The Participant is mailed without charge to friends of Pitzer College in the United States and abroad. The Democracy and the Planned Economy: magazine is planned around themes of current and broad interest, and Friends or Foes? features articles by the Pitzer College 3 faculty, staff, and alumni, with Roderick M. Hills occasional contributions by outside writers. The magazine also brings to its read­ ers accounts of the faculty's research, Madwomen in the Movies writing and other professional in­ 7 Beverle Houston and Marsha Kinder volvement in their respective fields. Contributions to further this area of the College's effort toward visibility and communication are appreciated and may be sent to President's Office, Pitzer Courses Pitzer College, 1050 No. Mills Ave., 12 Claremont, California 91711. Pitzer College admits students of any race, color, national and ethnic origin to all the rights, privileges, programs, The Debate over Moral Development and activities generally accorded or made available to students at the Col­ 13 Peter M. Nardi lege. It does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national and ethnic origin in administration of its educational policies, admissions policies, scholarship and loan pro­ The Rome Program - grams, and athletic and other External Studies Report College-administered programs. 16 Polly Rabinowitz Designed and edited by Virginia Rauch. Cover etching by Michael Hurwitz, '75; photographs by Julie Gould, p. 2,22-24; George Adams, p. 3; George Rose, p.2 ; Participating Michael Hurwitz, p. 22,23 . 21 Elinor Nathan VOL. 9, No.5, Spring 1976 The Pitzer Participant is published quarterly by Pitzer College, 1050 No. Mills Ave., Claremont, Ca. 91711. 22 Community Notes Second class permit granted by Claremont, Ca. 91711. ~ 2

OUR CONTRIBUTORS

Professor Nardi

Polly Price Rabinowitz Elinor Nathan Professor Houston

Polly Price Rabinowitz, ap­ . . . Roderick M. Hills, chairman of pointed this fall as Associate Director the Securities and Exchange Commis­ of Special Programs in the New Re­ sion, recently addressed the third an­ sources office, compiled The Rome nual National Issues Forum sponsored Program - A Report. Prior to assum­ by Pitzer College. Hills was chairman ing her duties at Pitzer, Polly was and chief executive of Republic Cor­ Program Coordinator for an educa­ poration of Los Angeles before resign­ tional project at the Metropolitan Cul­ ing to accept a position on the Presi­ tural Alliance in Boston. She received dent's staff as deputy to chief couns~ her A.B. degree cum laude from Smith Philip Buchen. He was appointed to College and her M.A.T. in Social his present position last October. His Studies from the Harvard Graduate wife, Carla Anderson Hills, is Secre­ School of Education. tary of Housing and Urban Develop­ ment .

. . . Professor Beverle Houston, at­ . . . Peter M. Nardi's article is based on tends three to four movies a week his doctoral dissertation completed a searching for a good one. "The first year ago at the University of Pennsyl­ Roderick M. Hills time I go to a movie, I go like a citizen vania. Another portion of his research - like an ordinary citizen to see "Response Sent Bias and Self-Report whether it makes my heart sing or Questionnaires: The Bogus Pipeline Elinor Nathan has been an active not. If I'm interested, I may go back as Paradigm", will be presented at the member of the Pitzer College Board of many as three to eight times, depend­ annual meeting of the American Trustees since early 1971. Prior to that ing on how difficult and complicated Sociological Association meetings in time, she held the presidency for two it is." Co-author of Close-Up: A Criti­ New York in August. He states, ''I'm of her eight years on the Beverly Hills cal Perspective on Film, she expects currently collecting articles and in­ Board of Education. Her professional . only one film in ten to be worth closer formation on drug and alcohol use activities include a successful career as scrutiny. "There's not been much in among adolescent offspring of al­ a radio and theater actress and the last ten years." She and Marsha coholics for a future study." His par­ teacher. The mother of two daughters, Kinder, her collaborator of several ticular areas of professional interest both of whom are teachers, she re­ years, arrange their teaching are sociology of education, statistics sides in Beverly Hills with her hus­ schedules so that Fridays and summer and methodology, and social psychol­ band, Frank. vacations can be devoted to writing. ogy. 3 DEMOCRACY AND THE PLANNED ECONOMY

In the past year, deregulation, may be affecting both capitalism we have too often ignored the fact re-regulation, and regulatory re­ and our traditional form of gov­ that we are motivated as much by form have become the slogans of ernment. our drive to consume conspicu­ practically everyone. Yet, at the Let me offer my thoughts - as ously as we are by our desire for same time, we are plowing in­ they have been affected by one economic well being and so no exorably ahead with laws, regula­ year in government service - given level of economic well being tions and rulings that materially nine months spent in an effort to will ever suffice. We have, says increase government regulation of deal with the problem of govern­ Bell, gone through a revolution of the economy. There is even now ment economic planning - and rising entitlements. an effort in Congress to secure three months spent as part of the Second, we have developed a laws providing for an all­ problem. large number of incompatible encompassing federal, master, The premises for these remarks wants - of diverse values. Once long-range economic plan. are borrowed in part from a recent we perceived only single truths; There is an apparent contradic­ book by Professor Daniel Bell. one problem, one answer. Some­ tion between what we seem to be First, we have witnessed a thing was either desirable or un­ saying and what seems to be hap­ rapidly rising standard of desires desirable - right or wrong. pening. We must ask - do since World War II. Today the Social and economic problems economic planning and democ­ level of property to which people are subject to rational solutions in racy go together - are they believe they are entitled to, is such a framework. But now we friends or foes? higher than it was 25 years ago. recognize relative values, liberty But my primary focus is not on We live in bigger - not necessar­ vs. equality, efficiency vs. spon­ regulatory reform - rather it is an ily better houses, and we drive taneity, knowledge vs. happiness. effort to take something of a bigger - not necessarily better These are not absolutes. To re­ bicentennial view of capitalism cars. solve such problems we must and particularly to comment upon For good or for bad, our appe­ choose between different "rights" how government regulation of tites as a society are increasing not necessarily between right and capital formation and allocation faster than our resources. Frankly, wrong. 4

... without plan or thought, our tax policies have allocated unknown amounts of capital

Put another way, we do not political issues, whether we notice Raymond Vernon in his intro­ have sufficient resources to meet them or not, deal with the alloca­ duction to "Big Business And The all the desirable goals that we tion of capital. State" characterizes these Euro­ have set for ourselves. Our banks are the focus of such pean experiments with state Third, our grand economic an issue now. Headlines list capitalism this way: growth has had serious spillover "problem" banks, public figures In brief there has been a grow­ effects. Agricultural gains brought accuse the banks of poor man­ ing tendency to use large na­ chemical pollution - smog came agement and government agen­ tional enterprises in an effort to from cars. These spillover prob­ cies of too lenient regulation. solve specific problems as if lems are similarly incompatible. There is an overtone to Congres­ they were agencies of the state. No one has a formula to define sional criticism that says the con­ And, there has been a related how many jobs or how much food troller of the currency and the tendency to develop methods of justifies how much pollution. Federal Reserve Board should government that have reduced Fourth, increasing demand, have kept those banks from mak­ the role of the parliamentary lagging capacity and the rising ing such bad loans. process and elevated the role of cost of resources has brought us Such pressures can clearly cause specialized groups. something close to permanent in­ a redirection of capital and could, Let me emphasize the point that flation, a factor complicating all if they persist, drastically curtail government economic planning the others. capital availability to smaller and the pressures of competition Because these factors have growth businesses that present exist together in all societies - grown in relative importance we greater risks. capitalistic, socialistic or com­ have as a nation become less will­ When such decision making is munistic, and we are talking only ing to allow free competition to subjected more to political proces­ about the relative importance of make the necessary economic ses, and less to market forces, a each. choices. Because of our unwill­ fundamental change can occur in The ultimate question is whether ingness to wait for the verdicts of the nature of our government as we have evidence that competi­ the market place, we now tend to various segments of our society tion is a dying ideal, and whether make more of these decisions in organize specially to influence there is sufficient justification for the political arena. capital allocation. the growing tendency to use na­ We have changed our approach No longer is it management tional planning. not because some new ideology versus labor. More likely it is the Of even greater concern is the has manipulated a political con­ northeast versus the midwest or fact that wide areas of government version - but rather because of urban interests versus rural in­ economic regulation have been the increasing distrust by the terests. Such combinations implanted in our society without Congress and voters of the free coupled with "social litigation" any particular thought. markets - people do not believe often produce paralysis, some­ Take for example, tax laws in our competitive, free enter­ times seem to procure social vic­ which discriminate against equity prise, capitalistic systeo, because tories, but almost always distort capital by allowing deductions for they don't believe it's competi­ capital allocation. interest payments but not for di­ tive, they do not believe it's free, The unfortunate fact is that we vidends. There have been sub­ and the word " capitalist" sounds have no reliable mechanism to stantial shifts from equity to debt like another one of those fellows deal with such controversies, and in corporate capital structures who won't tell the truth. so democracy in the form we since 1950 arising, in significant So, we have moved ever closer would like it to be, suffers from part, from this tax preference. Be­ to "state capitalism", to state di­ new forms of organizational pres­ tween 1951 and 1975 the ratio of rected economics. sure. debt to equity for manufacturing Today, where government ex­ It is instructive to observe corporations has increased from penditures are about 40% of our Europe. To look back at their ex­ less than 20% to more than 40%. gross national product, the chief periments with national planning. This preference for debt financing 5

