 2.2 6.2 0.13 Overall Scenario (Worst Case) 66.0 19.5 38.0 -- Direction West Distance (km) 0.75 NAAQ Standards 2009 100 80 80 1

Table 4.4 Ambient air quality levels in the study area

Parameters Lead Arsenic Nickel Benzo(a)Pyrene ng/m3 98th Percentile BDL BDL BDL BDL Range BDL Value < 1 µg/m3 < 1 ng/m3 < 0.5 µg/m3 0.01 NAAQ Standards 1 µg/m3 6 ng/m3 20 ng/m3 1 2009 24 hr Annual

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Figure 4.1 Predicted GLCs of PM (μg/m3)

Maximum concentration of PM: 0.6 µg/m3

Figure 4.2 3 Predicted GLCs of SO2 (μg/m )

3 Maximum concentration of SO2: 2.2 µg/m

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Figure 4.3 Predicted GLCs of NOx (μg/m3)

3 Maximum concentration of NOX: 6.2 µg/m

Figure 4.4 Predicted GLCs of Pb (μg/m3)

Maximum concentration of Pb: 0.13 µg/m3

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4.5.1.1 Air Pollution Mitigation Measures

DG Set

DG set will be used only in case of power failure. The DG set will be provided with acoustic erective and adequate height of stack as prescribed in MOEF/CPCB guidelines. So impact due to D. G. Set will be temporary & for short time.

Incinerator Incinerator will be provided with a stack height meeting standards prescribed in MOEF guidelines (minimum 30 m) and would have spray dryer, multi cyclone, bag house, wet scrubber etc. The gases are passed through multi-cyclone for removal of particulates. Dry lime and

activated carbon are injected for neutralization of acidic gases (HCl, HF, SO2) and removal of organic constituents. Flue gases are passed through bag filters for complete removal of particulates and then to wet alkaline scrubber for neutralization

Dioxins: Reformation of dioxins is prevented by rapidly lowering the flue gas temperatures, particularly from 500 °C to less than 200 °C by adopting rapid quench / catalyst / adsorption by activated carbon etc. Mercury: If the feeding waste contains mercury and its compounds, activated carbon treatment is given to control such emissions. (Eg: activated carbon, conversion into mercuric chloride and then to mercuric sulphide etc.) Mist: Often there is a need to eliminate the mist in the stack emissions, therefore, where ever necessary demister would be provided. HCl Emissions: A wet alkaline scrubber will be provided to remove HCl emissions. Caustic soda solution shall be injected in wet alkaline scrubber for neutralization/removal of HCl. Gases: For proper dispersion of Sulphur dioxide & Oxides of Nitrogen emissions from the incinerator, stack height meeting MoEFCC/CPCB guidelines will be provided for proper dispersion into atmosphere.

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Boiler

Particluate Matter: ESP with efficiency of 99.5% will be installed to collect fly ash from the flue gas of boiler. The collected fly ash and bottom ash will be given to local cement manufactures or tile manufacturing units.

Gases: For proper dispersion of Sulphur dioxide & Oxides of Nitrogen emissions from the boiler, stack height meeting MOEF/CPCB guidelines will be provided for proper dispersion into atmosphere.

Fly ash: To control fly ash generation at ash handling areas, fly ash evacuation from the ESP collecting hoppers would be done in closed pipelines by pneumatic means. The following pollution control measures would be installed for ash disposal.  100 % utilization of fly ash in dry form is envisaged. Closed trucks & containers would be used for this purpose, as far as possible.  To reduce the dust nuisance while loading the ash into the open trucks from fly ash silos, the fly ash would be conditioned with water spray. It is proposed to cover the ash in the open trucks with tarpaulin to prevent flying of fine ash during transportation.

4.5.1.2 Secured Landfill

During operation, the secured land fill will be covered with soil/ash daily and during rainy period it will be covered with temporary cover (HDPE/plastic sheets), to minimize the odour and gases generation.

4.6 Impact on Water Quality

The water demand of the project will be met through groundwater. To minimize the water consumption; water saving options as mentioned below will be planned to

 Improve energy efficiency of operations  Eliminate leaks of the pipelines  Rain water holding tanks

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 Treatment and reuse of wastewater  Installation of flow restrictors on water supply line  Dry sweeping of all areas before mopping/washing  Storm water harvesting

The details of the wastewater generation from various activities are given in Table 4.5 and the water balance flow chart is shown in Figure 4.5.

Table 4.5 Wastewater generation details Process/Facility Water required (KLD) Waste water Remarks (KLD) Fresh Treated Total Generation Secured Land Fill 6 2 8 - Sent to BMW + Incinerator + plant-wet & venturi 16 8 24 4.5 Waste scrubber water Boiler spent solvent & used oil recovery 14 - 14 6.0 treatment plant for Plastic, Paper, Lead recycling & E waste 2 - 2 0.5 treatment Leachate - - - 1 and reuse Sub Total 38 10 48 12 Domestic 4 - 4 4 Sent to soak pit Truck wheel wash 1 - 1 - Greenbelt 7 - 7 - Total 50 10 60

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Figure 4.5 Water balance flow chart

4.6.1 Leachate Collection/ Treatment and Disposal

Leachate is collected by a network of lateral and header pipes embedded in a drainage layer, all of which eventually drain into a leachate collection sump. The collected leachate is transferred to a leachate treatment system and the residue is subjected back to the land-filling process.

The leachate collection system in an engineered landfill takes the form of an under-drain beneath the waste material. It is required to ensure there is no more than a limited head

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of pressure above the base liner to cause leakage of liquid from the base of the landfill. The design maximum pressure head in the landfill is limited to 300mm.

Drainage is affected by a layer of about 300 mm thick graded sand / gravel having high permeability. Within this layer a network of HDPE pipes are placed to collect leachate and conduct it quickly to the collection sump for removal from landfill. The pipes are typically perforated only over the upper half to allow the leachate to enter the pipe and thereafter to be contained within the pipe network system. The layout of the pipe network generally includes sufficient redundancy to ensure that if a blockage occurs somewhere in the network the leachate simply backs-up a little then flows into the system a little further up-gradient. Two layers of the leachate collection system are provided one over the other. Slotting area of the pipe is done only on the top 120o portion of the pipe and to an extent of 100 Sq. cm per running meter of the pipe.

The pipe must have sufficient strength to withstand the load imposed by the overlying waste and the earth moving activities associated with the placement and the compaction of the waste (Min 6 Kg/ Sq.cm). The main pipe (headers) feeding leachate to the sump has the capability to be cleaned out in case of clogging. However, the design must include sufficient redundancy of pipe work to ensure alternative drainage paths are available in the event of localized clogging of any part of the system.

4.6.2 Leachate Treatment Plant

Adjacent to the Secured Engineering Landfill site leachate management pond with a capacity of 1200 KL is constructed. The landfill is having the facility for collection of accumulated leachate in the leachate sumps and pumping facility is provided to pump it out to leachate collection pond for further treatment. The leachate collection pond is about 10 m. wide x 10 m length x 4.5 m. deep. At the base of pond a HDPE liner of 2 mm. thickness geo membrane is provided. After the treatment it will be further sent to primary settling tank then to aeration chamber. At next level the leachate will be sent to secondary settling tank and finally sent to treated water holding tank. Treated Leachate

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will be finally reused as sprayer on the landfill or sent to solar evaporation pond. Schematic diagram is given in Figure 4.6. Figure 4.6 Leachate treatment plant

4.6.3 Effluent Treatment Plant

An effluent treatment plant is proposed to treat the scrubbing water, floor washings and other wastewater generated from various plant facilities and treated water is reused for circulation into the incinerator and landfill facility. The treatment system consists of cooling tank, pressure sand filter and activated carbon filter assembly followed by neutralization before recirculation into the scrubber. The Flow diagram of effluent treatment plant is given in Figure 4.7.

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Figure 4.7 Effluent treatment plant

4.6.4 Water Impacts Mitigation Measures

Leachate collected from Secured Landfill and other wastewater including vehicle and container washing, leachate generated at treatment, incineration are treated (excluding domestic wastewater) in incineration/ spraying on landfill. The domestic effluent generated will be treated in septic tank followed by soak pit or portable STP and the treated water is used for greenbelt development. The effluent generated from floor washings, recycling activity, etc will be collected in collection tank followed by settling tank and the settled water is reused. The effluent from bio medical waste treatment facility, recycling facility, incinerator and spent solvent and oil recovery facility is treated in ETP and recycling to incinerator or circulation back to landfill. There will not be any wastewater discharge to any nearby water body and the zero wastewater discharge concept is adopted in the proposed facility operation.

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

4.6.5 Rain Water Harvesting and Strom Water Management

Project Management will make proper utilization of rainwater by harvesting through appropriate rain water-harvesting mechanism. Roof water will be collected by adopting proper treatment (O & G Trap), the collected water will be used for various uses (dust suppression, toilet flushing, greenbelt, etc.).

Rainwater from surface areas will be collected by construction of check dams all along the storm water drainage network areas at a definite pitch. Based on the rainfall intensity near the plant area, storm water drainage system will be designed. Strom water drainage system consists of well-designed network of open surface drains with check dams set at appropriate distances so that the storm water is efficiently drained off without any water logging. Necessary expert advice has been obtained for construction of storm water drains for collection and reuse of rainwater.

Artificial recharge measures like rain water-harvesting helps in reducing the urban runoff, in decreasing pollution of ground water and in improving the ground water table, which augments the yields of, bore wells.

4.7 Noise Environment

The major source of noise in proposed project will be from unloading of hazardous waste, bio-medical waste and e-waste, from the equipment like boiler/power plant, incinerator, DG sets etc. and during the process of stabilization of hazardous waste, etc.

4.7.1 Noise mitigation measures

Adequate measures for noise control, right at the design stage shall be taken such as keeping high noise generating equipment like pumps, motors, etc., on anti-vibration pads, closed rooms and regular maintenance as suggested by the manufacturer. Some of the mitigation measures proposed are as mentioned below  Noise level specification of the various equipment as per the Occupational Safety and Health Association (OSHA) standards.

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

 Providing suitable enclosures (adequate insulation) to minimize the impact of high noise generating sources.  Employees will be provided with PPE like ear plugs, helmets etc.  Development of greenbelt all along the boundary and along the roads within the project 4.8 Prediction of Impacts on Land Environment

Environmental Impacts on land environment have been classified primarily into two broad aspects, i.e. direct impacts on the soil and land in the area and impacts on the flora and fauna of the area. Land environment in the area has potential for contamination arising out of solid waste stored on to the landfill area. The leachate generated from the land fill area is collected in the leachate holding tank and the leachate is used back on to the landfill for dust suppression, mixing in stabilization process, etc. If any excess leachate is left over, it will be treated in solar evaporation pond or spray dryer. As a result of this there is no contamination of the soil due to the wastewater generation and hence the impacts due to the proposed facility on the land environment would be negligible.

To address the impacts on flora and fauna, it has been observed that there are no endangered species in the project area and green belt will be developed along the boundary and adjacent to roads. Under CSR activities adjacent open lands, parks, etc. will be improved by plantation.

4.9 Predicted Impacts of the Landfill

The project has proposed secured scientific landfill which comprises Govt. of India Regulations and Hazardous Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules 1989 and its subsequent amendments in 2000, 2003, 2008, 2009 and 2016 as the Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules with containment measures,  Composite bottom liner to prevent leachate percolation  Landfill gas management system  Rodent control & dust control etc.

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

There shall be no loss of carbon sequestration on account of the proposed activity since the area is almost barren. Development of a thick greenbelt all long the boundary of the site will sufficiently compensate for the loss. As there are no rare or endangered or endemic or threatened (REET) species, the proposed project will not pose any problem to any REET species. Hence, the impact of the project on biota is also negligible.

4.10 Impacts on the Community

Public Safety: A few activities carried out in the facility are likely to have adverse impacts on the public safety. However, with the implementation of a strong environmental management plan, the communities residing near the project site are unlikely to be exposed to any significant long-term hazards.

Aesthetics: The project site is located far away from any kind of settlements or habitation. Moreover, the proposed greenbelt around the site as a part of the environmental management plan will help in improving the aesthetics of the environment.

4.11 Impact on Ecology

There is no ecological and/or otherwise sensitive areas viz. wildlife sanctuary, national parks, archeologically important areas within 10 km radius of the project site. There are no known rare, endangered or ecologically significant animal and plant species. Except for a few wild species of plants and grasses and a few animals that are very commonly spotted in any rural environment, the study area does not have any endangered or endemic species of animals. Due to the development of green belt at the project vicinity the impact on the ecology will be minimal.

4.12 Impact on Socio Economics

The proposed facility is likely to provide direct and indirect employment to many and likely to increase the socio-economic status of the nearby villages in the study area. Due to the proposed project, the facilities for public transport, water supply

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telecommunications, education, public wealth etc., are likely to improve and so a positive impact on the overall socio economic status.

4.13 Odor Management

The goal for effective odor management is to eliminate objectionable odors by reducing the frequency, intensity, duration, and offensiveness of odors generated during various activities of plant operation that people might experience. The following describe some of the specific odor causing compounds and conditions that can arise from solid waste handling:

Waste Transportation

Odors from waste transportation can vary greatly depending on the type of waste and the method of transport. These odors are normally transient in nature and rarely the source of ongoing odor impacts. Typical odor causing compounds from waste transportation include volatile organic acids which can be prevented by containing the wastes as per CPCB guidelines.

Storage Facility

The primary objective of storage facility is to temporarily store the collected & transported waste before sending it to landfill, depending upon their characteristics. Some biological activity will occur on storage, and the gases generated can be a source of unpleasant odors. The potential for waste odors to be carried away by the movement of air will increase if the waste is left uncovered. It is important that putrescible waste be kept relatively cool in an enclosed container and be removed and disposed quickly. It is also important that the container be adequately cleaned after that waste is removed so that putrescible residues do not remain to decompose further and generate odor.

Landfill facility

The most common odor-causing compounds at landfill cell are hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide, ammonia etc. These odor causing compounds are produced through the

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

decomposition of wastes. In addition, methane can be generated by waste decomposition. These problems can be addressed by control of transportation; appropriate waste storage and containment, minimization of the area and time that the active portion of the landfill remains exposed to the environment, and in general careful operation and maintenance of the landfill facility.

4.13.1 Odor Control Measures

Storage Facility

The proposed facility will receive and store the waste in an enclosed area. While handling odorous wastes, care shall be taken to avoid smell nuisance.

Landfill Cell

For landfill cell, the following methods can be used to control odor:

 Excluding any kind of development close to the site.

 Green belt development to form a surface capable of sorbing and forming sinks for odorous gases. Leaves with their vast area in a tree crown, sorb pollutants on their surface, thus effectively reduce their concentrations in the ambient air and source emissions.

 Ensuring that the operation is carried out under the best management practices

 Storing putrescible waste in order to minimize its decomposition and control release and dispersal of its odorants

 Cleaning and timely removing spilled debris from storage and transport containers

 Minimization of the area and time that the active portion of the landfill remains exposed to the environment

 Herbal spray on hazardous waste after disposing it in the landfill cell

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CHAPTER 5

ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES (Technology & Site)

EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Chapter 5 Analysis of Alternative Site & Technology

5.1 Introduction

Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) established a Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, Disposal Facility (CHWTSDF) in 2005 with initial Consent to Establish (dated July 28th, 2005), in an area of 21 acres. Land for the existing TSDF was provided by the Udaipur Industrial Waste Management & Research Centre, Udaipur – 313 003. The proposed facility of expansion to integrated TSDF with recycling facilities will be carried out within the same area at Gudli village, Udaipur district, Rajasthan. As the proposed project aims in expansion and up gradation of existing facilities within the existing site of RWMP TSDF, no alternate sites were considered.

5.1.1 Site selection

The site has been assessed to be ideal for proposed expansion due to site accessibility, existing climatological and geological conditions, environmentally being not critically sensitive, and expected to have positive impact on socio-economic status of nearby villages. Moreover, the existing project site proposed for expansion of the facility is meeting site selection criteria of CPCB guidelines as well as the site selection criteria of TSDF as shown in Table 5.1. The following areas have to be excluded or rejected (knock out Criteria) for this type of industries.

 Areas with unstable geological features like unstable or weak soil, organic soil, soft clay or clay-sand mixtures, soil that lose strength with compaction or with wetting, clays with a shrink-swell character, sand subjected to subsidence and hydraulic influence.  Subsidence: e.g. owing to subsurface mines, water, oil or gas withdrawal or solution prone subsurface.

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 Wet lands.  Historical migration zones.  Flood prone areas.  Area with 500 m from water supply zone and within 200 m from property line.  Natural depression and valleys where water contamination is likely.  Areas of ground water recharge and extremely high water table zone.  Unique habitation areas, close to national parks with scenic beauty and formerly used landfills.  Areas with high population, unique archaeological, historical, paleontological and religious interests.  Agricultural and forest lands and existing dump sites.  Atmospheric conditions that would prevent safe disposal of an accidental release.  Major natural hazards, e.g. volcanic activity, seismic disturbance, etc.  Sensitive locations, e.g. storing flammable or explosive materials, airports.  Unfavorable local hydro-geological situations, e.g. springs or drinking water well within very close proximity to the chosen area.  Extremely bad access i.e. no existing access roads to the selected site which may be involved.  Long distance more than 5 km from main roads.  Great differences in altitude between the area of waste collection and the selected site.

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Table 5.1 Location criteria for the proposed project

Parameter Criteria Observation at proposed site Lake or pond Should not be within No water body exists within 200 m 200 m area of the site Udai Sagar lake at 3 Km South River Should not be within No river exists within 100 m of site. 100 m River Berach river at 900 m East from site Flood plain Should not be within Not in the flood plain region 100 m flood plain High way – State or National Should not be within No Highway within 500 m area. 500 m Nearest National Highway NH– 48 is approximately at 0.6 Km South Habitation – Notified habituated Should not be within None in study area area 500 m

Public Parks Should not be within No public park exists within 500 m 500 m Critical habitat area – area in Not suitable There are no endangered species in which one or more endangered the site species live Wet lands Not suitable Not a wet land. Air Port Should not be within Maharana Pratap Airport is zone around the approximately 6.7 Km-East from the airport(s) site. Water supply No water supply well No water supply wells exist within within 500 m 500 m area from site. Coastal Regulation Area Not suitable Not in the CRZ area. Presence of monuments / Not suitable No monuments / religious structure religious structures exists

5.2 Technological aspects

Industrial wastes, hazardous wastes, bio-medical waste, e-waste, etc., have become an important environmental and public health issue of concern to many countries in the world. In the modern framework of hazardous waste management, a four pronged strategy has been adopted 1. Minimizing the quantity of waste 2. Recycling of waste

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3. Treatment of the waste 4. Collection, transport and disposal of waste in an environmentally sound manner

All four of these approaches are important and are not exclusive of each other. When dealing with a given hazardous waste problem, often there is a need to utilize a combination of the four general approaches outlined above

5.2.1 Waste minimization

The first priority in hazardous waste management is to reduce the quantity of waste. Three major waste reduction schemes which are often used are summarized below: i) Process modification

Often the industrial process can be altered in such a way that the use of raw materials is optimized and the amount of hazardous waste is reduced to barest minimum. For example, in zinc electroplating, the sulphate salt is substituted by the chloride compound with slight modification of the process which can efficiently eliminate the cyanide problem. ii) Waste concentration

The waste can be concentrated using evaporation, precipitation or decantation techniques which mean that the volume of waste can be considerably reduced using these methods. Incineration, viz., oxidation of inflammable waste is often practiced in order to reduce the volume of waste to be handled. It is an excellent method of waste disposal, but the cost of operation usually exceeds the net gains. iii) Waste segregation

Segregating the hazardous waste streams from non-hazardous streams decreases the volume of hazardous wastes, thus, making it easier to treat

5.2.2 Recycling wastes

Many substances in refused wastes have value. They include glass, wood, fiber from

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan paper products and metals. Scientists have developed ways of recycling many wastes so that they can be used again. Almost all materials are recyclable. However, in some wastes, more energy will be expended in recovery than the recovered value warrants. The two broad ways of processing hazardous waste are reuse and recycling of wastes which are briefly dealt here under.

1. Waste reuse

In some cases waste material can be reused as a raw material with very little processing. Transfer of the waste "as is" without reprocessing, to another facility is known as waste reuse or waste exchange. Unwanted materials such as outdated chemicals or untested materials not meeting the high quality control requirements of purchasing industry can be reused without processing. Processed wastes are those which are partially processed before they are reused such as cardboard for making paper pulp, copper or other metal salt solutions for metal recovery, oils that can be used as fuels etc. This includes a variety of other materials also that can be reused as industrial feed stocks.

2. Waste recycling

Recycling differs from reuse in that the waste must first be treated before it can be used in a manufacturing process. When a transfer of waste "as is" is not possible, reprocessing the waste for material recovery is known as recycling. For example, bag house dust from scrap steel processors, containing up to 25% zinc oxide, can be combined with waste sulphuric acid to make Galvaniser's pickle acid. The spent pickle liquor containing 8-10% zinc sulphate and some iron salts is then usable, as fertilizer in agricultural fields. Use of waste organic solvents is the best example of recycling waste.

5.2.3 Treatment of waste

After material recovery, the waste water containing hazardous waste chemicals should be detoxified and neutralized through treatment. There are many technologies available for treating hazardous wastes before they are ultimately disposed of. Their aim is to modify the physical and/or chemical properties of the wastes so that they are rendered

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan harmless. Selection of a treatment process depends on many factors such as the nature of the waste, the desired characteristics of the output stream, and economic and energy considerations. The treatment technologies can be divided into the following groups, namely:

 Physical treatment  Chemical treatment  Biological treatment  Solidification, and Incineration i) Physical treatment

Physical treatment conducted using various methods such as phase separation. Phase separation includes three steps, namely: lagooning, prolonged storage in tanks and sludge drying in beds. Lagooning and tank storage are collectively used to separate particulate impurities ii) Chemical treatment

This treatment is used to facilitate complete breakdown of hazardous wastes and more usually to modify the chemical properties of the wastes, e.g. to reduce water solubility or to neutralize acidity or alkalinity. The techniques involve oxidation, chemical reduction, neutralization, heavy metal precipitation, oil/water separation and solvents/fuels recovery. iii) Biological treatment

The gross impurities obtained from treatment of sewage are collectively known as sludge, which is given biological treatment, before disposal. This is known as sludge processing which has become important since improvements in industrial waste water treatment. The typical technologies for sludge processing include conditioning, digestion, composting, thickening or dewatering and solidification.

 Conditioning: In this step the sludge is exposed to atmosphere for a stipulated period until a desired consistency is reached

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

 Digestion: In this process the sludge is treated with bacteria which break down the long chain compounds into simpler ones  Composting: In this step the organic matter in the waste sludge is converted into a usable stable material iv) Solidification

Processes convert the liquid waste into insoluble, rock-hard material prior to landfill disposal. This is usually done by mixing the waste with various reactants to produce a solid mass. The basic aim of solidification process is to immobilize the hazardous constituents of the waste, so that these do not leach out at the landfill disposal site. v) Incineration

Thermal oxidation through incinerator is one of the proven technologies for destruction of hazardous waste in all the forms i.e. solid / semi solid / liquid and gaseous, based on the feeding system, so as to render them innocuous in the form of non-toxic and non- hazardous residues.

