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Studies on Ecology of Invasive Species in Forest and Grassland Ecosystems of Northern Western Ghats

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Studies on Ecology of Invasive Species in Forest and Grassland Ecosystems of Northern Western Ghats STUDIES ON ECOLOGY OF INVASIVE SPECIES IN FOREST AND GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEMS OF NORTHERN WESTERN GHATS A Thesis submitted to Goa University for the Award of the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in BOTANY By MR. BHARAT BAJIRAO PATIL Research Guide Prof. M. K. JANARTHANAM Goa University Taleigao Goa 2014 STATEMENT I state that the present thesis “Studies on ecology of invasive species in forest and grassland ecosystems of Northern Western Ghats” is my original contribution and the same has not been submitted on any occasion for any other degree or diploma of this University or other University/Institute. To the best of my knowledge, the present study is the first comprehensive work of its kind from the area mentioned. The literature related to the problem investigated has been cited. Due acknowledgements have been made wherever facilities and suggestions have been availed of. Place:- Goa University (Bharat Bajirao Patil) Date:- Candidate (i) CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Studies on ecology of invasive species in forest and grassland ecosystems of Northern Western Ghats”, submitted by Mr. Bharat Bajirao Patil for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Botany, is based on his original and independent work carried out by him during the period of study, under my supervision. The thesis or any part thereof has not been previously submitted for any other degree or diploma in any University or Institute. Place:- Goa University (M. K. Janarthanam) Date:- Research Guide (ii) DEDICATED TO Founder Padmabhushan Late Devchandji Shah & President Late Shriman Kiranbhai Shah Janata Shikshan Mandals, Devchand College, Arjunnagar. Respected Parents Shri. Bajirao & Sou. Shevanta Patil. Beloved Teachers, Family & Friends. (iii) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my sincere thanks and deep gratitude to my research guide Prof. M. K. Janarthanam, Goa University for his valuable and unfailing guidance during my entire work. I thank him for helping me & make my dream a reality. I am thankful to Prof. P.V. Desai, Prof. G. N. Nayak, Prof. Saroj Bhosale, Former Deans, Faculty of Life Sciences & Environment, for their encouragement throughout the work. I am thankful to Prof. B. F. Rodrigues, Head, Department of Botany. I am also thankful to Prof. D. J. Bhat, Prof. P. K. Sharma former Heads, Department of Botany, Goa University for providing me with all facilities for the smooth functioning of my work. My sincere thanks to Prof. S. Krishnan VC’s nominee for his valuable suggestions. I am grateful to teaching faculty Prof. V. U. Kerkar & Dr. Nandkumar Kamat, for their support during this study. My sincere thanks to Prof. S.R. Yadav, Prof. G.B. Dixit, Dr. Nilesh Malpure Department of Botany Shivaji University Kolhapur, for their guidance in identification of plant specimens & providing herbarium reference at SUKH and Dr. P.G. Diwakar BSI Pune for his help during my work. My special thanks to Forest & Wild Life Divisions of Goa, Maharashtra & Karnataka for allowing me in forest areas for ecological work and also to Shri. Prakash N. Kamu. My sincere thanks to Agricultural Department Soil Survey & Soil Testing Laboratory, Kolhapur. Officer N.S. Parit, staff & also Shri. Ramchandra Patil. Soil Testing Laboratory, Assistant Director of Agriculture (F.T.) Ela-Old-Goa, Officers Vishwas Shirodkar, Agnel Viegas, K. Kudtarkar, R. A. Balkrishna & Staff for their help in testing soil samples. I am very grateful to President Shriman Ashishbhai Shah, Vice Presidents Pratibhabhabhi & Truptibhabhi Shah, Former Principal Shri. K.S. Daddi, Principal Dr. P. M. Herekar, Teachers Shri. K.S. Raibagi, Dr. R.J. Bhalerao, Dr. K.S. Hardikar, Dr. D.D. Patil & my colleagues from the department Dr. P.D. Shirgave, Dr. V.S. Khude, Dr. L.P. Lanka, Mrs. K.D. Patil-Birnale, Dr. A.S. Donar, Sagar Mane & all my rest of the colleagues, each & every aspect of Devchand College, Arjunnagar for their encouragement. (iv) My appreciation to my fellow research friends Dr. Arun Chandore, Dr. Shankar Shendage, Dr. Vinod Gosavi, Dr. Manoj Lekhak, Dr. Emilia Mascarenhas, Dr. Harshala Gad, Dr. Jyosna Dessai, Dr. Ashish & Dr. Pratibha Prabhugaonkar, Dr. M. Baskaran, Dr. Andrew E Willis, Dr. James D’ Souza, Sidhesh Naik, Mr. Ravikiran Pagare, Anup Deshpande, Dr. Mayur Nandikar, Kiran Gaude, Dr. Shivraj Bhoite, Dr. Samit Kadam, Dr. Jyoti Vaingankar, Dr. Shilpa Bhonsle, Dr. Cassie Rodrigues, Dr. Seema Dessai, Mrs. Wendy Xavier, Mrs. Pallavi Randive, Mrs. Abhipsa Mohpatra, Mrs. Prabha Pillai for all the help. My special thanks to non-teaching staff Mr. Gajanan Tari, Miss. Anna D’souza, Mrs. Gracy Godinho, Mrs. Nutan Chari, Mr. Vithal Naik, Mr.Vasudev Gaonkar Mr. Dilip Agapurkar, Mr. Chudu Gawas, Late Mr. Suresh Kondekar Department of Botany, Goa University, for their kind co-operation and help. I am very grateful to Shri. Maruti & Sou. Lilawati