I away from equity securities with results that we cannot even accurately describe. I

grew up inadvertently. many airlines faced with bank­ china service and their wine b.ut ruptcy, seek subsidies or other never over the level of their fares . Preference for debt obviously government aid. 38 years of government plan- increases corporate leverage, and The sum of government plan­ ning for the airline industry has: builds instability into corporate ning in the airline industry had "Stifled innovation, protected earnings. diverted attention from good inefficien t practices, created Most important, the absence of management efforts which could distortion . . . and caused a dividends makes equity capital call for different routes, different chronic tendency toward excess investments less attractive. prices and different equipment capacity." The point simply is that, with­ into a struggle for the attention of The path of federal interference out plan or thought, our tax government planners. with market forces is sticky. By policies have allocated unknown Who can blame the banks who guaranteeing the loans of a major amounts of capital away from will not loan to the airlines and airline manufacturer, the federal equity securities with results that investors who will not invest in government financed the man­ we cannot even accurately de­ them for distrusting both the will­ ufacture of large planes which scribe - but we may suspect that ingness and the capacity of the cannot be sold or which have been the problems of the late 1960's, the government to fix fares and award sold to airlines that cannot afford go-go years, and the problems of routes at an economically correct them. some failing companies today, can and predictable level? The bankruptcy of a large at least partially be traced to this Major airlines now wish to have employer would certainly have inadvertent policy. large subsidies from the govern­ significant repercussions - but Each time government wittingly ment in part because they say that should the federal government or unwittingly affects the alloca­ government policies have induced step in to prevent the benefits of tion of capital or the process of them to do uneconomic things. competition from going to com­ capital formation, the economy is Who can tell? Who knows what petitors who compete without deprived to some degree of the they would have done if their sole federal guarantees? benefits of free competition. It al­ concern had been with their need Time and again in so many in­ most necessarily follows that some to compete efficiently? dustries we see management and business enterprise that would And if such subsidies are labor combine with their Con­ otherwise secure capital, or secure granted, who will explain to prof­ gressional representatives to it cheaper, is penalized. itable competitors, who made it compete for greater government Each time we create a disincen­ on their own, that they must now largesse rather than for a better tive for good management or good compete against state capital? market position. ideas, we risk the loss of some real The real tragedy today, in the There is in short every reason to economic growth. larger sense, is that management fear that Raymond Vernon' s If the sad record of government of many of these airlines, who are analysis of government economic planning in Europe is not a suffi­ admittingly flying routes they planning in Europe holds a lesson cient warning to those who forge would rather not fly, resists legis­ for America. When private indus­ ahead here, surely our efforts to lation that would gradually return try is manipulated by government "plan" competition in the airline, the industry to a more competitive to solve problems of the state or railroad, and maritime industry status. How can they believe that when private industry pressures should be enough to dampen the risk capital refers to the risk of the government for capital advan­ ardor of even the strongest de­ government action rather than the tages, the industry tends to be less votee of state capitalism. risk of inefficient management? efficient and the state tends to be Much of our railroaa system is The real losers are the public less democratic. either in bankruptcy or teetering who will continue to pay as they What can be done to reestablish on the edge; our maritime indus­ watch the spectacle of these huge faith in the market place, to ward try propped up by subsidies can corporations competing vigor­ off the eager efforts of special in­ not compete with anyone; and ously over the quality of their terest groups or of regulators? 6

The predicate, of course, is the Faith in the fairness of the tax of newly proposed regulation, a creation of greater confidence in system and indeed in all of gov­ careful empirical and theoretical the capacity and the character of ernment could be restored by the analysis will be made of the pur­ our governmental and business adoption of Secretary Simon's poses of all proposed regulations. institutions. That confidence has bold proposal to If the regulatory urge survives taken and is taking a pretty good '''Wipe the slate clean of per­ this obstacle, the regulatory objec­ battering these days but maybe sonal tax preferences, special tive will be carefully articulated we can begin the process of re­ deductions and credits, exclu­ and an econometric monitoring habilitation. sion from income and the like, program will be instituted so that For example, those who dwell imposing instead a single, the Commission must decide on Watergate and complain about progressive tax on all individu­ within six months or a year later the lack of national leaders have als. " whether its purposes have been missed the fact that this nation No temporary disruption in the met. If they have not, there will be survived a major constitutional flow of tax revenues would offset a self-destruct mechanism in the crisis and this government has the immense benefit that such a regulation. managed to guide our distressed step would have for the self­ Also, we began two weeks ago a economy into a sound recovery far respect of the nation. major overhaul, guided by out­ ahead of the other free nations of Fair and understandable taxa­ side experts, of our entire disclo­ the world. tion, full disclosure of corporate sure program for the purpose of If the charge is that this gov­ activities and a new faith in the creating a new disclosure policy ernment did nothing, that the free competitive market will not tailored for today's economic economy did it on its own, and eliminate the need for govern­ realities and today's investors. strong leaders could do it faster, ment economic regulation: nor The purpose of all this is simply my point is made. will it eliminate the special groups to seek more data to find out what Confidence in our business and industries that seek to influ­ is happening before we rush in community and its capacity to ence such regulations. with new laws or regulations. compete fairly has been badly At this juncture the need for a I am pleased particularly that shaken, perhaps destroyed at least rationalization of the regulatory the instincts of decent and capable temporarily, by recent evidence of process becomes critical. Reg­ government have survived, that corporate bribery. We must as a ulators must be chosen who ap­ our finest people are still attracted government and a society con­ preciate the therapeutic value of to government service and that demn bribery anywhere. competition and who are willing the spirit of innovation in politics, If bribery will get a contract for to temper lawyer's logic that re­ government and business still has a manager in a foreign country lentlessly regulates with economic this capacity to provide dynamic and if he is permitted to try it, data that can test the need for leadership. who will be convinced that the regulation. With the willingness to be bold same company that bribes abroad I have no miracles to suggest encouraged by people like your­ will compete fairly at home? but allow me to close by describ­ selves we will continue to be a Disclosure of bribery alone can­ ing an approach we are initiatlng proud and democratic nation. not restore confidence in our in­ at the SEC. stitutions. Indeed, disclosures We will soon announce a new carried to an irrelevant degree appointment of a distinguished would only obscure its true value, economist to head our newly but the discipline of disclosure formed Office of Economic Re­ will be a powerful catharsis for search and Policy Planning. To­ much of our present cynicism. gether with our existing staff, he Nor will the election of decent and four highly qualified and strong political leaders be suf­ economists in our New Fellows ficient to restore confidence In Program will establish day to day government. Our laws must be economic analysis in each of our fair. divisions. In the embryonic stages Roderick M. Hills At a time when the women's suggesting that they are more movement seems to be having a emotionally and sensually alive strong positive effect on the soci­ than men, and therefore lead full­ ety at large, and helping many to er and more valuable inner lives. escape the old, familiar traps, it is But because of those qualities, the ironic that madwomen continue women are also more readily vic­ to haunt the films of the sixties timized by the dehumanization of and seventies. In "serious" modem life or bourgeois values. dramatic movies, most of the Even the good ones continue the women are weak, passive, suffer­ old patterns - the women in the ing - pathetic failures, quivering audience are left to continue their with awareness. Film makers are identification with victims, their able to indulge themselves in the belief that womankind must media/merchandising preoccupa­ dance the masochism tango, tion with female consciousness, whether socially orchestrated or while remaining safely in the old created by some inescapable inner tradition. rhythm.

Madwomen In• the Movies: Women Under the Influence

Many of the new films about The best of the recent "en­ and madness that characterized women are simply bad; they go lightened" films is Cassavettes' the films of the forties and fifties. nowhere beyond the models of Woman Under the Influence. Yet In order to understand how this the forties and fifties. Others are even in this extraordinarily reveal­ combination works to create both more sensitive, treating the mad ing and touching work, we see the the film's sophistication, and its or suicidal women with greater convergence of a number of as­ roots in the old patterns, we need sympathy and complexity, often sumptions about female nature to see Woman Under The Influence 8