5.2.4 Collection, transportation and disposal

Waste disposal is a multiphase activity, the different stages of which, i.e. collection, interim storage, transport; treatment and disposal are highly interdependent, both technically and organizationally. Safe collection and transport of hazardous waste form a critical link in the chain between its point of generation and its place of treatment and disposal. In many respects, the same precautions apply to hazardous waste in transit as applicable to the carriage of dangerous goods; however, additional problems arise from the hazardous nature of certain wastes because:

 Waste in general has no perceptible economic value to the generator  The chemical and physical properties of a waste may not be precisely known because it is frequently a complex mixture from which all economically useful components have been extracted  Mixing of non-compatible wastes for convenience in transit could create an

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

acute hazard, either immediately or on treatment and disposal (for example, a mixture of ether waste containing a sodium residue with an aqueous ether waste will explode)

Therefore, for a safe and secured disposal of hazardous waste, there should be a proper collection, transport and storage system. The non-compatible wastes should be segregated and transported separately.

5.3 Disposal of hazardous waste

The final disposal of the hazardous wastes also needs to be carefully planned. There are three different ways in which hazardous wastes can be finally disposed

 Landfill disposal.  Incineration.  Underground disposal

The above mentioned methods of disposal of hazardous wastes are elaborately discussed as here under.

5.3.1 Landfill disposal

The disposal of hazardous waste by land filling is an important method of disposal in many countries. Landfilling means storing harmful substances under the ground by dumping on a selected piece of land, and is one of the oldest methods of waste disposal. This involves hauling the refuse to an area allocated for this purpose. In India such areas range from unsanitary open dumps to properly operated sanitary landfills. Open dumps are a poor method of waste disposal because they cause environmental problems. For example, they can ruin the appearance of all area and provide a home for rats and other rodents which spread diseases. If garbage is exposed, it rots and smells foul. Most dumps allow some burning, which fills the surroundings with smoke. In addition, rain water can drain through refuse and carry harmful substances to streams.

Properly operated sanitary landfills cause little damage to the environment. The area to be filled with waste must be lined with a nonporous substance such as clay, or high

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan density polyethylene (HDPE)—plastic membrane to prevent the wastes from leaking to the surrounding areas. The wastes are packed and dumped at the site and covered with earth each day. The cover of earth prevents insects and rodents from getting into refuse. Operators of these sites forbid burning. With time, sanitary landfill sites become filled up and many communities cover the site for a final time and use the area for recreational purpose.

A typical landfill site consists of an artificial double liner at the bottom and a cover at the top. The above design of landfill site does not have any provision for monitoring and repair of the site. In the recent past, a new concept has developed in which the landfill site is constructed on a structure consisting of concrete cells. The cell is a space for plant personnel to visit and observe any fault and repair the same.

5.3.2 Incineration

Incineration burns waste products. This is another method many industries and large cities use if they do not have enough vacant areas for disposal sites nearby. Most hazardous wastes are detoxified in this process. This is also an excellent method of waste minimization, waste detoxification and disposal, but its cost of operation is very high, if the heat content of waste is not reutilized.

5.3.2.1 Advantages

Incineration is a process for the high-temperature oxidation of gaseous, liquid or solid wastes, convening them into gases and an incombustible residue. The flue gases are released to the atmosphere with or without recovery of heat and with or without cleaning and any slag or ash produced is deposited in a landfill. In general, incineration may be considered as an alternative method of detoxifying some non-recoverable highly toxic wastes. It is an excellent method of reducing waste volume, and in addition offers the possibility for recovering the heat content of the waste. In some communities heat from municipal waste incineration is used to produce steam. This steam drives turbines that produce electric power. Recycling of heat thus reduces the cost of operation of incinerators.

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5.3.2.2 Waste input

Generally, the wastes having inflammable characteristics are incinerated. The following types of wastes are commonly treated in hazardous waste incinerators:

 Solvent waste and sludges  Waste mineral oils  Varnish and paint wastes and their sludges  Plastics, rubber and latex waste sludges and emulsions  Oils, emulsions and oil/water mixtures  Phenolic wastes  Mineral oil sludges  Resin waste  Grease and wax wastes  Pesticide wastes  Acid tar and spent clay  Organic wastes containing halogen, sulphur or phosphorus compounds.

Wastes having high chlorine, sulphur, nitrogen and phosphorus contents, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and those containing heavy metals and carcinogenic substances need special incineration technologies and precautions. A large number of municipal incinerators lack adequate air pollution control devices. Burning in many of these devices may release gases and solid particles that may harm human health, damage property and kill plants. The flue gases from ordinary incinerators can be dangerous in the absence of pollution control devices. Furthermore, incineration sometimes becomes a costly affair.

5.3.3 Underground disposal

It maybe excessively expensive to dispose of certain hazardous wastes, such as radioactive nuclear wastes, in an environmentally acceptable manner at landfill still sites or incinerate them at thermal treatment plants. These wastes are generated in all operations associated with the use of nuclear energy for national defense or other purposes such as mining of radioactive ore, production of nuclear fuel, laboratory experiments and medical treatment. Underground disposal may provide an environmentally and economically viable option in case of radioactive wastes. The

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan underground disposal of hazardous waste is acceptable only in inactive or partially active mines that meet specific geological and technical criteria. Worldwide, only deep salt mine is often used for radioactive waste disposal because of the excellent properties of salt deposits which prevent the interaction of wastes with other geological formations. The very existence of a salt deposit is a proof that the underground site has been unaffected by water for millions of years. Salt is impermeable to liquids and gases. Due to its hygroscopic nature, salt is capable of absorbing water entering the formation from outside and of repairing minor fractures by re-crystallization, thus maintaining the original impermeability. This feature is frequently supplemented by impermeable upper strata consisting of wastes, usually rock, from mines or other industries.

The atmosphere in salt mines is extremely dry, so metal equipment and containers do no rust. There is no risk of methane explosions as in coal mines. Bursting of carbon dioxide gas inclusions in the salt mines may be observed during excavation of rocks but this does not pose a risk, particularly after mining operations have ceased. Thermal conductivity of salt is good. Salt is strong, permitting the excavation of spacious, stable galleries. In addition, salt has certain plasticity under pressure, allowing the dispersion and increasing the overall stability.

Based on the several options present for safe treatment, storage, disposal & recycling of various wastes in the proposed projects the following options are considered which meet the national standards.

Hazardous wastes: Recycling, treatment stabilization, secured landfill, incineration

Bio medical wastes: Disinfection, shredding, incineration, secured landfill

E wastes: Dismantling, cutting, disposal to authorized dealers, incineration

5.4 No project option

It has been made mandatory by the government to dispose of solid wastes (Hazardous, Bio-medical, E Waste, etc.,) in systematic and scientific disposal way and pollution control boards have been asked to ensure it. For systematic & scientific disposal of hazardous

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan wastes, an ICHWMF becomes necessary where care must be taken in its establishment and operation to avoid any negative effects on the environment.

The integrated treatment facility proposed in the project is among the recent advances of technology and research. Its implementation would provide a ‘one stop solution’ for Treatment, Storage & Disposal of various kinds of wastes like the industrial, hazardous and biomedical wastes. The proposed facility being a centralized facility for handling hazardous wastes from different industries will create a clean environment by avoiding the indiscriminate dumping of waste in open sites which pollutes the air, land and water. The toxic, corrosive and reactive emissions which affect the health and environment through generation of toxic gases and obnoxious odors are also restricted and finally it will also ensure the preservation of flora and fauna of the surrounding regions. Rajasthan state harbors many small, medium and large sale industries and many are in the pipeline. The industries in and around Udaipur are facing huge cost burdens in terms of treatment and management of hazardous waste produced by them. This has also led to unauthorized/ unorganized disposal of such waste leading to environmental pollution. Hence in the absence of this project, there are chances that this situation may continue to prevail.

Benefits and advantages of project

 The project works as a one stop solution for treatment of industrial, biomedical, hazardous & e- wastes with a centralized facility including the waste recycling and recovery units.  Management of hazardous waste with additional benefit of green and clean Environment.  It minimizes the pollution load on environment from industrial hazardous waste.  Compliance with prescribed regulatory norms which in turn avert the risk of closure on account of violation of rules.  It reduces the number of hazardous waste sites in the area and also eliminates the pollution potential.  The management of wastes is relatively easier & economically viable at common facility.  Cost of environmental monitoring is less at common facility

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

 Reduced environmental liability due to captive storage of hazardous waste in the premises of industries  Better occupational health and safety at individual industry level  Prevention of natural resource contamination thereby improving overall environmental status of the region

The proposed project will not cause depletion of natural resources or the significant adverse impacts on environment. On the other hand, it will also produce value added resources such as refuse derived fuel, compost, recycled product raw materials facilitating better management of the industrial wastes. Hence, “No Project Option” would be unwise and so not considered.

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CHAPTER 6

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM

EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Chapter 6 Environmental Monitoring Program

6.1 Environmental Monitoring Program Environmental monitoring program describes the processes and activities that need to be carried out to characterize and monitor the quality of the environment. Environmental monitoring is used in the preparation of environmental impact assessments, as well as in many circumstances in which human activities carry a risk of harmful effects on the natural environment. All monitoring strategies and programs have reasons and justifications which are often designed to establish the current status of an environment or to establish trends in environmental parameters. In all cases the results of monitoring will be reviewed, analyzed statistically and submitted to the concerned authorities. The design of a monitoring program must therefore have regard to the final use of the data before monitoring starts. The monitoring program will have three phases 1. Construction phase 2. Operation phase 3. Post operation phase 6.2 Construction Phase The proposed project envisages expansion and up gradation of existing common hazardous waste treatment facility to Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, Disposal and Recycling Facility at Gudli village, Udaipur district, Rajasthan. Though a secured landfill cell, storage sheds, administrative buildings, canteen etc. are already present in the existing RWMP site, the expansion would require further construction activities that include construction of buildings for new waste treatment facilities, waste recycling and recovery units, new secured landfills, sheds for waste storage, laying of roads etc. Major mechanical components in the common TSDF facility include incinerator, autoclave, shredder, diesel generator, cathode ray tube cutter and other civil, mechanical and electrical equipment. The construction activities require partial clearing of vegetation, mobilization of construction material and equipment. The construction activities are expected to last for few months.

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The existing secured landfill cell has been constructed complying with the standards following the guidelines set by the PCB for hazardous wastes. Further construction of new secured landfill cells during expansion will also be done in similar manner and at every stage the quality of construction will be monitored viz. base preparation, liners quality, drainage layers, leachate collection system, storm water management system, gas vent systems, etc. The generic environmental measures that need to be undertaken during project construction stage are given in the following Table 6.1 Table 6.1 Environmental monitoring during construction phase

S. Potential Detailed action to be followed Parameters for Frequency of No Impact as per EMP monitoring monitoring 1. Air Emissions All equipment are operated Random checks of Once in a according to the specified equipment logs/ quarter/as per design parameters manuals CTE issued by SPCB Vehicle trips to be minimized Vehicle log books Once in a to the extent possible quarter/as per CTE issued by SPCB Any dry, dusty materials stored Stockpiles or open Once in a in sealed containers are containers of dusty quarter/as per prevented from blowing. materials CTE issued by Compaction of soil during Construction logs SPCB various construction activities DG set emissions would be Gaseous emissions Once in a

checked to meet the stipulated (SO2, HC, CO, NOx) quarter/as per standards CTE issued by SPCB

Ambient air quality within the PM10, PM2.5, SO2, At 3-4 locations

premises and adjacent villages NOx, and CO in every of the proposed unit to be quarter/as per monitored. CTE issued by SPCB 2. Noise List of all noise generating Equipment logs, Once in a machinery onsite has to be noise monitoring month/as per prepared. CTE issued by SPCB Work during night has to be Records of working

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S. Potential Detailed action to be followed Parameters for Frequency of No Impact as per EMP monitoring monitoring minimized. hours Generation of vehicular noise Maintenance of has to be minimized records of vehicles Implement good working Maintaining records practices (equipment selection of noise levels and siting) to minimize noise and also reduce its impacts on human health (ear muffs, safe distances, and enclosures). Daily till the Machinery should not be run construction when not required. activities are Acoustic mufflers/enclosures Mufflers/enclosures completed/ as have to be provided for large shall be in place. per CTE issued equipment by SPCB Noise levels have to be Continuous monitored in ambient air recording of noise within the plant premises. levels The noise levels shall not exceed the permissible limits both during day and night All equipment shall be Random checks of operated within specified equipment logs/ design parameters. manuals Vehicle trips to be minimized Vehicle logs to the extent possible 3. Soil Erosion Minimize the area of site Site boundaries not Once in six clearance by complying within extended / months/ as per the defined boundaries breached as per CTE issued by plan document. SPCB Protect topsoil stockpile Effective cover in place. 4. Wastewater No direct discharge of No discharge hoses Discharge wastewater to be made into shall be in vicinity surface water, groundwater or of watercourses. soil. Once in a The discharge point would be Discharge norms quarter/ as per selected properly and sampling for effluents as CTE issued by and analysis would be given in Permits SPCB

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S. Potential Detailed action to be followed Parameters for Frequency of No Impact as per EMP monitoring monitoring undertaken prior to discharge Take care of the disposal of Discharge norms wastewater generated such for effluents as that soil and groundwater given in permits resources are protected. 5. Drainage and Ensure drainage system and Visual inspection of Once in a Effluent specific design measures are drainage and month/ as per Management working effectively. records CTE issued by They are designed to SPCB incorporate existing drainage pattern and avoid disturbing the same. 6. Waste Implement waste management Comprehensive Once in a Management plan that identifies and Waste quarter/ as per characterizes every waste Management Plan CTE issued by associated with the proposed should be in place SPCB activities and available for inspection onsite. Also to identify the procedures Compliance with for collection, handling and Hazardous Wastes disposal of each waste that (Management and arises. Handling Rules), 2016 7. Non-routine Plan will be drawn, considering Mock drills and Once in six events and the likely emergencies and records of the same months/ as per accidental steps required to prevent/limit CTE issued by releases consequences. SPCB

8. Health Health check-ups for All relevant Once in six employees and migrant labor parameters of months/ as per occupational health CTE issued by SPCB/ as per Factories Act

6.3 Operation Phase The existing facilities of RWMP TSDF are regularly monitored for air emissions, wastewater characteristics, quantity of ash generated, etc. during operation. Similar monitoring would be undertaken for the existing and upcoming facilities that impact environmental quality as

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mentioned in Table 6.2. The following attributes require regular monitoring based on the environmental setting and nature of project activities which include:

 Point source emissions and ambient air quality in nearby villages  Groundwater levels and ground water quality  Water & wastewater quality & quantity  Solid waste characterization (ash, leachate treatment plant & septic tank/soak pit sludge)  Soil quality  Noise levels (equipment and machinery noise levels, occupational exposures and ambient noise levels)  Ecological preservation and afforestation.

Table 6.2 Environmental monitoring during operational phase

S.No Potential Action to be taken Parameters for monitoring Frequency of impact monitoring 1. Air Stack emissions from Operating hours, Emissions incinerator Temperature, Pressure, TOC of residues, LOI of residues, Stack temp, CO, PM, HCl,

HF, SO2, NOx, TOC, Mercury, Heavy metals, dioxins and furans as prescribed in CFE /CTE

Gas quality from VOC, H2S Once in a landfill areas month as per Stack emissions from As per CFE conditions PM, CFE conditions

DG sets SO2, NOx given by SPCB. AAQ within the As per CFE conditions/ project premises. NAAQ Standards The vehicles used Vehicle logs to be shall have PUC Maintained certificate. Meteorological data Wind speed, wind direction, temperature, relative humidity and rainfall. 2. Noise Noise generated from Continuous noise level Once in a operation of boilers, recording month/ as per

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S.No Potential Action to be taken Parameters for monitoring Frequency of impact monitoring cooling towers, etc. to CTO conditions be monitored given by SPCB 3. Wastewater Comply with pH, TSS, TDS, BOD, COD & Daily at regular discharge wastewater discharge Oil & grease (Heavy metals) intervals/ as (leachate) standards as per per CTO CPCB/SPCB conditions given by SPCB 4. Solid Comply with HWM Comply with HWM rules Once in a waste/Haz. rules month/ as per Waste CTO conditions given by SPCB 5. Ground Monitoring ground Monitoring parameters as Once in a Water water quality in and per CPCB norms quarter/ as per Quality around project site CTO conditions given by SPCB 6. Flora and Vegetation, green Survival of native plant Once in a Fauna cover and greenbelt species and maintenance of season/ as per development planted species CTO conditions given by SPCB 7. Soil quality Checking and Physico-chemical Once in a maintenance of soil parameters such as NPK, quarter/ as per quality in and around heavy metals etc. CTO conditions the project site given by SPCB 8. Health Health check-ups for All relevant parameters of Once in six employees and occupational health months/ as per migrant labor CTO issued by SPCB/ as per Factories Act

6.4 Post Operational Phase Post-closure monitoring of the landfill will be done primarily as a compliance requirement in addition to social responsibility. This also provides an early warning towards possible adverse impacts on human health and environment. The post-closure monitoring of water quality in the ground and surface waters down the gradient of the landfill should be similar to that established for the operational stage of the facility. The frequency of monitoring may be varied from time to time depending on changing circumstances.

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There is no need for the post-closure monitoring of air quality, noise or visual effects during the post-closure period however this need will be reviewed periodically and if any aspects warrant further monitoring they will be included in the program. The details of the post closure monitoring are given in Table 6.3. Table 6.3 Environmental monitoring during post operation phase

S.No Potential Action to be Parameters for Frequency of Impact Followed Monitoring Monitoring

1. Air Emissions Gas quality from VOC, H2S Monitoring of 3-4 landfill areas locations as per AAQ within the As per CTO conditions / CTO conditions project premises and NAAQ standards given by SPCB surroundings. The vehicles used vehicle logs will be shall have PUC maintained certificate. 2. Wastewater Comply with pH, TSS, TDS, BOD, COD Daily at regular discharge (for wastewater & Oil & grease (Heavy intervals/ as per leachate) discharge standards metals) CTO conditions as per CPCB/SPCB given by SPCB 3. Ground Water Monitoring ground Monitoring parameters Once in a quarter/ Quality and water quality in and as per CPCB norms as per CTO Water Levels around project site conditions given by SPCB 4. Flora and Vegetation, green Survival of native plant Once in a season/ Fauna cover and greenbelt species and as per CTO development maintenance of planted conditions given species by SPCB 5. Soil quality Checking and Physico-chemical Once in a quarter/ maintenance of soil parameters such as as per CTO quality in and around NPK, heavy metals etc. conditions given the project site by SPCB 6. Health Health check-ups for All relevant parameters Once in six employees and of occupational health months/ as per migrant labour CTO issued by SPCB/ as per Factories Act

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6.5 Environmental Laboratory Equipment An in-house environmental laboratory for the routine monitoring of quality of air, water, soil, meteorology and noise exists in the RWMP facility where all tests are performed based on CPCB/MoEFCC prescribed standard protocols. For all non-routine analyses, the plant utilizes the services of external recognized laboratories and facilities. The procedures given in IS standards or CPCB approved methods will be followed for analysis and sampling of various environmental parameters. Same facilities would be utilized for testing various environmental quality analysis parameters in proposed expansion and more instruments are proposed for procurement to meet the enhanced requirement. The list of laboratory equipment needed in addition to the existing equipment for the environmental monitoring is given in Table 6.4.

Table 6.4 Equipment needed for environmental monitoring

Name of the Equipment No of Instruments for laboratory Online monitoring for incinerator stack 1 Weather Station, which can record wind speed, wind direction 1 Temperature, Relative Humidity (Automatic or manual), Respirable Dust samplers 2 Fine Dust samplers 2 Portable Flue Gas Combustion Analyzer 1 Portable Noise level meter (Dosimeter) 1 Portable Wastewater Analysis Kit 1 BOD Incubator 1 COD Digester with colorimeter 2 Electronic Balance 1 Spectrophotometer 1 Hot Air Oven 1 Laboratory Water Distillation and demineralization unit 1 General glass ware and laboratory chemicals, etc. As required

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6.5.1 Environmental Management Cell Presently an efficient environmental management cell is established at RWMP which is headed by a Project In-charge/head having a minimum of 5 to 10 years of experience. The project In-charge/head is supported by a team of members (managers, operators, chemists, technicians, etc.) having minimum of 2 to 3 years of experience in their respective fields of work. The same team would also take charge of the proposed expansion with more added manpower as required during and after construction and operation of the new facilities. The general organizational setup of the environmental management cell is given below in Figure 6.1.

Figure 6.1 Organization setup of environmental management

6.6 Pollution Monitoring Facilities Incinerator stack and DG set stack should have provision for platform and for port hold to stack meeting MOEF standards with necessary power point. Environmental laboratory shall have above equipment/instruments to analyze air and wastewater parameters.

6.6.1 Reporting Schedules of the Monitoring Data It is proposed that voluntary reporting of environmental performance with reference to the EMP should be undertaken. The environmental monitoring cell shall co-ordinate all monitoring program at site and data thus generated shall be regularly furnished to the State regulatory agencies. The frequency of reporting shall be once in every six months to the local State PCB officials and to Regional Office of MoEF&CC. The Environmental Audit

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6.6.2 Public Health Monitoring The importance of public health studies in understanding whether or not a site or facility has caused significant adverse health effects is well known. In the present scenario, health checkup of the workers and nearby community of the existing TSDF facility is regularly conducted to understand the impact of existing TSDF on their health. For the health study record for the proposed expansion project, a three-staged health monitoring program is proposed.

 Monitoring the health of workers within the project site to identify adverse health effects  Periodically obtain feedback from local doctors regarding any potential indicators of adverse health effects due to environmental cause in the communities surrounding, and particularly down-stream of the landfill.  By organizing health camps on a regular basis.

6.6.3 Budgetary Provision for EMP In order to comply with the environmental protection measures as suggested in the above sections, the project management has made budgetary provision for environmental protection and safety measures. Cost towards environmental mitigation measures for newly proposed facilities are given in Table 6.5.

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Table 6.5 Budget for implementation of environmental management plan

S.No Control Measures Description EMP cost (Rs.Lakhs) Capital Recurring Cost cost/year 1 Air pollution control DG Stack 6.0 3.0 measures Personal Protective Equipment 6.0 1.0 APCD equipment 200.0 14.0 Gas collection, management, odor control 50.0 1.5 etc. Online stack monitoring 75.0 5.0 Sprinkling of water 4.0 1.5 Sub Total 341 26 2 Water pollution control Soak pit and septic tank 2.5 0.75 Rainwater collection pond 4.5 0.25 Waste water treatment plant 2.5 0.25 Leachate collection pond 1.0 0.50 storm water drains 1.5 0.75 Sub Total 12.0 2.5 3 Noise pollution control Personal Protective Equipment 3.5 0.5 Acoustic enclosures 3.5 0.5 Sub Total 7.0 1.0 4 Solid waste Top soil storage shed 2.0 0.5 management Waste storage platform 2.0 0.5 Sub Total 4.0 1.0 5 Greenbelt development Greenbelt and open area Horticulture 40 10 6 Miscellaneous Solar street Lighting 5.0 1.5 Sub Total 45.0 11.5 7 Environmental Ambient air quality studies-Once in quarter- 4 3.5 2.0 Monitoring locations Water quality monitoring- once in quarter- 7 2.5 1.0 locations Noise levels - Once in a month-5 locations 1.0 1.0 soil quality -once in quarter- 5 locations 2.0 1.0 Ambient Air quality monitoring, Laboratory 22.0 2.0 equipment, etc. Energy audit, environmental audit, training 10.0 3.0 programs, etc Sub Total 41 10.0 Grand Total 450 52

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CHAPTER 7

ADDITIONAL STUDIES

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Chapter 7 Additional Studies

7.1 Risk assessment and disaster management plan

The principal objective of risk assessment is to identify and quantify the major hazards and risk associated with various operations of the proposed project, which may lead to emergency consequences (disasters) affecting the public health and safety. Based on this information, an emergency preparedness plan has to be prepared to mitigate the consequences. The approach involves hazards identification, hazards assessment, evaluation and developing a Disaster Management Plan (DMP).

