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Invasive Plants of Aquatic and Wetland Habitats for Michigan

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Invasive Plants of Aquatic and Wetland Habitats for Michigan A Field Guide to Invasive Plants of Aquatic and Wetland Habitats for Michigan Suzan Campbell, Phyllis Higman, Brad Slaughter and Ed Schools 2010 6 Photographs used in this field guide were A Field Guide to generously made available for educational use by their photographers. 5 Reproduction for commercial purposes is Invasive Plants strictly prohibited. of Aquatic and Wetland Habitats 4 for Michigan 3 2 Cover photo: Suzan Campbell, Phyllis Higman, Brad Slaughter and Ed Schools Starry stonewort (Nitellopsis obtusa) Michigan 1 Natural G. Douglas Pullman, Aquest Corporation Features Inventory 2010 Inches Preface This booklet was developed to help managers of wetlands and aquatic resources identify invasive plant species that may pose a threat to their management goals. Detecting these plants during the early phase of their invasion is essential to achieving cost effec- tive removal or control. The species in this field guide are included for at least one of the following reasons: • site managers in Michigan report them as a significant prob- lem; • there is research literature documenting their adverse impacts on native plant and animal communities within the Great Lakes region; • they are included in multiple listings of invasive plants and are readily available commercially as aquarium or water garden plants; • they are listed as restricted or prohibited under Michigan’s Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act 451 of 1994, Section 324.41301. Inclusion in this guide does NOT imply legal status as a prohibited or restricted species under Michigan law. Only a few of the included species are prohibited or restricted by law and in these cases restric- tions are noted. Also, this field guide doesnot rank individual species by their level of threat—determining the “invasiveness” of each species is a complex process still ongoing for Michigan at the time of publication. Several of the plants in this guide are readily available in the horti- culture or aquaculture trade and this guide makes no recommen- dations as to their sale, planting, or presence where they may pose little threat. Not all species are equally invasive and in some cases cultivars may not share the invasive traits of their parent species. However, some species, once thought to be benign, are now seri- ous problems in Michigan. We encourage you to thoughtfully consider the impact of your planting choices on Michigan’s aquatic and wetland resources. Contents Preface Acknowledgements. i Introduction. iii Using this field guide. .v Monitoring. viii Pictorial Key Using the pictorial key. 2 Key. 4 Species Accounts Garlic mustard / Alliaria petiolata. 16 Black alder / Alnus glutinosa. 17 Giant reed / Arundo donax . 18 Japanese barberry / Berberis thunbergii. 19 Flowering rush / Butomus umbellatus. 20 Carolina fanwort / Cabomba caroliniana. 21 Pond water-starwort / Callitriche stagnalis. 22 Marsh thistle / Cirsium palustre. 23 Swamp stonecrop / Crassula helmsii. 24 Brazilian water-weed / Egeria densa. 25 Common water-hyacinth / Eichhornia crassipes. 26 Autumn olive / Elaeagnus umbellata. 27 European fireweed / Epilobium hirsutum. 28 Glossy buckthorn / Frangula alnus. 29 Reed mannagrass / Glyceria maxima. 30 Dame’s rocket / Hesperis matronalis. 31 Japanese hops / Humulus japonicus. 32 Hydrilla / Hydrilla verticillata. 33 European frog-bit / Hydrocharis morsus-ranae. 34 Indian swampweed / Hygrophila polysperma. 35 Ornamental jewelweed / Impatiens glandulifera. 36 Yellow iris / Iris pseudacorus. 37 African oxygen weed / Lagarosiphon major. 38 Moneywort / Lysimachia nummularia . 39 Acknowledgements Garden yellow loosestrife / Lysimachia vulgaris. 40 Purple loosestrife / Lythrum salicaria. 41 We would like to thank Michigan’s Department of Natural Resources European water-clover / Marsilea quadrifolia. 42 and Environment (DNRE), Water Bureau for funding this field guide Japanese stilt grass / Microstegium vimineum. 43 as part of a broader study. Many thanks to Gary Kohlhepp, Kay Edly Parrot feather water-milfoil / Myriophyllum aquaticum. 44 and Michelle Selzer for supporting and recognizing the need for Eurasian water-milfoil / Myriophyllum spicatum. 45 this work. Critical assistance and support for the overall Brittle water-nymph / Najas minor. 46 project was also provided by Rick Hobrla, Eric Bacon, Julie Sims, Starry stonewort / Nitellopsis obtusa. 47 John Riley and Sharon Baker of the Water Bureau; Roger Eberhardt Yellow floating heart / Nymphoides peltata. 48 and Emily Finnell from the Office of the Great Lakes; Amy Lounds, Wild parsnip / Pastinaca sativa. 49 Todd Losee, Tracy Collin, and Robyn Schmidt from the Land and Reed canary-grass / Phalaris arundinacea. 