in the context of its predecessors. many avatars (Delilah, Bathsheba, eny. In Streetcar Named Desire, The madwomen films of the Circe). (1951), Blanche DuBois is trapped '40's, '50's, and '60's, fall roughly She threatens to lead men into in the romantic image of Southern into three categories: 1) the wom­ fatal extremes. We find her star­ womanhood, which keeps her an's inherent evil, weakness, or ring in many Truffaut movies (The eternally a child and which cele­ sensitivity creates her own mad­ Bride Wore Black, 1968; Mississippi brates fragility, innocence, and ness; 2) a woman-hating man Mermaid, 1970; and Such As Gor­ spirituality at the expense of phys­ tries to drive a woman crazy and geous Kid Like Me, 1973) but she is ical passion and animal strength. is aided by her own limitations; developed most complexly in Jules These are the very qualities that 3) the whole society exerts pres­ and Jim (1961), which emphasizes allow the brutishly masculine sures that bring on a woman's her creative independence as well Stanley not only to survive, but to madness, but her vulnerability is as her destructiveness. send Blanche to the asylum. a contributing factor. In all three The destructive spirit sym­ In David and Lisa (1962,) the boy categories, the madness is fre­ bolized by Lilith is central to the (who hates his aggressive mother) quently linked to motherhood, the genre of the horror film. When the is strengthened when he gets the experience which supposedly madwoman is a killer, her evil opportunity to play Daddy to the makes or breaks a woman. nature is clearly associated with passive girl, who is a lot worse off her sex. It is either traced to the than he. In Tender Is The Night Charles Boyer (Gaslight), hus­ mother-child relationship (as in (1962), the parasitic wife drains band, murderer, thief, and Euro­ The Bad Seed, 1956; Strait Jacket, the energy from her psychiatrist pean smoothie - almost succeeds 1964; and What's The Matter With husband, who becomes a father in pursuading the naive Bergman Helen, 1971, where the mother is substitute. When Eve is possessed that she is losing her mind. responsible for tainting or de­ by the Devil, she can become a stroying her perverted child) or demon like Lilith. In The Exorcist, blamed on repressed sexuality (as Satan uses the "weaker vessel" to IT'S HER OWN FAULT in Repulsion, 1965; Mademoiselle, do his dirty work - inhabiting Films that blame the madness 1966; and Images, 1972). In any the body of an adolescent girl, on the women are based on three case, the primary victims of these corrupting the language of her archetypal models from the Bible. mad female killers are men. glamorous mother, impersonating The Judeo-Christian tradition The most interesting treatment the pathetic mother of the priest, provides a Holy Female Trinity - of this prototype is Lilith (1964), and speaking with the voice of The Sensitive Virgin Mother where an alluring female inmate Mercedes McCambridge. Mary, the Weak Daughter Eve, in an asylum drives one man to The classic film that combines and the Evil Spirit Lilith. suicide and another to the edge of aspects of the Eve prototype is The The first female creature on madness. Her seductive power Through A Glass Darkly offers a earth (according to Cabalistic lit­ lies partly in the ability to create a trinity of masculine predators - erature), Lilith embodies demonic magical world (as in Jules and Jim), God the Spider, God the Father sensuality. Unlike Eve, she did but also in a vibrant sexuality. and God the Husband. not spring from Adam's rib, but Like the negative anima figure or from the earth as he did. Demand­ the muse who inspires the artist, Three Faces of Eve (1957). Trauma­ ing equal rights from her creator, Lilith is the most powerful of tized as a child by the "terrible she deserts Adam and establishes women. Yet in a male-dominated mother" who forces her to kiss the herself as Queen of the demons. world, she is always presented as face of her dead grandmother, Eve As spirit without substance, she destructive, especially to men. creates two distinct personae who appears to men as a succubus, The second prototype in this act out the different sides of her enticing them to spill their seed. category is Lilith's weaker sister nature: the mousy, helpless Eve In her sexual vampirism, her Eve who, as Adam's rib, is both White and the seductive Eve power is closely associated with wife and daughter; out of stupid­ Black. The only hope for strength death. She is the alien and exotic ity and greed, she brings sin and in the personality is to accept the "La Belle Dame Sans Merci,", with death to Adam and all their prog- guidance of men, get rid of Eve 9

Black, and acknowledge the need Others retreat from age and the personality ultimately merges. In for a traditional love relationship. ugliness of reality into liquor, their intense interaction, both The third group of films that drugs, sex, or fantasy - I'll Cry women reveal their cruelty, fear, blame the madness on the wom­ Tomorrow (1957), The Roman and sensitivity to pain, yet the an's innate qualities often focus Spring of Mrs . Stone (1961), Sweet film does not present an image of on Sensitive Mary. This prototype Bird of Youth (1962), The Killing of female weakness. The women may exalt the richness of the Sister George (1968), The Loves of comprise the full range of human feminine nature, but it offers Isadora (1969), Lady Sings The Blues response: they are both passive motherhood as the true test of (1972), Heat (1972). and aggressive, adult and womanhood. childlike, cold and loving, lucid In film after film, we see sensitive, This pattern is most fully ex­ and irrational, competent profes­ exploited female stars who are in­ plored in The Pumpkin Eater sionals and emotional cripples. capable of loving or gaining satis­ (1964), where the mother uses They both confront the unique faction from their success. husbands and children to try to female experience of childbirth, escape her feeling of desolation, These patterns of the evil, weak, which puts the greatest strain on but she breaks down in the typi­ and sensitive madwoman and the their sanity. However, Bergman cally female settings of depart­ unfulfilled star are combined with approaches this matter with un­ ment store and beauty shop. rare sensitivity and brilliance in conven tional hones ty. Elisa beth's While her third husband becomes Bergman's Persona (1967). Feeling hatred for her child is not con­ a successful screenwriter and that beneath her false mask she is demned, nor is it seen as a gro­ moves from one mistress to cold, rotten, and bored, the suc­ tesque distortion of her "true another, she "sits in a corner and cessful actress Elisabeth Vogler re­ female nature." Her feelings are gives birth" compulsively - the treats into silence in the middle of inevitable since she decided to only form of creativity she knows. a performance of Electra (the suf­ have a child, not because she Although these films are sym­ fering woman who sees all but can wanted one, but because of the pathetic to the sensitive heroines do nothing about it.) Withdraw­ pressure of the stereotype which and their breakdowns, they en­ ing from her husband, son, and says that no woman is fully dorse the conventional role of public, she commits herself to a realized until she's a mother. motherhood by the fact that the mental hospital. She is attended Elisabeth's sin is not a lack of women's return is seen as a sign by Nurse Alma, with whom her maternal love, but pride. Al­ of strength. though Bergman has been at­ Interestingly, in these films tacked by feminist critics for pre­ where the madwoman is seen as senting only conventional female innately evil, weak, or sensitive, archetypes, Elisabeth represents she is often somehow identi­ an important line in his canon - fied with artistic creativity. But, an artist who rejects the tradi­ though she may write for children tional female role of wife and or teach them about art, inspire mother. male writers, star in her lover's movie, be engrossed in fantasy or trapped in nonsensical rhyming, HE DROVE HER TO IT she herself is never a fully realized The second major category, artist. In film after film, we see madwoman as misogynist's vic­ sensitive, exploited female stars tim, is based on countless ar­ who are incapable of loving or chetypes in Western mythology. gaining satisfaction from their Some of the most powerful are success - Barefoo!t Contessa Cassandra, the prophetess vic­ (1954), I Am A Camera (1955), timized and driven mad by male Jeanne Eagels (1955), The Goddess lust (she is the model for the Piper (1958), Inside Daisy Clover (1965), Laurie figure, whose counsel is Harlow (1965), Cabaret (1972). unheeded in The Hustler, 1961); 10

the war-like visionary Joan of Arc, lated young woman is manipu­ who is burned by the men whose lated into marriage by an older, authority she rejects along with sinister man. The film presents her female role; and the passion­ the tortures of her entrapment ate Medea, who is driven to the through the ironic use of the hus­ mad act of infanticide by her hus­ band's point of view: we never band. see the wife except in the hus­ Gaslight (1944) provides a popu­ band's presence and from his lar film prototype for this vision. perspective. The camera dwells Charles Boyer - husband, mur­ caressingly on his possessions de­ derer, thief, and European fining his attitude toward the duty to conflicting masculine so­ smoothie - almost succeeds in wife; she is seen through door­ cial conventions, her nobility of pursuading the naive Ingrid ways and in comers as he watches spirit allows no compromise, and Bergman that she is losing her her covertly; the camera is fre­ she is finally led to her death. mind. But, Ingrid is rescued by quently static during scenes of ac­ Although Antigone retains her the kindly Scotland Yard detective tion, apparently passive like the lucidity to the end, her mad sister who, in his objective, masculine husband, but rigidly controlling Ophelia, trapped in a corrupt way, restores her sanity. This fig­ what we are able to see. The wife state, breaks down when her ure in later films is frequently finally escapes through suicide. father is slain by her lover. transformed into husband or Even then, the husband does not The popular conception of the psychiatrist. Implicit in the pat­ relinquish control; the final image relationship between institutions tern is the assumption that the shows him nailing' her into a nar­ and female madness was strongly wife is susceptible to this treat­ row coffin. influenced by the film Snake Pit ment because she is a woman. (1948). Based on an autobiograph­ In Diary of a Mad Housewife In all three categories, the mad­ ical novel by Mary Jane Ward, the (1970), an intelligent, sensible ness is frequently linked to film's impact lay in exposing the young wife, is relentlessly vic­ motherhood, the experience cprruption and horror of insane timized by a whining, bourgeois, which supposedly makes or asylums. However, the treatment social-climbing husband, by two breaks a woman. of the mad woman is sentimen­ monstrous daughters, and by her tally conventional; at the root of selfish, seductive artist lover. She SOCIETY IS TO BLAME her psychosis lies her inability to cannot cope with all these clamor­ In the third category, the love a man. Husband, father, and ing babies. Who could? Through A woman is driven to suicide or doctor are interchangeable and Glass Darkly (1961) offers a trinity madness not by the lone misogy­ salvation lies in a proper, loving of masculine predators - God the nist, but by a male-dominated relationship with all three. Al­ Spider, God the Father, and God society. The primary question is: though there is one bad doctor the Husband. Karin succumbs to in a dehumanized environment, who pressures the heroine (she is insanity and lures her brother into can the woman's behavior, how­ finally driven to bite his ad­ incest at the height of his own ever erratic, really be defined as monishing finger), the ugliest vil­ sexual identity crisis. Bergman crazy? We might argue, along lains are female. One nurse is then reverses this folie deux in with R.D. Laing, that the mad power-hungry; another is madly Hour of the Wolf (1968) where a woman has the potential for in love with the good doctor and strong, sensible woman is im­ breaking out of the patterns forced becomes insanely jealous of the pregnated with the mad visions of on her by an insane society, and heroine; and a third, weakened by her artist husband as inevitably as thus could work as an important the pressures of her job, is now an she carries his child; because she force for radical change. But many inmate of the asylum. loves him, she willingly receives in this group actually glamorize In Red Desert (1965), the asylum both these "gifts." and perpetuate the conventional is unnecessary because the whole Bresson's Une Femme Douce role of women as sufferer. world can be an insanely de­ (1970) is the most sensitive film in A classical archetype for this vi­ humanizing trap. Yet the relation­ this line. As in Gaslight, an iso- sion is Antigone: caught between ship between the neurotic woman 11