7.1.1 Risk analysis

Risk analysis includes an estimate of the probability or likelihood that an event will occur. Estimation of random incidents totally uncorrected with plant activities may also be taken in to account. Risk can be characterized in qualitative terms as high, medium or low or in quantitative terms using numerical estimates and statistical calculations. Diminishing the likelihood of an accident or minimizing the consequences will reduce overall risk.

7.1.2 Evaluating hazards

The need for sophisticated techniques for evaluating hazards depends on the result of preliminary hazard analysis. Various techniques for evaluating hazards are as follows:

 Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP)  Accident Consequence Analysis  Event Tree Analysis  Fault Tree Analysis  Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis.

In order to be in a state of readiness to face the adverse effects of accidents, an Emergency Preparedness Plan (EPP) has to be prepared. Such a plan must cover the

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possible hazardous situations in the locality and the causes, areas most likely to be affected, on-site and off-site emergency plans, establishment of Emergency Control Centre (ECC), location of emergency services and duties of officers/staff during an emergency.

The EPP protocol should be designed to provide measures to control the incident and minimizing the effects due to fire, explosives, release or escape of toxic gas, spillage of hazardous substances during storage, processing or transportation. The necessary preventive and protective steps required to be taken before, during and after an accident need to be worked out in operational terms and detailed in the document.

7.2 Risk assessment and hazard identification

The past disastrous events in India over a few decades have enlightened the need for a specific legislation covering major hazard activities. This has been enforced by Government of India in 1989 in conjunction with Environment Protection Act, 1986, amended in 2000. For the purpose of identifying major hazard installations, the rules employ certain criteria based on toxicity, flammability and explosive properties of chemicals which are outlined below.

7.2.1 Identification of toxic, flammable, explosive chemicals

Toxic Chemicals: Chemicals having acute toxicity values, owing to their physical and chemical properties are capable of producing major accidents. The details are given in Table 7.1.

Table 7.1 Toxicity values of chemicals

S. No Toxicity Oral toxicity Dermal toxicity Inhalation toxicity

LD50 (mg/kg) LD50 (mg/kg) LC50 (mg/l) 1. Extremely toxic >5 <40 <0.5 2. Highly toxic >5-50 >40-200 <0.5-2.0 3. Toxic >50-200 >200-1000 >2-10 Flammable Chemicals:

Flammable gases: Gases which at 20°C and at standard pressure of 101.3 kPa are:-

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 Ignitable when in a mixture of 13 % or less by volume with air, or

 Have a flammable range with air of at least 12 % points regardless of the lower flammable limits.

 Extremely flammable liquids: chemicals which have flash point lower than or equal to 23°C and boiling point less than 35°C

 Very highly flammable liquids: chemicals which have a flash point lower than or equal to 23°C and initial boiling point higher than 35°C.

 Highly flammable liquids: chemicals which have a flash point lower than or equal to 60°C but higher than 23°C.

Flammable liquids: chemicals which have a flash point higher than 60°C but lower than 90°C.

Note: - The flammability shall be determined by tests or by calculation in accordance with methods adopted by International Standards Organization (ISO) Number10156 of 1990 or by Bureau of Indian Standards ISI Number 1446 of 1985.

Explosives: Explosives means a solid or liquid or pyrotechnic substance (or a mixture of substances) or an article which is:

 In itself capable by chemical reaction of producing gas at such a temperature and pressure and at such a speed as to cause damage to the surroundings;  Designed to produce an effect by heat, light, sound, gas or smoke or a combination of these as a result of non-detonative self-sustaining exothermic chemical reaction.

7.2.2 Storage of hazardous chemicals and nature of possible hazards

The details of storage facilities and capacities of hazardous chemicals proposed to be used in the project are given in Table 7.2 and the nature of possible hazards is listed in Table 7.3.

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Table 7.2 Details of chemicals and applicability of GoI rules

Solvent Storage Listed in Scheduled Threshold Quantity (Tons) Type for Application of Rules 4,5,7-9,13-15 10-12 High Speed Diesel (HSD) Schedule 1 (part I) 5000 50000 Isopropyl alcohol Schedule 1 (part III) 7000 7000 Butanol Schedule 1 (part IV) 10000 10000 Tank Toluene Schedule 1 (part III) 7000 7000 N,N-dimethyl formamide Schedule 1 (part V) 5000 50000 O-dichlorobenzene Schedule 1 (part V) 5000 50000

From the above table, it can be inferred that there would be no major hazardous chemicals stored at the proposed plant which would attract the GoI rules 4, 5, 7-9 and 13-15. Further, as the quantities likely to be stored at site lie below the stipulated threshold quantities major hazards are not anticipated.

Table 7.3 Nature of possible hazards

Hazard Area Probable Cause of the accident Boilers / Transformers / Receivers Malfunctioning of the Safety Valve for the Air compressors. Explosion Flammable Petroleum Product External fire causing pressure built up Storage Tank / Drum Storage in the tanks / barrels area H.S.D. / FO Storage Area Flammable vapor / air mixture and source of ignition. Formation on pool in the dyke wall Flammable Petroleum Product Fire and source of ignition. Storage Tank / Drum Storage External fire Built up of internal Shed /Production Area pressure Failure of the top cover 

Tank on Fire Spillage of Acid / Alkali due to rupture Spillage Acid / Alkali Storage Area of the pipe line, collapse of the storage tank

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7.2.3 Maximum credible accident analysis (MCA) for diesel storage area

Identification of causes and types of hazards is the primary task for assessing risk. Hazards can happen because of the nature of chemicals handled and also the nature of processes involved. A pre-requisite for risk analysis is to identify and study the hazardous chemicals associated with risk.

Identification of hazardous chemicals is done in accordance with Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical (MSIHC) Amendment Rules, 2000. Schedule 1, of the Rule provides a list of toxic and hazardous chemicals and the flammable chemicals. It defines flammable chemicals based on flash point and boiling point.

"Major accident hazards (MAH) installations" is defined as the isolated storage and industrial activity at a site handling (including transport through carrier or pipeline) of hazardous chemicals equal to or, in excess of the threshold quantities specified in Column 3 of Schedule 2 and 3 respectively. Schedule 3 has classified hazardous substances in an operating plant into 5 groups and has provided the threshold quantities for application of above rules.

 Group 1 and 2 – Toxic substances

 Group 3 – Highly reactive substances

 Group 4 – Explosive substance

 Group – 5 Flammable substances

Table 7.4 shows the list of major chemicals which have been identified as hazardous, as per the MSIHC amendment rules 2000 and which are to be considered as MAH installations.

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Table 7.4 Hazardous chemicals at project site

Chemical Use Nature of Type of Storage Chemical Storage & Quantity No’s HSD Fuel for D.G sets & Flammable 10 KL incinerator start-up Isopropyl Alcohol Solvents recovered will Very highly be stored and sold to flammable Butanol the end user Highly Vertical & flammable 1No. 1 KL Toluene Very highly flammable Dimethylformamide Flammable Orthodichlorobenzene Flammable

The summary of physical properties of chemicals at site is given in Table 7.5. HSD is mainly used for D.G sets and for incinerator start-up activity. Around 350 litres of HSD is expected to be consumed during this operation and on an average, 7 days of incinerator is operative. The inventory of HSD of 10 KL tank is stored at project site. The solvents are recovered through solvent recovery unit of 5 KL capacity and 1 KL of each solvent is considered for storage. For risk assessment, complete tank is considered for any accidental release of fuel due to leakage.

Table 7.5 Physical properties of chemicals at site

Chemical Codes/ TLV BP FP LEL UEL Label (mg/m3) (°C) % HSD 800 ppm 215 – 376 32 0.6 6.0 Isopropyl Alcohol 400 82.6 11 2 12.7 Butanol 100 118 35 1.45 11.25 Flammable Toluene 100 111 6 1.1 7.1 Dimethylformamide 10 – 30 153 67 - - Orthodichlorobenzene 50 180.5 66 2.2 9.2

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TLV : Threshold Limit Value BP : Boiling Point MP : Melting Point FP : Flash Point UEL : Upper Explosive Limit LEL : Lower Explosive Limit

Fire Explosive Toxicity Index (FETI) for HSD

The computations of FETI (Fire and Explosion, Toxicity Index) for HSD at proposed TSDF is shown in Table 7.6 and the subsequent F&EI categories are given in Table 7.7. The capacity of HSD Storage tank (2 KL) was considered for these studies. The Health (Nh), Flammability (Nf), Reactivity (Nr), and MF (Material Factor) under consideration was derived from NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) codes. The GPH (General Process Hazard Factor) and SPH (Specific Process Hazard Factor) was calculated accordingly. Based on F&EI (Fire and Explosion Index), HSD comes under “Low” category and nil toxicity.

Table 7.6 F&EI of fuels used for the proposed project

NFPA Classification Toxicity F&E Chemical/Fuel GPH SPH *F&EI Nh Nf Nr MF Category Category HSD 1 2 0 10 1.8 2.8 50.4 Nil Low *FEI = MF *(GPH) * (SPH)

The F&EI values are ranked into following categories

Table 7.7 F&EI category

S.No F&EI Category

1 1-60 Low

2 60-90 Medium

3 90 and above Severe

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7.2.4 Nature of hazard from oil storage

Diesel is a flammable liquid having a flash point of 32°C. However, its auto ignition temperature is 225°C. Its boiling point ranges between 215-376°C. Major hazards from oil storage can be fire and maximum credible accidents from oil storage tank can be

a) Tank Fire and b) Pool / Dyke fire.

Similarly, for the solvents it can be seen as fire hazard to be a major cause and none of them are toxic to cause other accidental scenario.

a. Tank fire

A series of incidents could lead to tank fire. Oil is stored in a floating roof tank. Any leak in rim seal that leads to accumulation of vapour could be a source of fire. Further, this lighting can be a source of ignition and can cause tank fire. At times, overflow from tank leading to spillage may also cause vapour cloud formation which in turn catches fire. This can again flash back to the tank to cause tank fire.

b. Pool / Dyke fire

If there is outflow from the tank due to any leakage from tank or any failure of connecting pipes or valves, oil will flow outside and form a pool. When the tank is surrounded by a dyke, the pool of oil will be restricted within that dyke. After sometime, the vapour from the pool can catch fire and can cause pool or dyke fire.

7.2.5 Heat radiation and thermal damage criteria

The level of damage caused by heat radiation due to fire is a function of duration of exposure as well as heat flux (i.e. radiation energy onto the object of concern). This is true for both the effect on building and plant equipment and also for the effect on personnel. However the variation of likely exposure time is more marked with personnel, due to possibility of finding shelter coupled with protection of the skin (clothed or naked body). Further, it is assumed that everyone inside the area by the pool fire will be burned to death (100% lethality) or will asphyxiate. The effect of heat radiation on percentage

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fatality with variation in exposure time is given in Table 7.8.

Table 7.8 Effect of heat radiation

Exposure Time in seconds for % Fatality Radiation Level (KW/m2) 1% 50% 99% 1.6 500 1300 3200 4.0 150 370 930 12.5 30 80 200 37.5 8 20 50

The damage and fatality due to the exposure time is very important in determining the degree of fatality and corresponding effect distance. It is observed that the exposed persons normally find shelter or protection from the heat radiation (e.g. against a wall) within 10 seconds. However, exposure time of 30 seconds is normally assumed for pessimistic calculation which applies when people do not run away immediately or when no protection is available. The effects on humans due to variations in heat flux and duration of exposure have been developed in the form of a Probit model which gives following values for human fatality levels as shown in Table 7.9.

Table 7.9 Heat radiation and fatality

Incident Radiation Intensity Type of Damage (KW/m2) 37.5 Sufficient to cause damage to process equipment Minimum energy required to ignite nearby wood at infinitely 25 long exposure (non-piloted) Minimum energy required for piloted ignition of wood, 12.5 melting plastic tubing etc. 1st degree burns for 10 seconds exposure. Sufficient to cause pain to personnel if unable to reach cover 4.5 within 20 seconds; however blistering of skin (1st degree burns) is likely. 1.6 Will cause no discomfort to long exposure

Rupture of HSD tank with a damaged hole is considered as one of the major accidental

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scenarios in which large quantity of HSD will be leaked into the surrounding areas of the storage tank. If any ignition source is available near the accidental site, the leaked fuel will easily catch fire. It is assumed that the complete liquid leaks due to tank failure or ruptures and develops into a pool and gets ignited. Hazard distances have been arrived due to effect of pool fires. For computing the damage distance from the tank failure area, Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres (ALOHA) software is used. Full tank storage capacity has been considered for the calculations. The effect of heat radiation and subsequent damage distances for HSD and 5 solvents are given in Table 7.10 and 7.11.

Table 7.10 Effect of heat radiation due to HSD storage tank (Pool fire)

Input Data Results of computation Spilled quantity 10 KL Max. flame length 17 m Circular opening diameter 7.5 cm Max burn rate 193 kg/min Wind speed 2.0 m/s Total amount burned 6994 kg Heat Radiation at ground level KW/m2 Damage distances (m) 25.0 10 12.5 12 4.5 34

A review of the above table clearly indicates that for heat radiation of 25 KW/m2, the damage distance is found to be around 10 m from the accidental site whereas for heat radiation of 12.5 KW/m2, the impact distance is 12 m. For a heat radiation of 4.5 KW/m2, the damage distance is 34 m. The risk contours are given in Figure 7.1 and thermal radiation threat zone in Figure 7.2.

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Table 7.11 Effect of heat radiation due to solvent leakage (Pool fire)

N-butyl Isopropanol N,N-dimethyl O- Toluene alcohol formamide dichloro benzene Spilled quantity (KL) 1 Opening diameter (cm) 10 Wind speed (m/s) 2.0 Max flame length (m) 15 14 13 16 20 Max burn rate (kg/min) 276 260 243 311 355 Total amount burned 798 780 943 1297 860 (kg) Thermal radiation damage distances Red (25KW/ m2) <10 m <10 m <10 m <10 m <10 m Orange (12.5KW/ m2) 14 m 13 m 11 m 10 m 17 m Yellow (4.5KW/ m2) 25 m 24 m 20 m 20 m 31 m

Table 7.11 shows the effect of heat radiation due to solvent leakage. It is observed that, for heat radiation of 25 KW/m2 the damage distance is found to be less than 10 m from the accidental site, whereas for heat radiation of 12.5 KW/m2, the impact distance is in the range of 10-17 m. For a heat radiation intensity of 4.5 KW/m2, the damage distance is in the range of 20-31 m. The threat zone for the proposed solvents is given in Figure 7.2.

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Figure 7.1 ALOHA source point on the layout

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Figure 7.2 Thermal radiation threat zones for HSD and solvents

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7.3 Emergency preparedness at RWMP

An emergency will be declared if an untoward event, i.e., fire, major fuel/inflammable material spillage or a major injury / accident occurs and requires the mobilization of all possible resources to handle the same. In view of the hazardous nature of products/process handled at the project site, RWMP has prepared an EPP. The plan is based on various probable scenarios like fire, explosion, natural calamities etc. The consequences arising out of such incidents are accurately predicted with the help of latest techniques available and mentioned in preceding sections.

The EPP is outlined in two sections. The first section explains the organizational set up, operational systems, actions on site, link with off‐site emergency plan. The second section discusses the disaster management plan and mitigation measures after commissioning of work at site.

7.4 Organizational set up and infrastructure for emergency operations

The organizational set up for emergency operations is given in Table 7.12 and the required infrastructure is summarized below.

Table 7.12 Organizational set up for emergency operations

Emergency Site Incident Controller Emergency Administration Coordinator Land Fill, SEPs, Incinerable Waste HOD (Operations) HOD (P&A) Stores, Waste Storage Sheds and Stabilization Unit Laboratory HOD (Laboratory) HOD (P&A) Material Stores, Workshop, D.G Set, Store In charge HOD (P&A) Diesel Stores, Open Stores, Transformer area Administrative, Weighbridge, HOD (P&A) EHS In charge Security, Sampling Bay, Canteen, Overhead Water Tank area

Emergency Control Room- Emergency control room is to be set up and marked on the

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site plan. The control room will be the main focal point in case of an emergency, from where the operations to handle the emergency are directed and coordinated. It will control all the site activities and should be furnished with external and internal telephone connections, list of essential telephone numbers, list of key persons and their addresses.

Assembly Points- Assembly points are to be set up farthest from the location of likely hazardous events where pre-designated persons from the works, contractors and visitors would assemble in case of emergency. Up-to-date list of pre-designated employees of various departments (shift-wise) must be available at these points so that roll call could be taken. Pre-designated persons would take charge of these points and mark presence as the people come into it.

7.4.1 Roles and responsibilities of emergency personnel

The general roles and responsibilities of the emergency personnel involved are tabulated in Table 7.13.

Table 7.13 Roles and responsibilities of the emergency personnel

Emergency Control Team Members Roles and Responsibilities Emergency Project Manager • Assess the magnitude of the situation and Controller (Operations) decide if staff needs to be evacuated from their assembly points to identify safer places • Exercise direct operational control over areas other than those affected • Undertake a continuous review of possible developments and assess in consultation with key personnel • Liaise with senior officials of police, fire brigade, medical and factories inspectorate and provide advice on possible effects on areas outside the factory premises • Look after rehabilitation of affected persons on discontinuation of emergency Incident Respective HOD • Assess the scale of emergency and send Controller information to the emergency controller • Direct to shut down of operations and try to minimize further aggravation of the incident

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Emergency Control Team Members Roles and Responsibilities • Ensure that all key personnel and help from fire brigade is called for • Communicate continually with emergency controller and inform all developments as appropriate • Conduct search for causalities Fire and EHS In-charge • Co-ordinate closes down of operations as Security Officer requested by the Incident Controller • Advise fire and security staff in the factory of the incident zone and cancel the alarm • Announce on Public Address System (PAS) or convey through telephones or messengers • Arrange for additional extinguishers, fire water, pumps etc. from time to time Emergency HOD (P&A) • Arrange head count of personnel at assembly Administration point, main gate, as well as the personnel at Co-ordinator emergency site • Assist emergency controller in communicating about nature of assistance required from civic authorities • Direct relief team to proceed to the emergency site under advice of the project head/EHS in-charge. Security Security In-charge • Stop entry / exit of all vehicles other than fire Co-ordinator brigade • Arrange to park all loaded / partly loaded trucks in a safe place • Keep control over the employees assembled near the gate and not allow them to go near the scene of incident

7.5 Operational systems during emergency 7.5.1 Communication system

There are different types of alarms to differentiate one type of an emergency from other such as - fire or gas, normal fire siren, emergency/evacuation and high-pitched wailing Siren. Apart from these alarms, an adequate number of external and internal telephone connections should be installed for passing the information effectively.

7.5.2 Warning system and control

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Control Centres - The control centres should be located at an area of minimum risk or vulnerability in the premises concerned, taking into account the wind direction, areas which might be affected by fire/explosion, toxic releases, etc.

Emergency Services - Under this, each site should describe the facilities of fire-fighting, first-aid and rescue. Alternate sources of power supply for operating fire pumps, communication with local bodies, fire brigade, etc. should also be clearly indicated.

7.5.3 Mutual aid

It is essential to have mutual aid arrangements as it is useful in cases of major fire and other emergencies. Mutual aid arrangements are to be worked out in the plan to facilitate additional help, such as fire-fighting or medical attention which might be beyond the capacity of an individual unit.

7.6 On-site emergency plan of RWMP

An on-site emergency is caused by an accident that takes place in plant itself and the effects are confined to the premises involving only the people working in the project site. Therefore the onsite Emergency Plans deal with handling of emergency within the plant boundaries mainly with the help of proponent’s own resources. RWMP has a well- established onsite and offsite emergency plans in place to control the emergency situations arising out of any elements of major concern. The following steps will be followed in case of an emergency at the site:

 There is one long siren for the declaration of emergency and three intermittent sirens for the termination of emergency. On hearing the emergency siren, all the people will immediately stop their works and come to the assembly point. HOD (P&A) or his nominee will locate the emergency site and inform the same to the EHS In charge and Project Head. In case of failure of alarm system, information shall be conveyed to the telephone operator who will make announcement through PAS installed. If everything fails, a messenger could be used for sending the information.

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 The project head, EHS in-charge and emergency control team will move to the incident site. The HOD P&A will select people gathered at the assembly point and direct them to the incident side depending on the necessity. Emergency Administrator will go to ECC and activates the emergency plan.  The in-charge of general store/work shop will search for the emergency at store/workshop surroundings, starting from fuel storage, open stores, temporary stores etc.  The landfill supervisor will look for emergency around landfill.  The main gate security will sound the “EMERGENCY SIREN” under instructions of the Incident Controller, to declare emergency.  The emergency administrator is informed about the incident with details of place, magnitude of mishap and follow instructions.  The emergency administrator moves to emergency control centre, activates the emergency plan based on the feedback obtained from the Incident Controller or other reasonable sources

7.6.1 Existing facilities

The existing facility is well equipped with necessary safety equipment and details are given in Table 7.14. All fire prone areas are equipped with various type extinguishers to control the spread of it.

Table 7.14 Existing safety equipment details

Fire extinguisher details Type Capacity Numbers Location Multipurpose Dry Powder ABC 5 kg 1 Security Office Dry Chemical Powder BC 5 kg 1 Electrical Room Multipurpose Dry Powder ABC 5 kg 2 Weigh Bridge Multipurpose Dry Powder ABC 5 kg 1 Intractable Store Mechanical Foam AB 50 kg 1 Intractable Store Dry Chemical Powder BC 50 kg 1 Intractable Store Multipurpose Dry Powder ABC 10 kg 1 Temporary Store Dry Chemical Powder BC 10 kg 1 Stabilization Unit Multipurpose Dry Powder ABC 10 kg 1 General Store Carbon Dioxide BC 5 kg 1 Laboratory

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Multipurpose Dry Powder ABC 5 kg 1 Reception Sand Bucket - - 3 Intractable Store Sand Bucket - - 4 Temporary Store Sand Bucket - - 4 Stabilization Unit Overhead Water Tank - 5000 L 1 -

7.7 Off-site emergency plan of RWMP

When the damage extends to the neighboring areas, affecting local population beyond plant boundaries, off-site emergency plan is put into action in which quick response and services of many agencies are involved. The off-site emergency plan of RWMP is presented in Table 7.15.

