The Power Spectral Density of Phase Noise and Jitter: Theory, Data Analysis, and Experimental Results by Gil Engel
AN-1067 APPLICATION NOTE One Technology Way • P. O. Box 9106 • Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A. • Tel: 781.329.4700 • Fax: 781.461.3113 • www.analog.com The Power Spectral Density of Phase Noise and Jitter: Theory, Data Analysis, and Experimental Results by Gil Engel INTRODUCTION GENERAL DESCRIPTION Jitter on analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converter sam- There are numerous techniques for generating clocks used in pling clocks presents a limit to the maximum signal-to-noise electronic equipment. Circuits include R-C feedback circuits, ratio that can be achieved (see Integrated Analog-to-Digital and timers, oscillators, and crystals and crystal oscillators. Depend- Digital-to-Analog Converters by van de Plassche in the References ing on circuit requirements, less expensive sources with higher section). In this application note, phase noise and jitter are defined. phase noise (jitter) may be acceptable. However, recent devices The power spectral density of phase noise and jitter is developed, demand better clock performance and, consequently, more time domain and frequency domain measurement techniques costly clock sources. Similar demands are placed on the spectral are described, limitations of laboratory equipment are explained, purity of signals sampled by converters, especially frequency and correction factors to these techniques are provided. The synthesizers used as sources in the testing of current higher theory presented is supported with experimental results applied performance converters. In the following section, definitions to a real world problem. of phase noise and jitter are presented. Then a mathematical derivation is developed relating phase noise and jitter to their frequency representation.
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