and her social context is de­ the invention of games and she emotional zombies from the Gas­ veloped through a loving explora­ never considers other outlets for light tradition. The extreme tion of the values, not only of her talents. She identifies with her realism of the film shows how a Giuliana's consciousness, but of children, who love her and, in the woman can be driven to "mad­ the world that threatens her. final confrontation, try to defend ness" under the most benign con­ Although the film assigns to her against the adult world. But, ditions. On the one hand, this Giuliana many of the symptoms like their mother, the children are underlines the fact that it is not that Chesler describes as conven­ impotent. her fault, yet at the same time it tionally female - depression, an­ makes her situation more terrify­ xiety, and suicide attempts - she We might argue, along with R. D. ing. is presented as more emotionally Laing, that the mad woman has The family doctor is not an im­ and sensually aware than the men the potential for breaking out of personal clinician, but a kind, lov­ in her life. As in Une Femme the patterns forced on her by an ing friend who has known her for Douce, she suffers great pain from insane society, and thus could years. Nevertheless, he has her the fact that others, having no work as an important force for committed. Though concerned for access to her inner life, respond radical change. her welfare, her father fails her only in terms of her outward be­ when she specifically asks for his havior, invalidating what she Mabel's touch of Lilith resides support. Most interesting and knows her experience to be. But in her repressed sexuality. Rest­ frightening is her complex interac­ where Bresson's film is presented less and lonesome for intimacy, tion with her husband, who un­ through the husband's point of she reaches out to a kind stranger deniably loves her, but whose view, the visuals of Red Desert in a bar though she really loves understanding and patience are express Giuliana's experience; her husband. But his job and male extremely limited. Even worse for thus her reality is validated for the friends keep him occupied and Mabel is the double bind he audience too, and instead of her needs are great. Even with her repeatedly creates for her. Some­ committing suicide, she tries to husband's friends, she makes times, they are in cahoots, to­ adapt. She reaches this point by innocent mistakes because she gether against the world, and he realizing that "the things that doesn't understand the limits set reinforces her eccentricity. But happen to me are my life," rather on physical affection. As a result when she goes "too far," he gets than through reliance on a man of Mabel's nature, her husband frightened and becomes the in­ (which she has learned is impos­ suffers: he is cuckolded, he is carnation of conventional authori- sible).

WOMAN UNDER THE INFLUENCE Woman Under The Influence draws on all three traditional vi­ sions of female madness. From one perspective, Mabel is an Eve who is weak, passive, and embarrassed in front of his ty. This authority makes him so childlike. Thus it is difficult for friends, who think he is married righteous that he will beat her up her to resist husband, parents, to a crazy; he is nagged by his in front of the children to assure friends - all those who are trying mother to keep his wife in line for her proper behavior. One of the to make her conform to their ex­ the sake of the children. most valuable dimensions of the pectations. Yet her childlike na­ At the same time, the film de­ film is the fluid, detailed de­ ture has its positive side; she is velops another perspective on the velopment of their interchanges, vital and creative in contrast to the situation. Mabel is clearly vic­ showing how reality and her conventional adults who condemn timized by the familiar authoritar­ "madness" are a mutual creation. her. Although she is presented as ian male triangle of husband, doc­ From a broader perspective, the having an artistic temperament, tor, and father. Yet they are not film also reveals how Mabel is Mabel's creativity is restricted to melodramatic villains, perverts, or "under the influence" of the en- 12

tire ~ocial structure, which (in the ing value systems. Both are mem­ .Laingian sense) establishes the bers of the working class; they Pitzer Courses schizophrenogenic family context. share the same goals. They are Madness grows not out of the trying to cooperate with each weakness of individuals, but out other, and they are both capable 151. The Making of Monetary and of the psychodynamics of the so­ of emotional extremes. Yet his de­ Fiscal Policy. Emphasis on the roles of cial group, with its double-bind viance is accepted by the culture, the Council of Economic Advisors, the Federal Reserve Board, the Treasury situations, and its insistence on while hers is not. and the Congress in the formulation of the need to control the self and Of all the films we have men­ economic policy. The targets of policy others in order to maintain the tioned that deal with madwomen, and evaluation of policies to attain norms. In this sense, the society Woman Under The Influence with these targets. Problems of the past and creates madness by defining it. its penetrating realism, offers the proposals for change. Prerequisite: Mabel's eccentric behavior is de­ greatest insight into the fluid def­ one year of Principles of Economics or fined as crazy and she is punished initions of sanity and the ways in consent of instructor. accordingly. In contrast, society is which ordinary social interaction willing to tolerate the equally ex­ can create madness. This under­ External Studies treme behavior of the husband standing is totally communicated 7. Semester in Nepal. A Semester in who bullies her and the doctor through particulars; the ideology Nepal will be offered by Pitzer College who chases her across the room and analysis are invisible.· This in the fall of 1976. This program, open and over the furniture in an at­ strategy forces the audience to ex­ to students of all The Claremont Col­ tempt to control her. perience the pressures of the dou­ leges and to a limited number of stu­ ble bind situation with Mabel and dents from other colleges, is designed Woman Under the Influence of­ her family; we are drawn into the to allow students the unique oppor­ fers the greatest insight into the schizophrenogenic unit, which tunity to live and do research in a culture very different from their own. fluid definitions of sanity and the makes us terribly uncomforta­ During four mont]1s students will ways in which ordinary social in­ ble and anxious. The film has teraction can create madness. learn about Nepal by living with Ne­ tremendous power to move and palese families, by studying Nepali, Cassavettes' film goes beyond disturb us. Yet like the other by visiting historic sites, by attend­ Red Desert in focusing the political II enlightened" films - Persona, ing classes at Tribhuvan University, issue more clearly on sex. In An­ Une Femme Douce, and Red Desert by trekking in the Himalayas, and tonioni's film, the husband and - and despite its brilliance and by doing their own research. wife represent an historical clash emotional power, Woman Under between two sets of values; fol­ The Influence ends up showing the 108. Images of Women in Film. We lowing the basic stereotypes, the female as history has always will view a number of films, both woman expresses her conserva­ wanted to see her -lovely, sensi­ shorts and features, directed by both men and women, which focus on the tive nesting instinct by clinging to tive, and powerless - the inevi­ lives, personalities, and activities of the old ways, while the man table victim. women. We will explore both the boldly explores the new world. In image of woman, and methods of Cassavettes' film, the husband Beverle Houston and analyzing and evaluating films . Read­ and wife do not stand for contrast- Marsha Kinder ings will include screenplays, film aesthetics, and feminist writings rele­ vant to interpreting cinema.

165. The Asian-American Experience. A psychological and socio-cultural perspective on Asian-Americans. The course looks at the influences of the Asian cultural heritage and American culture on Asian-Americans. The goal is understanding the nature of the Asian-American experience in today's society. No prerequisite. 13 The Debate Over Moral Development

For centuries, philosophers and himself from society, or whenever theologians have debated the is­ society fails to regulate behavior sues of justice and morality. In and enforce moral rules, the indi­ The Republic, for example, Plato vidual is open to self-destruction describes a dialogue between Soc­ - suicide, as Durkheim de­ rates and Glaucon concerning the monstrated in his classic study. nature of justice. Glaucon believes This self-centeredness, these that traditional rules of moral egoistical personal acts are not conduct are imposed on the indi­ moral, for the object of moral goals vidual by social sanctions. Moral is the social collective. Moral rules are not laws of nature or behavior is behavior pursuing divinely created but conventions impersonal ends, that is, the in­ supported by social contract. terests of society. Clearly, the concept of a social However, no act is moral unless element in an individual's moral it is linked to the third element, behavior is evident in these early autonomy. Durkheim believes an philosophical and theological individual is free (autonomous) writings. However, the systematic when he comes to know and un­ analysis of the social process of derstand why he must conform to acquiring moral attitudes and be­ society's rules. By understanding haviors is a relatively newer issue. that it is natural to be limited by It is with sociologist Emile Durk­ external social forces, the indi­ heim that the questions of justice vidual comes to accept freely and and morality make the transition desire the moral rules. from philosophy to the behavioral For Durkheim, then, the task is sciences. to educate the young to an under­ Heavily influenced by Kant's standing of the reasons for the writings on the autonomy of rules they must obey. When the reasoned will, Durkheim lectured individual is taught to accept on the subject of moral education freely the discipline and authority in the early 1900's at the Sor­ of society and to attach himself to bonne. Unlike many casuists of the collective, he will act morally his day who perceived morality as and society will remain in equilib­ residing in an individual's con­ rium. science, Durkheim emphasized Like Durkheim, Freud also saw the social origins of morality. society exerting a strong influence Defining morality as a "system on a person's development of a of rules of action that predeter­ moral character. In Civilization and mine conduct," Durkheim de­ Its Discontents, he characterizes lineated three essential elements: humans as struggling between the discipline, attachment to a group, demands of instinct and the re­ and autonomy. In the first case, strictions of civilization. In this discipline is society's role: society struggle, the human is socialized: constrains and coerces with au­ his desires for pleasure and ag­ thority, imposing the prohibi­ gression are controlled by means tions and limiting human be­ of "an agency within him." The havior. civilizing of the individual entails As for the second element, instilling the power of the com­ whenever any individual detaches m unity through this internal 14