Table 7.15 Off-site emergency plan

S.No Type of Emergency Preventive and Control Measures 1 Spillage of waste • Check and repair containers before sending to the during transport. generator’s site. • Train the driver and cleaner to seal the container doors properly before lifting the container on the truck and on spill clean-up procedure. • Fill container up to about 80% and cover with tarpaulin to prevent flying dust. • Ensure the spill kit and PPE is available in the truck for use in case of emergency. 2 Collision with other • Hire drivers who have valid license and well trained in vehicle, pedestrians, hazardous waste transport. trees or objects at • Ensure vehicle is well maintained and certified before it the side of the road is sent out of the gate. and injury to persons • Ensure valid insurance is available for the vehicle. / damage to vehicle • Maintain first aid box with content in the vehicle. due to accident. • Maintain Phone No’s of authorized hospitals, specialist doctors, police station, and the fire station in the vehicle also paint the paint the phone No of the unit on the vehicle. • Inform authorized hospital over phone. • Ensure first aid is given to the injured quickly and is taken to the nearby hospital for necessary treatment. • Report the matter to nearby police station and project

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S.No Type of Emergency Preventive and Control Measures authorities. • Immediately inform the site in-charge or his deputy in the absence of site in-charge. • Based on the seriousness the site in-charge will send the unit Personnel manager and the site transport in- charge to the accident site without delay. • Take care of the injured without any delay and the unit personnel manager will follow up the requirement of further treatment. • The transport in-charge and the personnel manager will deal with the police department for the release of driver and the vehicle. 3 Toppling of truck and • Hire only qualified drivers. spillage of waste. • Keep the vehicle insurance updated. • Carry the MSDS issued by the waste generator • Barricade the area till the resumption of normalcy. • Contain and lean the spillage using the spill kit. • Report to project official and inform pollution control board officials. • Complete rescue work of the truck. 4 Fire on waste • Ensure fire extinguishers are available in the truck material during • Ensure that the driver and cleaner are trained in the transport. use of fire extinguishers. • Inform the driver and cleaner, MSDS detail of the waste from the comprehensive analysis and the easy identification method before sending them for collection. • Park the vehicle at the side away from busy area. • Avoid inhaling the smoke or gases emanated due to the fire. • Stand on up wind direction. • Use the fire appliance and fight fire. • Barricade the area and stop other vehicle movement if fire is uncontrolled. • Inform the nearest fire station and police the exact location where the vehicle is parked and the details of MSDS of the material on fire. • Maintain the phone numbers including mobile numbers of fire station, police station, waste generator and company emergency team members in the vehicle. • Give cool water bath as first aid to persons if at all

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S.No Type of Emergency Preventive and Control Measures there are burns and send for further treatment to the nearest hospital. • Inform project officials and the waste generator. • One who receives the information has to inform the site in-charge immediately. • Site in-charge has to send the lab in-charge, site safety officer and lab technician immediately to collect waste samples for further analysis and as well as to gather and record on hand information from the site. Photographs of the scene will also help to analyse and to educate others and increase awareness thus reducing accidents • Collect relevant information from the accident spot for analysis of accident and the safety officer will complete the investigation report and the root cause of the accident. • Inform pollution control board if required. • Inform insurers if there is damage. • Preserve the manifest copy issued by the waste generator for further investigation purposes. • Share the details of accident with the site in-charge and the team of drivers. • Implement preventive measures as per the recommendations given by the enquiry team to prevent such accident in future.

7.8 Disaster management plan

A disastrous event strikes suddenly, violently and with/without warning. Identifying the potential hazards ahead of time and advance planning can reduce the dangers of serious injury, loss of life and damage to environment in the event of an incident occurrence. Most disasters such as earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, sandstorms, landslides, tsunamis and volcanoes are natural and cannot be prevented. But we can learn to deal with the difficult situations that arise due to them. To minimize the extent of damage consequent to any disaster, restoration of normalcy is the main purpose of DMP. Disaster prevention through good design, operation, maintenance and inspection are essential to reduce the probability of occurrence and consequential effect of such eventualities. The overall objective of the DMP/Emergency Response Plan (ERP) is to make use of the combined

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resources at the site and outside services to achieve the following.

 Localize the emergency on property and people

 Minimize effects on property and people

 Effective rescue and medical treatment

 Evacuation

Though the first response to a disaster is the job of the local government’s emergency services, it is always advisable to develop teams within the organization for taking immediate rescue action if possible. The project authorities have to prepare detailed disaster control measures and give information such as the quantity of hazardous material stored, the location of storage, the approximate population living in the vicinity and the detail of the hazardous characteristic of the material to the employees, District Collector, Police, Fire service department, Director of Factories, State Pollution Control Board and the public living in the vicinity regularly to enable the government to prepare the disaster management plan. Educate employees and the public living in the vicinity the safety measures required to be taken in the event of an accident taking place. The following disasters are anticipated for the current TSDF and the mitigation measures are proposed accordingly:

 Major explosion of chemicals fire and toxic gas release.

 Contamination of soil and water sources due to leakage of contaminants from the landfill waste or due to leakage of leachate.

 Release of dangerous gases from the incinerator affecting public health in the vicinity.

7.8.1 Earthquake

Rajasthan state lies in earthquake zones II, III and IV. Some area of Jalore, Sirohi, Barmer and Alwar districts fall in zone IV where as many parts of Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jodhpur, Pali, Sirohi, Dungarpur, Alwar, Banswara , fall in zone III. Earthquake zone map of Rajasthan is given in Figure 7.3.

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Figure 7.3 Rajasthan earthquake zone map

7.8.1.1 History

A moderate earthquake struck the Thar Desert near Jaisalmer on 9 April 2009. It had a magnitude of Mb=5.1 and was felt in a large part of the region along the India-Pakistan border. The earthquake was centered 2 km N of Mokal (27 km NW of Jaisalmer) 166 km NNW of Barmer. Bhuj quake of Kutch in 2001 was felt in many parts of Rajasthan as well. Its effect was felt more severely in Jalore, Barmer and Jaisalmer. Many buildings in these districts like schools, rest houses and privately owned buildings had developed huge cracks and had been rendered unsafe. Many other buildings developed cracks making them unsafe for further use without proper retrofitting. A 5.4 magnitude earthquake near Jaisalmer caused some damage in the village of Konoi and was felt as far as New Delhi.

7.8.1.2 Earthquake management plan 1. Adhere to the relevant building codes and other safety guidelines prescribed by

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relevant authorities. 2. Develop earthquake resistant design features for the construction of structures 3. Identify the available resources 4. Identify structures that require retrofitting 5. Carry out structural safety audit of all critical lifeline structures 6. Don't use matches, candles, or any flame because there may be broken pipe lines

7.8.2 Major explosion of chemicals / fire and toxic gas release in landfill or stores a. Control measures during planning:

 Ensure that the material collected is analyzed before taking the material inside the premises. Explosive materials should not be accepted without treatment and check the incoming materials using an explosive meter.  Ensure that good covered storage space is available for incinerable waste material and the storage area is well ventilated to prevent accumulation and concentration of gases below explosive and flammable limit. Install gas detectors and explosive level meters with early warning alarm. Avoid electric fittings in flammable material storages and use flame proof materials if felt essential.  Compartmentalize storage to limit the stock quantity and risk of fire spread. Locate incinerable waste storages away from heat source and hot furnace areas. Provide communication facility and sufficient number of security personal for 24 hours manual watching.  Installation of smoke detection and warning and automatic fire hydrant with foam

monitors, automatic sprinklers, mist sprays and CO2 flooding system in incinerable waste storage will help a lot in early detection and automatic fire fighting. Provide separate storage for reactive chemicals. Provide spark proof equipments to handle solvent waste containers.  Ensure sufficient gap between storage sheds are maintained as per national building code to prevent fire spread and easy movement of fire vehicles around the storage during an emergency.  Wind socks with wind speed indicators are installed in the site to see the wind direction from any location. Lightning arrestors are installed to cover the whole

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site. Employ only qualified and trained employees to supervise the storage activities. b. Control measures during operation:  Ensure public liability insurance cover is in force for the site. Plan for the disposal of low flash point materials immediately on arrival and minimize inventory of these materials and flammable materials. Reactive materials shall be separated and stored away from the flammable materials store. Display No Smoking warning boards around the waste material storages. Do not allow any source of heat or spark in material storage.  Ensure static electricity is discharged from material containers by bonding the containers. Maintain sufficient gap between stack for inspection and also for better ventilation. Do not use mechanical handling equipments which produce sparks or static electricity.  Use spark proof equipment while handling low flash point and waste containing solvents. Ensure good housekeeping is maintained in and around storage. Maintain record of quantity of material stock and the MSDS of material in each shed for giving required information to disaster management team on arrival at site. Install and maintain sufficient number of appropriate first aid fire appliances and ensure the approach way is not blocked.  Train all the employees in first aid, fire-fighting and the procedures to be followed in case of an emergency. Replace leaky containers and clean spillage immediately. Remember inhaling gas generated due to a fire or explosion is dangerous. Use of Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) is mandatory for all rescue and fire- fighting work in case of an explosion or fire. Check the wind direction and inform everyone to stand on the upwind direction through public address system or through phones. Advice evacuation of people at site and surrounding if found necessary.  Try and put off fire with the help of available hand appliances, fire hydrant water using internal trained employees. Bring all available fire-fighting appliances and also get help from nearby industries in control and rescue operations only if they are trained and have the required PPE to carry out the work safely. Phone

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Numbers of nearby industries: If the fire is found very major leave it to professionals to deal with it.  Inform state fire and police department about the disaster through phone or through messenger. Inform company authorities through phone. Inform nearby hospitals the possible gas that can release from the incident for quick treatment.  Call additional ambulance if felt necessary the site controller will direct concerned department to arrange without delay. Provide FIRST AID to the affected victim before moving them to hospitals. Send the victims to hospital with their personal data and their medical history while sending for treatment. Measure the contamination level of air and soil and report to authorities. Initiate remedial measures such as supply of drinking water and measure air contamination level regularly till the condition normalizes.  Inform fire service and police personnel about the potential of the gas emanated due to the reaction promptly. Block the road traffic at least 5 km distance depending on the toxicity of the gas and the wind speed to prevent exposure of more number of public.  If felt necessary, inform public living near the affected area to evacuate through public announcement and by using media like radio and TV the direction of escape route and advise them to use wet cloth to cover the nose while moving. Put off fire using the fire hydrant water and foam compound or with the help of fire extinguisher.  Provide first aid to burn injuries by pouring cool water before shifting the victim to hospital: Phone Number of Hospitals: Shift the gas affected victims to well- ventilated area and provide breathing oxygen.  Check the extent of damage to the liners if any and arrange for immediate repair based on the need. Prepare report of the incident and investigate and find out the root cause of accident.

7.8.3 Contamination of soil and water sources due to leakage of contaminants a. Control measures:

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 Before commencing the operations, collection of soil and water samples from the site have to be carried out to establish the base line data. Ensure public liability insurance cover is taken for the site.  Make sure that the preparation of landfill pits is done as per the laid out standard. Special care should be taken while laying the liners such as visual check for damage of liner material and proper welding of joints to ensure that the leakage of leachate from the liner is absolutely nil also by conducting leak proof tests ultrasonic or X-ray tests.  Avoid damage of liners during land fill operation by the use of sharp edged objects such as cutting knives, dropping of crow bars and by moving heavy vehicle on the liners. Contamination of water and soil due to leakage of leachate from the liners / due to over flowing from leachate ponds especially during rainy season spillage while pumping or spillage during handling operation to be avoided.  Flooring of material stores should not have cracks and should not allow seepage of material. The floor should be provided with bund wall and collection pit.  Periodic checking of soil and water samples and compare data with base line data at least once a month. If any adverse increase in parameters noticed increase the frequency of tests. Prepare comparative analysis data if found more, than the base line data inform the pollution board authorities. b. After the incident:

If the operation is continued, the condition is going to be disastrous after some time. Hence it is necessary to initiate corrective measures as per the advice of the pollution control board. Follow the corrective measures mentioned after an earth quake and flood.

7.8.4 Release of toxic gases from incinerator a. Control measures:  Ensure public liability insurance cover is taken for the site. Analyze the combination of waste material that is proposed to be burned and check the possibility of toxic gas generation and get the written report from lab before starting to feed the waste material in to the incinerator.

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 Install windsocks and wind speed monitor at site visible from all points. Employ qualified and well trained operators to operate the incinerator. Maintain the temperatures of gases at locations as per the incinerator operation instruction. Install instruments to detect and warn operators before the toxicity level reaches higher than the statute limit.  Monitor the toxic content levels at the chimney exhaust continuously during the operation. If any changes in parameters of gases noticed during the operation stop feeding the material and inform the lab manager immediately and take corrective measures. Re-analyze the sample and decide the combination of materials before restart.  Maintain the record of changes made for future reference. Inform the employees and the public living in the vicinity about the safety measures required to be taken in case of an accidental release. b. After the incident:

Evacuate everyone from the site and the vicinity to safe place. Additional care has to be taken while evacuating, sick, old, infants and physically challenged persons. Detect the gas that is generated by analyzing the gas and its toxicity level. Provide first aid to victims by removing them to safe and well-ventilated area. If necessary send the victim for treatment with information of the type of gas victim is exposed to.

7.8.5 Hazards due to combustibles

Hazards during storage and handling of combustible materials like plastics, paper and wood are very common. In the current expansion project, facilities for recycling of waste paper and plastic are proposed. Hence there are chances of hazards due to these combustible materials.

When inflammable material is crushed, conveyed and stored, the risk of fire increases as these materials are usually dry and need only low ignition energy to ignite. The extent of damage due to fire in a waste recycling facility can occur due to several reasons like oxygen content of the material, particle size and shape, moisture content, turbulence etc. A fire in these units can spread very quickly. Therefore, a fast acting fire protection

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system or safety measures to mitigate the conditions is required.

Control measures

 A well-defined process for managing plastics and paper shall be in place not to let the waste build up and the waste shall be compacted to reduce its volume.  The combustible materials shall be stored in containers made of non-combustible material. Generally, metal bins shall be used as they don’t burn and won’t add to the fire. A rubber lid shall be provided on the top of the containers to prevent fire.  Where possible, access is restricted to the areas where waste is stored.  Rubbish containers shall never be overfilled and always kept securely shut.  Paper bales shall be arranged in an interlacing pattern rather than arranging directly on top of each other. This will reduce air-flow and fire intensity.  Separating ignition sources from areas where explosive atmospheres may form will reduce the risk of explosion considerably. Regular inspection, testing, and maintenance of equipment are vital to their proper operation and the prevention of fires.  Oxidant reduction can be accomplished by adding inert gas to enclosed processes in order to reduce the oxygen concentration to a level below that required for ignition to occur.  Portable fire extinguishers capable of extinguishing combustible dust fires should be provided throughout the process area.  Automatic sprinkler protection should be provided in all buildings or rooms in which the storage, handling, or processing of combustible dusts is conducted.  Spray or fog nozzles should be provided for hose stations and extinguishers to reduce the potential of dust being thrown in suspension.  Employees should be informed of the hazards in their work area and trained to protect themselves from the hazards. The training should include instruction on what they are to do in an emergency.

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7.9 General prevention measures for other hazards 7.9.1 Fire

To increase the level of safety in proposed project, installation of smoke alarms or automatic fire detection /alarm systems will be proposed at strategic locations as an early warning of fire to the occupants. To prevent fire mishaps and to manage the emergency situation during fire in the proposed project the following activities and precautions are proposed.

 Emergency evacuation plan

 Regular mock drills to create awareness on procedures to be followed in times of emergency situation/evacuation

 It will be advised to keep oxygen cylinders, medical kits and masks to prevent smoke inhalation especially for those with respiratory disorders for who smoke inhalation can be very dangerous.

 Plant manager will be advised to ensure that the firefighting equipment are in good working conditions in sufficient numbers

7.9.2 Electrical accidents

Electrical hazards can cause burns, shocks, and electrocution which can lead to serious injury and even death.

Prevention of electrical accidents

 Flexible cords connected to appliance should be wired to confirm to the international colour code.  The appliance should preferably be tested and certified by a national or reputed standards testing authority  All electrical wiring, rewiring or extension work must be carried out by licensed electrical contractors. On completion, the contractors should test before electricity supply is connected.  To ensure electrical safety in the facility, a current-operated Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) or Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB) set to operate at a very

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small leakage current is recommended. In case of dangerous electrical leakage to earth, it should automatically cur off the supply of electricity. 7.9.3 First aid and emergency procedures

Burns can cause due to acid spillage and leakage of electricity. Curative measures for any issues of burns and first aid procedures are given in Table 7.16.

Table 7.16 First aid for burns

Burns Covering Small Area Burns Covering Extensive Area i. Allow cold tap water to i. Allow person to lie down. run gently over the area ii. Cover burned areas with sterile dressing or clean or immerse in cold water. cloth and lightly bandage. ii. It may be necessary to iii. If clothing is adhering, do not disturb; leave the cover with gauze or a clothing alone. clean handkerchief, and iv. Keep person warm. If person is not nauseated, he bandage. may have sips of water. v. Arrange for immediate medical care.

7.9.4 Mock drill monitoring

Mock drills have to be conducted at regular intervals. For conducting mock drills, a committee has to be organized. The committee may invite any other official/expert, if considered necessary. Mock Drills should be carried out step by step as stated below.

First Step : Test the effectiveness of communication system. Second Step : Test the speed of mobilization of the emergency teams. Third Step : Test the effectiveness of rescue teams and treatment of casualties. Fourth Step : Test Emergency isolation, and shut down Fifth Step : Conduct a full rehearsal of the actions to be taken during an emergency.

7.10 Hazards due to combustibles (Paper & plastic waste):

Hazards during storage and handling of combustible materials like plastics, paper and wood are very common. In the current expansion project, facilities for recycling of waste

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

paper and plastic are proposed. Hence there are chances of hazards due to these combustible materials.

• A well-defined process for managing plastics and paper shall be in place not to let the waste build up and the waste shall be compacted to reduce its volume. • The combustible materials shall be stored in containers made of non-combustible material. Generally, metal bins shall be used as they don’t burn and won’t add to the fire. A rubber lid shall be provided on the top of the containers to prevent fire. • Where possible, access is restricted to the areas where waste is stored. • Rubbish containers shall never be overfilled and always kept securely shut. • Paper bales shall be arranged in an interlacing pattern rather than arranging directly on top of each other. This will reduce air-flow and fire intensity. • Separating ignition sources from areas where explosive atmospheres may form will reduce the risk of explosion considerably. Regular inspection, testing, and maintenance of equipment are vital to their proper operation and the prevention of fires. • Oxidant reduction can be accomplished by adding inert gas to enclosed processes in order to reduce the oxygen concentration to a level below that required for ignition to occur. • Portable fire extinguishers capable of extinguishing combustible dust fires should be provided throughout the process area. • Automatic sprinkler protection should be provided in all buildings or rooms in which the storage, handling, or processing of combustible dusts is conducted. • Spray or fog nozzles should be provided for hose stations and extinguishers to reduce the potential of dust being thrown in suspension. • Employees should be informed of the hazards in their work area and trained to

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

protect themselves from the hazards. The training should include instruction on what they are to do in an emergency.

7.11 Geology and hydrogeology 7.11.1 Physiography The area is covered with hilly tracts, uplands and plains. The general trend of slope is from west to southwest to northeast with elevation varying from 922 to 515 m amsl (metres above mean sea level). The site area is slight undulating plain land covered with elevation varying from 580 to 560 m amsl. The area experiences tropical semi-arid climate. The three main seasons of the project area are summer, monsoon and winter. The summer season runs from mid-March to June and the temperature ranges from 23 to 44 ℃. Monsoons arrives in July and the winter prevails from October till March. The average annual rainfall is 654 mm. The area comprises of hills with sloping uplands and plains on either side. Most of the hilly region is wooded followed by undulating plains. The hill ranges in the middle of the study area are trending northwest and bending towards south. The highest elevation of these hills in the study area is 922 m amsl. The soils in the area are red and black colored soils. The red soils are mostly gravelly loam on hilly tracts, sandy loamy on sloppy plains and more rich with silt loams to clayey near rivers, major streams and major lakes. The black soils are mostly clayey. Also, found brown soils. The drainage system is well developed in this area. The main rivers are –– Aahar Nadi and Berach river; and Udaisagar, which is the major lake and multi-purpose water reservoir, present in this area. The water flow in these rivers is seasonal and is more during rainy season. The, Udaisagar left, Udaisagar right and Udaisagar middle canals are the main canals which are connected with Udaisagar reservoir.

7.11.2 Geology

The area is covered with different rock formations, mainly with phillites, and quartzites, metaconglomerates, metavolcanics, migmatites, and dolomitic marbles of aravalli super group. The recent alluvium overlies most of the formations in isolated patches, along river courses and in the shallow depressions. The basement rocks are not exposed in the area and they are present at greater depth. It is referred that these basement rocks are mangalwar complex of bhilwara super group. Geomorphologically, the study area has

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denudation hills, plateaus which are moderately dissected, pediments, buried pediplains and alluvial plains and valley fills which are shallow. The stratigraphic succession of the Udaipur district given in Table 7.17

Table 7.17 Stratigraphic succession

Eon/period Super group Group Lithology Chlorite-mica schist, calc schist & Jarol group quartzite Meta volcanics, chlorite schists, Bari lake group Aravalli amphibolite, quartzite & conglomerate Proterozoic super Phyllite, mica schists, meta siltstone, group Udaipur group quartzite, dolomite, gneisses & migmatites Debari Meta arkose, quartzite, phyllite, super group dolomitic marble & dolomite Bhilwara Migmatites, gneisses, quartzite, Mangalwar Archean super felspathic garnet ferrous mica schists complex group & para amphibolites Source: CGWB, groundwater scenario-2013, Udaipur district, Rajasthan

7.11.3 Hydrogeology

7.11.3.1 Ground water mode, occurrence, scenario and quality The groundwater occurs mainly under unconfined conditions to semi-confined conditions. The occurrence is controlled by topographic, structural and geological conditions. The movement in hard rock areas is governed by size, openness, interconnection and continuity of structurally weak planes while in unconsolidated formations, ground water movement takes places through pore spaces between grains. In the area, the phillites, quartzites and dolomite form the main aquifer; in these formations, the groundwater occurs in weathered zones like schistosity, joints, fissures and bedding planes. The quartzites generally occur intercalated with phillites and are well jointed, and in these phillites the groundwater occurs in fractured cleavages.

In general, the depth to water level varies from 5 to 20 m bgl. In Malvi block, deep water levels of more than 20 m bgl are observed. In pre- and post-monsoon periods, it is varying between 3–23 and 1–22 respectively. In general, the quality of groundwater is good except in few isolated areas.

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7.11.3.2 Groundwater resource and classification as per Central Ground Water Authority Udaipur district is categorizes as a ground water resource overexploited district, with 107% of over usage of ground water resources as per the estimates and report by the CGWB, ground water scenario–2013.

