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International Journal of Pest Management This article was downloaded by:[North Carolina State University] On: 8 August 2007 Access Details: [subscription number 764699597] Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK International Journal of Pest Management Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713797655 Distribution, biology, ecology and control of the psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, a major pest of citrus: A status report for China Yueping Yang a; Mingdu Huang a; G. Andrew b; C. Beattie b; Yulu Xia c; Gecheng Ouyang a; Jinjun Xiong a a Guangdong Entomological Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China b Centre for Plant and Food Science, University of Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia c National Science Foundation Center for Integrated Pest Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Online Publication Date: 01 October 2006 To cite this Article: Yang, Yueping, Huang, Mingdu, Andrew, G., Beattie, C., Xia, Yulu, Ouyang, Gecheng and Xiong, Jinjun (2006) 'Distribution, biology, ecology and control of the psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, a major pest of citrus: A status report for China', International Journal of Pest Management, 52:4, 343 - 352 To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/09670870600872994 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670870600872994 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article maybe used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. © Taylor and Francis 2007 International Journal of Pest Management, October – December 2006; 52(4): 343 – 352 Distribution, biology, ecology and control of the psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, a major pest of citrus: A status report for China YUEPING YANG1, MINGDU HUANG1, G. ANDREW C. BEATTIE2, YULU XIA3, GECHENG OUYANG1, & JINJUN XIONG1 1Guangdong Entomological Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China, 2Centre for Plant and Food Science, University of Western Sydney, Penrith South DC, New South Wales, Australia, and 3National Science Foundation Center for Integrated Pest Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Abstract The Asiatic citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is a major pest of citrus in China. Its status derives, not from the damage it causes, but from its role as the only known vector in China of huanglongbing, a phloem- limited bacterial disease of international importance. The disease can devastate orchards within a few years of planting. It also poses a major threat to endangered indigenous citrus germplasm in Asia and Australasia. The distribution, biology, ecology and control of the psyllid in China are reviewed in these contexts. Constraints and challenges related to control of the vector in China are discussed. Keywords: Diaphorina citri, huanglongbing, distribution, biology, ecology, control Downloaded By: [North Carolina State University] At: 20:16 8 August 2007 gram-negative bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter 1. Introduction asiaticus Jagoueix, Bove´& Garnier (a-Proteobacteria) Asiatic citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Jagoueix et al. 1994; Garnier et al. 2000). ‘Huan- [Hemiptera: Psyllidae]) was recognised as a major glongbing’ is the official name of the disease (van pest of citrus in subtropical and tropical Asia, initially Vuuren 1996) although it has a number of common in India and then elsewhere in the region (Husain and names and is most widely known as citrus greening Nath 1927; Pruthi and Mani 1945; Ebeling 1950). (da Graca 1991; Halbert and Manjunath 2004) and The available evidence suggests that it is indigenous to in Indonesia as citrus vein-phloem degeneration the Indian subcontinent (Hollis 1987) and has spread (Tirtawidjaja et al. 1965). The devastating nature of from this region to other citrus-producing regions of the disease is well described by Aubert (1990) and Ke Asia and also to Re´union, Mauritius, New Guinea (1991). Aubert (1990) reported that 20% of trees in a (Waterhouse 1998), and South America (Halbert and poorly managed orchard in Shantou in Guangdong Nunez 2004). Most recently, it has reached the south- were lost to huanglongbing within four years of eastern citrus-producing regions of the USA (Halbert planting. The disease spread so rapidly that the and Manjunath 2004). Adults and nymphs suck sap orchard lost its commercial value within 7 to 8 years from the phloem of tender shoots and buds, whilst of planting. Ke (1991) reported that it destroyed adults also feed on the phloem of mature leaves. dozens of millions of citrus trees in China between Severe infestations in orchards and gardens lead to 1920 and 1970. Of increasing importance is the withering, distortion, and loss of immature leaves and potential threat of the disease to rare germplasm, irregular-shaped canopies. Growth of sooty mould particularly Citrus spp. (sensu stricto), all of which are fungi (possibly several species: see Reynolds 1999) on native to the Indian subcontinent, southeast Asia and honeydew excreted by nymphs leads to blemishing of Australasia (see Mabberley 1997, 1998, 2001, 2002, foliage and fruit, and can reduce photosynthesis 2004; Ramo´n-Laca 2003). (Wang et al. 2001). However, the status of the psyllid In this paper, we review the biology, ecology and as a pest in orchards is due to it being the vector of control of D. citri in China. We summarise valuable huanglongbing (Tirtawidjaja et al. 1965; Teaching & but poorly accessible information of growing impor- Research Group of Phytopathology of Guangdong tance to a now almost worldwide crisis facing Agricultural and Forest College 1977; Xu et al. 1988), both commercial citrus production and the preserva- a devastating disease caused by the phloem-limited tion of rare germplasm. Effective containment and Correspondence: Y. Yang, Guangdong Entomological Institute, 105 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510260, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China. Tel: 86 0 13729806164 or 86 20 84197197. E-mail: [email protected] ISSN 0967-0874 print/ISSN 1366-5863 online Ó 2006 Taylor & Francis DOI: 10.1080/09670870600872994 344 Y. Yang et al. management of the disease in China, one of the (mock or jasmine orange) and trifoliate orange, world’s largest citrus producers, can only be achieved then other hosts; among commercial citrus, citron through use of disease-free trees, suppression of (C. medica L.) is the most seriously damaged, D. citri populations to minimum levels, quarantine, followed by sweet orange, and then mandarins eradication of the disease and its vector where (C. reticulata Blanco) (Xie et al. 1989a). In Guang- practicable (Chen and Liao 1982; Wang et al. dong and Fujian, the preferred host is jasmine orange 2002), education of farmers, and prohibition of (Xu C et al. 1994; Waterhouse 1998). Xu et al. unacceptable propagation practices such as marcot- (1988) cited wampee (Clausena lansium (Lour.) ting (air-layering: vegetative propagation achieved by Skeels) and Chinese box orange (Severinia buxifolia encouraging roots to form on a branch while it is still (Poir.) Ten. (¼ Atalantia buxifolia (Poir.) D. Oliver) attached to the selected parent tree). Control of the as hosts on which the psyllid can survive and vector is costly and difficult; tolerant citrus species reproduce easily. and cultivars have not been identified (He 2000), and the search for such germplasm for use as scions and 2.2. Distribution of D. citri in China rootstocks is hampered by inadequate knowledge about the origins of the disease, the vector, and their In China, D. citri is now distributed within 10 hosts. These are issues of increasing importance in provinces, one autonomous region and two Special southeast Asia and more broadly, given detection of Administrative Regions. These comprise, in decreas- disease in Brazil in 2004 and Florida in 2005 and the ing order of economic impact of the disease, distribution of D. citri in the USA and South America Guangdong, the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous (Halbert and Manjunath 2004; Halbert and Nunez Region, Taiwan (Husain and Nath 1927; Huang 2004). 1953; Catling 1970; Lin et al. 1973; He 2000), Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, Hainan (Hoffmann 1936), and the Macao 2. Hosts plants and spread of D. citri in China (Huang 1953) and Hongkong (So 1967; Catling 1970) Special Administrative Regions. 2.1. Host plants The highest infestations of the psyllid, and Downloaded By: [North Carolina State University] At: 20:16 8 August 2007 According to He (2000), hosts of D. citri in China therefore the highest incidence of the disease, include up to 27 species within seven genera of occur in Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian,
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