agency which Freud called greater intellectual maturity (after ate and broke into the man's "superego" and whose form is about age 8), his morality be­ store to steal the drug for his "conscience." The superego comes autonomous. Rules no wife. Should the husband have evolves out of the child's anxiety longer appear sacred and adult­ done that? Why? caused by sexual conflict which imposed, but are viewed as result­ How a person responds to this leads the child to identify with the ing from mutual consent and dilemma is a function of the de­ parent of the same sex. Thus, he cooperation and can be changed velopmental stage his cognitive adopts the parent's standards of by group decision. structures have attained. Younger what society values. These inter­ Piaget's mc;>del has been greatly individuals tend to respond in nalized norms of society become expanded by Harvard psycholo­ terms of physical consequences: the superego - the moral agent gist Lawrence Kohlberg. Kohl­ rewards and punishments. As a maintaining proper conduct and berg's work in the area of moral person develops more mature issuing moral imperatives. Ten­ reasoning has been the single reasoning capabilities, his re­ sions that arise between the most influential collection of sponses tend to be in terms of child's ego and superego are ex­ studies devoted to this subject. maintaining social order. The pressed in a sense of guilt. Almost every discussion on moral highest stages of moral reasoning Some of the major alternatives education in schools is based on are distinguished by social con­ to the Freudian viewpoint of Kohlberg's theory. tract terminology and by a consci­ moral development have been Kohlberg holds that central to ence or principled orientation. It's made by cognitive developmen­ the development of morality is the not the specific answer but how talists. The first major study of empathic role-taking process: par­ the individual reasons that moral development was com­ ticipation in various social groups Kohlberg analyzes. pleted by Jean Piaget in 1932. It stimulates moral development. It However, the connection be­ was his book, The Moral Judgment is through the everyday course of tween how a person reasons and of the Child, that brought the sub­ social experience that transforma­ how he actually behaves has not ject of morality and justice from a tion of the cognitive structures been sufficiently defined by theoretical plane to an empirical occurs and moral development Kohlberg. Social learning level. Drawing on Durkheim's no­ progresses through six distinct theorists, influenced by the works tion of moral facts as social and stages. How a person reasons of B.F. Skinner, are quick to dependent on the structure of col­ when confronted with a moral di­ minimize the role of internal lective groups, Piaget sought to lemma is a function of age-related structures in the development of explain how the human mind changes in cognition. For exam­ moral behavior. Instead, they comes to respect and obey the ple, the following situation is pre­ stress the importance of environ­ system of rules that make up the sented: mental reinforcers and identifica­ essence of morality. In Europe, a woman was near tion with models. Piaget focused on the structure death from cancer. One drug Social learning theorists analyze of reasoning underlying moral might save her, a form of the relationships between such behavior. He viewed it as a chang­ radium that a druggist in the factors as nurturance, social pow­ ing cognitive structure, resulting same town had recently discov­ er, and vicarious rewards and a from increased peer group coop­ ered. The druggist was charg­ model's attractiveness for imita­ eration and decreased adult con­ ing $2000, ten times what the tion. Imitation of a model is the straint. The movement is from an drug cost him to make. The sick central element in the acquisition external, heteronomous morality woman's husband, Heinz, went of morality and in producing last­ (similar to Durkheim's discipline to everyone he knew to borrow ing changes in moral judgments, and authority element) to a per­ the money, but he could only according to Stanford psycholo­ sonal, autonomous morality. get together about half of what gist Albert Bandura. With the Heteronomous morality is it cost. He told the druggist that right combination of a good characterized by regard for the his wife was dying and asked model and appropriate child­ rules as sacred and untouchable: him to sell it cheaper or let him rearing techniques and reinfor­ changing rules is looked upon as pay later. But the druggist said, cers, it is possible for a child to wrong. Then, as the child att~ins "no." The husband got desper- acquire more mature forms of be- 15

havior without going through less em pirical shortcomings in society. Questionnaires were mature stages. theories of morality. Unlike many completed by 320 undergraduates Similarly, sociologist John Fin­ theories which assume progres­ at an Eastern ivy league universi­ ley Scott argues that socialization sion through preset stages in a ty. - learning norms by means of stepwise manner and successful In general, the results indicated sanctions - is moral training. mastery of each stage before mov­ that the five dimensions of Ho­ When a person conforms to the ing to the next, Hogan'S model gan's moral development model norms at a spatial and temporal defines socialization, empathy, are, as predicted, conceptually in­ distance from these sanctions, he and autonomy as occurring at dependent. The two best predic­ has internalized morality. progressively later points in time. tors of drug and alcohol use were It should be obvious at this When they are reached, qualita­ the socialization and ethical at­ point that since the subject of jus­ tive changes in the underlying titudes dimensions. However, in­ tice and morality has entered the structure of moral behavior is teractions among the dimensions arena of the behavioral scientists, assumed to result. However, suc­ appeared to be additive, account­ consensus has slowly evaporated cessful transition through the ear­ ing for about 20 percent of the while debates have gradually lier stages is not a prerequisite for variance in deviant behavior. Al­ emerged. For every theoretical attainment of the later ones. though not an overwhelming tes­ orientation, there exists a differ­ In addition, the model is an timony to the usefulness of the ent perspective on how people attempt at emphasizing the dialec­ model, the findings do suggest learn to act and to reason morally. tical aspects of moral develop­ that further elaboration and re­ In recent years, however, a new ment. Hogan feels that the finement of the model would not formulation has evolved that in­ theories of Piaget and Freud use be a worthless effort. cludes both social and psychologi­ a "univariate explanation" to ac­ A certain kind of development, cal dimensions in the analysis of count for a complex, multidi­ a certain kind of rule-learning, moral development. Developed mensional process thereby over­ and certain kinds of childhood by Robert Hogan of Johns Hop­ looking the interrelated but con­ experiences are implied in various kins University, this model pro­ tradictory aspects of reality. configurations of these dimen­ poses that moral character can be Methodologically, . Hogan's sions. In the context of the major described and moral behavior can formulation responds to a major moral development theories, be explained using five social and weakness of both cognitive de­ these dimensions tell us some­ psychological dimensions: moral velopmental and social learning thing about an individual's moral knowledge, socialization, em­ theories: the failure to predict character and his use of rules. pathy, autonomy, and ethical at­ moral conduct and account for in­ They offer more specific specu­ titudes. dividual differences in the rule­ lations about the underlying pro­ These dimensions are based on learning and moral development cess leading to involvement in de­ five recurring themes in philoso­ process. However, the entire viant behavior. phy, psychology, and sociology model as a whole had not been Something is being offered in and together explain a wide range used in an analysis of moral be­ Hogan's model beyond descrip­ of moral behavior, defining im­ havior until a study was con­ tions of who conforms or deviates portant dimensions of character ducted by this author about a year from rules: namely, a conceptuali­ development. According to Ho­ ago. zation of how and why people gan, the dimensions are concep­ In order to test it, a question­ come to know what is right and tually independent and seem to naire was developed incorporat­ wrong and to act accordingly. This describe how people differ in ing scales constructed by Hogan ha.s been the central problem their use of rules. and items measuring involvement plaguing behavioral scientists in­ Hogan's model of moral de­ in drug and alcohol behavior. For terested in moral development velopment is an attempt to deal the purposes of this study, drug and deviant behavior for some with weaknesses in the other and alcohol use by college stu­ time. Additional research in this perspyctives described above. dents was defined as deviant: area may begin to resolve the is­ Specifically, Hogan's model re­ engaging in these behaviors con­ sues and debates over moral sponds to both theoretical and stitutes the breaking of laws set by socialization. Peter M . Nardi 16