7.11.3.3 Groundwater problems and issues There is water scarcity in the entire district. Majority of areas are prone to ground water pollution issues increased salinity and fluoride contents, depleted water tables due to indiscriminate use, etc. which were mainly attributed to the operational activities of smelting industry present in the proposed project areas. Water scarcity has been attributed to the over exploitation, less rainfall, changes in land use in the upper river catchments and absence of proper conservation efforts. The drainage map of the study area has been given in Figure 7.4

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Expansion of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Udaipur district, Rajasthan

Figure 7.4 Drainage map of the study area

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Expansion of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Udaipur district, Rajasthan

7.12. Public Hearing As per the provision of the Environment Impact Assessment Notification No. S.O. 1533 dated 14.9.06 and as revised in December 2009 and Office Memorandum No. J-11015/387/2008-I- A.11(m) dated, 28th Sep. 2011 of the Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India, New Delhi, an application for the proposed project for the expansion of Existing Common Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility (CHWTSDF) to Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility (ICHWTSDF) by M/s Rajasthan Waste Management Project (Division of Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd) has been submitted before the Expert Appraisal Committee, New Delhi, as formed by the Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India, New Delhi. A condition for a public hearing on the issued Terms of Reference Letter F. No 10-19/2017-IA.III Dated 07.07.2017 to the said project has been set forth by the commission for the existing TSDF with a current capacity of 18,000 TPA for landfill and 2,000 TPA for alternative fuel and raw material facility, while the proposed new and elevated capacities include 20,000 TPA for secured landfill and 40,000 TPA for stabilization, 500 kg/hr for incineration which will be common for both hazardous & bio medical wastes, 5 TPD for biomedical waste, 18,000 TPA for alternative fuel and raw material, 4,000 TPA for e-waste management, 2 KLD for used oil recycling, 5 KLD for spent solvent recycling, 2,000 TPA for lead recycling, 2 TPD for each paper & plastic recycling facilities. In that compatibility of values, a public hearing was planned on date 14.6.2017 at 11:30 A.M. held at the Atal Seva Kendra, Government Bhavan, Gudli Village, Mavli Tehsil, Udaipur District, Rajasthan.

As per the provision of the notification, a public notification in this regard has been published in the locally distributed newspapers ‘Dainik Navjyot’ on 15.05.2018 and in Times of India on 17.05.2017. Besides, that pamphlets were spread in all the nearby wards as well as for the promotion of the public hearing, announcements were also made through banners and loudspeaker installed on a mobile vehicle. The public hearing was held under Shri C.R. Devasi, Additional District Collector – (Administration), Udaipur who represented the Collector, Udaipur. On behalf of the project, the technical and environment advisors, Shri Dr. B. Chakradhar and Shri Sanjeev Kumar were present as representatives of Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited. The people of almost all the nearby wards were present at the public hearing and the description of the same is as per the attached attendance roll. Public hearing minutes (signed copy), photographs and the suggestions/complaints raised during public hearing and replies along with action plans are given in Annexure 4.

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CHAPTER 8 PROJECT BENEFITS

EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Chapter 8 Project Benefits

8.1 Introduction

Rapidly growing population and booming industrialization is resulting in generation of mammoth quantities of solid and hazardous wastes. These wastes would result in detrimental effects through emission of greenhouse gases, environmental pollution and damage to natural resources if not managed properly. The Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989 and its subsequent amendments until the most recent emendation in 2016, prevent the industries from dumping their solid wastes indiscriminately. At the same time they permit the industries to dispose of their wastes in safe & secured manner. It has been made mandatory by the government to dispose hazardous waste in systematic and scientific way where the state/central pollution control boards have been asked to ensure it. For systematic & scientific disposal of solid wastes, a facility has to be developed where care is to be taken to avoid any negative effects on the environment. Similar is the case with integrated hazardous waste management industry.

More and more countries around the world are opting for novel technologies and approaches to the management of solid and hazardous waste ever since the worldwide commitment towards reducing GHG emissions and landfills. Alternative solutions like combination of maximum recycling & alternative energy generation and the concept of ‘integrated waste management’ are drawing more attention in present scenario. The benefits associated with the proposed Integrated Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, Disposal & Recycling Facility have been elaborately discussed in the present chapter.

8.2 Benefits of hazardous waste management

The main benefits of the proposed project are

 The proposed project facilitates better management of the industrial hazardous wastes and minimizes the pollution load on environment due to industrial hazardous wastes.

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 It will be the showcase for other districts / states for management of hazardous waste with additional benefit of green and clean environment  Compliance with prescribed regulatory norms which in turn avert the risk of closure on account of violation of rules  It reduces the number of hazardous waste dump sites in the area and also eliminates the pollution potential  Possibility for recovery of material can be researched at common site  The management of wastes is relatively easier & economically viable at common facility  Cost of environmental monitoring is less at common facility when compared to individual facilities  Reduced environmental liability due to captive storage of hazardous waste in the premises of industries  Better occupational health and safety at individual industry level  Prevention of natural resource contamination thereby improving overall environmental status of the region  Competitive advantage in international markets vis-à-vis grading of the products on environmental consideration

8.3 Benefits of e waste recycling

Electronic products are made from valuable resources and highly engineered materials, including metals, plastics and glass, all of which require energy to mine and manufacture them. Reusing and recycling consumer electronics conserves our natural resources and avoids air and water pollution, as well as greenhouse gas emissions that are caused by manufacturing virgin materials.

Recycling of e waste helps protect the environment in a number of ways. Electronic and electrical items are made from valuable resources such as precious metals, copper, and plastics all of which require energy to mine and process. Recovering these materials by recycling avoids the need to mine and process new materials, which in turn, conserves our natural resources, and avoids air and water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Recovering metals from used e-waste will reduce extraction of raw metals from the earth.

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8.3.1 Materials recovered from e waste

Almost all of the materials used to manufacture electronic equipment can be recovered to make new products. Metals, plastics, and rechargeable batteries from recycled electronic equipment are turned into new materials and products.

The plastics recovered from the electronic equipment are recycled into plastic components for new electronic devices or other plastic products such as garden furniture, license plate frames, non-food containers, and replacement automotive parts.

8.4 Benefits from bio medical waste treatment facility

Inappropriate treatment and disposal of bio-medical waste like indiscriminate dumping, open air burning / incineration causes air pollution, dumping in nallas, tanks and along the riverbed causes water pollution and unscientific land filling cause soil pollution.

Proper bio-medical waste management technology will help to control transmission of nosocomial diseases (hospital acquired infections), reduce infection to HIV/AIDS, sepsis and hepatitis from dirty needles and other improperly cleaned / disposed medical items, control zones (diseases passed to humans through insects, birds, rats and other animals), prevent illegal repacking and resale of contaminated needles, cut cycles of infection and avoid negative long-term health effects like cancer, from the environmental release of toxic substances such dioxin, mercury and others.

8.5 Benefits of landfill

Landfills minimize the natural impact of solid waste on the environment by the following mechanisms:

 Isolation of inert waste through containment  Elimination of polluting pathways

8.6 Benefits from recycling facilities

Recycling is the process of making or manufacturing new products from products that have originally served the purpose. The process of recycling is beneficial in two ways as the used products are not only disposed of in an appropriate environmentally friendly way and but also

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan valuable products are obtained from them. In the present project the following recycling facilities are proposed.

 Lead recycling  Used oil recycling  Spent solvents recycling

Some of the benefits from the above activities are as follows

8.6.1 Lead recycling

Lead is a mineral that has been in use for at least 5000 years. Current statistics reveal approximately 88% of the batteries to belong to Starting, Lighting & Ignition (SLI) type automotive batteries with a lifespan of about 4 years accompanied by 8% of motive power type with a lifespan of 6 years. Further, 4 percent belong to stationary type with a lifespan of 10 years. Widely researched facts conclude that 97% of the lead recycled was from lead acid batteries. Until a couple of years ago, the lead recycled as a percentage of apparent lead supply, was estimated at 63% with a recycling efficiency of 95%. The rest was from other metal sources including castings, sheet, solders and miscellaneous fabrications. The main benefits of lead acid battery recycling are as follows.

1. Recycled lead is cheaper to produce than virgin lead. Recycled lead takes less than 25% of the energy required to produce lead from ore extraction. 2. Recycling of lead has a smaller carbon footprint than mining, conserves ore reserves, and reduces the amount of waste associated with primary extraction 3. A high recycling rate means that there is less opportunity for lead to end up in the waste stream where it may pose a health risk to people. 4. In recent decades, the amount of lead from batteries ending up in landfills has dramatically decreased, and as a result, overall flow of lead to landfills has dropped markedly. 5. By keeping lead out of landfills through recycling, landfills could be protected and conserved. It also reduces the need for investment in controls to eliminate airborne particulate from incineration.

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8.6.2 Used oil recycling

Many people who are unfamiliar with the importance of recycling used oil are unconsciously harming the environment by throwing it away with their normal garbage or emptying their used oil into storm drains. Such actions, especially emptying used oil into storm drains, can cause real harm to the environment. To put it into perspective, just one gallon of used oil can contaminate 1 million gallons of water.

Recycling used motor oil keeps it out of our rivers, lakes, streams and even the ground water. In many cases, that means keeping it out of our drinking water, off our beaches, and away from wildlife.

In the process of recycling and refining used oil, the processors and refiners remove water, insoluble dirt, heavy metals, nitrogen, chlorine, and oxygenated compounds from used oil drained from automobiles or other machines. The resulting product called “refined oil” must meet the same stringent refining, compounding, and performance standards as virgin oil for use in automotive, heavy duty diesel, and other internal combustion engines, and hydraulic fluids and gear oils. Extensive laboratory testing and field studies conclude that refined oil is equivalent to virgin oil it passes all prescribed tests and, in some situations, even outperforms virgin oil.

The same consumers and mechanical processes that use regular oil can use refined oil, since refining simply reconditions used oil into new high-quality lubricating oil. Any vehicle maintenance facilities, automobile owners, and other machinery maintenance operations that use oil also can use refined oil. In some cases, fleet maintenance facilities that use large volumes of oil arrange to reuse the same oil that they send for refining through a closed recycling loop. The main benefits of recycling used oil are given below.

 Recycling used oil keeps it from polluting soil and water.  Motor oil does not wear out, it just gets dirty. So by recycling we can save a valuable resource.  Less energy is required to produce a gallon of redefined base stock than a base stock from crude oil.

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8.6.3 Spent solvent recycling

Waste solvent recycling helps in reducing the amount of toxic releases at local, state and central level. Recycling waste solvents keeps excess contaminants from entering water systems and damaging the environment. Recovering solvents reduces emissions and cuts down raw material costs. Some of the benefits due to spent solvents recycling are as follows.

 Recycling solvents reduces the environmental impact by reducing the volume of solvents destined for disposal at incineration facilities.  Reduces the amount of hazardous waste generation  Reduces the amount of virgin solvents manufacturing  As waste is suitable for fuel blending a more cost effective solution is be provided through solvent recycling.

8.6.4 Benefits of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)

The term "RDF" is involved in finding solution to the problems associated with recovering energy form solid waste. It is the fraction of municipal solid waste or other solid wastes composed mainly of cellulose and petroleum derivatives, whether mixed with other non-combustibles in its un- processed form, or in its various processed forms. The various advantages of utilizing RDF as alternate fuel are discussed here under

 RDF would benefit reduction in the volume of solid waste and the possibility of energy recovery  Refuse derived fuel has good calorific value, it also has least polluting bi-products and its usage leads to a proper solid waste management as well  offers an alternative technique to mass burning of solid waste and low cost of solid waste disposal  RDF is increasingly used as a low-cost and regionally available energy source for cement industry all over the world.

 Study shows that RDF has considerable potential for removal of coloring agent from waste water over a wide range of concentrations

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 The surrounding industrial belts located in and around Udaipur district throughout Rajasthan state will be benefitted from the proposed RDF facility.

8.6.5 Waste plastic recycling

 Recycling plastic conserves the natural resources and energy that would be required to produce plastic from scratch.  When plastic is recycled, less plastic is sent to landfill and thus, less of this material takes up room in our environment for hundreds of years. In fact, recycling one ton of plastic can save 7.4 cubic yards of landfill space.  Plastics are becoming increasingly easy to recycle. Besides the invention of new plastic recycling technology, governments all over the world have plastic collection schemes in place

 Manufacturing new products from recycled plastics uses one-third less energy than using virgin materials.

8.6.6 Waste paper recycling

 Recycling 1 ton of paper and cardboard saves approximately 12 trees, 2.5 barrels of oil, 4100 KW of electricity, 4 cubic meters of landfill, and 31,370 liters of water.  Producing paper from recovered materials consumes 60% less energy and 55% less water, and creates 74% less air and 35% less water pollution.  Apart from the above benefits, paper recycling also helps in conserving energy, water, reduces air and water pollution and also reduces greenhouse gas emissions.

8.7 Improvements in the physical infrastructure

The proposed project is expected to yield a positive impact on the socio economic environment. It helps sustain the development of this area including further development of physical infrastructural facilities. The following physical infrastructure facilities will improve due to proposed project.

 Road transport facilities  Housing facilities  Water supply and sanitation  Power

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8.8 Improvements in the social infrastructure

Agriculture & plantation are one of the basic sectors of employment for the local people in this area. The project will lead to indirect and direct employment opportunity. Employment is expected during construction and operation phases, waste lifting and other ancillary services. Employment in these sectors will be temporary or contractual and involvement of unskilled labor will be more. A major part of this labor force will be from local villagers who are expected to engage themselves both in agriculture and project activities. This will enhance their income and lead to overall economic growth of the area.

The following changes in socio-economic status are expected from this project.

 The growth in economy of the surrounding villages is expected due to bright employment opportunities to the villagers.  The project is going to have positive impact on consumption behavior by way of raising average consumption and income through multiplier effect.  The project would bring about changes in the pattern of demand from food to nonfood items and sufficient income is generated.  Due to the CSR activities by project authorities, the socio economic condition of the people will be improved.  People perceive that the project will in the long run help in the development of social infrastructures/such as. 1. Basic needs of food, shelter and water 2. Education facilities 3. Banking facilities 4. Post offices and communication facilities 5. Medical facilities 6. Plantation and parks 7. Roads 8. Community facilities

Industrial development and consequent economic development should lead to improvement of environment through better living and greater social awareness. On the other hand, the proposed project is likely to have several benefits like improvement in indirect employment generation and economic growth of the area, by way of improved infrastructure facilities and better socio-

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan economic conditions. Better hygienic conditions would be expected, as solid waste being dumped at several places will be brought to one place for further treatment and scientific disposal.

8.9 Employment potential

The main advantage of the proposed project is direct employment generation (i) rural labor and unskilled workers (in addition to semi-skilled and some skilled) (ii) provides opportunity for seasonal employment thereby supplementing workers income from farming; and (iii) permits participation of women workers both during construction and operation phase. The maximum benefit will be for local villagers as the site of facility would be easily accessible for them.

Additionally it is estimated that good number of jobs will be created as indirect employment opportunities at local/regional level due to contractual, marketing and associated jobs directly with the project. The other related employment due to transportation requirement, supply of essential items and services to the project site and other community services will be plenty. Employment in these sectors will be permanent based on own initiatives and interest of the individual. Involvement of unskilled labor requirement will be continuous depending on the requirement of contractor at site. A major part of this labor force will be hired from nearby places.

8.10 Other tangible benefits

 Additional housing demand and demand for rental accommodation will increase  Cultural, recreation and aesthetic facilities will also improve.  Improvement in communication, transport, education, community development and medical facilities.  Overall change in employment and income opportunity.

The State Government will also benefit directly from the proposed project, through increased revenue from royalties, excise duty, etc.

8.11 SWOT Analysis

SWOT Analysis is a useful technique for understanding the strengths & weaknesses of the proposed project and also for identifying both the available opportunities and the possible threats that could be encountered in future. What makes SWOT particularly powerful is that, with a little thought, it can help the company uncover opportunities that are well placed to exploit. And by understanding

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan the weaknesses of the business, measures could be taken to manage and eliminate threats that would otherwise cause unexpected damages/losses to the company in future.

More than this, by looking through the SWOT framework, we can start to craft a strategy that helps us distinguish ourselves from the competitors, so that we can compete successfully in market.

It views all positive and negative factors inside and outside the firm that affect the success. A consistent study of the environment in which the firm operates helps in forecasting/predicting the changing trends and also helps in including them in the decision-making process of the organization.

8.11.1 SWOT Analysis of Integrated Waste Management Facility

Many cities are facing the problem of overburdened landfill because of limited land availability and open dumping sites, without proper sanitary systems such as soil cover, leachate collection, effluent and leachate treatment systems there by polluting the environment through CH4 emission and leachate intrusion into ground and surface water.

India is still struggling to decide the best option to treat and dispose of waste, due to heavy load of population, crowning increase in industrialization, urbanization, non-availability of suitable, sufficient land and due to financial constraints. India is still evolving with low waste management literacy among public, lack of cooperation between the public and private sector and limited availability of the trained and skilled personnel in the waste management sector as being the prime obstacles in waste management sector.

Figure 8.1 SWOT analysis

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

It was found that community support on waste management work was not entirely satisfactory. It appears that the socio-economic status of a city is positively correlated with the technical competence of the waste administrators and may determine attitudes of the inhabitant such as the ability/willingness to recycle solid waste and knowledge on how or where to recycle.

In Integrated hazardous waste management SWOT analysis was performed to formulate strategic action plans for solid waste management. It has allowed the introduction of a participatory approach for better collaboration between the community and Municipal Corporation. With the SWOT analysis, efforts were made to explore the ways and means of converting the possible ‘threats’ into ‘opportunities’ and changing the ‘weaknesses’ into ‘strengths’ with respect to implementation of integrated hazardous waste management programs in the future.

8.11.2 Materials and methods

This study was carried out for the first time by data collection for focused analysis using the SWOT method. For completing SWOT analysis through this methodology, three stages were implemented including desk analysis and field survey. The stages included:

Stage 1

A field survey was conducted from landfills and interviews with residents of the area surrounding landfill site to evaluate the influence of the landfill on the people and with residents of four different strata: the upper-class, middle-class, lower-class and rural areas to evaluate resident perceptions of solid waste management and willingness to participate in system.

Stage 2

The external and internal data of the solid waste management, the landfill site and the inhabitant perception was determined to support the decision with the SWOT analysis. The internal analysis was a comprehensive evaluation of the ‘internal environments’, i.e., strengths and weaknesses, while the external analysis included the opportunities and threats that might arise when changes occur in the external environments during the implementation and operation of the solid waste management program.

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

8.11.3 Landfill site condition

The factors investigated as the ‘Strengths’ of the proposed project are

 Around 150 people would work at different facilities and phases of the proposed project  Closed landfill site has no effect on the environment which can be used as a public facility in future  The quantity of waste which is dumped on various places in unscientific method will decrease  Industrialists would have increased awareness of proposed facility and would get used to scientific and safe disposal of waste generated by them

The factors investigated as the ‘Weakness’ of the proposed project are

 Chances of accidental leakage of leachate onto ground or water aquifer  Chances of industrial accidents due to unforeseen situations

The factors investigated as the ‘Opportunities’ of the proposed project are

 Recycled waste from used lead, used oil, spent solvent, paper and plastic could generate revenue and also minimize load of solid waste for treatment  RDF obtained could find application in some industries like cement manufacturing industries as an alternate source of fuel and thus be beneficial.

The factors investigated as the ‘Threats’ of the landfill are

 Leachate pollution to the environment  Influence of dumping in the site area can result in the odor diffusion  The land cannot be used for any activity other than for developing playground, parks, etc.

8.11.4 Strategies derived from the SWOT profile of the proposed project

 Proposing the technology to recover reusable, recyclable material from wastes.  Authority of project can coordinate with local persons to educate them for employment opportunities.

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

 Maintain the project site more properly to prevent the effect to the surrounding area and environment with using the sufficient equipment and facilities, and the technology such as daily cover and insect prevention.  Constructing the leachate treatment facility properly to prevent the impact of leachate to the environment under accidental leakage.

8.12 Conclusion

Through SWOT analysis of the proposed project, the strategies have been identified and formulated in relation to identified strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The strategies that resulted from this analysis were focused on the inhabitant participation and environment consideration. As a part of this, educating the inhabitant, increasing the role of student and young people to involve in the system, increasing the awareness, increasing the effort to recycle and encourage the habitant to use the recycled material were identified as most promising strategies for the benefit of the environment, government, public and the company.

The strategies for the environmental consideration were also focused in managing the landfill site more properly. The strategies were concern to prevent the bad effects of the proposed project to the environment and surrounding area. They included encouraging proper and liberal development of green belt that acts as a remedy to all kinds of pollution problems.

As the proposed project itself is an environmental friendly project which strives to minimize various risks and hazards associated with non-scientific ways of industrial, biomedical and other hazardous waste disposal and also equips itself with the most advanced and scientifically reliable ways of handling all types of wastes with proper preparedness to tackle accidents and unexpected incidents, the projects has been found more beneficial to society for present and future needs of waste management.

8.13 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

8.13.1 Introduction

CSR, also known as corporate responsibility, corporate conscience, responsible business, Sustainable Responsible Business (SRB), or corporate social performance, is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. It is a management’s commitment to operate in an

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan economically, socially and environmentally sustainable manner, while recognizing the interests of its stakeholders. This commitment is beyond statutory requirements. Ideally, CSR policy would function as a built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby business would monitor and ensure its support to ethical standards and international norms. Consequently, business would adopt responsibility for the impact of its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of the public sector. . CSR is a concept whereby organizations serve the interests of society by taking responsibility for the impact of their activities on customers, employees, shareholders, communities and the environment in all aspects of their operations.

8.13.2 Ramky Foundation (RF)

Ramky Foundation is a non-profit organization founded in 2006, with a motto “Towards Sustainable Growth”. Ramky Foundation (RF) is proactive in promoting public interest by encouraging community development, and voluntarily reducing practices that harm the public sphere. RF has four thrust areas - Natural Resource Management, Women Empowerment, Education and Health. Ramky Foundation is a signatory to United Nations Global Compact and a Member of the Global Compact Network India. Ramky Foundation envision to be a model Organization with focus on equitable, sustainable, and accessible development opportunities for the communities they serve. RF has a mission to work in the areas of Women empowerment, Education, Health, and Natural resource Management through sustainable models and has set the following objectives:

 To develop and strengthen communities for conserving and maintaining natural resources to promote sustainable livelihood solutions.  To remove illiteracy, eliminate child labor, and support higher educational services.  To work for uplifting the socio-economic status of women in the society.  To provide health & nutrition services and medical assistance.  To initiate and carry out action research in four thematic areas, and disseminate information for further development.  To revive and promote Indian Culture, and to protect the diversity.

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

8.13.3 Report of CSR Programs organized in Rajasthan by Ramky Foundation (RF)

Ramky Foundation has initiated different welfare initiatives for the community and employees as well especially in Rajasthan state, aimed at the wellbeing of the society as a part of its CSR activities. All initiatives were oriented towards community health, child education, environment protection, women empowerment etc. ‘Support for social change with development initiatives’ was the main objective for the intervention perspective by RF for the program organized in Rajasthan. Table 8.1 gives details of various CSR activities carried out by Ramky Foundation in Rajasthan state, especially in Udaipur District in the past few years.

