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Fifty Years of Learning: a History of Adult & Community Education In Fifty Years of Learning: A history of Adult & Community Education in Aotearoa from the 1960s to the present day ISBN 978-0-473-36124-2 Robert Tobias, June 2016 9 780473 361242 For ACE Aotearoa Fifty Years of Learning: A history of Adult & Community Education in Aotearoa from the 1960s to the present day Robert Tobias, June 2016 For ACE Aotearoa ISBN 978-0-473-36124-2 Preface ACE Aotearoa is delighted to support the drafting of this monograph which provides a unique reference and perspective on the policy environment that has impacted on Adult and Community Education in Aotearoa. We believe it fills a critical gap in the literature. We want to thank Robert Tobias for his dedication and commitment to completing this work, fitting it into his busy life. All those who were asked when we were searching for an author, identified Robert as the professional expert, with unparalleled depth and knowledge of the subject. ACE Aotearoa respects Robert’s professional expertise and academic autonomy. The views expressed in the monograph are his. ACE Aotearoa has had no influence on the content. We are very pleased to be the publisher, and to remain the first point of contact ([email protected] or 04-473-6625). We also anticipate Robert’s completion of his major work (of which this is an excerpt) and will similarly support its publication as a seminal and comprehensive reference tome. Dr Jo Lake Director ACE Aotearoa INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 Pre-1960s history .....................................................................................................................1 1960s – A Decade of growth ....................................................................................................2 The 1970s – A DECADE OF REFORM ...................................................................... 5 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................5 Movement-based popular education ........................................................................................5 Lifelong education and ‘the forgotten people’ ...........................................................................6 NCAE and government policy ..................................................................................................7 The 1980s – DECADE OF STRUGGLE ....................................................................17 The political & economic context ........................................................................................... 17 Mäori, te Tiriti o Waitangi and ACE ........................................................................................18 Lifelong learning and ACE......................................................................................................21 The 4th Labour Government and ACE, 1984 ...........................................................................23 Networking and communication in ACE in the 1980s .............................................................23 Reviews of ACE, 1984-87 ......................................................................................................25 Other Review Groups in the mid-1980s ..................................................................................28 The Education Amendment Act, 1990 ....................................................................................30 The 1990s – DECADE OF NEOLIBERAL DOMINANCE ......................................... 32 Mäori and the Treaty of Waitangi ...........................................................................................32 Adult and Community Education in the 1990s ........................................................................35 Policy Development by Adult & Community Education Organisations, 1991-94 .....................38 ‘A Seamless Education System’ – 1993-94 ............................................................................43 Funding Growth in Tertiary Education & Training, 1993-94 ....................................................45 The 1996 General Election ....................................................................................................47 Tertiary Education Review, 1997-98 .......................................................................................47 Government Policies for Tertiary Education in the late-1990s ................................................48 Adult and Community Education Programmes, Practices and Policies in the late-1990s .......49 The early 2000s – NEW BEGINNINGS? ................................................................. 54 The election of the Labour/Alliance Government in 1999 .......................................................54 The Tertiary Education Advisory Commission, 2000-2001 .....................................................55 Review of adult and community education, 2000-2001 ..........................................................56 Koia! Koia! Towards a Learning Society: The Role of Adult and Community Education .........57 Implementation of the report’s recommendations, 2001-2 ......................................................58 Networking, conferences and communication in ACE in the 2000s .......................................60 The adult literacy strategy, 2001 ............................................................................................61 Reviews of other aspects of tertiary education .......................................................................62 The Tertiary Education Reform Bill, 2001-2 ............................................................................62 The first Tertiary Education Strategy, 2002-07 .......................................................................64 The first Statement of Tertiary Education Priorities, 2002-03 .................................................65 The Education (Tertiary Reform) Amendment Act, December 2002 .......................................66 The Tertiary Education Commission, 2003 ............................................................................67 Adult and Community Education Policy Development, 2003-07 .............................................67 The years since 2008 – TRYING TIMES? ............................................................... 71 Economic and Political Contexts ............................................................................................71 Government Policies & Adult and Community Education .......................................................71 ACE organisations’ and practitioners’ reactions and responses ............................................. 74 Epilogue Looking Back: Looking Forward ............................................................ 76 Looking Back – Some overall trends from 1970s to 2010s .....................................................76 Looking Ahead: lessons from history .....................................................................................80 INTRODUCTION This monograph aims to provide a brief but critical history of adult and community education in Aotearoa over the past fifty years. It draws on a substantial body of research much of which has yet to be published. The field of adult and community education is very broad and it may be approached from many different perspectives (R. M. Tobias, 1996b). For the purpose of this monograph, however, we have not attempted to embrace all forms and aspects of the field but instead have focused primarily on those activities which have had adult learning as their main purpose and ‘community’ as their contexts. This implies that our focus has not been on learning by children and teenagers, or on institutional, credentialled or industrial learning. This does not mean, however, that all such learning has been excluded from our history, but rather that our focus has not been on these forma of learning. Nor does this monograph address adequately all these forms and practices of adult and community education (ACE). For example it does not address adequately the role of the media, distance education, ESOL, sport and physical education, religious and faith-related adult and community education, the place of libraries, museums and art galleries, prison education, the U3A, etc. Once again our focus has been primarily on policy development and on those aspects of the field which have been affected by changes in government policies over the period. We hope that future publications will look at the history of some of these programme areas. Pre-1960s history There is a long history of adult and community education leading up to the 1960s. It has been recorded selectively and much of it remains hidden. In the long period of Mäori history before European settlement there would have been no need to label as “education” any specific sphere of human activity. Learning took place in a variety of contexts and institutions. Increasing settlement of Pakeha (Europeans) from the 1700s initially resulted in a two way flow of knowledge between the indigenous and newcomer populations, but from the 1840s the British colonisers imposed political and cultural dominance and a new hegemony was established, which reflected the dominant class and gender structure of mid-19 th Century Britain. The establishment of educational institutions on a British model was integral to colonial strategies to preserve and extend British influence. Among the imports from Britain were educational
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