• Pitzer Program In Rome

PITZER COLLEGE IN ROME, THE BEGINNING, May 6, 1975: Mon.10/6 Return to Athens ITALY, Fall 1975: I am most happy to inform you Tues.10/7 Leave for Rome that your application to the Thur.1019 Classes resume in Rome Semester in Rome program has at International Student Center Last fall 11 students from Pitzer been reviewed and approved. on regular schedule and other Claremont Colleges This approval is subject to final immersed themselves completely review and ratification by the Ex­ in another culture by taking one ternal Studies Committee, but I do semester of their college experi­ not envision any problems with LETTER FROM DAVID T. ence in Rome. Working with your application ... COLIN TO PITZER EXTERNAL English-speaking professors at the STUDIES OFFICE, September 9 American University of Rome, THE FIRST MONTH students studied the Italian lan­ Thur.9/4 Leave Los Angeles Your students arrived in good shape guage and literature; the history of and are now well ensconced in Art and Architecture; the City of Fri.9/5 Arrive Paris Perugia . We all gathered at Via della Rome; and Italy since World War Sat.9/6 Depart Paris 18:19 Mercede where the students washed II with special emphasis on con­ Sun.917 Rome 9:50 a.m. up and relaxed a bit. Then Mark temporary Italian politics and on Sun.917 Leave Rome 14:15 p.m. Griffis and Alessandro Serra took the the Italian film industry. There arrive Perugia 17:35 Pensione group out for a 90 minute walking were many field trips to other Ital­ Fernando Leonardi. tour of Rome center while Joan and ian cities - Perugia, Naples, Flor­ Lissa prepared a cold cuts snack Sun.917 8:30 p.m. Italian session ence - and a week-long stay in luncheon. Greece. with Prof Amorini, issuance of I went to Perugia with the stu­ text books. Students on the Rome program dents on the 2:15 P.M. train. Prof this fall included Juan Aguiar, Mon.9/8 Lessons commence at the Enzo Amorini met us at the station. Alice Clark, Dwight Duncan, University for Foreigners in Between his car and two cabs we Winslow Eliot, Christian Glick, morning and special Pitzer were able to make it to Mrs. Leonar­ Karen Harmatiuk, Craig Kiest, Jay group sessions in the di's Pensione at Via San Giuseppe Landers, Darcey Rosenblatt, afternoon with Prof. Amorini 1610. The students seem to be very Yvonne Sanchez, and Beverly Sat.9/20 Leave for Rome, pleased with the accommodations. All Walters. They were joined in pensione the rooms are comfortable and the Rome by Italian students Stefano Mon.9/22 Classes start in Rome food good and abundant. There are Almagia, Mark Griffis, and Ales­ at Via della Mercede 21 four other guests, two from Greece sandro Serra, who returned to and two from Iran. None speak Eng­ Claremont this spring as resident Sat.9/27 Leave for Brindisi, boat lish, so they conversed with your students. to Patras, bus to Athens students in Italian. Over the course of the semester, Sun.9/28 Arrive Athens in Yesterday morning Amorini took the External Studies Office files evening us to the Italian University for For­ bulged wi th correspondence and Mon.9/29 Free day in Athens eigners where I enrolled all the stu­ memoranda about the program. dents for morning classes. Juan was Tues.9/30 Visit to Acropolis and What follows is a collage of the placed in an intermediate section classes Rome semester created from notes since he had two semesters of Italian from students, photographs, Wed.10/l Morning visit to at Claremont. The other ten spent weekly schedule items, and re­ museum, afternoon free three hours in an elementary Italian ports from David T. Colin, Direc­ Thur.10/2 Leave for Classical class in the morning and then two tor of the program in Rome. , Tour Delphi and Peloponnese more hours in the afternoon with 17

A Report

Touring excavation under St. Peter's Cathedral.

Amorini. Your students will be get­ also did most of the cooking. I never ting 4-5 hours of Italian lessons per ate better food than I did in those day for 10 days . .. plus homework. first two weeks. The quality and I am arranging to rent a small bus for quantity of the food was done in the Sunday which Amorini will use to family Italian style. Most Americans take the group on a field trip to who go to Italy never get treated to Assisi. this unique home traditon. When we completed our two LETTER FROM DWIGHT weeks in Perugia we had gained a DUNCAN, Fall very basic understanding of the The day that our group arrived in Italian language. We had laid the Rome, we immediately went to framework to continue our general Perugia to try and gain a basic un­ study in Rome. One experience that Anna Maria de Gasperi, top center, derstanding of the Italian language. I will always remember about daughter of the late leader of the For this brief time we attended class­ Perugia is a friendship that I de­ Christian Democratic p'a rty, es at the Universita per Stranieri veloped with a Turkish student who conducting a seminar on Italian which is recognized as an outstand­ was also at the University. One of politics, ing language school. It is tru ly the first days we were there I tried to amazing how fast they are able to communicate in any way I could, teach the Italian language. and to be honest we really didn't get I still remember that first day too far. During the next week I when we all were put into a class would always see Puerdas at meals where suddenly Italian was the only and around the pensione, but our language spoken. In fact the profes­ conversation was limited to very sor knew about as much English as I basic and simple questions and knew Italian. I soon came to the answers . However towards the end realization that in order to know and of the second week I went out with understand the country, the lan­ him to one of the local cafes. By this guage would have to become very time our grasp of Italian had im­ important. That first week was spent proved tremendously, and we could flooding our minds with as much of actually start to communicate on a Students at the Universita per Stranieri in Perugia, the language as we could handle. I very basic level. The fact that two remember lying in bed at night with people, who spoke different lan­ all these new and different words guages, could use the Italian lan­ floating around in my head, wonder­ guage as a basis for communication ing if I would ever be able to com­ was really quite unique. This will municate in this foreign language. always stand out as being one of the While we were trying to come to most exciting experiences of my en ­ grips with the language, we lived at tire time in Italy . a local pensione. All of the people' These two weeks were the start of staying there were students at the an exciting, stimulating four University, which gave us ample months, which I regard very pre­ opportunity to practice what we had cious in my college experiences. In learned. Also at the pensione we fact, I hope to go back to Italy were introduced to the highly impor­ sometime next year to continue my tant tradition of The Italian Cuisine. interest in the culture and the people Students in the Rome Program The Senora who owned the pensione of this country. 18

LETTER FROM DAVID T. sione where we lived was wonderful. Well , We are now sitting in the COLIN, September, 1975: The whole family made us feel so at National Gardens (myself and Craig .. . Next week, in preparation for home, the food was great, and we and Alice) having been to the Ar­ the field trip to Greece, we are made lots of friends. We had to learn cheological museum this morning. scheduling double sessions in how to adjust to less hot water, and We had a great lunch of figs, pome­ Hellenistic and Greek Art and different foods but by the time we granates, and cheese; we love it. History conducted by Ariel and left we felt so at home; Signora Must close now as we are off to the John Herrmann. We will also have Leonardi was hitting some of us over Byzantine museum. Hope Pitzer is a tour of Rome and an orientation the heads with tennis shoes! going well. Cia6, seminar on the Italian political Everyone has been pretty healthy. Darcey scene. The students will have a We are all feeling quite continental - (with Craig and Alice) fairly large block of time to get a bit out of touch with things LETTER FROM DAVID T. acquainted with Rome by day and "California-wise"; not even the in­ COLIN, October 13, 1975: night ... ternational Time or Newsweek can keep us outrageously well informed. . .. Yesterday's happening (Sunday) ITEMS FROM D.T. COLIN'S We like sampling all the different was a true highlight of the semester WEEKLY SCHEDULE FOR foods, (and never miss Saga!) except in Rome. Alessandro Serra invited STUDENTS, Week of September once in a while we dream of a Big all of his classmates to his country 22, 1975: Mac with fries, or a pizza from home for a cook-out. The setting . . . Professor Amorini reports that Barros! would do justice to a movie spectacu­ all of you made great progress in Of course we love Rome. So dif­ lar, said movie producer (Holly­ Italian language study during ferent from Perugia or Athens. His­ wood) Edmund Granger who was your two week intensive course tory popping out of every alley. We also there as a friend of Stefano program in Perugia. Mrs. were a bit disappointed to find that Almagia's parents. The meal of Leonardi said she will miss everyone near our hotel spoke Eng­ cornmeal, lamb, sausages and trim­ you . . . lish! We need practice, but we'll mings was served in the wine shed . .. Leone Cattani [seminar probably get plenty at CIVIS, speak­ after being prepared over fires in the speaker] was one of the prominent ing Italian there. courtyard by several servants . . . anti-Fascist leaders during Musso­ Our first week we got to know the Mr. and Mrs. Serra may organize lini's reign. During the post-war city and some of the faculty. They something similar in honor of Presi­ period he served as Minister of are very interesting and classes are dent Atwell if the weather is condu­ Public Works ... proving to be good. cive.