Table 8.1 CSR activities carried out by Ramky Foundation in Udaipur, Rajasthan

S. No Thrust Area Name of the Program Name of the Site 1 Health Community health check up For the villagers of Gudli Village Providing drinking water in summer RWMP staff Stress management camp Dalki Village Awareness on HIV AIDS Tulsidas Ji Saray, Gudli Training on ‘Food & Nutrition’ Tulsidas Ji Saray, Gudli Health checkup camp BPL School, Saray Grampanchayat Immunization for childrern Ballon Ka Guda Awareness on ‘Nutrition & Sanitation’ RWMP site 2 Education Plantation Gudli Higher Secondary School Independence Day Celebration RWMP site at school Teachers day celebration Gudli Panchayat School Notebook distribution among school children Two schools in Gudli Village 3 Environment Workshop on Waste Management Tulsidas Ji Saray, Gudli Borewell installation Odwariya and Gudli Villages Orientation program on water usage Odwariya and Gudli Villages World Environment Day celebration RWMP site Plantaion program RWMP site 4 Others Yoga for community Gudli Gram Panchayat Training on savings to SHG women Tulsidas Ji Saray, Gudli Training on fire & safety RWMP site Carpets distribution Anganwadi centre, Tulsids ki Saray

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Figure 8.2

Photos of CSR activities conducted at various places of Udaipur District, Rajasthan

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CHAPTER 9

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGMENT PLAN

EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan Chapter 9 Environmental Management Plan

9.1 Introduction

Preparation of environmental management plan is required for formulation, implementation and monitoring of environmental protection measures during and after commissioning of projects. The plan indicates the details of various measures which have been proposed and to be followed including cost components. Cost of measures for environmental safeguard should be treated as an integral component of the project cost and environmental aspects should be taken into account at various stages of the project.

 Conceptualization: preliminary environmental assessment  Planning: detailed studies of environmental impacts and design of safeguards  Execution: implementation of environmental safety measures  Operation: monitoring of effectiveness of built-in safeguards

9.2 Environmental Management during Construction

The impacts during the construction phase on the environment would be basically of temporary in nature and are expected to reduce gradually on completion of the construction activities.

9.2.1 Air Quality Mitigation Measure

For the proposed project, site leveling and grading will be carried out for construction of new facilities and other construction in support of these. The leveling activity will be carried out without disturbing the natural elevations where ever possible. Apart from the existing facilities at the operational TSDF at RWMP, the new construction would include work for providing roads, additional sewage network, storm water system, sheds etc. According to the engineering assessment, most of the excavated mud/soil, generated during construction activities will be reused within the project site for leveling during road formation, bunds

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan construction around the landfill site. The excess if any will be given to local contractors for disposal in low lying areas, road construction use, etc.

During construction period most of the dust will be generated due to the movement of vehicles on unpaved roads. Unloading and removal of soil material shall also act as a potential source for dust nuisance. The control measures proposed to be taken up are given below.

1. Water sprinkling on main haul roads in the project area will be done to minimize fugitive dust emissions. This activity will be carried out at least twice a day and if need arises, the frequency of water sprinkling will be increased like on windy days. In this way around 50% reduction will be achieved in the dust generation. 2. The duration of stockpiling of excavated mud will be kept as short as possible and most of the excavated material will be used as backfill material for the open cut trenches during road development. 3. Temporary tin sheets of sufficient height (3m) will be erected around the site where dust generation is expected and also all around the project site as a barrier for dust. 4. Tree plantation around the project boundary will be initiated at the early stages by plantation of 2 to 3 years old saplings using drip irrigation or by regular watering so that the area will be moist for most part of the day. 5. All vehicles carrying raw materials will be instructed to cover with tarpaulin / plastic sheet, unloading and loading activity will be stopped during windy period. 6. To reduce the movement of dust from civil construction site to the neighborhood, open external part of the construction activity will be covered by plastic sheets.

9.2.2 Water Quality Mitigation Measure

During site development, necessary precautions will be taken so that the runoff water from the site gets collected to working pit and if any over flow obtained, will be diverted to nearby greenbelt / plantation area. During construction activity all the equipment wash water will be diverted to working pit to arrest the suspended solids if any and the settled water will be reused for construction purposes, and for sprinkling on roads to control the dust emission.

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

The domestic wastewater generated from temporary toilets used by the work force will be diverted to septic tank followed by soak pit. Therefore, impact on water quality due to proposed unit would be insignificant.

9.2.3 Noise Mitigation Measures

Noise generating equipment will be used during day time for short period of its requirement. Proper enclosures will be used for reduction in noise levels, where ever possible the noise generating equipment will be kept away from the human habituation. Temporary tin sheets of sufficient height (3m) will be erected around the noise generating activity or all around the project site as a barrier for minimizing the spread of noise to surrounding areas. Therefore, impact on noise environment due to proposed project would be insignificant.

All vehicles entering into the project will be informed to maintain speed limits, and not blow horns unless it is required. Personal protective equipment like earmuffs, helmets covering ears would be provided to the workers working near noise generating equipment and it would be ensured that workers use the protective gadgets regularly.

9.2.4 Solid Waste Mitigation Measures

The solid waste generated during construction period is predominantly inert in nature, like the construction and demolition waste which do not create chemical or biochemical pollution. However maximum effort would be made to reuse and recycle them. Most of the solid waste material will be used for filing/ leveling of low-laying areas, as road construction material, any excess would be given to local contractors for lifting and dumping in low lying areas. All attempts would be made to stick to the following measures.

1. All construction waste shall be stored within the site itself. A proper screen will be provided so that the waste does not get scattered. 2. Attempts will be made to keep the waste segregated into different heaps as far as possible so that their further gradation and reuse is facilitated.

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

3. Materials, which can be reused for purpose of construction, leveling, making roads/ pavement will also be kept in separate heaps from those which are to be sold or land filled

 Reuse of bricks, tiles, stone slabs, timber, piping railings etc. to the extent possible and depending upon their conditions.  Sale/ auction of materials which cannot be used at the site due to design constraint  Plastics, broken glass, scrap metal, used cement bags, etc., can be sent for recycling in the industries  Rubble/ brick bats can be used for building activity, such as leveling, under coat of lanes where the traffic does not constitute heavy moving loads.  Larger unusable pieces can be sent for filing up low laying areas.  Fine material such as sand, dust, etc., can be used as cover material  The unearthed soil can be used for leveling as well as for lawn development  The broken pieces of the flooring material can be used for leveling in the building or can be disposed off  The unused or remaining paints/varnishes/wood can either be reused or can be disposed.

9.2.5 Ecological Aspects

During construction period, there could be clearing of vegetation in order to prepare the site for construction. The top soil from the construction area will be collected and stored separately and will be used for greenbelt development. A comprehensive green belt program will be planned to improve the ecological condition of the region.

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

9.2.6 Site Security

Adequate security management would be made to ensure that the local inhabitants and the stray cattle are not exposed to the potential hazards of construction activities. Round the clock security personnel will be appointed to restrict entry of unwanted people to the site.

9.3 Environmental Management during Operation Stage

Necessary control measures will be undertaken at the design and operation stage of the proposed project to meet the statutory requirements and towards minimizing environmental impacts. During project implementation period special emphasis will be made on measures to minimize leachate / effluent generation and dust control at source. The specific control measures related to air emissions, liquid effluent discharges, noise generation, solid waste disposal etc. are described below:

9.3.1 Air Quality Management

The main activities from the proposed project which cause air pollution are as follows:

 Incinerator stack emissions  DG set stack emissions  Dust particulates due to movement of vehicles and road sweeping  Heat & odor generated from bio medical waste management plant  Dust, odor& gas generated from secured landfill

The following methods of abatement will be employed for the air pollution control.

 Incinerator will be provided with a stack height as prescribed in the MOEFCC guidelines so as to minimize environmental impact in all possible ways. Spray dryer, multi cyclone separator, bag house filter and wet scrubber would be a part of the air pollution control devices that would be installed along with the incinerator stack to avoid possible air pollution.  DG set will be provided with a stack height, meeting MOEFCC guidelines for proper dispersion of air pollutants like sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen.  Internal roads will be concreted / asphalted to reduce dust emissions

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

 Speed restriction will be applied within the project and speed breakers will be provided at entry and exit points to minimize dust due to vehicular movement.  Gas management system in secured landfill will be provided.  Green belt will be provided along the internal roads and plant boundary.

9.3.2 Odor Control

The odor management is also one of the prime issues of concern in TSDFs. The main aim is to minimize the number of sources of odor generation which exist in site by undertaking direct management of odor generating sources that give rise to odor problems within the site.

The mitigation measures proposed to minimize and control odor are as follows.

 Dilution of odorant by the use of odor counteracting agents or neutralizers and by use of sprays like Ecosorb (organic and biodegradable chemical) around odor generation areas at regular intervals.  Covering the landfill area under operation with a layer of earth or clay or a similar material daily which keep the odorants suppressed and also minimizes dispersion of waste through wind.  Heavy duty hessian, plastics and foams will be used if necessary in order to minimize the odor.  Trucks carrying waste while transportation will be properly covered.  During the combustion of waste in primary and secondary stages, the off gas/flue gases shall be passed through spray dryer, cyclone separators, activated carbon, dry lime and wet scrubber. The odor will be removed during the above gas cleaning operations especially the activated carbon shall adsorb any organics if present in the flue gases. The odor free gases shall be released into the atmosphere from a stack of 30 m height.

9.3.3 Gas Management

Land fill gas is generated as a product of waste biodegradation. In land fill, organic waste is broken down by the enzymes produced by bacteria aerobically or anaerobically.

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Considerable heat is generated through these biochemical reactions with concomitant generation of gases like methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen sulfide etc. Methane and carbon dioxide are the principle gases produced with almost 50-50% share. When methane is present in air in concentrations between 5 to 15%, it becomes explosive. Landfills generate gases with a pressure sufficient enough to damage the final cover and largely have the impact on vegetative cover. Also because only limited amount of oxygen is present in a land fill, there is little danger that the land fill will explode, when concentration of methane reaches this critical level.

To minimize the gas generation in the proposed project incinerator is proposed for incineration of organic based (high calorific) waste, hence gas generation is anticipated to be less. To manage the gas generated a venting system with flaring arrangement is proposed if the gas generation is more it will be diverted to canteen.

9.3.4 Water Quality Mitigation Measures

The wastewater generations sources in the existing TSDF facility and the proposed project are domestic wastewater, leachate generation from secured land fill (hazardous waste), effluent from bio medical waste, vehicle wash area, etc. Leachate generated from landfill is generally processed and treated in incineration/ forced evaporation and finally sprayed on landfill. The domestic discharges generated will be treated in septic tank followed by soak pit. The effluent from bio medical waste, spent solvent and used oil recovery facility, paper, plastic recycling facility etc., will be treated in ETP and recycled to incinerator or circulated back to system. The waste water generated from boiler and cooling tower would be used in ash quenching and for greenbelt development purpose. There will not be any wastewater discharge to any nearby water body and the zero wastewater discharge concept would strictly be adopted. The details of the wastewater generation are given in the Table 9.1.

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Table 9.1 Wastewater generation details

Waste Water required (KLD) water Process/Facility (KLD) Remarks Fresh Treated Total Generation Secured Land Fill 6.0 2.0 8.0

BMW + Incinerator + Plant- wet & venturi 16.0 8.0 24.0 4.5 scrubber Sent to waste Boiler for solvent & used oil recovery 14.0 - 14.0 6.0 water for treatment Plastic, Paper, Lead recycling & E waste 2.0 - 2.0 0.5 and reuse Leachate - - - 1.0 Sub Total 38.0 10.0 48.0 12.0 Sent to Domestic 4.0 - 4.0 4.0 soak pit Truck wheel wash 1.0 - 1.0

Greenbelt 7.0 - 7.0

Total 50.0 10.0 60.0

9.3.5 Noise Mitigation Measures

The main source of noise generation is due to the movement of vehicles carrying waste. All vehicle (drivers) entering into the project site will be instructed to maintain speed limits, and not blow horns unless it is required. Necessary speed controlling bumps will be placed near weighbridge and entrance of the site.

The other areas where noise generation is anticipated is near incinerator and DG set room. Necessary personal protective equipment like earmuffs, helmets covering ears would be provided to the workers working near noise generating equipment and would it would be seen that workers use the protective gadgets regularly. Regular maintenance of the noise generating equipment will be carried out as per the schedule given by suppliers. Some noise pollution management procedures are given below.

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

 Acoustic Enclosure for all the high noise level equipment  All the design/installation precautions as specified by the manufacturers with respect to noise control are strictly adhered to  Major noise generating sources are insulated adequately by providing suitable enclosures  Other than the regular maintenance of various equipment, PPE like ear plugs are provided to the personnel working close to the noise generating units for personal safety.  All opening to sound generating equipment like closures, partitions are designed appropriately.

9.3.6 Solid Waste Mitigation Measures

The ash coming from the incinerator and power plant will be used as a daily cover for landfill along with soil and mud. This not only finds way for proper utilization of generated ash but also in mitigating dust and odor from landfill effectively.

9.3.7 Green belt development

The greenbelt will be developed for the proposed project in an area of 28045 sq. m (33 %) of the site area (84984 sq. m). Measure will be taken to maintain the greenbelt all around the facilities area and to increase the green cover in the open areas like landfill after capping.

As per the CPCB guidelines, the project area falls under the Western dry regions climatic zone and the climate of this zone is arid to extremely arid type. Most of the region is covered with desert soil and grey brown soils. The green belt will be developed with fast growing, pollution tolerant, odour controlling and native species. A list of plants suggested for greenbelt and avenue plantation as per CPCB guidelines is given in Table 9.2.

Plantation or greenbelt development will be carried out prior to the commencement of construction activities within the site. The tall trees will be planted with 5m interval all along the boundary and shrubs will be planted in between the trees. Trees with medium height will be planted all along the roads with 2m interval. Odour controlling species like Osimum sanctum, Curcuma longa, Chrysopogon zizanioides and Melaleuca leucadendron etc. will be

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan planted around the processing facilities. An amount of around Rs. 30 lakhs has been allocated as capital cost for greenbelt development in the EMP budget.

Table 9.2 List of plant species for greenbelt development S.N HT Botanical Name Family Common/Local Name HA o (m) 1 Acacia auriculiformis Mimoseae Australian wattle Tree 16 2 Acacia farnesiana Mimoseae Fragrant acacia/Gandh Babool Tree 5 3 Albizia lebbeck Mimoseae Siris tree/Siris Tree 20 4 Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Neem Tree/Nim Tree 20 5 Azadirachta indica A Juss Meliaceae Neem tree Tree 20 6 Balanties roxburghii Balanitaceae Dessert date/Hingan Tree 9 7 Bambusa vulgaris Poaceae Bamboo/Bans Grasses 15 8 Bauhinia purpurea Caesalpinaceae Butterfly tree/Khairwal Tree 7 9 Bougainvillea spectabilis Bischofiaceae Great Bougainvillea Shrub 8 10 Calophyllum inophyllum Clusiaceae Sultanachampa Tree 18 11 Casuarina equisetifolia Caesalpinaceae Whistling pine/Jangali saru Tree 10 12 Chrysopogon zizanioides Poaceae Vetiver grass Shrub 2 13 Citrus limon Rutaceae Lime of India/Bara Nimbu Shrub 3 14 Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae Turmeric/Haldi Shrub 2 15 Dalbergia latifolia Fabaceae Black wood/Shisham Tree 20 16 Eucalyptus citriodora Hook Myrtaceae Lemon scented gum Tree 20 17 Erythrina variegata Fabaceae Indian coral tree/Dadap Tree 10 18 Ficus gibbosa Blume Moraceae Dye Fig Tree 10 19 Ficus elastic Moraceae Indian rubber tree Tree 12 20 Hibiscus rosa sinensis Malvaceae Chinese Hibiscus/Gurhal Shrub 3 21 Ixora coccinea Rubiaceae Jungle geranium/Rugmini Tree 6 22 Lawsonia inermis Lythraceae Henna/Mehndi Shrub 5 23 Madhuca longifolia Sapotaceae Butter tree/Mahwa Tree 15 24 Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Mango Tree/Am Tree 15 Indian corktree/Neem 25 Millingtonia hortensis Bignoniaceae Tree 10 Chameli 26 Melaleuca leucadendron Myrtaceae Cajuput Tree Tree 10 27 Nerium indicum Apocynaceae Pink Oleander/Kaner Shrub 5 28 Phoenix sylvestris Arecaceae Wild datepalm/Khajur Tree 10 29 Polythia longifolia Anonaceae Ashoka tree Tree 15 30 Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae Castor oil plant/Arandi Shrub 6 31 Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Black Plum/Jaman Tree 20 32 Tamarinduss indica Caesapinaceae Tamrind Tree/Imli Tree 20 33 Tecoma stans Bignoniaceae Yellow bells/Piliya Shrub 5 34 Tectona grandis Verbenaceae Teak/Sagwan Tree 20 35 Zizyphus mauritiana Rhamnaceae Indian jujube/Ber Tree 10 Stroggler 36 Zizyphus xylopyra Rhamnaceae Kat- ber 4 shrub Note: *S/T= Sensitive/Tolerant (to air pollution)

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

9.4 Post Operation of Landfill

A final landfill cover is usually composed of several layers, each with a specific function. The surface cover system must enhance surface drainage, minimize infiltration, support vegetation and control the release of landfill gases. The landfill cover to be adopted will depend on the gas management system.

As recommended by the MOEFCC, the final cover system must consist of a vegetative layer supported by a drainage layer over barrier layer and gas vent layer. The details of the landfill cover are given below.

 A 60 cm thick compacted clay  A HDPE geo-membrane liner of thickness 1.5 mm  Geo net and 285 gsm Geotextile, 7-8 mm drainage composite  Top soil 45 cm and vegetative soil 15 cm followed by vegetation. The mitigation measures proposed during post operation period are given in Table 9.3

Table 9.3 Mitigation measure proposed during post operation period

Post Operation Phase Landfill After closure of the landfill, the integrity of the final cover will be maintenance maintained. Any repairs required will be rectified as and when necessary. After closure of the landfill, management as well as environmental monitoring shall be continued for leachate, landfill gas generation and surface water for a period of 30 years or until harmful leachate is not produced for 5 continuous years. The landfill shall be abandoned after 30 years of closure if concentrations of contaminants in all liquid and gaseous emissions from the landfill are observed to be below prescribed limits.

9.5 Socio economic development activities under CSR Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become an integral, self-regulating mechanism through which business monitors and safeguards its active compliance with the Law and ethical standards. CSR aims to embrace responsibility for the company's actions and encourage a positive impact through its activities on the environment, employees, consumers, stakeholders, communities and the larger public. The proposed project would proactively promote the public interest through provision of basic amenities such as roads, transportation, electricity, education, sanitation and healthcare facilities. This would also

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan encourage community growth and development and improved socio-economic conditions, and quality of life of the people living in the project area. The company shall also continue to have among its objectives the promotion and growth of the national economy through increased productivity, effective utilization of material, manpower resources and continued application of modern scientific and managerial techniques, in keeping with the national aspiration; and the company shall continue to be mindful of its social and moral responsibilities to consumers, employees, shareholders, society and the local community.

9.5.1 Planning The planning for CSR starts with the identification of activities/projects to be undertaken. CSR projects/activities may be undertaken in the periphery of project boundaries or anywhere in the country. Selection of activities under CSR would be made to ensure that the benefits reach the smallest units in the area of District depending upon the operations and resource capability of the project. The monitoring skills available with the project authorities could be shared as far as possible, with the local administration by training and setting up required structures and systems. The long-term CSR Plan shall match with the long term business plan. This shall be broken down into medium term and short term plans. Each of these plans shall be clearly specified the following.  Requirements relating to baseline survey  Activities to be undertaken  Budgets allocated  Time-lines prescribed  Responsibilities and authorities defined  Major results expected

However, these plans shall also clearly specify the implementation guidelines and the involvement of the implementing agency

9.5.2 Implementation CSR initiatives shall consider the following parameters for identifications/selection of schemes/projects as per the stipulated guidelines:  Investment in CSR should be project based. Mere donations to philanthropic/charity or other organizations would not come under the category of CSR.  CSR activities should generate community goodwill, create social impact and visibility.  For every project, the time-frame and periodic milestones should be finalized at the outset.

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 CSR activities should also involve the suppliers in order to ensure that the supply- chain also follows the CSR principles.  CSR activities should help in building a positive image of the company in the public perception.  CSR projects may be closely linked with the principles of sustainable Development. Based on the immediate and long term social and environmental consequences of their activities.  Management should take the shoulder responsibility for restoring/Compensating for any ecological damage that is taking place as a result of its operations.

Project activities identified under CSR shall be implemented by Specialized Agencies and generally not by staff of the project management. Specialized agencies would be made to work singly or in tandem with other agencies. Specialized agencies would include:  Community based organizations whether formal or informal  Elected local bodies such as Panchayat  Voluntary Agencies (NGOs)  Institutes/Academic Organizations  Trusts, Missions, etc.,  Self-help Groups  Government, Semi-Government and autonomous Organizations  Standing Conference of Public Enterprises (SCOPE)  Mahila Mandals/Samitis and the like  Contracted agencies for civil works  Professional Consultancy Organizations, etc.,

Project Management will take responsibility to develop awareness among all levels of their staff about CSR activities and the integration of social processes with business processes. Initiatives of State Governments, District Administration, local administration as well as Central Government Departments/Agencies, self-Help Groups, etc., would be synergized with the initiatives taken by the management.

Every care will be taken to ensure that there is no duplication of CSR activities undertaken by the project with that of programs run by Central State and Local Governments. While assigning CSR projects to specialized agencies, every possible effort will be made to verify the reliability and clean track record of such agencies or they may select from panels maintained by Government, Semi-Government, Autonomous Organization or the National CSR Hub, etc.

Activities related to sustainable Development will form a significant element of the total initiatives of CSR. However, these activities will be carried out under the 3 UN Global

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan compact principles, pertaining to the Environment. Nevertheless, business related with project activities will be asked to:  Support a precautionary approach to environmental challenges  Undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility  Encourage the development and diffusion of environmental friendly technologies.

9.5.3 Possible areas of activities under CSR Some of the possible areas of activities under CSR are given below; they will be undertaken depending on the local requirement and its immediate need.  Drinking Water Facilities  Education  Electricity  Solar Lighting System  Health and Family Welfare  Plantation/Irrigation Facilities  Sanitation and Public Health  Pollution Control  Animal Care  Promotion of Sports and Games  Promotion of Art and Culture  Promotion of livelihood for economically weaker sections through forward and backward linkages.  Disaster Management Activities and relief to victims of natural calamities like earthquake, cyclone, drought and floods in any part of the country  Supplementing development program of the government  Promote the use of Non-conventional Energy Sources  Construction of Community Centres/Night Shelters/Old Age Homes  Imparting Vocational Training  Setting up of skill development centers  Adoption of Villages  Scholarships to meritorious students belonging to SC, ST, OBC and disabled categories  Adoption/Construction of Hostels (especially those for SC/ST and girls)  Skill training, entrepreneurship development and placement assistance program for youth  Building of Roads, Pathways and Bridges  Entrepreneurship Development Program (EDP)  Activities related to the preservation of the ecology and sustainable development.

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

9.5.4 Budgetary Provision for CSR and CER activities Corporate Social Responsibility has become an integral, self-regulating mechanism through which business monitors and safeguards its active compliance with the Law and ethical standards. CSR aims to embrace responsibility for the company's actions and encourage a positive impact through its activities on the environment, employees, consumers, stakeholders, communities and the larger public.