Nandwdekar, Shri. Satappa & Sou. Sangeeta Patil, Shri. Sampat & Sou. Sunanda Dhamankar. I am deeply grateful to Principal Shri. Vasantrao & Sou. Suvarna Nagare, brothers Shri. Kiran & Shri. Mohan Patil, Sou. Manisha, Sou. Sunita, Sou. Savita Patil, Nisha, Eesha & Shivtej Patil for their constant inspiration & support. Bharat Bajirao Patil (v) LIST OF FIGURES Fig. Name Page No. No. 1 Study area consisting of North and South Goa districts of Goa, 25 Kolhapur and Sindhudurg districts of Maharashtra and Belgaum and Uttara Kannada districts of Karnataka 2 A-B: Chromolaena odorata; C-D: Lantana camara; E-F: 26 Parthenium hysterophorus 3 Distribution of Chromolaena odorata based on actual observations 55 in the study area 4 Positive correlation between pH of the soil and Chromolaena 56 odorata patch size 5 Slight negative correlation between canopy gap and and 56 Chromolaena odorata patch size 6 Bimodal distribution of Chromolaena odorata along the altitudinal 57 gradient with its absence in mid altitudes of Northern Western Ghats 7 Scatter diagram showing slight decrease in number of herbs with 57 increasing area of occupancy by C. odorata 8 Herbs and saplings exclusively present in sites infested / non- 58 infested with C. odorata. 9 Herbs and saplings predominantly present in sites not-infested with 59 C. odorata. 10 Herbs and saplings predominantly present in sites infested with C. 60 odorata. 11 Maps of potential distribution of Chromolaena odorata based in 61 MAXENT model. 12 Graphs of potential distribution of Chromolaena odorata based in 62 MAXENT model. 13 Distribution of Lantana camara based on actual observations in the 81 study area 14 Positive correlation between pH of the soil and Lantana camara 82 patch size 15 Positive correlation between slope and Lantana camara patch size 82 16 Positive correlation between altitude and Lantana camara patch 83 size 17 Negative correlation between canopy gap and Lantana camara 83 patch size 18 Distribution of Lantana camara along the altitudinal gradient 84 19 Area occupied by Lantana camara and the number of herbs 84 (species) 20 Herbs and saplings exclusively present in sites infested / non- 85 infested with Lantana camara 21 Herbs and saplings predominantly present in sites not infested 86 with Lantana camara (vi) 22 Herbs and saplings predominantly present in sites infested with L. 87 camara 23 Maps of potential distribution of Lantana camara based on 88 MAXENT model. Predictions are based on 29 samples in study area. 24 Maps of potential distribution of Lantana camara based on 89 MAXENT model. Predictions are based on 39 samples in study area. 25 Maps of potential distribution of Lantana camara based on 90 MAXENT model. Predictions are based on 48 samples in study area. 26 Maps of potential distribution of Lantana camara based on 91 MAXENT model. Predictions are based on 48 samples in study area and 5 samples far away from study area. 27 Grpahs of potential distribution of Lantana camara based in 92 MAXENT model. 28 Distribution of Parthenium hysterophorus based on actual 104 observations in the study area 29 Dendrogram showing segregation of quadrats based on soil 105 parameters. Infected and non-infected sites with the same number are spatially very close to each other. 30 Herbs present in sites infested with C. odorata and adjacent non- 106 infested sites 31 Maps of potential distribution of Parthenium hysterophorus based 107 on MAXENT model. Predictions are based on 10 samples in study area. 32 Maps of potential distribution of Parthenium hysterophorus based 108 on MAXENT model. Predictions are based on 14 samples in study area. 33 Maps of potential distribution of Parthenium hysterophorus based 109 on MAXENT model. Predictions are based on 16 samples in study area. 34 Maps of potential distribution of Parthenium hysterophorus based 110 on MAXENT model. Predictions are based on 16 samples in study area and nine samples from far away areas. (vii) LIST OF TABLES Table Name Page No. No. 1 Layers used in modeling the probable areas prone for invasion 23 2 Locality details of Chromolaena odorata sites in study area 34-39 3 Soil and habitat parameters of sites infested (I) with 40 Chromolaena odorata and adjacent non-infested (NI) sites 4 Correlation of soil, habitat parameters and area occupied by C. 40 odorata in infested sites 5 Correlation of soil, habitat parameters and area occupied by C. 41 odorata both in infested (I) and adjacent non-infested (NI) sites 6 Species that are exclusive to areas not infested with 42-45 Chromolaena odorata 7 Species that are exclusive to areas infested with Chromolaena 46-48 odorata. 8 Species that are common to areas infested with Chromolaena 49-53 odorata and outside. 9 Correlation of vegetation characters in relation to area occupied 54 by C. odorata 10 WorldClim environment variables that define the potential 54 distribution of obnoxious weed C. odorata in Northern Western Ghats. 11 Locality details of Lantana camara in study area 68-70 12 Soil and habitat parameters of sites infested (I) with Lantana 71 camara and adjacent non-infested (NI) sites 13 Correlation of soil, habitat parameters and area occupied by L.
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