LETTER FROM DARCEY ROSENBLATT TO JIM JAMIESON AT PITZER, October 7, 1975: Our last day in Greece and we are finally getting a letter off to you! We have been busy to say the least . But we have had a great time. Shall I start from the beginning? Perugia was fantastic . Aside from being a beautiful place to be living it was really enjoyable to get used to Italy away from a big bustling city. We all learned quite a bit of Italian. Of course we are far from fluent but we can all "get along" without feel­ Enrico Be/inguer, leader of the Communist party meeting with students. ing completely helpless. The pe,n- 19

ITEMS FROM D.T. COLIN's film The Life and Loves of WEEKLY SCHEDULE FOR Scaramouche which is scheduled for STUDENTS, Week of October 13, showing at the Radio City Music 1975: Hall Xmas show ...... Lina Wertmuller (Seminar dis­ . . . Maria Romana De Gasperi cussion leader) is the foremost female (seminar leader) is the daughter of film director. Her films "Love and Alcide De Gasperi, referred to as the Anarchy" and" Mimi" are currently George Washington of post-war showing in the U.S. We will meet at Italy . . '. AUR at 2:30 and walk to the studio LETTER FROM CHRISTIAN where she is editing her latest GLICK TO JIM JAMIESON, film . .. October 28, 1975: . . . Lucy, an assistant to Lina Wertmuller, will be with us at the .. . Before I get down to business, I Colin Pizza Party , Oct. 12 . Pump would like to tell you how wonderful her about Lina ... the Rome program is. The Facul·ty are all very expert in their fields, and ITEMS FROM D.T. COLIN'S even though I am not taking all WEEKLY SCHEDULE FOR classes for credit, I try to make it to STUDENTS, Week of October 27, all of them because they're so in­ 1975: teresting . . . . We will go to the studio as a LETTER FROM DAVID T. group in taxis. Enzo Castallari COLIN, October 29, 1975: (seminar leader) is editing his latest Lina Wertmuller, white sweater, leading ... The students reported that the film seminar. field trip to Pompeii with Dr. Herrmann was a great success . . . including the Hotel Europa . They are looking forward to the Florence

Above: Enzo Amorini, top cen ter, conducting cla ss in Italian . Right: Group visiting Supreme Court in central Rom e. 20

trip, Nov. 21-22, which some will LETTER FROM DAVID T. the U.S . Government towards the likely stretch with a trip to Venice. COLIN, November 30, 1975: Italian Communist Party . . . . Karen Harmatiuk's parents The session Friday with Almirante NOTES FROM FINAL WEEKLY are due in Rome Nov. 1st and will and Tedeschi went extremely well. SCHEDULE, Week of December join us at our Sunday Pizza Party on Lucian Marquis and wife were also 8, 1975: the 2nd. Hopefully they will bring present and enjoyed the experience. the cranberry sauce Joan requested Almirante and Tedeschi gave the . .. ARRIVERDERCI and don't for the Thanksgiving dinner at our group a fairly detailed run down on forget to throw a coin in the Trevi apartment. Dwight Duncan's par­ the senators and congressmen and Fountain. We count on seeing all of ents are expected in Rome on the White House aide they met with in you in Rome during the years to 26th and will likely participate in the Washington and what transpired. At come . . . and bring the children. Thanksgiving festivities . .. the conclusion of the session Tedes­ We'll provide or do the babysitting. God bless all of you with a safe ITEMS FROM D.T. COLIN'S chi invited the students to dinner journey home and a happy fu­ WEEKL Y SCHEDULE FOR next week .. he was that pleased ture ... STUDENTS, Week of Nov. 3, with himself and the students' pro­ found interes t in the session . 1975: FROM A LETTER TO JOAN Most of the students are pressing . . . Tim e permitting, we will at­ AND DAVID COLIN FROM A me almost daily about a possible tempt to visit Enzo Castellari again STUDENT, January 18, 1976: during the week. The scenes you saw encounter with Enrico Berlinguer. . . . Hello , now that the Xmas and were filmed in Yugoslavia. Some of Berlinguer is due back from a week­ New Year's rush is over I am finding his other films are I Go, I Kill, I long trip to Africa either this evening a minute to stop and breathe , and Return: That Dirty Western Story; or tomorrow. I will phone him to ­ take a minute to write you a note. Go, See, Shoot; Battle of Britain; morrow and am quite hopeful he will I am fine. It is nice to be home Cold Eyes of Fear and Mr. Onions. squeeze us in . He knows we have although I miss Rome terribly and . .. Liza Minelli shooting will exams the following week. am still going through culture shock. take place in P. Navonna the week My mind flips into Italy and I expect of Nov. 3, Piazza Cenci and Roman LETTER FROM DAVID T. signs etc. to be in Italian . .. Yet it is Forum week of 10th and at the studio COLIN, December 9, 1975: nice to be back in the U.S. in ways, on the 19th. We will visit the studio Since there is currently a great deal but you can be sure I will be back in week of 24th. of speculation over the very real possibility that the Italian Com­ Rome before too awfully long. WEEKLY SCHEDULE, Week of munist Party may come in ahead of I really had a wonderful time. I Nov. 24, 1975: the Christian Democrats in the 1977 can't begin to tell you how I feel I ... Thanksgiving dinner at the Col­ elections and together with the have grown and gained from the ins will be cohosted by Steve Previs , Socialists have a clear majority, one experience! Not only did I learn so the producer in charge of the Liza of your students asked what program much about Italy but I really learned Minelli production. We have Karen's would he (Berlinguer) project if he about independence and my own in­ parents to thank for bringing to headed the government after the '77 terests. Rome the cranberry sauce, pecans elections. Berlinguer replied at some It was a wonderful opportunity and other ingredients traditonal to length and for the first time, to my full of so much . And for your part in Thanksgiving . .. knowledge, divulged the essential this opportunity I want to thank ... MSI [Neo-Fascist] headquar­ platform of reforms and concepts he you. The people and experiences you ters is at Via Quattro Fontana 22. intends to promulgate if he takes introduced us to were, as I look back Both Hon. Giorgio Almirante and over. on it, really incredible! And the secu­ Sen . Mario Tedeschi visited the The meeting with Berlinguer was rity of having an extra set of parents United States recently and were the very timely. Italian newspapers yes­ in Rome was very nice . I won't object of considerable publicity. terday carried a report on an article really find the words to express how Hon . Almirante is the leader of the by Peter Lange which appears in the grateful I am . .. MSI-Destra Nazionale Party: Sen­ current issue of "Foreign Policy". ator Mario Tedeschi is the director The article advocates a "realistic" of t~e magazine "II Borghese" . : . revision of the attitude and actions of Compiled by Polly Rabinowitz 21

P.\.KTICIP.\.TINe

Wise old Ben Franklin, about have a splendid facility now, and Chicago whose specialty is ethnic whom we are hearing much in an outstanding resident artist. But factors in our history. Friends of this Bicentennial year, wrote that continuing high-quality art glass Pitzer College must step forward "annual giving is the custom of offerings require money above the now to sponsor this program. making a gift to an institution in regular instructional budget. Student-faculty research is which one has faith . . . It is a Another worthy venture in the another vital aspect of Pitzer's as­ friendly custom, a perennial re­ arts is Grove magazine, a journal pirations. We have collaborative union in spirit, a pooling of hope of poetry and translation. This projects in the sciences and social and material good wishes by literary effort has had two issues sciences. There are several proj­ those who wish the institution and has already won high praise. ects, particularly in the pre-med well." It offers beautiful work in a dis­ area, already underway where a It has been my privilege to serve tinctive format, and adds to Pit­ specific contribution would bring for four years on the Financial zer's prestige. It needs outside the matter under study to fruition. Resources Committee of the Pitzer funding. We need funds for enabling stu­ College Board of Trustees, two of dents to work as research assist­ A new project currently being those years as Chairman of the ants, to learn by doing and to considered is that of moving an Committee. It has been a deep contribute through work-study to historic house to the campus as a satisfaction to see our "pool of their own education. In pre­ student center. The house could material good wishes" grow stead­ medicine and all scientific under­ be moved onto the campus for ily for this excellent College in graduate fields, it is essential that restoration - as a student ac­ 'which a growing number of peo­ students understand the theoreti­ tivities area which would have a ple have well-deserved "faith." cal bases for research and gain warm, home-like ambience. The This year, 1976, will be a singu­ practical experience in the opera­ Pilgrim Place Foundation of larly important one for Pitzer. We tion of analytic instruments. Claremont, now in possession of hope to give more recognition to Friends who ask will receive re­ the Zetterberg House, an old, Pitzer's success. In so doing we ports of particular projects. gracious Claremont home, has of­ hope to develop the kind oj finan­ Patrons, sponsors, volunteers fered to donate it to the College. It cial resources and support which - there are good works to be will have to be moved and re­ will give this College the means done at Pitzer which will make a stored. This can only be done with for continuing to achieve real dis­ significant difference in enriching funds above and beyond the cur­ tinction. and enhancing what this College rent budget. If this historical My fellow trustees and I hope has to offer. There are numerous house is to be preserved at Pitzer that this year a growing number ways to participate in addition to as a symbol of continuity - and of parents, alumni, foundations those I have mentioned. The point so used and enjoyed - we will and corporations will join in the is that we are counting on those need money, artisans, gifts of fur­ great custom of giving. That in­ who care about quality education niture and time. creasingly broad base of giving to make possible our hopes and and caring is and will be the Pitzer also proposes to have a good wishes for Pitzer. foundation of our Leadership distinctive Bicentennial celebra­ Campaign, looking toward 1984! tion in May. The planned program In addition to gifts for current will include all members of the operations, there are many great collegiate community in working opportunities for underwriting and learning together. There will and fostering particular, programs be music, films, plays. This will at Pitzer. Such interests ·enrich the be a thoughtful look at our soci­ whole Pitzer program. Let me ety, in the best spirit of Pitzer. suggest a few: Among the invited participants is The Pitzer College glassworks Arthur Mann, noted American needs "patrons of the arts." We historian from the University of Elinor Nathan 22