Since inception, RWMP as a responsible citizen has been engaged in community development and creation of sustainable livelihoods for the targeted beneficiaries. It played an active role in developing health, education, skill development needs of people living in the villages of project area. The following are some of the activities which are currently implemented by the TSDF. . Health check-up programs for children, mother, pregnant women & old age persons. . Providing Drinking Water through bore wells . Awareness on immunization, nutrition, sanitation . Need based support to strengthen educational infrastructure of schools and Anganwadi centers . Encouraging rural sports . Women Empowerment through self-employability initiatives . Green rallies and plantation drive in local villages . Scholarships for the merit

The proposed project would proactively promote the public interest through provision of basic amenities such as roads, transportation, electricity, education, sanitation and healthcare facilities. This would also encourage community growth and development and improved socio-economic conditions, and quality of life of the people living in the project area. The Company shall also continue to have among its objectives the promotion and growth of the national economy through increased productivity, effective utilization of material, manpower resources and continued application of modern scientific and managerial techniques, in keeping with the national aspiration; and the company shall continue to be mindful of its social and moral responsibilities to consumers, employees, shareholders, society and the local community.

The company shall earmark funds for social development and welfare measures as per the companies act 2013, 2% of the project profit shall be allotted for CSR.

CER fund shall be allotted as per the MoEF&CC office memorandum F.No.22-65/2017-IA.III dated 1st May 2018.

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“The fund allocation for CER shall be deliberated in the EAC or SEAC or DEAC as the many case may be with a due diligence subject to maximum percentage as prescribed below for the different cases”

S. Capital Investment /Additional Capital Greenfield Project Brownfield Project No Investment (in Rs.) - % of Capital – % of Additional Investment Capital Investment 1. ≤ 100 Crores 2.0% 1.0% 2. > 100 Crores ≤ 500 Crores 1.5% 0.75% 3. > 500 Crores ≤ 1000 Crores 1.0% 0.50% 4. > From 1000 Crores to ≤ 10000 Crores 0.5% 0.25% 5. > 10000 Crores 0.25% 0.125%

The CER budget allotted based on the total cost of the proposed project shall be Rs.80 Lakhs (1% of the Project Cost Rs. 80 Crores). The details break up and activities considered under CER activities are given in Table 9.4 below.

Table 9.4 Proposed CER activities and its budget Brownfield Remarks S. No Item project (Rs in Lakhs) 1 Drinking water supply 5.0 2 Health camps and facilities 5.0 3 Skill development 2.5

4 Roads & Cross drains 7.5 The budget breakup 5 Electrification, Solar power 2.5 is tentative, allotment will be 6 Sanitation, Solid waste management 2.5 based on the 7 Scientific support to farmers 2.5 requirement of 8 Rainwater harvesting, soil conservation 5.0 villagers and district collector advise Plantation (Avenue, community, 9 2.5 schools, etc) 10 Others as per the requirement 5.0 Total 40 Cost of the proposed expansion is Rs 80 Crores, CER fund is 1 % maximum based on EAC recommendation Note: The CER fund shall be utilized over a period of 1 year in addition to the existing CSR budget i.e 2% of the company’s annual profit as per Company act.

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9.5.5 Occupational health management Health of the employees would be regularly monitored as the workers are exposed to various operations. All the employees shall be required to undergo a medical checkup before joining the facility. Medical checkup will be conducted on regular basis and the health conditions will be monitored. First aid facilities required to attend immediately for meeting emergency situations shall be made available at the facility.

9.6 Occupational Health Management

Health issues arising due to exposure to various treatment facilities are sometimes encountered by the workers. Hence, all employees shall be required to undergo a medical checkup before joining the facility and also at regular intervals to have a record of each employee’s health condition. First aid facilities required to attend emergency situations shall also be made available at the facility.

9.7 Fire Protection System

The fire protection system will protect the entire site area from accidental fire hazards. The fire protection system comprises of a ground level water storage tank to store the necessary required water for emergency. One electric motor driven pump and one diesel high pressure pump will be provided to pump the water to a high pressure header from where the water is distributed to various high pressure hydrants provided at selected locations. Necessary fire hoses with spouts will be kept ready at each hydrant location to facilitate firefighting. The header also caters to a multi fire system to automatically sprinkle water through sprinklers provided.

9.8 Environmental Management Cell The Environmental Cell will be headed by the Project Managers followed by other officers and technicians. The department is the nodal agency to co-ordinate and provide necessary services on environmental issues during operation of the project. This environmental group is responsible for implementation of environmental management plan, interaction with the environmental regulatory agencies, reviewing draft policy and planning. This department interacts with State Pollution Control Board and other environment regulatory agencies. The

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan department also interacts with local people to understand their problems and to formulate appropriate community development plan. The major duties and responsibilities of Environmental Management Cell shall be as given below:  To implement the environmental management plan.  To assure regulatory compliance with all relevant rules and regulations.  To ensure regular operation and maintenance of pollution control devices.  To minimize environmental impacts of operations as by strict adherence to the EMP.  To initiate environmental monitoring as per approved schedule.  To review and interpret monitored results and corrective measures in case monitored results are above the specified limit.  To maintain documentation of good environmental practices and applicable environmental laws as ready reference and ensure that they are followed and maintain environmental records.  Coordination with regulatory agencies, external consultants

9.8.1 Record Keeping and Reporting

Record keeping and reporting of performance is an important management tool for ensuring sustainable operation. Records should be maintained for regulatory, monitoring and operational issues. Typical record keeping requirements for the TSDF is summarized in Table 9.5 below

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Table 9.5 Record keeping particulars

Parameter Particulars Solid Waste Handling and Disposal  Daily quantity of waste received  Daily quantity of waste sent to landfill Waste water  Daily quantities of waste water & treated effluent  Point of generation & usage of treated wastewater  Treated wastewater quality Regulatory Licenses (Environmental)  Environmental Permits / consents from SPCB Monitoring and Survey  Records of all monitoring carried out as per the finalized monitoring protocol Accident reporting  Date and time of the accident  Sequence of events leading to accident & history of accidents  Investigation reports of previous accidents  Chemical datasheet assessing effect of accident on health and environment  Emergency measures taken  Corrective measures and steps taken to prevent recurrence of such events Other  Log book of compliance  Employee environmental, health and safety records  Equipment inspection and calibration records  Vehicle maintenance and inspection records

9.9 E-Waste Management and Handling Rules 2016

The action plan to comply the rules under E waste management handling rules are given below in Table 9.6.

9.10 Action Plan for Complying Performance Evaluation & Monitoring of TSDF

The detailed action plans for complying performance evaluation and monitoring of TSDF facility is given below under Table 9.7

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Table 9.6 Compliance e waste management & handling rules

Section Applicable Rule Compliance Chapter Responsibilities of Collection Centers II 6.1 collect e-waste on behalf of producer or Shall comply with the rules dismantler or recycler or refurbisher including those arising from orphaned products; Provided the collection centres established by producer can also collect e-waste on behalf of dismantler, refurbisher and recycler including those arising from orphaned products 6.3 Ensure that the E-waste collected by them is stored Shall comply with the rules in a secured manner till it is sent to registered dismantler(s) or recycler(s) as the case may be 6.4 Ensure that no damage is caused to the After receiving the request from the environment during storage and transportation of client the project management will E-waste arrange a suitable and secured transport to collect the material from client’s premises and the collected material will be stored in secured place till it is processed further. 6.5 Maintain records of E-waste handled, in Form-2 Shall comply with the rules and make such records available for scrutiny by the concerned SPCB Chapter Responsibilities of Dismantler II 10.1 Ensure that the facility and dismantling process are Shall be ensured in accordance with the standards or guidelines published by the CPCB from time to time 10.2 obtain authorisation from the concerned State Authorization and registration will be Pollution Control Board in accordance with the obtained after obtaining EC procedure under sub-rule (3) of rule 13 10.3 Ensure that no damage is caused to the It will be ensured that storage and environment during storage and transportation of transportation of E-waste does not E-waste damage the environment 10.4 Ensure that dismantling process do not have any Necessary pollution control adverse effect on the health and the environment measures shall be taken care of to preserve health and environment. 10.5 Ensure that dismantled E-waste are segregated and Shall comply with the rules sent to the registered recycling facilities for recovery of materials 10.6 Ensure that non-recyclable/non–recoverable Non-recyclable/non–recoverable components are sent to authorized treatment components are separated and sent storage and disposal facilities to incineration or secured land fill for further disposal 10.7 maintain record of e-waste collected, dismantled Shall comply with the rules and sent to authorized recycler in Form-2 and make

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such record available for scrutiny by the Central Pollution Control Board or the concerned State Pollution Control Board 10.8 File a return in Form- 3 to the SPCB on or before Annual returns in Form-3 shall be 30th June following the financial year to which that filed return relates 10.9 Not process any E-waste for recovery or refining of Shall comply with the rules materials, unless he is authorized with the concerned SPCB as recycler for refining and recovery of metals

Table 9.7 Action plan for monitoring TSDF

Section Condition Compliance 4.1 Basic Information to be provided by The basic information as per the format given in the operator of the facility HAZWAMS/…./2010-2011 dated May 24, 2010, Annexure-III will be provided to SPCB/CPCB before the commencement of operation of the facility. This would be done as one time exercise. In case there is any change in the activity of the proposed facility, information will be updated to SPCB/CPCB 4.2 Periodic information to be prepared Periodic information as per the format given in and submitted on quarterly basis by HAZWAMS/…./2010-2011 dated May 24, 2010, the operator of the facility Annexure-IV will be provided to SPCB/CPCB on quarterly basis within 15 days before the end of the quarter 5.2 Uniformity in monitoring of soil, A monitoring protocol suggested in ground and surface water, ambient HAZWAMS/…./2010-2011 dated May 24, 2010, air quality, gaseous emissions from Annexure-V will be followed and will be provided vents provided to the already to SPCB/CPCB as per Consent conditions capped landfills, a monitoring protocol is to be followed 5.4 Storage of Incompatible wastes in While storing and mixing incompatible wastes the TSDF general criteria suggested as guideline in HAZWAMS/…./2010-2011 dated May 24, 2010, Annexure-VII will be followed 5.6 Online tracking system for Measures will be taken to put in place online movement of hazardous waste tracking system for movement of the hazardous waste from generators to the TSDF 5.7 Strengthening and upgrading A full-fledged laboratory having sufficient laboratories, Accreditation as per equipment for monitoring and analysis of all EPA, 1986, obtaining ISO 17025 required parameters is in place. However, shall through NABL system strive for accreditation as per EPA, 1986 and to obtain ISO 17025 through NABL system

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9.11 Compliance of Hazardous Waste Rules 2016

Point wise compliance of the Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling and Trans-boundary Movement) Rules 2016 including collection and transportation design etc., are given in Table 9.8.

Table 9.8 Compliance of hazardous waste rules 2016

Chapter II PROCEDURE FOR MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS AND OTHER WASTES II - 4 Responsibilities of the occupier for handling Compliance hazardous wastes 4.2 The occupier shall be responsible for safe No hazardous waste will be generated as and environmentally sound handling of the proposed project is Treatment, Storage hazardous wastes generated in his and Disposable Facility (TSDF) establishment. 4.3 The hazardous wastes generated in the No hazardous waste will be generated as establishment of an occupier shall be sent or the proposed project is Treatment, Storage sold to a recycler or re-processor or re-user and Disposable Facility (TSDF) registered or authorized under these rules or shall be disposed of in an authorized disposal facility. 4.4 The hazardous wastes transported from an Transportation of hazardous waste shall be occupier's establishment to a recycler for done in accordance with the provisions of recycling or reuse or reprocessing or to an these rules authorized facility for disposal shall be transported in accordance with the provisions of these rules. 4.5 The occupier or any other person acting on Management shall collect information his behalf who intends to get his hazardous required as per State Pollution Control wastes treated and disposed of by the Board from the respective industries which operator of a TSDF shall give to the operator send the hazardous waste for treatment of a facility, such information as may be and disposal needed for safe storage and disposal 4.6 The occupier shall take all adequate steps All necessary preventive measures will be while handling hazardous wastes to: taken while handling the hazardous wastes. I. contain contaminants and prevent accidents and limit their Personal protective gadgets will be consequences on human beings and provided to workers and it will be seen that the environment; and they use while working II. Provide persons working on the site with the training, equipment and the In case of accidents, necessary cleaning of information necessary to ensure the site will be taken up their safety. II - 6 Grant of authorization for handling hazardous wastes.

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6.1 Every person engaged in generation, Application in Form 1 will be submitted to processing, treatment, package, storage, the concerned State Pollution Control transportation, use, collection, destruction, Board for authorization of proposed TSDF conversion, offering for sale, transfer or the like of the hazardous waste or occupier of the facility shall make an application in Form 1 to the SPCB for authorization within a period of sixty days from the date of commencement of these rules: Provided that any person authorized under the provisions of the Hazardous Waste(Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008, prior to the date of coming into force of these rules, shall not require to make an application for authorization till the period of expiry of such authorization. 6.2 On receipt of the application complete in all Accepting the condition respects for the authorization, the State Pollution Control Board may, after such inquiry as it considers necessary and on being satisfied that the applicant possesses appropriate facilities, technical capabilities and equipment to handle hazardous waste safely, grant within a period of one hundred and twenty days an authorization in Form 2 to the applicant, which shall be valid for a period of five years subject to such conditions as may be laid down therein. 6.2 An application for the renewal of an Application for the renewal of authorization shall be made, before its expiry authorization shall be made before the and the State Pollution Control Board may expiry to State Pollution Control Board renew the authorization after examining each case on merit subject to the condition that there has been no report of violation of the provisions of the Act or the rules made there under or conditions specified in the authorization. 6.4 The State Pollution Control Board may after Condition acceptable giving reasonable opportunity of being heard to the applicant refuse to grant any authorization. 6.5 Every person authorized under these rules Shall maintain the record of hazardous shall maintain the record of hazardous wastes handled at the facility in Form 3 and wastes handled by him in Form 3 and prepare and submit to the State Pollution prepare and submit to the State Pollution Control Board, an annual return containing Control Board, an annual return containing the details specified in Form 4 on or before the details specified in Form 4 on or before the 30th day of June following to the the 30th day of June following to the financial year. financial year to which that return relates.

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6.6 The State Pollution Control Board shall condition acceptable maintain a register containing particulars of the conditions imposed under these rules for management of hazardous waste, and it shall be open for inspection during office hours to any person interested or affected or a person authorized by him on his behalf. II - 7 Power to suspend or cancel an authorization 7.1 The State Pollution Control Board, may, if in Condition acceptable its opinion the holder of the authorization has failed to comply with any of the conditions of the authorization or with any provisions of the Act or these rules and after giving him a reasonable opportunity of being heard and after recording reasons thereof in writing cancel or suspend the authorization issued under rule-6 for such period as it considers necessary in the public interest. 7.2 Upon suspension or cancellation of the Directions given by State Pollution Control authorization the State Pollution Control Board shall be followed Board may give directions to the person whose authorization has been suspended or cancelled for the safe storage of the hazardous wastes, and such person shall comply with such directions. II-8 Storage of Hazardous Waste 8.1 The occupiers, recyclers, re-processors, re- condition acceptable users, and operators of facilities may store the hazardous wastes for a period not exceeding ninety days and shall maintain a record of sale, transfer, storage, recycling and reprocessing of such wastes and Crake these records available for inspection: Provided that the State Pollution Control Board may extend the said period in following cases, namely:- I. small generators (up to ten tonnes per annum) up to one hundred and eighty days of their annual capacity; II. actual users and disposal facility operators up to one hundred and eighty days of their annual capacity, III. occupiers who do not have access to any treatment, storage, disposal facility in the concerned State; or IV. the waste which needs to be specifically stored for development of a process for its recycling,

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recovery, pre-processing, co- processing or utilisation; V. in any other case, on justifiable grounds up to one hundred and eighty days.

Chapter IV TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL FACILITY FOR HAZARDOUS AND OTHER WASTES IV 16 Treatment, Storage and Disposal-Facility for hazardous wastes 16.1 The State Government, occupier, operator of Site meeting MoEF&CC guidelines has been a facility or any association of occupiers shall proposed for the expansion project individually or jointly or severally be responsible for, and identify sites for establishing the facility for treatment, storage and disposal of the hazardous wastes in the State. 16.2 The operator of common facility or occupier The proposed facility shall be designed as of a captive facility, shall design and set up per CPCB technical guidelines and the treatment, storage and disposal facility necessary approval will be obtained from as per technical guidelines issued by the State Pollution Control Board for design Central Pollution Control Board in this regard and Layout from time to time and shall obtain approval from the State Pollution Control Board for design and layout in this regard. 16.3 The State Pollution Control Board shall Condition acceptable monitor the setting up and operation of the common or captive treatment, storage and disposal facility, regularly 16.4 The operator of common facility or occupier Management shall be responsible for safe of a captive facility shall be responsible for and environmentally sound operation of safe and environmentally sound operation of TSDF, closure and post closure phase. the facility and its closure and post closure phase, as per guidelines or standard operating procedures issued by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time. 16.5 The operator of common facility or occupier We shall maintain records of the hazardous of a captive facility shall maintain records of wastes handled as per Form 3 hazardous and other wastes handled by him in Form 3. 16.6 The operator of common facility or occupier Annual return will be filed in Form 4 to the of a captive facility shall file an annual return State Pollution Control Board on or before in Form 4 to the State Pollution Control the 30th day of June following the financial Board on or before the 30th day of June year to which that return relates. following the financial year to which that return relates.

Chapter V PACKAGING, LABELLING AND TRANSPORT OF HAZARDOUS AND OTHER WASTE

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V - 17 Packaging and labeling 17.1 The occupier handling hazardous or other Packaging and Labeling shall be done as per wastes and operator of TSDF shall ensure Form 8. that the hazardous and other wastes are packaged in a manner suitable for safe handling, storage and transport as per the guidelines issued by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time. The labeling shall be done as per Form 8. 17.2 The label shall be of non-washable material Packaging and labeling shall be done in and packaging shall be easily visible and be such a way that it is easily visible and able to withstand physical conditions and withstands physical conditions and climatic climatic factors. factors V - 18 Transportation of Hazardous waste 18.1 The transport of the hazardous wastes shall Transportation of the hazardous wastes be in accordance with the provisions of these shall be in accordance with the provisions rules and the rules made by the Central of these rules and the rules made by the Government under the Motor Vehicles Act. Central Government under the Motor 1988 and other guidelines issued from time Vehicles Act.1988 and other guidelines to time in this regard. issued from time to time. 18.2 The occupier shall provide the transporter Condition acceptable with the relevant information in Form 9, regarding the hazardous nature of the wastes and measures to be taken in case of an emergency and shall label the hazardous wastes containers as per Form 8. 18.3 In case of transportation of hazardous Condition acceptable wastes for final disposal to a facility for treatment, storage and disposal existing in a State other than the State where the hazardous waste is generated, the occupier shall obtain ‘No Objection Certificate’ from the State Pollution Control Board of both the States. 18.6 In case of transportation of hazardous and Condition acceptable other wastes for recycling, utilisation including co- processing or disposal through a State other than the State of origin or destination, the occupier shall intimate the concerned State Pollution Control Boards before he hands over the hazardous wastes to the transporter. V -19 Manifest system (Movement Document to be used within the country only) 19.1 The sender of waste shall prepare seven Condition acceptable and 7 copies manifest copies of the manifest in Form 10 comprising system shall be followed of color code indicated below and all 7 copies shall be signed by the transporter. 19.2 The sender shall forward copy 1 (white) to Condition acceptable

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the State Pollution Control Board, and in case the hazardous wastes is likely to be transported through any transit State, the occupier shall prepare an additional copy each for intimation to such State and, forward the same to the concerned State Pollution Control Board before he hands over the hazardous wastes to the transporter. 19.3 No transporter shall accept hazardous Condition acceptable wastes from an occupier for transport unless it is accompanied by copies3 to 7 of the manifest. 19.4 The transporter shall submit copies 3 to 7 of Condition acceptable the manifest duly signed with date to the operator of the facility along with the waste consignment. 19.5 The operator after acceptance of the waste Condition acceptable shall hand over copy 4 (orange) to the transporter and send copy 5 (green) to his State Pollution Control Board and send copy 6 (blue) to the sender and the copy 3 (pink) shall be retained by the reciever. 19.6 The copy 7 (grey) shall only be sent to the Condition acceptable State Pollution Control Board of the sender, if the sender is in another State. Chapter VI Miscellaneous VI -20 Records and returns 20.1 The occupier handling hazardous wastes and Disposal of hazardous waste records shall operator of the facility for disposal of be maintained in Form 3 hazardous waste shall maintain records of such operations in Form 3. 20.2 The occupier and operator of a facility shall Annual returns shall be sent to the State send annual returns to the State Pollution Pollution Control Board in Form 4. Control Board in Form 4. 20.3 The State Pollution Control Board based on Not the responsibility of the facility the annual returns received from the occupiers and the operators of the facilities for disposal of hazardous and other wastes shall prepare an annual inventory of the waste generated; waste recycled, recovered, utilised including co- processed; waste re- exported and waste disposed and submit to the Central Pollution Control Board by the 30th day of September every year. VI -21 Responsibility of Authorities Not the responsibility of the facility The Authority specified in column 2 of the Schedule VI shall perform the duties as specified in column 3 of the Schedule subject

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to the provisions of these rules.

VI -22 Accident reporting and follow-up In case of accident report shall be sent to Where an accident occurs at the facility or on the State Pollution Control Board in Form a hazardous or other waste site or during 11 transportation of the hazardous waste, the occupier or operator of the facility or the transporter, as the case may be, shall report immediately to the State Pollution Control Board about the accident in Form11. VI- 23 Liability of occupier, importer or exporter and operator of a disposal facility 23.1 The occupier, importer, transporter and Condition acceptable operator of the facility shall be liable for all damages caused to the environment or third party due to improper handling of the hazardous wastes or disposal of the hazardous wastes. 23.2 The occupier and the operator of the facility Condition acceptable shall be liable to pay financial penalties as levied for any violation of the provisions under these rules by the State Pollution Control Board with the prior approval of the Central Pollution Control Board. VI -24 Appeal 24.1 Any person aggrieved by an order of Condition acceptable suspension or cancellation or refusal of authorization or its renewal passed by the State Pollution Control Board, may, within a period of thirty days from the date on which the order is communicated to him, prefer an appeal in Form12 to the Appellate Authority comprising of the Environment Secretary of the State. 24.2 The Appellate Authority may entertain the Condition acceptable appeal after the expiry of the period of thirty days if it is satisfied that the appellant was prevented by sufficient cause from filing the appeal in time. 24.3 Every appeal filed under this rule shall be Condition acceptable disposed of within a period of sixty days from the date of its filing.