50 Water Management Division; Sue Tangora, Mark Sargent, and Amy Non-native phragmites / Phragmites australis subsp. australis . 51 Derosier from the Wildlife Division; and Glenn Palmgren, of Parks. Water lettuce / Pistia stratiotes. 52 Special thanks to Wildlife Biologist Dan Kennedy whose field man- Japanese knotweed / Polygonum cuspidatum . 53 ager insights influenced the shaping of the monitoring approach. Giant knotweed / Polygonum sachalinense. 54 We appreciate the work of Ryan O’Connor, of Michigan Natural Curly pondweed / Potamogeton crispus . 55 Features Inventory (MNFI) who was instrumental in the develop- Fig buttercup / Ranunculus ficaria. 56 ment of the project, and Mike Monfils who provided important tips Common buckthorn / Rhamnus cathartica. 57 on survey strategies. The substantive work on the classification of Multiflora rose / Rosa multiflora. 58 Michigan’s natural communities by Mike Kost, Dennis Albert, Josh Giant salvinia / Salvinia molesta. 59 Cohen, Brad Slaughter, Becky Schillo, Chris Weber, and Kim Chap- Climbing nightshade / Solanum dulcamara. 60 man provided essential context for the project. Water-chestnut / Trapa natans . 61 Anton Reznicek of the University of Michigan Herbarium gener- Narrow-leaved cat-tail / Typha angustifolia. 62 ously shared his expertise and insights on a number of species. We Appendix I: Common name - scientific name. 64 greatly appreciate the botanical expertise of Mike Penskar, Lead Botanist here at MNFI. Doug Pearsall, of The Nature Conservancy, Appendix II: Scientific name - common name. 66 provided important regional information and served as the liaison Appendix III: Invasive species - by community. 68 to their ongoing work in the Saginaw Bay study area. Matt Preisser, Gary Towns and Bob Haas of DNRE, Gary Crawford Appendix IV: Best survey period. 72 of Superior Aquatic Environmental Services and Doug Pullman, of Glossary. 77 Aquest Corporation gave insightful guidance on emerging threats in Michigan waters. Online resources. 83 The Bugwood Image Database System, which is supported by the Selected references. 85 National Park Service and the USDA Forest Service, was the source of most of the photos in this guide. Many of the species that we Pictorial key photo credits. 86 have included are not yet in Michigan. We truly appreciate the Index. 89 many people who have posted their images there and have made them available for educational use. In particular, Leslie J. Mehrhoff, Richard Old, and Chris Evans provided many of the images that we Introduction needed. In addition, Ann Murray, of the University of Florida and IFAS Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants shared Indian swamp- What is an invasive plant? weed photos. The National Invasive Species Management Plan, developed in Matt Preisser and Todd Losee of DNRE, and Doug Pullman provided response to Executive Order 13112, defines an invasive species as photos of several species including starry stonewort, European “a species that is non-native to the ecosystem under consideration frogbit and Carolina fanwort that have recently emerged as threats and whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or to our state’s waters. David Fenwick, Tim Melling, Jenny Neal and environmental harm or harm to human health.” For the purposes of Bastiaan Brak shared their photos of species of swamp stonecrop this field guide, non-native species are those that did not occur in and African oxygen weed that were particularly difficult to ob- Michigan’s ecological communities prior to widespread European tain. Finally, Ian Shackleford, of the USDA Forest Service graciously settlement. shared an exemplary invasive plant sites map. We truly appreciate Only a small fraction of the hundreds of non-native plants that have their generosity. evolved elsewhere and been brought to Michigan are invasive. Nancy Toben of MNFI provided critical oversight of all aspects The few that are, however, can be very aggressive and spread of project management and contractual details. Kraig Korroch, rapidly once established. In our lakes, streams, rivers, native forests, Rebecca Rogers, and Sue Ridge provided important technical and grasslands, wetlands and dunes, they pose a threat to management administrative assistance. Finally, we thank our Director, Brian Klatt goals by displacing native species or altering ecosystem processes. for his overall support for this project. It is these harmful non-native species that are the focus of this field guide. Impacts of non-native aquatic and wetland invasive plants Suzan Campbell With the longest freshwater coastline in the United States, over Phyllis Higman 11,000 inland lakes, and extensive wetlands, Michigan is particularly 30 March, 2010 vulnerable to the impacts of invasive plants. They pose a signifi- cant threat to Michigan’s aquatic and wetland resources and their impacts are
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