Community Notes

Professor Cressy Professo r Macaulay Profess or Furman

Scholarship funds totaling Professor Ronald Macaulay day of workshops, discussion and $82,736 have been received by has been invited to present a lecture focused on successful Pitzer College this year. Los paper at a Conference on the Lan­ career strategies for women. Angeles area foundations which guage of Children in the Scottish · .. Pitzer senior Ellen Alderman have contributed to the scholar­ Primary School in Hamilton, Scot­ has returned to the campus after a ship fund include the John A. land, this summer. Another year of field work in Mexico and McCarthy Foundation, the paper, "Social Class and Lan­ Spain, studying population George Mayr Trust, the John guage in Glasgow" will appear in policies of the two countries. Randolph Haynes and Dora the journal, Language in Society. While in Spain, she studied with Haynes Foundation, the Harry G. · . . Three new part-time faculty Salustiano del Campo, one of Steele Foundation, General Tele­ members began teaching at Pitzer Spain's leading demographers. phone Company of California, College this spring. Professor · .. Ted Gachowski is the first and the Mabel Wilson Richards Myron Orleans, on leave from graduate of Pitzer's New Resources Scholarship Fund. York College, is teaching courses Program. A department manager in sociology. Burce K. Williams for General Electric, Ted entered ... Frederick Salathe, Jr. trustee is teaching writing courses, and Pitzer in September, 1974, and of Pitzer College since 1966, died took two courses each semester in January, following a brief ill­ Frances Coles is offering a course that he was enrolled. He spent the ness. A benefactor of Pitzer Col­ on law and society. · .. "The History of the Incorpora­ summer, 1975, as a student in Pro­ lege, he founded the Frederick tion of the City of Claremont", fessor Harvey Botwin's London Salathe, Jr. Fund for Music and written by Pitzer junior Anne program. He graduated in January the Cultural Arts, which made Ellis, has been accepted for publi­ with a B.A. in economics. possible musical performances, cation by the Total enrollment in the New Re­ art exhibitions, and poetry read­ Pomona Valley Histo­ journal of the Historical Soci­ sources program has risen. to 74 ings on the Pitzer campus. He also rian, ety of Pomona Valley. The paper students for spring, 1976. funded the Salathe Atrium in was the result of an original re­ · . . A four-person Pitzer team is McConnell Center. search project undertaken in attending a Western Interstate ... Ann King Cooper, board Pitzer History course 199, Seminar Commission on Higher Education member of the Pitzer College Par­ in History. Workshop in Phoenix, Arizona, ents Association, is one of ' five · . . An all-day conference on from April 20-23. Members of the non-attorneys in California cho­ "Achievement for Women in team are Pitzer students: Dena sen to serve as a member of the Careers" was sponsored this Belzer and Bob Potter; Profes­ Disciplinary Board of the State Bar winter by the Career Planning Of­ sor Peter Nardi, and Dean of of California. She was appointed fices of Pitzer, Scripps, and Students, Diana Malan. The work­ by the Board of Governors of the Pomona Colleges through a grant shop will provide intensive train­ State Bar Association. from the Mellon Foundation. The ing in what is called the ecosystem 23

Professor Yates model - a method for assessing economic population growth signed to enable undergraduates or mapping environments and slows significantly in the coming from selected colleges to identify student-environment fit, design­ decades. The College is sponsored and explore the educational issues ing change to improve the fit, by Claremont Graduate Schoo1, of the 1970s, Delegates included mapping the effect of the change, Pitzer College, Claremont Men's 100 students from 43 colleges a­ designing further change. College, Harvey Mudd College, cross the United States. · .. Professor Ann Yates presented and Scripps College. . . . Professor Jane Arnault, a plenary session address on . . . Two books by Professor through a grant from Pitzer's Re­ "Women's Employment and Fam­ Robert Buroker will be published search and Development Commit­ ily Structure and Process" at the this year by the University of tee fund, is extending her research 1976 Groves Conference on Mar­ Chicago Press: From Voluntary As­ on efficiency and'equity consider­ riage and the Family in Kansas sociation to Welfare State : Social ations in the pricing of water. Her City in March. Her collaborator on Reform in Illinois , 1890-1920 and new study is entitled" An Evalua­ her' forthcoming reader on women The Pittsburgh Survey: Social Re­ tion of the Pricing Policies of the and the labor force, Shirley Har­ search in the Progressive Era . Metropolitan Water District of kess of the University of Kansas, . Pitzer College students Southern California". was co-presenter. Richard M. Shapero and Nancy · .. The work of award-winning Bogue were selected to attend the . . . "Our American Freeway of ceramist Professor David Funnan second annual Undergraduate Life ", a play written and directed is being shown this month in Conference on Education in Cam­ by Pitzer senior Glenda Raikes, major exhibitions in New York, bridge, Massachusetts, March tied for first place in the David Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and the 19-21. Sponsored by Harvard Library of the American Revolu­ Long Beach Museum of Art. University, the conference is de- tion Contest, sponsored by the Professor Funnan is best known for "biographical narrative sculptures" featuring his dog, Molly. He has received a number of awards and honors, including a $5,000 fellowship from the Na­ tional Endowment of the Arts. · . . Professor David Cressy's paper on "Describing the Social Order of Elizabethan and Stuart England" appears in the March 1976 issue of Literature and His­ tory . His article "Literacy in Seventeenth Century England: Professor Goldstein Professor Ericksen More Evidence" has been ac­ cepted for publication in the Jour­ nal of Inter-disciplinary History . He will also be a commentator at the conference on British Studies at Stanford University in April. . . . The first annual Claremont Summer Alumni College, to be held July 1 - 5, will be entitled "Facing an Uncertain Future". Participants will explore the ways that American life (its social struc­ ture, cultural forms, scientific Professor Lo wery problems) may be altered if Professor Boge n 24

Julie Gould Professor Volti Professor Sullivan American College Theatre Festi­ . Pitzer junior, Ellen Ruben, tained, the home will provide val. has been granted the second students in the Pitzer community Her play was sel~cted from award from the Katie Lawson an opportunity to take part in the hundreds of original plays pro­ Fund for her research on teen-age actual restoration of a fine home duced across the United States diabetics. For her study, which from the Arts and Crafts Period, which had as a theme the Ameri­ deals primarily with problems of and involve them in the spirit of can Revolution or American Free­ teenage diabetics, and their the Bicentennial. dom. "Freeway" was a satire on families, she is reviewing litera­ the distance we have strayed from ture dealing with patient-family · .. The second issue of Grove, a the original notions of freedom in problems; exploring existing magazine of contemporary poetry America. Other plays written and community programs on diabetes; and translation, was published directed by Ms. Raikes include and interviewing social workers this winter. Edited by Professors " Everywoman", and "It's N 0- and others working with adoles­ Barry Sanders and Bert Meyers, body's Birthday". cent diabetics. the issue includes an interview with Federico Garcia Lorca and · .. Professor Albert Wachtel will ... Pitzer Prime Time, a parody of participate as a panelist in the popular television programs, was poetry by former Pitzer president James Joyce Symposium at the presented March 21 by the Pitzer John W. Atherton. Parents Association and featured a State University of New York at · .. Professor John D. Sullivan number of television celebrity Buffalo in June. co-authored with Professor Mer­ participants. Billed as a "supper · .. Professor Fred Lynch's article, rill Goodall and Tim De Young club and show", it was the first " Sociology and Parapsychology" testimony delivered before the benefit of its kind to be held by appeared in the December issue of Joint Hearing of the Senate Small Pitzer College. The proceeds, The Journal of Parapsychology. A Business Committee and the Sen­ which totaled $2,200, were recent issue of Th e American ate Interior and Insular Affairs deposited in the Pitzer College Sociologist contains his article, "Is Committee at Fresno, California. Scholarship Fund. Joining some There a Behaviorist Bandwagon?" Topics covered were the "West­ faculty, staff, and students in the which will also appear in a com­ lands Water District and a General performance were well-known pendium of theoretical essays to Comparison of California Water television personalities such as be published by Goodyear Press Districts and Irrigation Water Dis­ Will Geer, who portrays the this year. Th eory and Society will tricts, Fresno, California". publish his study on "Social grandfather on "The W altons"; Theory and the Progressive Era" Art James of the " Marble · . . The New Jersey Association of in the fall issue. Machine" ; Paul Alter of "The Independent Schools in Summit, Tattletales"; Earl Hamner, Jr. · . . Julie Gould, Pitzer senior, New Jersey has invited Professor Creator of "The Waltons; John William R. Lowery's participation flew to Guatemala in March as McGreevey, Emmy-award win­ part of an archeological research as a panelist at the May meeting. ning television writer, and popu­ His topic will be "The Role of the team conducting experiments on lar actor, Andrew Duggan. stelae - large stone Mayan monu­ School Counselor in Transition to ... A celebration of Claremont College." ments. During her one-week stay, history, sponsored by Pitzer Col­ she photographed lichen that are lege and featuring artifacts and · . . Professor Rudi VoIti has been eroding the monuments. The proj­ memorabilia from the past, was invited to deliver a paper, "Popu­ ect is funded by the National held in March at the Zetterberg lation Policy and Rural Industrial Geographic Magazine. House. The home is of rich histor­ Development: China's Carrot and ... Professor Susan Seymour's ical and architectural significance, Stick Approach to Economic Mod­ article on " Caste/Class and and may be moved from historical ernization", at the 30th Interna­ Child-Rearing in a Changing In­ Claremont onto the Pitzer campus tional Conference of Human dian Town" will appear in the if efforts of students enrolled in Sciences in Asia and North Africa spring issue of American the Arts and Crafts Movement in to be held in Mexico City this Ethnologist. America are successful. If ob- spring.