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CHAPTER 10

EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Chapter 10 Summary and Conclusion

10.1 Introduction

Rajasthan is a fast growing economy and one of the most preferred industrial investment destinations after Maharashtra and Gujarat, for its peaceful environment, less population density and investment friendly environment. Management of pollution and the waste generated from the industries is always been a challenging task faced by the country. As per EIA Notification S.O. No 1533 dated 14th September 2006 and subsequent amendments the proposed project if falling under Project / Activity 7 (d) Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility (TSDFs), Category “A” and requires environmental clearance from EAC, MOEF&CC, New Delhi. M/s Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP), a division of Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited has proposed to expand the existing Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility (CHWTSDF) with capacity of 18,000 TPA to Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility (ICHWTSDF). The proposed ICHWTSDF will be developed in existing Rajasthan Waste Management Project site (RWMP) located at S. No. 1018/13, Gudli village, Mavli Tahsil, Udaipur District Rajasthan. In order to obtain the environmental clearance for the proposed project, environmental impact assessment has been carried out and the EIA report has been prepared as per the ToR issued by the MoEF&CC

The proposal was considered by the Expert Appraisal Committee (Infra – 2) in its 18th meeting held during 25th – 27th May, 2017 for determination of the Terms of Reference (TOR) for undertaking detailed EIA Study in accordance with the provisions of the EIA notification dated September 14, 2006 and subsequent amendments. The EAC has given Terms of Reference vide its letter No. F. No. 10-19/2017-IA-III dated 7th July 2017.

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10.2 Project Capacity Details

The proposed Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, Disposal and Recycling Facility has waste disposals / recycling /recovery facilities such as Hazardous Waste TSDF, Bio-medical waste disposal Facility, Alternative Fuel Recovery & Recycling Facilities. The project capacity details are given below in Table 10.1.

Table 10.1 Details of proposed treatment facilities with capacities

S. No Name of the Facility Current Consent Proposed Capacity Capacity 1 Secured Landfill (DLF) 8000 TPA 20,000 TPA 2 Stabilization (LAT) 10000 TPA 40,000 TPA 3 Incineration (INC) – Common for HW -- 12 TPA and BMW 4 Bio-Medical Waste -- 5 TPD 5 AFRF 2000 TPA 18,000 TPA 6 E-Waste -- 4,000 TPA 7 Used Oil recycling -- 2 KLD 8 Spent Solvent Recycling -- 5 KLD 9 Lead Recycling Facility -- 2,000 TPA 10 Paper Recycling -- 2 TPD 11 Plastic Recycling -- 2 TPD

10.3 Project Importance

Rajasthan is one of the fast growing economies in India with well-developed social, physical and industrial infrastructure. The state has many traditional & modern industries ranging from small artisan workshops to huge multinational companies, micro, small & medium enterprises, major/large scale industries with many more in the pipeline. The state government has also undertaken several infrastructural projects to further promote overall development of the state. With the increasing scope for industrialization, a parallel increase in various kinds of wastes is also anticipated, which need an environmentally safe and scientifically acceptable way of disposal. At present some quantity of hazardous waste generated by industrial activities in some districts of Rajasthan state is being treated by the existing TSDF at RWMP. However, in many districts, such hazardous, biomedical and e- waste generated are indiscriminately disposed in open areas or given to small time

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan recyclers. Hence there is an immediate need for up gradation of the existing TSDF and also for establishment of integrated facility to cater the future needs of waste disposal. The proposed project is targeted to treat and safely dispose the hazardous waste, bio medical waste, e waste, spent solvent and other miscellaneous waste generated in various districts of Rajasthan state. The proposed project will be designed on lines to meet the following rules.

10.4 Land Details

The TSDF existing in Rajasthan Waste Management Project has proposed for up gradation of capacity along with expansion to Integrated Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage Disposal facility including Incinerator and Recycle Facility within the present 21 acres land in Udaipur district, Rajasthan. The detailed breakup of the land required for various activities are given in Table 10.2.

Table 10.2 Land area breakup

S. Utility Area in Sq.m Area in Acres % of Area No. 1 Secured Landfill a) Secured Landfill Cell-1 13233.22 3.27 15.5 b) Secured Landfill Cell-2 8093.71 2 9.5 2 Bio-Medical Facility 900.00 0.2 0.95 3 Recycling Facilities 3680.00 0.9 4.2 4) Roads 12,900.00 3.18 15.1 5) Greenbelt 28045.00 6.9 32.8 6) Common Facilities 4123.80 1.0 4.7 7) Area Left for Future Expansion 14,007.27 3.46 16.4 Total (approx.) 84,983 20.91 99.15

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10.5 Water Requirement

Water requirement for the project will be met through the bore wells within the boundary premises/ village panchayat supply. The details of the water requirement are given in Table 10.3.

Table 10.3 Water requirement

10.6 Power and Fuel Requirement

The details of the power required for operation of the facility and fuel required for running DG sets for emergency use during power failure are given in Table 10.4.

Table 10.4 Power and fuel requirement

Details Capacity Remarks

Power 450 kVA From Ajmer Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd.

Auxiliary Fuel for Incinerator 2 KL/Day From Local Dealers HSD/Furnace Oil DG Set 250 KVA DG set is used for emergency power backup, Diesel 0.7 KL/Day fuel will be procured from local dealers

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

10.7 Required Manpower

The details of the skilled and unskilled manpower required for the proposed project during construction and operational phase is given below in Table 10.5.

Table 10.5 Manpower requirement details

S. Required Manpower Details Remarks No. (No)

1 Skilled 50 Permanent staff

2 Semi/Un-Skilled 50 On contract Total 100

10.8 Baseline Environmental Status

The baseline data generation for the proposed ICHWTSDF has been carried out during the winter season (October 2017 to December 2017). The data collection with respect to meteorological conditions, air pollution levels, noise levels, water quality, soil quality and socio-economic conditions were carried out during the study period. The predominant wind direction during study period was from West. Calm condition prevailed for 32.84 % of the total time and the average wind speed for the season was observed to be 2.05 m/s. The ambient air quality was monitored at 9 locations and the results obtained are given in Table 10.6.

Table 10.6 Ambient air quality results (μg/m3)

Details PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx O3 CO Benzene Ammonia Minimum In 98th 54.7 26.5 12.7 21.4 18.2 510 0,35 15.2 Percentile Maximum In 98th 65.4 36.4 17.3 31.8 28.6 680 0.53 22.8 Percentile NAAQ Standards 2009 100 60 80 80 100 2000 5 400 (8 hourly) (8 hourly)

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Remaining 4 parameters (Lead, Nickel, Arsenic & Benzo (a) Pyrene) are all below detectable limit.

A total of 7 ground water samples and 2 surface water samples were collected from the study area to assess the water quality during the study period. The ground water samples were drawn from the hand pumps and bore wells used by the villagers for their domestic needs. Surface water sampling was carried out from the river / nallas in the study area. The physical and chemical characteristics and the summary of important parameters of the tested ground and surface water samples are given in Table 10.7 & Table 10.8. The ground water samples collected from various villages surrounding the study area were found to be high in total dissolved solids and chlorides, which were observed to be though with in the permissible limits. The total hardness was also observed to be towards higher range but within permissible limits. These high values of results were found to tally with ground analysis report of Udaipur district as published in “Ground Water year Book of Rajasthan State, 2014-2015” and the surface water samples met the class ‘A’ norms as per IS: 2296- 1992 inland surface water standards.

Table 10.7 Summary of ground water analysis

Drinking water Standards Parameters Units Minimum Maximum IS:10500:2012 Acceptable Permissible pH - 7.2 7.7 6.5-8.5 No Relaxation TDS mg/l 976 1524 500 2000 Chlorides mg/l 166 322 250 1000 Hardness mg/l 395 570 200 600 Fluorides mg/l 0.58 1.2 1.0 1.5

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EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Table 10.8 Summary of surface water analysis

IS:2296 – 1992 Inland surface water

Parameters Units Minimum Maximum Standards

A B C D E pH - 7.2 7.6 6.5-8.5 6-9 6.5-8.5 6-8.5 TDS mg/l 545 905 500 - 1500 - 2100 Chlorides mg/l 101 186 250 - 600 - 600 Hardness mg/l 125 234 200 - - - - Fluorides mg/l 0.54 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.5 - -

Baseline noise levels have been monitored at 8 locations within the study zone, using a continuous noise measurement device. The results are presented in Table 10.9

Table 10.9 Noise levels – dB (A)

Standards Parameters Minimum Maximum Residential Commercial Day Equivalent 50.8 61.6 55 65 Night 40.8 43.9 45 55 Equivalent

To determine the impact on agricultural productivity of soil due to the proposed activity soil samples were collected at 8 locations. The summary of the results obtained are presented in Table 10.10 and compared with Indian Council of Agricultural Research standards

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Table 10.10 Soil quality in study area

Standard Soil Classification – (Indian Council of Parameters Minimum Maximum Agricultural Research, New Delhi

pH 7.6 8.2 Acidic<6.0, Normal to Saline 6.0-8.5, Tending to become Alkaline8.6 to 9.0, Alkaline above 9. EC (µs/cm) 148 288 Normal<1000, Critical for germination 1000-2000, Critical for growing 2000 - 4000, Injurious to most crops>4000 Organic carbon (%) 0.54 1.1 Low < 0.5 , Medium 0.5 – 0.75, High > 0.75 Nitrogen (kg/Ha) 282 336 Low below 280, Medium 280-560, High above 560 Phosphates (kg/Ha) 12.3 17.3 Low below 10, Medium 10-25, High above 25 Potassium (kg/Ha) 291 358 Low below 110, Medium 110-280 High above 280

10.9 Anticipated Impacts

The RWMP is already facilitated with an operational TSDF for which proper roads, administrative/office buildings, laboratory, canteen etc. infrastructure are existing. Further construction works include partial site clearance, site formation, building works, and other required infrastructure provision which would pose less impact during construction. The impacts due to construction activities are short term and are limited to the construction phase. The impacts will be mainly on air quality, water quality, soil quality and socio- economics, necessary control measures will be taken to minimize the impacts.

During the operation phase of the proposed project there would be impacts on the air environment, water environment, Land environment and socio-economic aspects. The main sources of air pollution are as follows.

1. Area source emissions from landfill operations 2. Point source emissions from Incinerator, DG set.

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The area source emissions and line source emissions will be within the plant premises, whereas point source emissions expected the proposed project, and predicted GLCs are given in Table 10.11

Table 10.11 Post project scenario (μg/m3)

10.10 Environmental Monitoring Plan

The main spirit of environmental monitoring program is aimed such that there is not much of time lag between commencements of damage to environment mitigation measures to various environmental parameters that are being affected. Environmental monitoring program has been prepared for assessing the efficiency of implementation of Environment Management Plan and details of the same are given in Table 10.12

Table 10.12 Environmental monitoring during operational phase

S.No Potential Action to be taken Parameters for Frequency of impact monitoring monitoring 1. Air Emissions Stack emissions from Operating hours, Incinerator Temperature, Pressure, TOC of residues, LOI of residues, Stack temp, CO, PM, HCl, HF, SO2, NOx, TOC, Mercury, Heavy metals, dioxins and furans as prescribed in CFE /CTE Once in a month Gas quality from VOC, H2S as per CFE landfill areas conditions given Stack emissions from As per CFE conditions by SPCB.

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S.No Potential Action to be taken Parameters for Frequency of impact monitoring monitoring DG sets PM, SO2, NOx AAQ within the project As per CFE conditions/ premises. NAAQ Standards The vehicles used shall Vehicle logs to be have PUC certificate. Maintained Meteorological data Wind speed, direction, temp., relative humidity and rainfall. 2. Noise Noise generated from Continuous noise level Once in a operation of boilers, recording month/ as per cooling towers, etc to CTO conditions be monitored given by SPCB 3. Wastewater Comply with pH, TSS, TDS, BOD, COD & Daily at regular Discharge wastewater discharge Oil & grease (Heavy intervals/ as per (leachate) standards as per metals) CTO conditions CPCB/SPCB given by SPCB 4. Solid Comply with HWM Comply with HWM rules Once in a waste/Haz. rules month/ as per Waste CTO conditions given by SPCB 5. Ground Monitoring ground Monitoring parameters Once in a Water water quality in and as per CPCB norms quarter/ as per Quality around project site CTO conditions given by SPCB 6. Flora and Vegetation, green Survival of native plant Once in a Fauna cover and greenbelt species and maintenance season/ as per development of planted species CTO conditions given by SPCB 7. Soil quality Checking and Physico-chemical Once in a maintenance of soil parameters such as NPK, quarter/ as per quality in and around heavy metals etc. CTO conditions the project site given by SPCB 8. Health Health check-ups for All relevant parameters Once in six employees and migrant of occupational health months/ as per labour CTO issued by SPCB/ as per Factories Act

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10.11 Risk Analysis

The principal objective of the risk assessment study is to identify and quantify the major hazards and the risk associated with various operations of the proposed project, which may lead to emergency consequences (disasters) affecting the public safety and health.

All necessary measures to minimize the risk due to the existing facility are taken care of measures to overcome the risks due to the proposed project will be taken during design stage and also during operation period viz, Fire & safety control measures, Emergency preparedness plan, Disaster Management plan, etc.

10.12 Project Benefits

From the proposed project the major benefits, include improving the degraded environment by establishing an Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, Disposal and Recycling Facilities.

 The proposed project facilitates better management of the industrial wastes.  It will be the showcase for other states for management of hazardous waste with additional benefit of green and clean Environment.  It minimizes the pollution load on environment from industrial hazardous waste  Compliance with prescribed regulatory norms which in turn avert the risk of closure on account of violation of rules  It reduces the number of hazardous waste dump sites in the area and also eliminates the pollution potential  The management of wastes is relatively easier & economically viable at common facility.  Cost of environmental monitoring is less at common facility  Reduced environmental liability due to captive storage of hazardous waste in the premises of industries  Better occupational health and safety at individual industry level  Prevention of natural resource contamination thereby improving overall environmental status of the region  Reduction in the cost of transportation and subsequent traffic

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10.13 Environmental Management Plan

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is required to ensure sustainable development in the area of the proposed project site. Hence, it needs proper Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to meet these objectives. The purpose of the Environmental Management Plan is to minimize the potential environmental impacts from the project and to mitigate the adverse impacts. Details of environment management plan are given in Table 10.13

Table 10.13 Mitigation measure proposed during operation period

Parameter under Proposed Mitigation Measures impact Air Quality Incinerator will be provided with a stack height meeting requirements Management suggested in MOEFCC Guidelines DG set will be provided with a stack height as per the MOEFCC Guidelines and proper dispersion of sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen are ensured. Internal roads will be concreted / asphalted to reduce dust emissions Speed restriction will be followed within the project site and speed breakers will be provided at entry, exit and important required points Gas management system in secured landfill will be provided Green belt will be provided along the internal roads and plant boundary Odor Control Dilution of odorant by odor counteraction or neutralize by spraying Eco-sorb (organic and biodegradable chemical) around odor generation areas at regular intervals. Covering the landfill area under operation daily with layer of earth, clay or a similar material Gas Management To minimize the gas generation in the landfill, the organic based waste will be diverted to incinerator to the maximum extent possible To manage the gas generated a venting system with flaring arrangement will be provided, if the gas generation is more it will be directed to canteen Water Quality The leachate generated from landfill will be collected into leachate collection Mitigation pond. Measures The leachate collected will be sprayed back into landfill for dust suppression, stabilization of hazardous waste, etc. the excess if any will be disposed into spray drier of the incinerator or treated and sent to solar pond (during phase I) The domestic wastewater will be collected and treated in septic tank/soak pit or portable STP and reused for greenbelt The effluent from floor washings, workshop etc., will be collected, treated in O&G trap, settling tank and recycle back for dust suppression, etc., The waste water from bio-medical sections will collected, disinfected and after necessary treatment reused for dust suppression on landfill area

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Noise Mitigation Acoustic enclosures will be provided for all the high noise generating Measures equipment Major noise generating sources shall be insulated adequately by providing suitable enclosures Other than the regular maintenance of the various equipment, ear plugs are provided to the personnel close to the noise generating units; All the openings like covers, partitions are designed properly. Solid Waste The ash coming from incineration plant / power plant will be used as daily Mitigation cover in secured landfill Measures The sludge generated in the leachate pond/ solar pond will be sent to secured land fill Occupational Periodic health checkup for early detection and control of communicable Health & Safety Diseases Will provide preventive measures for potential fire hazards with requisite fire detection, firefighting facilities and adequate water storage, etc. Provide regular training for workers in their respective fields

10.14 Project Cost Estimate and Means of Finance

Project Costing

Though the required infrastructure, roads, waste storage sheds etc. are available at the RWMP for the existing TSDF & AFRF facility, the treatment facilities like secured landfill (new), biomedical waste treatment facility with incinerator, used oil and spent solvent recovery facility, paper, plastic, lead acid batteries and e-waste recycling facility of the proposed expansion to Integrated Common Hazardous Waste TSDF with incinerator and recycling facilities would contribute to major portion of the project budget. The costing for each of the plant facilities proposed has been done based on land cost with respective civil, building and plant and machineries.

A. Civil costing includes costing of the following required activities:  Earthwork  Bush clearance  Construction of additional shed for storage area  Buildings of each Recycling facility with  RCC framed structure  Brick walls plastering  AC sheet roofing  Painting  Development of effluent convergence system

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 Storm water drains  Solar pond  Additional infrastructure, and training center  Additional roads B. Plant and machineries:  Establishment of new landfill  Establishment of incinerators.  Design, supply, installation and commissioning of process plant and machineries based on budgetary quotations with suppliers for each of the recycling plant  Environment related equipment for pollution control and measures.  Safety and fire hydrant equipment  Equipment for Common facilities inclusive of DG sets, transformer, cooling tower, chilling plant & material handling equipment etc.  Supply, erection and commissioning of common utilities equipment  Development of Green belt  Electricals  Supply, fabrication, erection and testing of MCC panels, cabling and lighting.

10.15 Cost Estimate of the Project

Detailed cost estimates of the project is given in Table 10.14

Table 10.14 Cost estimate of the project S. Particulars Capital Cost (Rs. Crores) No 1 Secured land fill facility 8.0 2 Incinerator + BMW facility 12.0 3 E – waste recovery facility 2.5 4 Alternate Fuel & Raw material Facility (AFRF) 2.5 5 Used/spent solvent recovery facility 5.0 6 Lead recycling facility 2.5 7 Plastic & paper recycling facility 2.0 8 EMP Budget 4.5 9 Others/Miscellaneous 1.0 Total 40 Capital Cost of the project is Rs. 40 Crores, CER Fund is 1% maximum, as specified by MoEF&CC - OM vide F. No. 22-65/2017-IA.III Dated 1st May, 2018.

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CHAPTER 11

DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS

EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Chapter 11 Disclosure of Consultants

11.1 About the group

Ramky, founded in the year 1994, today spans into a specialist multi-disciplinary organization focused in areas of Civil, Environment & Waste Management Infrastructure with specific emphasis on ‘Public Private Partnership’ Projects. The corporate office of the group is located at Hyderabad and the regional offices are located at Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Chennai, Bhopal and Kolkata. The major companies of the group are

1) Ramky Infrastructure Ltd. (RIL),

2) Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd. (REEL),

3) Ramky Estates & Farms Pvt. Ltd. (REFL)

4) Ramky Life Sciences Ltd. (RLSL) and

5) Ramky Foundation (RF)

11.2 About the accredited consultant organisation

Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited (A subsidiary of Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited) is the consulting arm of the group provides vital function of effectively providing the backward linkage to the project implementation function in the form of concepts, strategies, structuring, planning and designing infrastructure projects. A multi and cross disciplinary team of professionals, offering solution at each stage of the life cycle of a project.

It is one of the well-established and leading Environmental Engineering concern in this country having under taken Ten Industrial Estate projects which involves the duties of project scheduling and budgeting, Topographical surveying and soil investigation, Environmental and social impact assessment, market viability, Master Planning, land use Planning, design of Roads, Water supply system, CETP, Storm Water Drainage, Electrical

M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad 11.1 EIA of Rajasthan Waste Management Project (RWMP) at Gudli, Udaipur District, Rajasthan

System, Cost Planning, Financial Feasibility, Project Structuring and Draft Concession Agreement, Bid Process Management etc.

Our Company also designs, manufactures and supplies almost the entire range of equipments required for ETPs, STPs and WTPs. Consultancy Division is one of the departments of REEL. The services offered by the consultancy division are given below.

11.2.1 Consultancy services

 Facilitating in obtaining Environmental Clearances from MoEFCC, New Delhi and SEAC’s from various states  Obtaining Consent for Establishment and Consent for Operation from State Pollution Control Boards  Preparing of Environmental Impact Assessment Reports  Environmental Audits to help industries to recycle and reuse resources and plan for low polluting technologies  Risk Assessment Studies for hazardous chemical storage & process in order to devise viable onsite and offsite emergency plans  Identification and evaluation of Hazardous Waste disposal sites  Environmental management systems, training, documentation and implementation as per ISO 14001:1996 Standards  Characterization and quantification of biomedical waste, municipal solid waste and design of disposal facilities  Environmental management strategies to mitigate adverse impacts arising out of developmental activities  Effluent treatment plant design after thorough review of process, reaction mass balance and treatability studies of effluents  Post project Monitoring network design  Consultancy Services for setting up environmental laboratories  Design of Sewage treatment plants  Design of Waste treatment plants  Health and socio- economic surveys  Resettlement and rehabilitation plans  Systems development for ISO 9000, OSHAS 18000, NABL, ISO 17025 Standards

11.2.2 Laboratory services

 Analysis of air samples for ambient air quality and those collected from industrial sources for both routine and industry specific pollutants  Water and wastewater analysis for all parameters as per standard methods, including pesticides and poly hydro carbons

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 Solid and hazardous waste analysis including TCLP tests  Monitoring of noise levels at source and in ambient air  Development of new methods and quality assurances of results obtained  Design and settings of laboratories

11.2.3 Training services

 Monitoring of environmental parameters – air, water, noise, soil etc.,  Environmental Impact Assessments  Effluent Treatment Plant operations and maintenance  Sewage Treatment Plant operations and maintenance  ISO 9000 & 14000, OHSAS 18000 awareness, documentations, internal auditors  Establishment environmental laboratories  Pollution control in industries  Biomedical waste management

11.2.4 Field services

 Site selection and suitability studies for settling up of Industries  Ambient Air Quality monitoring for all pollutants  Noise Level Monitoring  Meteorological data collection as per CPCB norms  Stack Emission monitoring for all pollutants and assessment of efficiency of control equipment  Water, Wastewater and Soil Sample Collection  Assessment of efficiency of ETP and analyzing critical parameters of field  Flora and Fauna assessment through sectorial studies and damage assessment due to development projects  Damage Assessment studies in case of oil well blowouts, major industrial accidents, etc.

11.2.5 Treatment plant services

 Water Treatment Plants-design, construction, operation and maintenance  Efficiency studies of Effluent Treatment plants  Design, construction, operation and maintenance of ETP  Up-gradation/modification of ETP  Sewage Treatment Plants-design, construction, operation and maintenance along with mechanical equipment erection  Supply of mechanical equipment

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11.2.6 Solid waste management services

 Industrial Waste Management  Hazardous Waste Management  Municipal Solid Waste Management  Biomedical Solid Waste Management

The Company has over 2000 employees in various sectors of which over 600 employees are post graduates and about 15 employees are having Ph. D’s. The Analysis was carried out in the Laboratory of Hyderabad Waste Management Project, a subsidiary company under Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd., which is NABL accredited and recognized as Environmental Laboratory by Ministry of Environment and Forests under the Environment (Protection) Act 1986.

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